Hypothalamic Diseases
Hypopituitarism
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.
Encephalomalacia
Softening or loss of brain tissue following CEREBRAL INFARCTION; cerebral ischemia (see BRAIN ISCHEMIA), infection, CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, or other injury. The term is often used during gross pathologic inspection to describe blurred cortical margins and decreased consistency of brain tissue following infarction. Multicystic encephalomalacia refers to the formation of multiple cystic cavities of various sizes in the cerebral cortex of neonates and infants following injury, most notably perinatal hypoxia-ischemic events. (From Davis et al., Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p665; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 1995 Mar;54(2):268-75)
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.
Pituitary Gland
Pituitary Diseases
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.
Treatment of gonadotropin dependent precocious puberty due to hypothalamic hamartoma with gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist depot. (1/138)
The gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) secreting hypothalamic hamartoma (HH) is a congenital malformation consisting of a heterotopic mass of nervous tissue that contains GnRH neurosecretory neurons attached to the tuber cinereum or the floor of the third ventricle. HH is a well recognised cause of gonadotropin dependent precocious puberty (GDPP). Long term data are presented on eight children (five boys and three girls) with GDPP due to HH. Physical signs of puberty were observed before 2 years of age in all patients. At presentation with sexual precocity, the mean height standard deviation (SD) for chronological age was +1.60 (1.27) and the mean height SD for bone age was -0.92 (1.77). Neurological symptoms were absent at presentation and follow up. The hamartoma diameter ranged from 5 to 18 mm and did not change in six patients who had magnetic resonance imaging follow up. All patients were treated clinically with GnRH agonists (GnRH-a). The duration of treatment varied from 2.66 to 8.41 years. Seven of the eight children had satisfactory responses to treatment, shown by regression of pubertal signs, suppression of hormonal levels, and improvement of height SD for bone age and predicted height. One patient had a severe local reaction to GnRH-a with failure of hormonal suppression and progression of pubertal signs. It seems that HH is benign and that GnRH-a treatment provides satisfactory and safe control for most children with GDPP due to HH. (+info)Analysis of urinary nitric oxide metabolites in healthy subjects. (2/138)
Nitric oxide (NO) has divergent actions under physiological and pathological conditions. NO is rapidly decomposed to nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-). Since these metabolites are stable, they are good indices of NO production under various conditions. In the present study, we measured NO2- and NO3- concentrations in the urine collected from 62 hospital controls and 504 healthy subjects by means of a new HPLC system combined with Griess reaction. NOx was the sum of NO2- and NO3-. There was no considerable inter-day variation in urinary NO metabolite levels, and there was close correlation between NO2-, NO3- and NOx values in spot urine obtained in the early morning and those in 24-h stored urine in hospital controls. Urinary NO metabolite levels, which were corrected by creatinine (Cr) excretion and expressed on a logarithmic scale, showed normal distribution and were independent of sex and age in healthy subjects. The normal ranges of urinary NO2-, NO3- and NOx levels were estimated as 17-72 micromol/g Cr, 1,023-2,818 pmol/g Cr, and 1,071-2,951 micromol/g Cr, respectively. We also found that urinary NO metabolite levels were lower than normal range in patients with various diseases. (+info)Pallister-Hall syndrome: clinical and MR features. (3/138)
A 4-month-old boy with polydactyly and bifid epiglottis was found to have a large sellar and suprasellar mass. When the diagnosis of Pallister-Hall syndrome was made, conservative management was elected. When the patient was 2 years old, the tumor had grown proportionally with the patient, and he was developing appropriately. Although rare, this entity is important to recognize not only for clinical diagnosis but also for appropriate management and genetic counseling. (+info)GH deficiency in adults: an epidemiological approach. (4/138)
OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of adult onset GH deficiency (GH-D) is poorly documented. Epidemiological data are now required to estimate the financial cost of GH treatment in adults. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of GH-D, from a cohort of 1652 adult patients with hypothalamo-pituitary diseases. DESIGN: The hormonal status of all patients presenting with pituitary diseaseand observed during the year 1994 in 15 endocrine units was retrospectively analyzed, irrespective of the date of disease onset, of the nature and date of pituitary investigations, and whether or not they included specific testing of the GH axis. Of the whole population of 1652 patients, a selected group (RG2) was chosen after exclusion of patients with active acromegaly (n=1414). RESULTS: GH stimulation tests had been performed in 549 patients of the RG2 group and a documented GH-D was found in 301. A relationship between the value of the GH peak and the number of pituitary deficits was evaluated. For instance, it was shown that 93% of patients with three deficits had GH-D. These results constituted the basis for estimating the number of GH-D in the group of untested patients. The number of GH-D deduced from the number of established GH-D (n=301) and from the number of GH-D hypothesized from other pituitary deficits (n=406) was 707 cases. Prevalence and annual incidence were calculated from data recorded in a referral center with a well-defined catchment area, Marseilles (Bouches du Rhone department). We projected a prevalence of 2638 for France and an annual incidence of 12 GH-D per million of the adult population. (+info)Accelerated puberty and late-onset hypothalamic hypogonadism in female transgenic skinny mice overexpressing leptin. (5/138)
Excess or loss of body fat can be associated with infertility, suggesting that adequate fat mass is essential for proper reproductive function. Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that is involved in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure, and its synthesis and secretion are markedly increased in obesity. Short-term administration of leptin accelerates the onset of puberty in normal mice and corrects the sterility of leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. These findings suggest a role for leptin as an endocrine signal between fat depots and the reproductive axis, but the effect of hyperleptinemia on the initiation and maintenance of reproductive function has not been elucidated. To address this issue, we examined the reproductive phenotypes of female transgenic skinny mice with elevated plasma leptin concentrations comparable to those in obese subjects. With no apparent adipose tissue, female transgenic skinny mice exhibit accelerated puberty and intact fertility at younger ages followed by successful delivery of healthy pups. However, at older ages, they develop hypothalamic hypogonadism characterized by prolonged menstrual cycles, atrophic ovary, reduced hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone contents, and poor pituitary luteinizing hormone secretion. This study has demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge that accelerated puberty and late-onset hypothalamic hypogonadism are associated with chronic hyperleptinemia, thereby leading to a better understanding of the pathophysiological and therapeutic implication of leptin. (+info)MR imaging features in hypothalamic hamartoma: a report of three cases and review of literature. (6/138)
Hypothalamic hamartomas are rare tumours of particular interest because of their unusual symptoms. Three cases of hypothalamic hamartomas are reported in children, who presented with precocious puberty and gelastic seizures. (+info)A case of hypothalamic adrenal insufficiency manifested normal ACTH response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. (7/138)
A low plasma ACTH response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia and an exaggerated and delayed plasma ACTH response to CRH stimulation have been considered as an indicator of hypothalamic hypopituitarism. We report a case of hypothalamic adrenal insufficiency which manifested normal ACTH response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. This case provides important information to categorize hypothalamic adrenal insufficiency caused by abnormal regulation of CRH release. (+info)Inverse correlation between baseline inhibin B and FSH after stimulation with GnRH: a study of serum levels of inhibin A and B, pro alpha-C and activin A in women with ovulatory disturbances before and after stimulation with GnRH. (8/138)
OBJECTIVE: Interest has focused recently on the influences of the polypeptide factors inhibin and activin on the selective regulation of the pituitary secretion of gonadotropins. DESIGN: Measurement of the concentrations of inhibin-related proteins in relation to the changes in pituitary gonadotropin (FSH, LH) parameters, after GnRH stimulation with a bolus injection of 100 microg gonadorelin, in 19 women with ovulatory disturbances. METHODS: Serum levels of inhibin A and B, activin A, and pro alpha-C were measured using sensitive ELISA kits. RESULTS: Within 60 min after GnRH stimulation, FSH values doubled from 5 to 10 mU/ml (P < 0.001). LH increased 12-fold from 2 to 24 mU/ml (P < 0.001). Activin A showed a significant decrease from 0.47 to 0.36 ng/ml (P < 0.001), whereas pro alpha-C increased from 127 to 156 pg/ml (P = 0.039). The median inhibin A concentration did not show a significant change between baseline and the 60 min value, whereas inhibin B was characterized by a minor, but not significant, increase in the median from 168 to 179 pg/ml (P = 0.408). A significant inverse correlation (P = 0.014) with a mean coefficient of correlation of 0.5516 was found, demonstrating a strong relationship between high inhibin B baseline levels and a small increase of FSH after 60 min. CONCLUSION: Our results show an interesting correlation between the baseline inhibin B and the change in FSH before and after GnRH stimulation. A high baseline inhibin B implies only a minor increase of FSH after 60 min. (+info)Hypothalamic diseases refer to various disorders that affect the structure and function of the hypothalamus, a small region in the brain responsible for maintaining homeostasis through the regulation of hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and mood.
Hypothalamic diseases refer to conditions that affect the hypothalamus, a small but crucial region of the brain responsible for regulating many vital functions in the body. The hypothalamus helps control:
1. Body temperature
2. Hunger and thirst
3. Sleep cycles
4. Emotions and behavior
5. Release of hormones from the pituitary gland
Hypothalamic diseases can be caused by genetic factors, infections, tumors, trauma, or other conditions that damage the hypothalamus. Some examples of hypothalamic diseases include:
1. Hypothalamic dysfunction syndrome: A condition characterized by various symptoms such as obesity, sleep disturbances, and hormonal imbalances due to hypothalamic damage.
2. Kallmann syndrome: A genetic disorder that affects the development of the hypothalamus and results in a lack of sexual maturation and a decreased sense of smell.
3. Prader-Willi syndrome: A genetic disorder that causes obesity, developmental delays, and hormonal imbalances due to hypothalamic dysfunction.
4. Craniopharyngiomas: Tumors that develop near the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, often causing visual impairment, hormonal imbalances, and growth problems.
5. Infiltrative diseases: Conditions such as sarcoidosis or histiocytosis can infiltrate the hypothalamus, leading to various symptoms related to hormonal imbalances and neurological dysfunction.
6. Traumatic brain injury: Damage to the hypothalamus due to head trauma can result in various hormonal and neurological issues.
7. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections that affect the hypothalamus, such as encephalitis or meningitis, can cause damage and lead to hypothalamic dysfunction.
Treatment for hypothalamic diseases depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, surgery, hormone replacement therapy, or other interventions to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Hypopituitarism is a clinical syndrome characterized by deficiency in one or more pituitary hormones, often due to impaired secretion from the anterior pituitary gland or its regulation by the hypothalamus.
Hypopituitarism is a medical condition characterized by deficient secretion of one or more hormones produced by the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland controls several other endocrine glands in the body, including the thyroid, adrenals, and sex glands (ovaries and testes).
Hypopituitarism can result from damage to the pituitary gland due to various causes such as tumors, surgery, radiation therapy, trauma, or inflammation. In some cases, hypopituitarism may also be caused by a dysfunction of the hypothalamus, a region in the brain that regulates the pituitary gland's function.
The symptoms and signs of hypopituitarism depend on which hormones are deficient and can include fatigue, weakness, decreased appetite, weight loss, low blood pressure, decreased sex drive, infertility, irregular menstrual periods, intolerance to cold, constipation, thinning hair, dry skin, and depression.
Treatment of hypopituitarism typically involves hormone replacement therapy to restore the deficient hormones' normal levels. The type and dosage of hormones used will depend on which hormones are deficient and may require regular monitoring and adjustments over time.
Encephalomalacia refers to the softening and degeneration of brain tissue, often resulting from injury, stroke, or infection, which can lead to various neurological symptoms depending on the location and extent of damage.
Encephalomalacia is a medical term that refers to the softening and degeneration of brain tissue. It is typically caused by an injury, infection, or lack of oxygen supply to the brain. This condition can lead to various neurological symptoms depending on the location and extent of the damage in the brain. Encephalomalacia may result in cognitive impairments, motor function loss, speech difficulties, and other long-term disabilities. Treatment options vary based on the underlying cause and severity of the condition but often include rehabilitation therapies to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Pituitary neoplasms are abnormal growths (tumors or tumor-like lesions) that develop within the pituitary gland, which can be benign or malignant, secretory or non-secretory, and may result in various hormonal imbalances and neurological symptoms due to their location at the base of the brain.
Pituitary neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), with most being benign. They can vary in size and may cause various symptoms depending on their location, size, and hormonal activity.
Pituitary neoplasms can produce and secrete excess hormones, leading to a variety of endocrine disorders such as Cushing's disease (caused by excessive ACTH production), acromegaly (caused by excessive GH production), or prolactinoma (caused by excessive PRL production). They can also cause local compression symptoms due to their size, leading to headaches, vision problems, and cranial nerve palsies.
The exact causes of pituitary neoplasms are not fully understood, but genetic factors, radiation exposure, and certain inherited conditions may increase the risk of developing these tumors. Treatment options for pituitary neoplasms include surgical removal, radiation therapy, and medical management with drugs that can help control hormonal imbalances.
The pituitary gland is an endocrine organ, about the size of a pea, located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica, responsible for producing and secreting hormones that regulate various bodily functions including growth, development, reproduction, and homeostasis.
The pituitary gland is a small, endocrine gland located at the base of the brain, in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It is often called the "master gland" because it controls other glands and makes the hormones that trigger many body functions. The pituitary gland measures about 0.5 cm in height and 1 cm in width, and it weighs approximately 0.5 grams.
The pituitary gland is divided into two main parts: the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). The anterior lobe is further divided into three zones: the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis. Each part of the pituitary gland has distinct functions and produces different hormones.
The anterior pituitary gland produces and releases several important hormones, including:
* Growth hormone (GH), which regulates growth and development in children and helps maintain muscle mass and bone strength in adults.
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which controls the production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.
* Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones.
* Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which regulate reproductive function in both males and females.
* Prolactin, which stimulates milk production in pregnant and lactating women.
The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases two hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus:
* Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling urine production.
* Oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk release during breastfeeding.
Overall, the pituitary gland plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis and regulating various bodily functions, including growth, development, metabolism, and reproductive function.
Pituitary diseases refer to a group of conditions affecting the pituitary gland, including tumors, hormonal imbalances, and inflammatory processes, which can cause various symptoms due to excessive or deficient hormone production, as well as local mass effects on surrounding structures.
Pituitary diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland is responsible for producing and secreting several important hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including growth and development, metabolism, stress response, and reproduction.
Pituitary diseases can be classified into two main categories:
1. Pituitary tumors: These are abnormal growths in or around the pituitary gland that can affect its function. Pituitary tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can vary in size. Some pituitary tumors produce excess hormones, leading to a variety of symptoms, while others may not produce any hormones but can still cause problems by compressing nearby structures in the brain.
2. Pituitary gland dysfunction: This refers to conditions that affect the normal function of the pituitary gland without the presence of a tumor. Examples include hypopituitarism, which is a condition characterized by decreased production of one or more pituitary hormones, and Sheehan's syndrome, which occurs when the pituitary gland is damaged due to severe blood loss during childbirth.
Symptoms of pituitary diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and the hormones that are affected. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, medication, or a combination of these approaches.
A subarachnoid hemorrhage is a type of stroke caused by bleeding into the space surrounding the brain's surface, often resulting from the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation.
A subarachnoid hemorrhage is a type of stroke that results from bleeding into the space surrounding the brain, specifically within the subarachnoid space which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This space is located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater, two of the three layers that make up the meninges, the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord.
The bleeding typically originates from a ruptured aneurysm, a weakened area in the wall of a cerebral artery, or less commonly from arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) or head trauma. The sudden influx of blood into the CSF-filled space can cause increased intracranial pressure, irritation to the brain, and vasospasms, leading to further ischemia and potential additional neurological damage.
Symptoms of a subarachnoid hemorrhage may include sudden onset of severe headache (often described as "the worst headache of my life"), neck stiffness, altered mental status, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and focal neurological deficits. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent further complications and improve the chances of recovery.
"Brain injuries, also known as traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), refer to damages to the brain caused by an external force, often resulting in physical, cognitive, and psychological impairments."
A brain injury is defined as damage to the brain that occurs following an external force or trauma, such as a blow to the head, a fall, or a motor vehicle accident. Brain injuries can also result from internal conditions, such as lack of oxygen or a stroke. There are two main types of brain injuries: traumatic and acquired.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an external force that results in the brain moving within the skull or the skull being fractured. Mild TBIs may result in temporary symptoms such as headaches, confusion, and memory loss, while severe TBIs can cause long-term complications, including physical, cognitive, and emotional impairments.
Acquired brain injury (ABI) is any injury to the brain that occurs after birth and is not hereditary, congenital, or degenerative. ABIs are often caused by medical conditions such as strokes, tumors, anoxia (lack of oxygen), or infections.
Both TBIs and ABIs can range from mild to severe and may result in a variety of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms that can impact a person's ability to perform daily activities and function independently. Treatment for brain injuries typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medical management, rehabilitation, and supportive care.
Hypothalamic disease
Many of these hypothalamic hormones act on the pituitary gland. Hypothalamic disease therefore affects the functioning of the ... Sylvia L., A. (2004). Hypothalamic disease. In Editor-in-Chief: Luciano Martini (Ed.), Encyclopedia of endocrine diseases (pp. ... Hypothalamic disease may cause insufficient or inhibited signalling to the pituitary leading to deficiencies of one or more of ... Hypothalamic disease is a disorder presenting primarily in the hypothalamus, which may be caused by damage resulting from ...
Combined rapid anterior pituitary evaluation panel
Greenwood FC, Landon J (May 1966). "Assessment of hypothalamic pituitary function in endocrine disease". J. Clin. Pathol. 19 (3 ...
Levoketoconazole
113-. ISBN 978-0-12-804390-5. Geer EB (1 December 2016). The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Health and Disease: ... Laws Jr ER, Pace L (11 November 2016). Cushing's Disease: An Often Misdiagnosed and Not So Rare Disorder. Elsevier Science. pp ... 170-. ISBN 978-3-319-45950-9. Cuevas-Ramos D, Lim DS, Fleseriu M (2016). "Update on medical treatment for Cushing's disease". ...
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate
Geer EB (1 December 2016). The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Health and Disease: Cushing's Syndrome and Beyond. ... Contraindications of hydroxyprogesterone caproate include previous or current thrombosis or thromboembolic disease, known or ... fibrocystic breast disease, adenosis, and breast pain. In addition, hydroxyprogesterone caproate is used in the treatment of ... liver tumors or active liver disease, and uncontrolled hypertension. A few relative contraindications also exist for ...
Endocrinology of parenting
Lindsay, John R.; Nieman, Lynnette K. (2005-10-01). "The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in pregnancy: challenges in ... disease detection and treatment". Endocrine Reviews. 26 (6): 775-799. doi:10.1210/er.2004-0025. ISSN 0163-769X. PMID 15827110. ...
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Kim JE, Cho BK, Cho DH, Park HJ (July 2013). "Expression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in common skin diseases: ... The HPA axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, and the hypothalamic- ... Other major neuroendocrine systems Hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis Hypothalamic- ... The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis consists of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH); the anterior pituitary ...
Grant Liddle
Much of his research focused on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and diseases that can affect it. He was the first to ... was an American endocrinologist whose research focused largely on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. He was a professor ... show that Cushing's disease was caused primarily by an abnormality in the anterior pituitary rather than the adrenal glands. He ...
Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency
Adrenal insufficiency Addison's disease Cortisol Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Glucocorticoids Marik PE, Pastores SM, ... The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis), in which the hypothalamus and pituitary gland control adrenal secretions, ... The variation in cortisol levels according to disease type and severity, as well as variation within the same patient, hampers ... Vermes I, Beishuizen A (December 2001). "The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to critical illness". Best Pract. Res. ...
Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea
Because many of the symptoms overlap with those of organic hypothalamic, pituitary, or gonadal disease and therefore must be ... WISE Study Group) (July 2008). "Diabetes mellitus, hypothalamic hypoestrogenemia, and coronary artery disease in premenopausal ... as hypothalamic dysfunction due to delayed-onset puberty or other pituitary disease will not respond to exogenous GnRH. ... The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is also altered in FHA; TSH levels are low-to-normal and there is an increase in ...
Anterior pituitary
"Expression of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Common Skin Diseases: Evidence of its Association with Stress-related ... This disorder used to be referred to as Simmonds' disease but now according to the Diseases Database it is called Sheehan ... Triple bolus test Hypothalamic-pituitary-somatic axis Eroschenko, Victor P.; Fiore, Mariano S. H. di (2013-01-01). DiFiore's ... It is also known that (HPA) hormones are related to certain skin diseases and skin homeostasis. There is evidence linking ...
Hypothalamus
It is also known that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) hormones are related to certain skin diseases and skin ... Hypothalamic nuclei Hypothalamic nuclei on one side of the hypothalamus, shown in a 3-D computer reconstruction The ... "Expression of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Common Skin Diseases: Evidence of its Association with Stress-related ... The hypothalamic nuclei include the following: Cross-section of the monkey hypothalamus displays two of the major hypothalamic ...
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Pulsatile activity can be disrupted by hypothalamic-pituitary disease, either dysfunction (i.e., hypothalamic suppression) or ... The natural hormone is also used in veterinary medicine as a treatment for cattle with cystic ovarian disease. The synthetic ... Adelman JP, Mason AJ, Hayflick JS, Seeburg PH (January 1986). "Isolation of the gene and hypothalamic cDNA for the common ... It is the target of various regulatory mechanisms of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, such as being inhibited by ...
Childhood trauma
"Role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in developmental programming of health and disease". Frontiers in ... Miller, Gregory E.; Chen, Edith; Zhou, Eric S. (2007). "If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic- ... Survivors of childhood trauma are also at higher risk of developing asthma, coronary heart disease, diabetes or having a stroke ... Murphy MO, Cohn DM, Loria AS (March 2017). "Developmental origins of cardiovascular disease: Impact of early life stress in ...
Hyperprolactinaemia
... hypothalamic disease, idiopathic hyperprolactinemia, macroprolactin, or prolactinoma. Therefore, in order to provide the proper ... division of the pituitary stalk or hypothalamic disease. Other causes include chronic kidney failure, hypothyroidism, ... In many people, elevated prolactin levels remain unexplained and may represent a form of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ... For example, high prolactin levels could result from diseases affecting the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Other organs, ...
Hamartoma
... rage disorders associated with hypothalamic diseases, and early onset of puberty. The symptoms typically begin in early infancy ... Unlike most such growths, a hypothalamic hamartoma is symptomatic; it most often causes gelastic seizures, and can cause visual ... Robbin's Pathologic Basis of Disease (9th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 481. ISBN 978-0-323-29639-7. "Choristoma" at ...
Genetics of infertility
... hypothalamic-pituitary disease, testicular cancers and germ-cell aplasia. Genetic factors including aneuploidies and single- ...
Neurodegenerative disease
September 2008). "Neuroprotection by hypothalamic peptide proline-rich peptide-1 in Abeta25-35 model of Alzheimer's disease". ... Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple system atrophy, and prion diseases. Neurodegeneration ... In Alzheimer's disease, these are amyloid-beta and tau. In Parkinson's disease, it is alpha-synuclein. In Huntington's disease ... Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease) the expression of the transglutaminase enzyme is increased ...
Noise-induced hearing loss
"Sound conditioning protects hearing by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis". Neurobiology of Disease. 25 (1): ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 9 July 2018. Bernstein V (26 August 2007). "The Sound and the Fury, and ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 9 July 2018. Cranston CJ, Brazile WJ, Sandfort DR, Gotshall RW (9 October ... Occupational hearing loss is one of the most common occupational diseases. 49% of male miners have hearing loss by the age of ...
Growth hormone therapy
With respect to diagnosis, their guidelines state that "adults patients with structural hypothalamic/pituitary disease, surgery ... Other articles describe GH physiology, diseases of GH excess (acromegaly and pituitary gigantism), deficiency, the recent ...
List of MeSH codes (C10)
... hypothalamic diseases MeSH C10.228.140.617.200 - bardet-biedl syndrome MeSH C10.228.140.617.477 - hypothalamic neoplasms MeSH ... lewy body disease MeSH C10.228.140.079.862.500 - parkinson disease MeSH C10.228.140.079.862.800 - parkinson disease, secondary ... lewy body disease MeSH C10.228.662.600.400 - parkinson disease MeSH C10.228.662.600.700 - parkinson disease, secondary MeSH ... hypothalamic neoplasms MeSH C10.228.140.211.885.500.600 - pituitary neoplasms MeSH C10.228.140.252 - cerebellar diseases MeSH ...
TRH stimulation test
In hypothyroidism due to hypothalamic disease (tertiary hypothyroidism), administration of TRH produces a delayed (60-120 ... hypothalamic disorder) hypothyroidism. Patients with these conditions appear to have physiologically inactive TSH in their ... In hypothyroidism due to pituitary disease (secondary hypothyroidism) administration of TRH does not produce an increase in TSH ...
Hypothalamic-pituitary-somatotropic axis
ISBN 978-0-07-181487-4. Rainer Straub (8 April 2015). The Origin of Chronic Inflammatory Systemic Diseases and their Sequelae. ... The hypothalamic-pituitary-somatotropic axis (HPS axis), or hypothalamic-pituitary-somatic axis, also known as the hypothalamic ... Other hypothalamic-pituitary hormones such as growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH; somatocrinin), growth hormone-inhibiting ... growth axis, is a hypothalamic-pituitary axis which includes the secretion of growth hormone (GH; somatotropin) from the ...
Health outcomes for adults born prematurely
Subjects have a higher risk of chronic kidney disease due to lower nephron endowment. Ophthalmic Neurological and respiratory ... possibly in relation to the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. Adverse health effects may be related to organs failing ... The "fetal origins hypothesis" suggests that the stress response of pre-term infants may underlie adult chronic diseases, ... Increased risk of cardiovascular, metabolic, and kidney diseases suggest that risk factors should be monitored and patients ...
Signs and symptoms of Graves' disease
Cutaneous manifestations of thyroid disease. Heymann WR, J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;26(6) 885. The hypothalamic-pituitary- ... disease (and thyroid disease in general), which are similar to those in patients with organic brain disease. These ... surveyed 250 Graves' disease patients. Of these, 36% were written off sick and 5% even had to take early retirement. In the ... Graves' disease patients can also undergo periods of hypothyroidism (inadequate production of thyroid hormone; see symptoms of ...
Infertility
General factors Diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease, adrenal disease Hypothalamic- ... Fertility in children before the ages of eight or nine is considered a disease known as precocious puberty. This disease is ... Undiagnosed celiac disease is a risk factor for infertility. Women seeking medical advice for this particular condition should ... Other diseases such as chlamydia, and gonorrhea can also cause infertility, due to internal scarring (fallopian tube ...
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis
... disease. secondary hyperthyroidism: Rare condition, e.g. in case of TSH producing pituitary adenoma or partial thyroid hormone ... Thyroid function tests Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis Hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal ... The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT axis for short, a.k.a. thyroid homeostasis or thyrotropic feedback control) is ... disease patients". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 88 (9): 4135-4138. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030430. PMID 12970276 ...
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
Alzheimer's has been shown to have a hormonal component, which could possibly be used as a method to prevent the disease. Male ... Biology portal Medicine portal Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis Hypothalamic- ... The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis, also known as the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian/testicular axis) refers to ... Hypothalamic-pituitary failure WHO group II of ovulation disorders: Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. WHO group II is the ...
Timeline of aging research
"Aging Fits the Disease Criteria of the International Classification of Diseases". Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 189: ... Dilman VM (June 1971). "Age-associated elevation of hypothalamic, threshold to feedback control, and its role in development, ... Although the drug did not achieve its main goal, it has become widely used for the treatment of a number of diseases, ... Some scientists believe that, even if medicine learns how to treat all major diseases, that will increase the average lifespan ...
Vladimir Dilman
Dilman, Vladimir M. (1971-06-12). "Age-associated elevation of hypothalamic, threshold to feedback control, and its role in ... development, ageine, and disease". The Lancet. 1 (7711): 1211-9. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(71)91721-1. PMID 4103080. Dilman, V.M ...
Postpartum depression
Chronic illnesses such as diabetes, or Addison's disease, as well as issues hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysregulation (which ... However, it has been found that these diseases do not increase risk for postpartum depression, these factors are known to ... Cultural factors can affect diagnosis and can be a barrier to assessing the burden of disease. Some recommendations to combat ... controls hormonal responses), inflammatory processes like asthma or celiac disease, and genetic vulnerabilities such as a ...
Hypothalamic disease - Wikipedia
Many of these hypothalamic hormones act on the pituitary gland. Hypothalamic disease therefore affects the functioning of the ... Sylvia L., A. (2004). Hypothalamic disease. In Editor-in-Chief: Luciano Martini (Ed.), Encyclopedia of endocrine diseases (pp. ... Hypothalamic disease may cause insufficient or inhibited signalling to the pituitary leading to deficiencies of one or more of ... Hypothalamic disease is a disorder presenting primarily in the hypothalamus, which may be caused by damage resulting from ...
Uterine size and ovarian size in adolescents with functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea | Archives of Disease in Childhood
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Diseases - mymedicalchest
Ezio Ghigo is Chairman of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease at the Medical School, University of Turin, where he was ... This book presents the state of the art in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy of hypothalamic and pituitary disorders ... After an introduction devoted to the physiology of the neuroendocrine control of the hypothalamic-pituitary unit, the diverse ...
Pseudotumor cerebri following treatment of hypothalamic and primary hypothyroidism
We report what we believe is a new association following initiation of thyroxine (T4) replacement in hypothalamic ... Hypothalamic Diseases / complications * Hypothyroidism / drug therapy* * Hypothyroidism / etiology * Male * Papilledema / ... Pseudotumor cerebri following treatment of hypothalamic and primary hypothyroidism Am J Dis Child. 1984 Oct;138(10):927-31. doi ... We report what we believe is a new association following initiation of thyroxine (T4) replacement in hypothalamic ...
Molecular features of hypothalamic plaques in Alzheimer's disease<...
title = "Molecular features of hypothalamic plaques in Alzheimers disease",. abstract = "The pathology of Alzheimers disease ... Molecular features of hypothalamic plaques in Alzheimers disease. / Standaert, D. G.; Lee, V. M.Y.; Greenberg, B. D. et al. In ... Molecular features of hypothalamic plaques in Alzheimers disease. D. G. Standaert, V. M.Y. Lee, B. D. Greenberg, D. E. Lowery ... Molecular features of hypothalamic plaques in Alzheimers disease. In: American Journal of Pathology. 1991 ; Vol. 139, No. 3. ...
Microarray profiling of hypothalamic gene expression changes in Huntington's disease mouse models<...
Microarray profiling of hypothalamic gene expression changes in Huntingtons disease mouse models. Frontiers in Neuroscience. ... Microarray profiling of hypothalamic gene expression changes in Huntingtons disease mouse models. In: Frontiers in ... Microarray profiling of hypothalamic gene expression changes in Huntingtons disease mouse models. / Dickson, Elna; Dwijesha, ... Microarray profiling of hypothalamic gene expression changes in Huntingtons disease mouse models. ...
Sex differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis' response to stress: an important role for gonadal hormones |...
These gonadal hormones are produced by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and have been shown to determine sex ... The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a neuroendocrine network that controls hormonal responses to internal and ... Sex differences in metabolic phenotype and hypothalamic inflammation in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimers disease *Lisa S ... Sex differences in the HPA axis and disease in humans. Understanding sex differences in the human HPA axis has been a topic of ...
The Role of Hypothalamic Pathology for Non-Motor Features of Huntington's Disease | Huntington Research - Translational...
The Role of Hypothalamic Pathology for Non-Motor Features of Huntingtons Disease ... Journal of Huntingtons disease 8 (4): 375-391 (2019). Abstract. Huntingtons disease (HD) is a fatal genetic neurodegenerative ... The fact that non-motor features are present early in the disease and that they show an association to disease progression ... A higher body mass index at diagnosis is associated with slower disease progression. The common psychiatric symptom of apathy ...
ATSDR - Oak Ridge Reservation - ORRHES Meeting Minutes
Hypopituitarism or hypothalamic disease. * Congenital: dysgenesis, biosynthetic defects. There are a number of causes of ... of patients with overactive thyroid due to Graves disease. In patients with Graves disease there is a thyroid stimulating ... In Graves Disease and multi-nodular goiters, there is a patchy uptake and a single nodule takes up all of the radioiodine in ... Patients with Hashimotos disease, particularly younger women will often have a goiter. And older men with it, like I see ...
Depression in Parkinson's disease is not accompanied by more corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the...
The syndrome of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes presenting without stroke
Acute Hypopituitarism: Overview, Diagnostic Considerations, Hormone Deficiency Symptoms
Hypothalamic disease involves destruction of the hypothalamus. This causes a deficiency or loss of hypothalamic regulatory ... Most commonly, trauma or infectious disease cause the change from compensated to decompensated disease. Patients may also have ... Diseases & Conditions Adrenal Crisis in Emergency Medicine * 2001/viewarticle/social-needs-case-management-cuts-acute-care- ... Diseases & Conditions Acute Hypopituitarism * 2003/viewarticle/how-do-postacute-effects-covid-compare-other-acute-illnesses- ...
Circadian Dysregulation | GreenMedInfo | Disease | Natural Medicine
Melatonin levels are associated with hypothalamic gray matter volume loss and disease severity in PD patients. Mar 11, 2016. ... Diseases : Circadian Dysregulation, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Obesity. Pharmacological Actions : ... Diseases : Circadian Dysregulation, Inflammation, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Oxidative Stress, Psychiatric Disorders. ... Diseases : Circadian Dysregulation, Hormone Imbalances: Low Melatonin. Anti Therapeutic Actions : Wearing A Brassiere, Wearing ...
Branched-chain amino acids impact health and lifespan indirectly via amino acid balance and appetite control | Nature Metabolism
Cai, D. & Liu, T. Hypothalamic inflammation: a double-edged sword to nutritional diseases. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1243, E1-E39 ( ... 4: The ratio of dietary BCAA to non-BCAA influences hypothalamic gene expression.. ... Branched chain amino acid metabolism profiles in progressive human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Amino Acids 47, 603-615 ( ... A branched-chain amino acid-related metabolic signature characterizes obese adolescents with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ...
Hypothalamic dysfunction: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Hypothalamic dysfunction is a problem with part of the brain called the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus helps control the ... Hypothalamic dysfunction is a problem with part of the brain called the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus helps control the ... Hypothalamic dysfunction is a problem with part of the brain called the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus helps control the ... Many causes of hypothalamic dysfunction are treatable or reversible. Most of the time, missing hormones can be replaced. ...
Funded Studies Search | Alzheimer's Association
Hypothalamic Nuclei and the Spatiotemporal Evolution of Alzheimers disease. Marion Baillet, Ph.D.. Liege, Belgium 2023 ... Kv7 K+ channels, BACE1, APP, and Alzheimers disease-related epilepsy. Fabio Antonio Borges Vigil, Ph.D. San Antonio, TX - ... Pyroptosis-induced gut-brain disruption after Stroke in Alzheimers disease. Nadine Ahmed Kerr, Ph.D.. Miami, FL - United ... Restoring Excitation-Inhibition Balance in Alzheimers Disease Mouse Models. Moustafa Algamal, Ph.D. Boston, MA - United States ...
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
Categories: Hypothalamic Diseases Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People ...
RACGP - Thyroid disease Long term management of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
Secondary hypothyroidism is a rare condition caused by hypothalamic or pituitary disease and characterised by a low serum FT4 ... Management of Graves disease. Graves disease has three different treatment modalities:. *antithyroid medications (thionamides ... A. Graves disease; B. Multinodular goitre; C. Thyroiditis; D. Autonomous nodule. Reproduced with permission of The Royal ... Thyroid disease: Long-term management of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Kiernan Hughes Creswell Eastman doi: 10.31128/AJGP ...
Rathke's Cleft Cysts Care at Tufts Medical Center
Life | Free Full-Text | Gut Hormones as Potential Therapeutic Targets or Biomarkers of Response in Depression: The Case of...
Corticotropin-releasing hormone and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in psychiatric disease. Handb. Clin. Neurol. 2014, ... The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA), hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes ... GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990 ... Diseases 2021, 9, 36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]. *Wu, H.; Xia, F.-Z.; Xu, H.; Zhai, H.-L.; Zhang, M.-F.; Zhang, H.-X.; Li, Y ...
Panhypopituitarism Associated with Diabetes insipidus in a Girl with a Suprasellar Arachnoid Cyst | Hormone Research in...
Staff Profiles - Centre for In Vivo Imaging - Newcastle University
Hypothalamic volume loss is associated with reduced melatonin output in Parkinsons disease. Movement Disorders 2016, 31(7), ... Anticholinergic Load: Is there a Cognitive Cost in Early Parkinsons Disease?. Journal of Parkinsons Disease 2015, 5(4), 743- ... Does inflammation precede tau aggregation in early Alzheimers disease? A PET study. Neurobiology of Disease 2018, 117, 211-216 ... The future of brain imaging in Parkinsons disease. Journal of Parkinsons Disease 2018, 8(s1), S47-S51. ...
SciELO - Brazil - Recommendations of the Neuroendocrinology Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and...
Assessment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in Cushings disease diagnosis and remission. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol ... The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in pregnancy: challenges in disease detection and treatment. Endocr Rev. 2005;26(6):775 ... The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in pregnancy: challenges in disease detection and treatment. Endocr Rev. 2005;26(6):775 ... The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in pregnancy: challenges in disease detection and treatment. Endocr Rev. 2005;26(6):775 ...
Etiology
... is a partial or complete insufficiency of pituitary hormone secretion that may derive from pituitary or hypothalamic disease. ... is a partial or complete insufficiency of pituitary hormone secretion that may derive from pituitary or hypothalamic disease. ... Diseases & Conditions Pediatric Hypopituitarism * 2003/viewarticle/refining-ed-management-fever-pediatric-sickle-cell-disease- ... MRI of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in children. Pediatr Radiol. 2005 Nov. 35(11):1045-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
Growth Hormone Administration and Its Effects on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Growth Hormone Deficient Women
GH deficiency due to pituitary or hypothalamic tumors or disease affecting this area.. Subjects will have been treated with ... History of unstable cardiovascular disease (coronary artery or cerebrovascular. disease) or symptoms within one year prior to ... Hepatic or renal disease (SGPT/SGOT > 3x upper limit of normal (ULN) or creatinine. levels >2.5 mg/dl). - Congestive heart ... Cardiovascular disease is the. leading cause of mortality in women. Effects of GH replacement on bone density may be less. ...
Adrenal Gland Disorders, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2002-2017 | Health.mil
Addisons disease) or to secondary hypothalamic-pituitary impairment; the former is most often the result of autoimmune ... Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine. 7th ed. 2014. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education; 2014. ... Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine. 7th ed. 2014. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education; 2014. ... Mortality and morbidity in Cushings disease over 50 years in Stokeon-Trent, UK: audit and meta-analysis of literature. J Clin ...
Internal Medicine
We present here a case of prominent hypercalcemia accompanied by hypothalamic tumor and Graves disease. A 24-year-old man with ... In Fabrys disease, the PR interval has been reported to be variable from short PR to AV block. Therefore, this case may be ... A connective tissue disease, such as systemic sclerosis, might have been the underlying factor in the latter two symptoms.. ( ... As the disease progressed, the interventricular septum thickened from 11 to 17 mm as measured by echocardiography, while the AH ...
Upstream Ecological Risks for Overweight and Obesity Among African American Youth in a Rural Town in the Deep South, 2007 | ...
Preventing Chronic Disease Dialogue - Upstream Ecological Risks for Overweight and Obesity Among African American Youth in a ... Bose M, Olivan B, Laferrere B. Stress and obesity: the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in metabolic disease. ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Differences in prevalences of obesity among black, white, and Hispanic adults - ...
Effects of excitotoxicity in the hypothalamus in transgenic mouse models of Huntington disease | Lund University Publications
Hypothalamic changes in HD may have implications for early disease manifestations affecting the regulation of sleep, emotions ... Hypothalamic changes in HD may have implications for early disease manifestations affecting the regulation of sleep, emotions ... Hypothalamic changes in HD may have implications for early disease manifestations affecting the regulation of sleep, emotions ... MultiPark: Multidisciplinary research focused on Parkinson´s disease publishing date. 2021. type. Contribution to journal ...