A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.
HYPOVENTILATION syndrome in very obese persons with excessive ADIPOSE TISSUE around the ABDOMEN and DIAPHRAGM. It is characterized by diminished to absent ventilatory chemoresponsiveness; chronic HYPOXIA; HYPERCAPNIA; POLYCYTHEMIA; and long periods of sleep during day and night (HYPERSOMNOLENCE). It is a condition often related to OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA but can occur separately.
A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.
Neoplastic, inflammatory, infectious, and other diseases of the hypothalamus. Clinical manifestations include appetite disorders; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; SLEEP DISORDERS; behavioral symptoms related to dysfunction of the LIMBIC SYSTEM; and neuroendocrine disorders.
Dyssomnias (i.e., insomnias or hypersomnias) associated with dysfunction of internal sleep mechanisms or secondary to a sleep-related medical disorder (e.g., sleep apnea, post-traumatic sleep disorders, etc.). (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.
Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON.
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.
A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Biological actions and events that support the functions of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.
Diseases of the parasympathetic or sympathetic divisions of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; which has components located in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Autonomic dysfunction may be associated with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES; BRAIN STEM disorders; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. Manifestations include impairments of vegetative functions including the maintenance of BLOOD PRESSURE; HEART RATE; pupil function; SWEATING; REPRODUCTIVE AND URINARY PHYSIOLOGY; and DIGESTION.
The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.
Any method of artificial breathing that employs mechanical or non-mechanical means to force the air into and out of the lungs. Artificial respiration or ventilation is used in individuals who have stopped breathing or have RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY to increase their intake of oxygen (O2) and excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2).
Continuous recording of the carbon dioxide content of expired air.
Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.
A characteristic symptom complex.
The study of the patterns of ridges of the skin of the fingers, palms, toes, and soles.
Application of positive pressure to the inspiratory phase when the patient has an artificial airway in place and is connected to a ventilator.
Degenerative or inflammatory conditions affecting the central or peripheral nervous system that develop in association with a systemic neoplasm without direct invasion by tumor. They may be associated with circulating antibodies that react with the affected neural tissue. (Intern Med 1996 Dec;35(12):925-9)
The noninvasive measurement or determination of the partial pressure (tension) of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide locally in the capillaries of a tissue by the application to the skin of a special set of electrodes. These electrodes contain photoelectric sensors capable of picking up the specific wavelengths of radiation emitted by oxygenated versus reduced hemoglobin.
The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).
Body ventilators that assist ventilation by applying intermittent subatmospheric pressure around the thorax, abdomen, or airway and periodically expand the chest wall and inflate the lungs. They are relatively simple to operate and do not require tracheostomy. These devices include the tank ventilators ("iron lung"), Portalung, Pneumowrap, and chest cuirass ("tortoise shell").
The pressure that would be exerted by one component of a mixture of gases if it were present alone in a container. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A method of mechanical ventilation in which pressure is maintained to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of expiration, thus reducing the shunting of blood through the lungs and improving gas exchange.
The total volume of gas inspired or expired per unit of time, usually measured in liters per minute.
Surgical incision of the trachea.
The determination of oxygen-hemoglobin saturation of blood either by withdrawing a sample and passing it through a classical photoelectric oximeter or by electrodes attached to some translucent part of the body like finger, earlobe, or skin fold. It includes non-invasive oxygen monitoring by pulse oximetry.
Surgical formation of an opening into the trachea through the neck, or the opening so created.
The exchange of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood that occurs across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.
Simultaneous and continuous monitoring of several parameters during sleep to study normal and abnormal sleep. The study includes monitoring of brain waves, to assess sleep stages, and other physiological variables such as breathing, eye movements, and blood oxygen levels which exhibit a disrupted pattern with sleep disturbances.
Drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients cannot be easily aroused but respond purposely following repeated painful stimulation. The ability to independently maintain ventilatory function may be impaired. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)
RESPIRATORY MUSCLE contraction during INHALATION. The work is accomplished in three phases: LUNG COMPLIANCE work, that required to expand the LUNGS against its elastic forces; tissue resistance work, that required to overcome the viscosity of the lung and chest wall structures; and AIRWAY RESISTANCE work, that required to overcome airway resistance during the movement of air into the lungs. Work of breathing does not refer to expiration, which is entirely a passive process caused by elastic recoil of the lung and chest cage. (Guyton, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 8th ed, p406)
These include the muscles of the DIAPHRAGM and the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES.
The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T.
Relatively complete absence of oxygen in one or more tissues.
Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptor cells may monitor external stimuli, as in TASTE and OLFACTION, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE in the blood.
Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.
An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.
Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.
A stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eye and low voltage fast pattern EEG. It is usually associated with dreaming.
A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)
A readily reversible suspension of sensorimotor interaction with the environment, usually associated with recumbency and immobility.
Techniques for administering artificial respiration without the need for INTRATRACHEAL INTUBATION.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.

Effects of hyper- and hypoventilation on gastric and sublingual PCO(2). (1/152)

We investigated the effects of hyper- and hypoventilation on gastric (Pg(CO(2))) and sublingual (Psl(CO(2))) tissue PCO(2) before, during, and after reversal of hemorrhagic shock. Pg(CO(2)) was measured with ion-sensitive field-effect transistor sensor and Psl(CO(2)) with a CO(2) microelectrode. Under physiological conditions and during hemorrhagic shock, decreases in arterial (Pa(CO(2))) and end-tidal (PET(CO(2))) PCO(2) induced by hyperventilation produced corresponding decreases in Pg(CO(2)) and Psl(CO(2)). Hypoventilation produced corresponding increases in Pa(CO(2)), PET(CO(2)), Pg(CO(2)), and Psl(CO(2)). Accordingly, acute decreases and increases in Pa(CO(2)) and PET(CO(2)) produced statistically similar decreases and increases in Pg(CO(2)) and Psl(CO(2)). No significant changes in the tissue PCO(2)-Pa(CO(2)) gradients were observed during hemorrhagic shock in the absence or in the presence of hyper- or hypoventilation. Acute changes in Pg(CO(2)) and Psl(CO(2)) should, therefore, be interpreted in relationship with concurrent changes in Pa(CO(2)) and/or PET(CO(2)).  (+info)

Hyperbaric bradycardia and hypoventilation in exercising men: effects of ambient pressure and breathing gas. (2/152)

We sought to determine whether hydrostatic pressure contributed to bradycardia and hypoventilation in hyperbaria. Eight men were studied during exercise at 50, 150, and 250 W while breathing 1) air at 1 bar, 2) helium-oxygen (He-O(2)) at 5.5 bar, 3) sulfur hexafluoride-oxygen (SF(6)-O(2)) at 1.3 bar, and 4) nitrogen-oxygen (N(2)-O(2)) at 5.5 bar. Gas densities were pairwise identical in 1) and 2), and 3) and 4), respectively. Increased hydrostatic pressure to 5.5 bar resulted in a modest but significant relative bradycardia on the order of 6 beats/min, in both the absence [1) vs. 2), P = 0. 0015] and presence [3) vs. 4), P = 0.029] of gases that are both denser than normal and mildly narcotic. In contrast, ventilatory responses appeared not to be influenced by hydrostatic pressure. Also, the combined exposure to increased gas density and mild-to-moderate inert gas narcosis at a given hydrostatic pressure [1) vs. 3), 2) vs. 4)] caused bradycardia (P = 0.032 and 0.061, respectively) of similar magnitude as 5.5-bar hydrostatic pressure. At the same time there was relative hypoventilation at the two higher workloads. We conclude that heart rate control, but not ventilatory control, is sensitive to relatively small increases in hydrostatic pressure.  (+info)

Structural abnormalities underlying alveolar hypoventilation and fluid imbalance in the dystrophic hamster lung. (3/152)

Bio 14.6 dystrophic hamsters exhibit alveolar hypoventilation and increased lung hydration. This study evaluated whether age- and genotype-related morphometric differences in lungs exist and correlate with the development of lung pathophysiology. Morphometry was used to characterize lungs of young (Y) and mature (M) control (C) and dystrophic (D) hamsters. With age, both C and D had increased barrier surface area [S(a-b,p)] and morphometric diffusing capacity index [mdci], and decreased harmonic thickness. In C but not D, mean capillary diameter [d(c)] and parenchymal volume density [V(v)(p,L)] increased with age, whereas barrier arithmetic thickness decreased. Chord length increased with age, whereas the ratio of parenchymal surface area to airspace volume [S/V] and the intersection density of the air-blood interface [I(v)(a-b,s)] decreased in D but not C. At both ages, lung volume relative to body mass was greater in D than C. With that exception, no genotype differences were found in young hamsters. Mature D displayed lower V(v)(p,L), S/V, d(c), I(v)(a-b,s), S(a-b,p), and mdci than mature C. Independent of age, chord length was greater but arithmetic thickness, airspace surface density, frequency of type II cells, and lamellar body area and volume density were lower in D than C. We conclude: 1) lung volume relative to body growth was greater in dystrophics than controls; 2) parenchymal remodeling was delayed or abnormal in dystrophics; 3) lower diffusing capacity in mature dystrophics may effect alveolar hypoventilation; 4) lower tissue volume, surface area, and the type II cell abnormalities in dystrophics could reduce sodium and water transport leading to greater lung hydration.  (+info)

Muscimol dialysis in the retrotrapezoid nucleus region inhibits breathing in the awake rat. (4/152)

Under anesthesia, inactivation of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) region markedly inhibits breathing and chemoreception. In conscious rats, we dialyzed muscimol for 30 min to inhibit neurons of the RTN region reversibly. Dialysis of artificial cerebrospinal fluid had no effect. Muscimol (1 or 10 mM) significantly decreased tidal volume (VT) (by 16-17%) within 15 min. VT remained decreased for 50 min or more, with recovery by 90 min. Ventilation (VE) decreased significantly (by 15-20%) within 15 min and then returned to baseline within 40 min as a result of an increase in frequency. This, we suggest, is a compensatory physiological response to the reduced VT. Oxygen consumption was unchanged. In response to 7% CO(2) in the 1 mM group, absolute VE and change in VE were significantly reduced (by 19-22%). In the 10 mM group, the response to dialysis included a time-related increase in frequency and decrease in body temperature, which may reflect greater spread of muscimol. In the awake rat, the RTN region provides a portion of the tonic drive to breathe, as well as a portion of the response to hypercapnia.  (+info)

Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia in relatives of patients with the obesity hypoventilation syndrome. (5/152)

BACKGROUND: It is unclear why some morbidly obese individuals have waking alveolar hypoventilation while others with similar obesity do not. Some evidence suggests that patients with the obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) may have a measurable premorbid impairment of ventilatory chemoresponsiveness. Such an impairment of ventilatory chemoresponsiveness in OHS, however, may be an acquired and reversible consequence of severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). We hypothesised that, in patients with OHS who do not have coincident severe OSA, there may be a familial impairment in ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia. METHODS: Sixteen first degree relatives of seven patients with OHS without severe OSA (mean (SD) age 40 (16) years, body mass index (BMI) 30 (6) kg/m(2)) and 16 subjects matched for age and BMI without OHS or OSA were studied. Selection criteria included normal arterial blood gas tensions and lung function tests and absence of sleep apnoea on overnight polysomnography. Ventilatory responses to isocapnic hypoxia and to hyperoxic hypercapnia were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The slope of the ventilatory response to hypercapnia was similar in the relatives (mean 2.33 l/min/mm Hg) and in the control subjects (2.12 l/min/mm Hg), mean difference 0.2 l/min/mm Hg, 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference -0.5 to 0.9 l/min/mm Hg, p=0.5. The hypoxic ventilatory response was also similar between the two groups (slope factor A: 379.1 l/min * mm Hg for relatives and 373.4 l/min * mm Hg for controls; mean difference 5.7 l/min * mm Hg; 95% CI -282 to 293 l/min * mm Hg, p=0.7; slope of the linear regression line of the fall in oxygen saturation and increase in minute ventilation: 2.01 l/min/% desaturation in relatives, 1.15 l/min/% desaturation in controls; mean difference 0. 5 l/min/% desaturation; 95% CI -1.7 to 0.7 l/min/% desaturation, p=0. 8). CONCLUSION: There is no evidence of impaired ventilatory chemoresponsiveness in first degree relatives of patients with OHS compared with age and BMI matched control subjects.  (+info)

Relation of ventricular fibrillation threshold to heart rate during normal ventilation and hypoventilation in female Wistar rats: a chronophysiological study. (6/152)

The aim of our study was to verify the relationship between heart rate (HR) and ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) during different types of ventilation in female Wistar rats from the circadian point of view. The experiments were performed under pentobarbital anesthesia (40 mg/kg i.p., adaptation to a light-dark cycle 12:12 h, open chest experiments) and the obtained results were averaged independently of the seasons. The VFT measurements were performed during normal ventilation (17 animals) and hypoventilation (10 animals). The HR was recorded immediately before the rise of ventricular arrhythmias. Results are expressed as arithmetic means -/+ S.D. and differences are considered significant when p<0.05. The basic periodic characteristics were calculated using single and population mean cosinor tests. The results from our experiments have demonstrate that 1) the VFT and HR respond identically to hypoventilation by a decrease in the light and also in the dark phases, and 2) hypoventilation changes the 24-h course of the VFT without a change in the 24-h rhythm of the HR. It is concluded that the HR and VFT behave as two independent functional systems without apparent significant circadian dependence during both types of ventilation.  (+info)

Effects of respiratory acidosis and alkalosis on the distribution of cyanide into the rat brain. (7/152)

The aim of this study was to determine whether respiratory acidosis favors the cerebral distribution of cyanide, and conversely, if respiratory alkalosis limits its distribution. The pharmacokinetics of a nontoxic dose of cyanide were first studied in a group of 7 rats in order to determine the distribution phase. The pharmacokinetics were found to best fit a 3-compartment model with very rapid distribution (whole blood T(1/2)alpha = 21.6 +/- 3.3 s). Then the effects of the modulation of arterial pH on the distribution of a nontoxic dose of intravenously administered cyanide into the brains of rats were studied by means of the determination of the permeability-area product (PA). The modulation of arterial blood pH was performed by variation of arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) in 3 groups of 8 anesthetized mechanically ventilated rats. The mean arterial pH measured 20 min after the start of mechanical ventilation in the acidotic, physiologic, and alkalotic groups were 7.07 +/- 0.03, 7.41 +/- 0.01, and 7.58 +/- 0.01, respectively. The mean PAs in the acidotic, physiologic, and alkalotic groups, determined 30 s after the intravenous administration of cyanide, were 0.015 +/- 0.002, 0.011 +/- 0.001, and 0.008 +/- 0.001 s(-1), respectively (one-way ANOVA; p < 0.0087). At alkalotic pH the mean permeability-area product was 43% of that measured at acidotic pH. This effect of pH on the rapidity of cyanide distribution does not appear to be limited to specific areas of the brain. We conclude that modulation of arterial pH by altering PaCO2 may induce significant effects on the brain uptake of cyanide.  (+info)

Hyperventilation and loss of hemolymph Na+ and Cl- in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum exposed to acid stress: a preliminary study. (8/152)

The effect of acidification on the acid-sensitive species Gammarus fossarum was investigated in the laboratory. The results showed that as mortality increased, mean hemolymph chloride and sodium concentrations decreased rapidly. Concomitantly, organisms hyperventilated during the first 24 h and then started to hypoventilate. These results demonstrated that exposure to acid stress in the acid-sensitive species G. fossarum led to ion-regulatory and respiratory failure as previously reported in fish and crayfish exposed to acid stress.  (+info)

Hypoventilation is a medical condition that refers to the decreased rate and depth of breathing, which leads to an inadequate exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. As a result, there is an increase in the levels of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) and a decrease in the levels of oxygen (hypoxemia) in the blood. Hypoventilation can occur due to various reasons such as respiratory muscle weakness, sedative or narcotic overdose, chest wall deformities, neuromuscular disorders, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, and sleep-disordered breathing. Prolonged hypoventilation can lead to serious complications such as respiratory failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and even death.

Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome (OHS) is a medical condition characterized by the presence of obesity (generally defined as a body mass index of 30 or higher) and chronic hypoventilation, which means that the person is not breathing adequately, resulting in low levels of oxygen and high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.

In OHS, the excess weight of the chest walls makes it difficult for the respiratory muscles to work effectively, leading to reduced lung volumes and impaired gas exchange. This results in chronic hypoxemia (low oxygen levels) and hypercapnia (high carbon dioxide levels) during wakefulness and sleep.

OHS is often associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a condition characterized by repeated episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep, which can further exacerbate hypoventilation. However, not all patients with OHS have OSA, and vice versa.

The diagnosis of OHS is typically made based on the presence of obesity, chronic hypoventilation (as evidenced by elevated arterial carbon dioxide levels), and the absence of other causes of hypoventilation. Treatment usually involves the use of non-invasive ventilation to support breathing and improve gas exchange, as well as weight loss interventions to address the underlying obesity.

Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a type of sleep-disordered breathing characterized by repeated cessations in breathing during sleep due to the brain's failure to transmit signals to the respiratory muscles that control breathing. Unlike obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which results from airway obstruction, CSA occurs when the brain fails to send the necessary signals to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to initiate or maintain respiratory efforts during sleep.

Central sleep apneas are usually associated with decreased oxygen saturation levels and can lead to frequent arousals from sleep, causing excessive daytime sleepiness, fatigue, and impaired cognitive function. CSA is often related to underlying medical conditions such as heart failure, stroke, or brainstem injury, and it may also be caused by the use of certain medications, including opioids.

There are several types of central sleep apnea, including:

1. Primary Central Sleep Apnea: This type occurs without any underlying medical condition or medication use.
2. Cheyne-Stokes Breathing: A pattern of central sleep apnea commonly seen in individuals with heart failure or stroke. It is characterized by a crescendo-decrescendo pattern of breathing, with periods of hyperventilation followed by hypoventilation and apnea.
3. High-Altitude Periodic Breathing: This type occurs at high altitudes due to the reduced oxygen levels and is usually reversible upon returning to lower altitudes.
4. Complex or Mixed Sleep Apnea: A combination of both central and obstructive sleep apneas, often observed in patients with OSA who are treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. In some cases, the central component may resolve over time with continued CPAP use.

Diagnosis of CSA typically involves a sleep study (polysomnography), which monitors various physiological parameters during sleep, such as brain waves, eye movements, muscle activity, heart rate, and breathing patterns. Treatment options for central sleep apnea depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, adjustments in medication dosages, or the use of devices that assist with breathing, such as adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) or bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) therapy.

Hypothalamic diseases refer to conditions that affect the hypothalamus, a small but crucial region of the brain responsible for regulating many vital functions in the body. The hypothalamus helps control:

1. Body temperature
2. Hunger and thirst
3. Sleep cycles
4. Emotions and behavior
5. Release of hormones from the pituitary gland

Hypothalamic diseases can be caused by genetic factors, infections, tumors, trauma, or other conditions that damage the hypothalamus. Some examples of hypothalamic diseases include:

1. Hypothalamic dysfunction syndrome: A condition characterized by various symptoms such as obesity, sleep disturbances, and hormonal imbalances due to hypothalamic damage.
2. Kallmann syndrome: A genetic disorder that affects the development of the hypothalamus and results in a lack of sexual maturation and a decreased sense of smell.
3. Prader-Willi syndrome: A genetic disorder that causes obesity, developmental delays, and hormonal imbalances due to hypothalamic dysfunction.
4. Craniopharyngiomas: Tumors that develop near the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, often causing visual impairment, hormonal imbalances, and growth problems.
5. Infiltrative diseases: Conditions such as sarcoidosis or histiocytosis can infiltrate the hypothalamus, leading to various symptoms related to hormonal imbalances and neurological dysfunction.
6. Traumatic brain injury: Damage to the hypothalamus due to head trauma can result in various hormonal and neurological issues.
7. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections that affect the hypothalamus, such as encephalitis or meningitis, can cause damage and lead to hypothalamic dysfunction.

Treatment for hypothalamic diseases depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, surgery, hormone replacement therapy, or other interventions to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Sleep disorders, intrinsic, refer to a group of sleep disorders that are caused by underlying medical conditions within an individual's body. These disorders originate from internal physiological or psychological factors and can significantly impact the quality, duration, and timing of sleep. The most common types of intrinsic sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep-related breathing disorders (such as sleep apnea), central hypersomnias (like narcolepsy), circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, and parasomnias (including nightmares and sleepwalking).

Intrinsic sleep disorders can lead to various negative consequences, such as excessive daytime sleepiness, impaired cognitive function, reduced quality of life, and increased risk of accidents or injuries. Proper diagnosis and management of these disorders typically involve addressing the underlying medical condition and implementing appropriate treatment strategies, which may include lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, or medical devices.

Hypercapnia is a state of increased carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the blood, typically defined as an arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) above 45 mmHg. It is often associated with conditions that impair gas exchange or eliminate CO2 from the body, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), severe asthma, respiratory failure, or certain neuromuscular disorders. Hypercapnia can cause symptoms such as headache, confusion, shortness of breath, and in severe cases, it can lead to life-threatening complications such as respiratory acidosis, coma, and even death if not promptly treated.

Hirschsprung disease is a gastrointestinal disorder that affects the large intestine, specifically the section known as the colon. This condition is congenital, meaning it is present at birth. It occurs due to the absence of ganglion cells (nerve cells) in the bowel's muscular wall, which are responsible for coordinating muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

The affected segment of the colon cannot relax and propel the contents within it, leading to various symptoms such as constipation, intestinal obstruction, or even bowel perforation in severe cases. Common diagnostic methods include rectal suction biopsy, anorectal manometry, and contrast enema studies. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the aganglionic segment and reattachment of the normal colon to the anus (known as a pull-through procedure).

Neuromuscular diseases are a group of disorders that involve the peripheral nervous system, which includes the nerves and muscles outside of the brain and spinal cord. These conditions can affect both children and adults, and they can be inherited or acquired. Neuromuscular diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, numbness, tingling, pain, cramping, and twitching. Some common examples of neuromuscular diseases include muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), peripheral neuropathy, and myasthenia gravis. The specific symptoms and severity of these conditions can vary widely depending on the underlying cause and the specific muscles and nerves that are affected. Treatment for neuromuscular diseases may include medications, physical therapy, assistive devices, or surgery, depending on the individual case.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless gas that is naturally present in the Earth's atmosphere. It is a normal byproduct of cellular respiration in humans, animals, and plants, and is also produced through the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

In medical terms, carbon dioxide is often used as a respiratory stimulant and to maintain the pH balance of blood. It is also used during certain medical procedures, such as laparoscopic surgery, to insufflate (inflate) the abdominal cavity and create a working space for the surgeon.

Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the body can lead to respiratory acidosis, a condition characterized by an increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and a decrease in pH. This can occur in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or other lung diseases that impair breathing and gas exchange. Symptoms of respiratory acidosis may include shortness of breath, confusion, headache, and in severe cases, coma or death.

Respiratory insufficiency is a condition characterized by the inability of the respiratory system to maintain adequate gas exchange, resulting in an inadequate supply of oxygen and/or removal of carbon dioxide from the body. This can occur due to various causes, such as lung diseases (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia), neuromuscular disorders (e.g., muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injury), or other medical conditions that affect breathing mechanics and/or gas exchange.

Respiratory insufficiency can manifest as hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood) and/or hypercapnia (high carbon dioxide levels in the blood). Symptoms of respiratory insufficiency may include shortness of breath, rapid breathing, fatigue, confusion, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness or even death. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition and may include oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, medications, and/or other supportive measures.

Respiratory physiological processes refer to the functions and mechanisms involved in respiration, which is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment. This process includes several steps:

1. Ventilation: The movement of air into and out of the lungs, driven by the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
2. External Respiration: The exchange of gases between the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.
3. Transport of Gases: The circulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. Oxygen is carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells to the body's tissues, while carbon dioxide is carried as bicarbonate ions in plasma or dissolved in the blood.
4. Internal Respiration: The exchange of gases between the blood and the body's tissues. Oxygen diffuses from the blood into the cells, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into the blood.
5. Cellular Respiration: The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into water, carbon dioxide, and energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This process occurs in the mitochondria of the cell.

These processes are essential for maintaining life and are regulated to meet the body's changing metabolic needs.

Hyperventilation is a medical condition characterized by an increased respiratory rate and depth, resulting in excessive elimination of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the body. This leads to hypocapnia (low CO2 levels in the blood), which can cause symptoms such as lightheadedness, dizziness, confusion, tingling sensations in the extremities, and muscle spasms. Hyperventilation may occur due to various underlying causes, including anxiety disorders, lung diseases, neurological conditions, or certain medications. It is essential to identify and address the underlying cause of hyperventilation for proper treatment.

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. It consists of two subdivisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which generally have opposing effects and maintain homeostasis in the body.

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases (also known as Autonomic Disorders or Autonomic Neuropathies) refer to a group of conditions that affect the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. These diseases can cause damage to the nerves that control automatic functions, leading to various symptoms and complications.

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases can be classified into two main categories:

1. Primary Autonomic Nervous System Disorders: These are conditions that primarily affect the autonomic nervous system without any underlying cause. Examples include:
* Pure Autonomic Failure (PAF): A rare disorder characterized by progressive loss of autonomic nerve function, leading to symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, urinary retention, and constipation.
* Multiple System Atrophy (MSA): A degenerative neurological disorder that affects both the autonomic nervous system and movement coordination. Symptoms may include orthostatic hypotension, urinary incontinence, sexual dysfunction, and Parkinsonian features like stiffness and slowness of movements.
* Autonomic Neuropathy associated with Parkinson's Disease: Some individuals with Parkinson's disease develop autonomic symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, constipation, and urinary dysfunction due to the degeneration of autonomic nerves.
2. Secondary Autonomic Nervous System Disorders: These are conditions that affect the autonomic nervous system as a result of an underlying cause or disease. Examples include:
* Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy: A complication of diabetes mellitus that affects the autonomic nerves, leading to symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, gastroparesis (delayed gastric emptying), and sexual dysfunction.
* Autoimmune-mediated Autonomic Neuropathies: Conditions like Guillain-Barré syndrome or autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy can cause autonomic symptoms due to the immune system attacking the autonomic nerves.
* Infectious Autonomic Neuropathies: Certain infections, such as HIV or Lyme disease, can lead to autonomic dysfunction as a result of nerve damage.
* Toxin-induced Autonomic Neuropathy: Exposure to certain toxins, like heavy metals or organophosphate pesticides, can cause autonomic neuropathy.

Autonomic nervous system disorders can significantly impact a person's quality of life and daily functioning. Proper diagnosis and management are crucial for improving symptoms and preventing complications. Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications, medications, and in some cases, devices or surgical interventions.

Respiratory mechanics refers to the biomechanical properties and processes that involve the movement of air through the respiratory system during breathing. It encompasses the mechanical behavior of the lungs, chest wall, and the muscles of respiration, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Respiratory mechanics includes several key components:

1. **Compliance**: The ability of the lungs and chest wall to expand and recoil during breathing. High compliance means that the structures can easily expand and recoil, while low compliance indicates greater resistance to expansion and recoil.
2. **Resistance**: The opposition to airflow within the respiratory system, primarily due to the friction between the air and the airway walls. Airway resistance is influenced by factors such as airway diameter, length, and the viscosity of the air.
3. **Lung volumes and capacities**: These are the amounts of air present in the lungs during different phases of the breathing cycle. They include tidal volume (the amount of air inspired or expired during normal breathing), inspiratory reserve volume (additional air that can be inspired beyond the tidal volume), expiratory reserve volume (additional air that can be exhaled beyond the tidal volume), and residual volume (the air remaining in the lungs after a forced maximum exhalation).
4. **Work of breathing**: The energy required to overcome the resistance and elastic forces during breathing. This work is primarily performed by the respiratory muscles, which contract to generate negative intrathoracic pressure and expand the chest wall, allowing air to flow into the lungs.
5. **Pressure-volume relationships**: These describe how changes in lung volume are associated with changes in pressure within the respiratory system. Important pressure components include alveolar pressure (the pressure inside the alveoli), pleural pressure (the pressure between the lungs and the chest wall), and transpulmonary pressure (the difference between alveolar and pleural pressures).

Understanding respiratory mechanics is crucial for diagnosing and managing various respiratory disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and restrictive lung diseases.

Artificial respiration is an emergency procedure that can be used to provide oxygen to a person who is not breathing or is breathing inadequately. It involves manually forcing air into the lungs, either by compressing the chest or using a device to deliver breaths. The goal of artificial respiration is to maintain adequate oxygenation of the body's tissues and organs until the person can breathe on their own or until advanced medical care arrives. Artificial respiration may be used in conjunction with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in cases of cardiac arrest.

Capnography is the non-invasive measurement and monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO2) in exhaled breath, also known as end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2). It is typically displayed as a waveform graph that shows the concentration of CO2 over time. Capnography provides important information about respiratory function, metabolic rate, and the effectiveness of ventilation during medical procedures such as anesthesia, mechanical ventilation, and resuscitation. Changes in capnograph patterns can help detect conditions such as hypoventilation, hyperventilation, esophageal intubation, and pulmonary embolism.

Blood gas analysis is a medical test that measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, as well as the pH level, which indicates the acidity or alkalinity of the blood. This test is often used to evaluate lung function, respiratory disorders, and acid-base balance in the body. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments for conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and other respiratory illnesses. The analysis is typically performed on a sample of arterial blood, although venous blood may also be used in some cases.

Sleep apnea syndromes refer to a group of disorders characterized by abnormal breathing patterns during sleep. These patterns can result in repeated pauses in breathing (apneas) or shallow breaths (hypopneas), causing interruptions in sleep and decreased oxygen supply to the body. There are three main types of sleep apnea syndromes:

1. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): This is the most common form, caused by the collapse or obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, often due to relaxation of the muscles in the throat and tongue.

2. Central Sleep Apnea (CSA): This type is less common and results from the brain's failure to send proper signals to the breathing muscles. It can be associated with conditions such as heart failure, stroke, or certain medications.

3. Complex/Mixed Sleep Apnea: In some cases, a person may experience both obstructive and central sleep apnea symptoms, known as complex or mixed sleep apnea.

Symptoms of sleep apnea syndromes can include loud snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, fatigue, morning headaches, difficulty concentrating, and mood changes. Diagnosis typically involves a sleep study (polysomnography) to monitor breathing patterns, heart rate, brain activity, and other physiological factors during sleep. Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications, oral appliances, positive airway pressure therapy, or even surgery in severe cases.

A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.

For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.

Dermatoglyphics is the study of the fingerprints, palm prints, and other skin ridge patterns found on the hands and feet. These patterns are formed during fetal development and are generally considered to be unique to each individual. Dermatoglyphics can provide important clues about a person's genetic makeup and health status, and they are often used in forensic investigations to help identify individuals. In medicine, dermatoglyphics may be used to help diagnose certain genetic disorders or birth defects.

Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation (IPPV) is a type of mechanical ventilation in which positive pressure is intermittently applied to the airway and lungs, allowing for inflation and deflation of the lungs. This mode of ventilation is often used in critical care settings such as intensive care units (ICUs) to support patients who are unable to breathe effectively on their own due to respiratory failure or other conditions that affect breathing.

During IPPV, a mechanical ventilator delivers breaths to the patient at set intervals, with each breath consisting of a set volume or pressure. The patient may also be allowed to take spontaneous breaths between the mechanically delivered breaths. The settings for IPPV can be adjusted based on the patient's needs and condition, including factors such as their respiratory rate, tidal volume (the amount of air moved with each breath), and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), which helps to keep the alveoli open and prevent atelectasis.

IPPV can be used to provide short-term or long-term ventilatory support, depending on the patient's needs. It is an effective way to ensure that patients receive adequate oxygenation and ventilation while minimizing the risk of lung injury associated with high pressures or volumes. However, it is important to closely monitor patients receiving IPPV and adjust the settings as needed to avoid complications such as ventilator-associated pneumonia or barotrauma.

Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are a group of rare disorders that occur in some individuals with cancer. These syndromes are caused by an immune system response to the cancer tumor, which can lead to the damage or destruction of nerve cells. The immune system produces antibodies and/or activated immune cells that attack the neural tissue, leading to neurological symptoms.

Paraneoplastic syndromes can affect any part of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and muscles. Symptoms vary depending on the specific syndrome and the location of the affected nerve tissue. Some common neurological symptoms include muscle weakness, numbness or tingling, seizures, memory loss, confusion, difficulty speaking or swallowing, visual disturbances, and coordination problems.

Paraneoplastic syndromes are often associated with specific types of cancer, such as small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and lymphoma. Diagnosis can be challenging because the symptoms may precede the discovery of the underlying cancer. A combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, laboratory tests, and sometimes a brain biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cancer with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. Immunosuppressive therapies may also be used to manage the immune response that is causing the neurological symptoms. While treatment can help alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life, paraneoplastic syndromes are often difficult to cure completely.

Transcutaneous blood gas monitoring (TcBGM) is a non-invasive method to measure the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) and carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the blood. This technique uses heated sensors placed on the skin, typically on the ear lobe or the soles of the feet, to estimate the gas tensions in the capillary blood.

The sensors contain a electrochemical or optical sensor that measures the pO2 and pCO2 levels in the tiny amount of gas that diffuses through the skin from the underlying capillaries. The measurements are then adjusted to reflect the actual blood gas values based on calibration curves and other factors, such as the patient's age, temperature, and skin perfusion.

TcBGM is commonly used in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) to monitor oxygenation and ventilation in premature infants, who may have immature lungs or other respiratory problems that make invasive blood gas sampling difficult or risky. It can also be used in adults with conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sleep apnea, or neuromuscular disorders, where frequent blood gas measurements are needed to guide therapy and monitor response to treatment.

Overall, TcBGM provides a safe, painless, and convenient way to monitor blood gases in real-time, without the need for repeated arterial punctures or other invasive procedures. However, it is important to note that TcBGM may not always provide accurate measurements in certain situations, such as when the skin perfusion is poor or when there are significant differences between the capillary and arterial blood gases. Therefore, clinical judgment and other diagnostic tests should be used in conjunction with TcBGM to ensure appropriate patient management.

Medical Definition of Respiration:

Respiration, in physiology, is the process by which an organism takes in oxygen and gives out carbon dioxide. It's also known as breathing. This process is essential for most forms of life because it provides the necessary oxygen for cellular respiration, where the cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and releases waste products, primarily carbon dioxide.

In humans and other mammals, respiration is a two-stage process:

1. Breathing (or external respiration): This involves the exchange of gases with the environment. Air enters the lungs through the mouth or nose, then passes through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi, finally reaching the alveoli where the actual gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses into the blood, while carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.

2. Cellular respiration (or internal respiration): This is the process by which cells convert glucose and other nutrients into ATP, water, and carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen. The carbon dioxide produced during this process then diffuses out of the cells and into the bloodstream to be exhaled during breathing.

In summary, respiration is a vital physiological function that enables organisms to obtain the necessary oxygen for cellular metabolism while eliminating waste products like carbon dioxide.

A negative pressure ventilator, also known as an iron lung, is a type of mechanical ventilator that creates a negative pressure environment around the patient's chest and abdomen to assist with breathing. This technology was widely used during the polio epidemic in the mid-20th century to help patients with respiratory paralysis caused by the disease.

In a negative pressure ventilator, the patient is placed inside an airtight chamber that is connected to a pump. The pump changes the air pressure within the chamber, creating a vacuum effect that causes the chest and abdomen to expand and contract, which in turn facilitates breathing. As the pressure around the chest decreases, the chest wall expands, allowing the lungs to fill with air. When the pressure increases, the chest wall contracts, pushing air out of the lungs.

Negative pressure ventilators have largely been replaced by positive pressure ventilators, which are more commonly used today. Positive pressure ventilators work by actively pushing air into the lungs, rather than relying on negative pressure to create a vacuum effect. However, negative pressure ventilators may still be used in certain situations where positive pressure ventilation is not appropriate or feasible.

In the context of medicine, and specifically in physiology and respiratory therapy, partial pressure (P or p) is a measure of the pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture of gases. It's commonly used to describe the concentrations of gases in the body, such as oxygen (PO2), carbon dioxide (PCO2), and nitrogen (PN2).

The partial pressure of a specific gas is calculated as the fraction of that gas in the total mixture multiplied by the total pressure of the mixture. This concept is based on Dalton's law, which states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures exerted by each individual gas.

For example, in room air at sea level, the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) is approximately 160 mmHg (mm of mercury), which represents about 21% of the total barometric pressure (760 mmHg). This concept is crucial for understanding gas exchange in the lungs and how gases move across membranes, such as from alveoli to blood and vice versa.

Positive-pressure respiration is a type of mechanical ventilation where positive pressure is applied to the airway and lungs, causing them to expand and inflate. This can be used to support or replace spontaneous breathing in patients who are unable to breathe effectively on their own due to conditions such as respiratory failure, neuromuscular disorders, or sedation for surgery.

During positive-pressure ventilation, a mechanical ventilator delivers breaths to the patient through an endotracheal tube or a tracheostomy tube. The ventilator is set to deliver a specific volume or pressure of air with each breath, and the patient's breathing is synchronized with the ventilator to ensure proper delivery of the breaths.

Positive-pressure ventilation can help improve oxygenation and remove carbon dioxide from the lungs, but it can also have potential complications such as barotrauma (injury to lung tissue due to excessive pressure), volutrauma (injury due to overdistention of the lungs), hemodynamic compromise (decreased blood pressure and cardiac output), and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Therefore, careful monitoring and adjustment of ventilator settings are essential to minimize these risks and provide safe and effective respiratory support.

Pulmonary ventilation, also known as pulmonary respiration or simply ventilation, is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange. It involves two main phases: inhalation (or inspiration) and exhalation (or expiration). During inhalation, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, causing the chest volume to increase and the pressure inside the chest to decrease, which then draws air into the lungs. Conversely, during exhalation, these muscles relax, causing the chest volume to decrease and the pressure inside the chest to increase, which pushes air out of the lungs. This process ensures that oxygen-rich air from the atmosphere enters the alveoli (air sacs in the lungs), where it can diffuse into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide-rich air from the bloodstream in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli is expelled out of the body.

A tracheotomy is a surgical procedure that involves creating an opening in the neck and through the front (anterior) wall of the trachea (windpipe). This is performed to provide a new airway for the patient, bypassing any obstruction or damage in the upper airways. A tube is then inserted into this opening to maintain it and allow breathing.

This procedure is often conducted in emergency situations when there is an upper airway obstruction that cannot be easily removed or in critically ill patients who require long-term ventilation support. Complications can include infection, bleeding, damage to surrounding structures, and difficulties with speaking, swallowing, or coughing.

Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method for monitoring a person's oxygen saturation (SO2) and pulse rate. It uses a device called a pulse oximeter, which measures the amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin in the blood compared to the amount of hemoglobin that is not carrying oxygen. This measurement is expressed as a percentage, known as oxygen saturation (SpO2). Normal oxygen saturation levels are generally 95% or above at sea level. Lower levels may indicate hypoxemia, a condition where there is not enough oxygen in the blood to meet the body's needs. Pulse oximetry is commonly used in hospitals and other healthcare settings to monitor patients during surgery, in intensive care units, and in sleep studies to detect conditions such as sleep apnea. It can also be used by individuals with certain medical conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), to monitor their oxygen levels at home.

A tracheostomy is a surgically created opening through the neck into the trachea (windpipe). It is performed to provide an airway in cases where the upper airway is obstructed or access to the lower airway is required, such as in prolonged intubation, severe trauma, or chronic lung diseases. The procedure involves making an incision in the front of the neck and creating a direct opening into the trachea, through which a tracheostomy tube is inserted to maintain the patency of the airway. This allows for direct ventilation of the lungs, suctioning of secretions, and prevention of complications associated with upper airway obstruction.

Pulmonary gas exchange is the process by which oxygen (O2) from inhaled air is transferred to the blood, and carbon dioxide (CO2), a waste product of metabolism, is removed from the blood and exhaled. This process occurs in the lungs, primarily in the alveoli, where the thin walls of the alveoli and capillaries allow for the rapid diffusion of gases between them. The partial pressure gradient between the alveolar air and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries drives this diffusion process. Oxygen-rich blood is then transported to the body's tissues, while CO2-rich blood returns to the lungs to be exhaled.

Polysomnography (PSG) is a comprehensive sleep study that monitors various body functions during sleep, including brain activity, eye movement, muscle tone, heart rate, respirations, and oxygen levels. It is typically conducted in a sleep laboratory under the supervision of a trained technologist. The data collected during PSG is used to diagnose and manage various sleep disorders such as sleep-related breathing disorders (e.g., sleep apnea), movement disorders (e.g., periodic limb movement disorder), parasomnias, and narcolepsy.

The study usually involves the attachment of electrodes to different parts of the body, such as the scalp, face, chest, and legs, to record electrical signals from the brain, eye movements, muscle activity, and heartbeats. Additionally, sensors may be placed on or near the nose and mouth to measure airflow, and a belt may be worn around the chest and abdomen to monitor breathing efforts. Oxygen levels are also monitored through a sensor attached to the finger or ear.

Polysomnography is often recommended when a sleep disorder is suspected based on symptoms or medical history, and other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive. The results of the study can help guide treatment decisions and improve overall sleep health.

Deep sedation, also known as general anesthesia, is a drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients cannot be easily aroused but respond purposefully following repeated or painful stimulation. It is characterized by the loss of protective reflexes such as cough and gag, and the ability to ventilate spontaneously may be impaired. Patients may require assistance in maintaining a patent airway, and positive pressure ventilation may be required.

Deep sedation/general anesthesia is typically used for surgical procedures or other medical interventions that require patients to be completely unaware and immobile, and it is administered by trained anesthesia professionals who monitor and manage the patient's vital signs and level of consciousness throughout the procedure.

Work of breathing (WOB) is a term used in respiratory physiology to describe the amount of energy expended by the respiratory muscles to overcome the elastic and resistive forces in the lungs and chest wall during breathing. It is usually measured in joules per liter (J/L) or in breaths per minute (BPM).

WOB can be increased in various lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and interstitial lung disease, due to increased airway resistance or decreased lung compliance. Increased WOB can lead to respiratory muscle fatigue, decreased exercise tolerance, and reduced quality of life.

WOB can be measured noninvasively using techniques such as esophageal pressure monitoring or transdiaphragmatic pressure measurement, or invasively through the use of indwelling catheters in the pleural space or within the airways. These measurements are often used in research settings to evaluate the effectiveness of various treatments for respiratory disorders.

Respiratory muscles are a group of muscles involved in the process of breathing. They include the diaphragm, intercostal muscles (located between the ribs), scalene muscles (located in the neck), and abdominal muscles. These muscles work together to allow the chest cavity to expand or contract, which draws air into or pushes it out of the lungs. The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for breathing, contracting to increase the volume of the chest cavity and draw air into the lungs during inhalation. The intercostal muscles help to further expand the ribcage, while the abdominal muscles assist in exhaling by compressing the abdomen and pushing up on the diaphragm.

Tidal volume (Vt) is the amount of air that moves into or out of the lungs during normal, resting breathing. It is the difference between the volume of air in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration and the volume at the end of a normal inspiration. In other words, it's the volume of each breath you take when you are not making any effort to breathe more deeply.

The average tidal volume for an adult human is around 500 milliliters (ml) per breath, but this can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, size, and fitness level. During exercise or other activities that require increased oxygen intake, tidal volume may increase to meet the body's demands for more oxygen.

Tidal volume is an important concept in respiratory physiology and clinical medicine, as it can be used to assess lung function and diagnose respiratory disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma.

Anoxia is a medical condition that refers to the absence or complete lack of oxygen supply in the body or a specific organ, tissue, or cell. This can lead to serious health consequences, including damage or death of cells and tissues, due to the vital role that oxygen plays in supporting cellular metabolism and energy production.

Anoxia can occur due to various reasons, such as respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, severe blood loss, carbon monoxide poisoning, or high altitude exposure. Prolonged anoxia can result in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, a serious condition that can cause brain damage and long-term neurological impairments.

Medical professionals use various diagnostic tests, such as blood gas analysis, pulse oximetry, and electroencephalography (EEG), to assess oxygen levels in the body and diagnose anoxia. Treatment for anoxia typically involves addressing the underlying cause, providing supplemental oxygen, and supporting vital functions, such as breathing and circulation, to prevent further damage.

Chemoreceptor cells are specialized sensory neurons that detect and respond to chemical changes in the internal or external environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis within the body by converting chemical signals into electrical impulses, which are then transmitted to the central nervous system for further processing and response.

There are two main types of chemoreceptor cells:

1. Oxygen Chemoreceptors: These cells are located in the carotid bodies near the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and in the aortic bodies close to the aortic arch. They monitor the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in the blood and respond to decreases in oxygen concentration or increases in carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions (indicating acidity) by increasing their firing rate. This signals the brain to increase respiratory rate and depth, thereby restoring normal oxygen levels.

2. Taste Cells: These chemoreceptor cells are found within the taste buds of the tongue and other areas of the oral cavity. They detect specific tastes (salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami) by interacting with molecules from food. When a tastant binds to receptors on the surface of a taste cell, it triggers a series of intracellular signaling events that ultimately lead to the generation of an action potential. This information is then relayed to the brain, where it is interpreted as taste sensation.

In summary, chemoreceptor cells are essential for maintaining physiological balance by detecting and responding to chemical stimuli in the body. They play a critical role in regulating vital functions such as respiration and digestion.

Respiratory acidosis is a medical condition that occurs when the lungs are not able to remove enough carbon dioxide (CO2) from the body, leading to an increase in the amount of CO2 in the bloodstream and a decrease in the pH of the blood. This can happen due to various reasons such as chronic lung diseases like emphysema or COPD, severe asthma attacks, neuromuscular disorders that affect breathing, or when someone is not breathing deeply or frequently enough, such as during sleep apnea or drug overdose.

Respiratory acidosis can cause symptoms such as headache, confusion, shortness of breath, and in severe cases, coma and even death. Treatment for respiratory acidosis depends on the underlying cause but may include oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, or mechanical ventilation to help support breathing.

Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that constitutes about 21% of the earth's atmosphere. It is a crucial element for human and most living organisms as it is vital for respiration. Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, which carries it to tissues throughout the body where it is used to convert nutrients into energy and carbon dioxide, a waste product that is exhaled.

Medically, supplemental oxygen therapy may be provided to patients with conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, heart failure, or other medical conditions that impair the body's ability to extract sufficient oxygen from the air. Oxygen can be administered through various devices, including nasal cannulas, face masks, and ventilators.

Homeodomain proteins are a group of transcription factors that play crucial roles in the development and differentiation of cells in animals and plants. They are characterized by the presence of a highly conserved DNA-binding domain called the homeodomain, which is typically about 60 amino acids long. The homeodomain consists of three helices, with the third helix responsible for recognizing and binding to specific DNA sequences.

Homeodomain proteins are involved in regulating gene expression during embryonic development, tissue maintenance, and organismal growth. They can act as activators or repressors of transcription, depending on the context and the presence of cofactors. Mutations in homeodomain proteins have been associated with various human diseases, including cancer, congenital abnormalities, and neurological disorders.

Some examples of homeodomain proteins include PAX6, which is essential for eye development, HOX genes, which are involved in body patterning, and NANOG, which plays a role in maintaining pluripotency in stem cells.

Encephalitis is defined as inflammation of the brain parenchyma, which is often caused by viral infections but can also be due to bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to toxins. The infection or inflammation can cause various symptoms such as headache, fever, confusion, seizures, and altered consciousness, ranging from mild symptoms to severe cases that can lead to brain damage, long-term disabilities, or even death.

The diagnosis of encephalitis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and laboratory tests (such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis). Treatment may include antiviral medications, corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

REM sleep, or Rapid Eye Movement sleep, is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, low muscle tone, and active brain activity. It is one of the two main types of sleep along with non-REM sleep and is marked by vivid dreaming, increased brain metabolism, and altered brain wave patterns. REM sleep is often referred to as "paradoxical sleep" because of the seemingly contradictory nature of its characteristics - an active brain in a state of relaxation. It is thought to play a role in memory consolidation, learning, and mood regulation. A typical night's sleep cycle includes several episodes of REM sleep, with each episode becoming longer as the night progresses.

Conscious sedation, also known as procedural sedation and analgesia, is a minimally depressed level of consciousness that retains the patient's ability to maintain airway spontaneously and respond appropriately to physical stimulation and verbal commands. It is typically achieved through the administration of sedative and/or analgesic medications and is commonly used in medical procedures that do not require general anesthesia. The goal of conscious sedation is to provide a comfortable and anxiety-free experience for the patient while ensuring their safety throughout the procedure.

Sleep is a complex physiological process characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced voluntary muscle activity, and decreased interaction with the environment. It's typically associated with specific stages that can be identified through electroencephalography (EEG) patterns. These stages include rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, associated with dreaming, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which is further divided into three stages.

Sleep serves a variety of functions, including restoration and strengthening of the immune system, support for growth and development in children and adolescents, consolidation of memory, learning, and emotional regulation. The lack of sufficient sleep or poor quality sleep can lead to significant health problems, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even cognitive decline.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) defines sleep as "a period of daily recurring natural rest during which consciousness is suspended and metabolic processes are reduced." However, it's important to note that the exact mechanisms and purposes of sleep are still being researched and debated among scientists.

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) refers to the delivery of mechanical ventilation without using an invasive airway, such as an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy. It is a technique used to support patients with respiratory insufficiency or failure, while avoiding the potential complications associated with intubation and invasive ventilation.

NIV can be provided through various interfaces, including nasal masks, full-face masks, or mouthpieces. The most common modes of NIV are continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP), which provide a constant flow of pressurized air to maintain airway patency and support breathing efforts.

NIV is commonly used in the management of chronic respiratory conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea, COPD, and neuromuscular disorders, as well as acute respiratory failure due to causes such as pneumonia or exacerbation of chronic lung disease. However, it is not appropriate for all patients and should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

A drug overdose occurs when a person ingests, inhales, or absorbs through the skin a toxic amount of a drug or combination of drugs. This can result in a variety of symptoms, depending on the type of drug involved. In some cases, an overdose can be fatal.

An overdose can occur accidentally, for example if a person mistakenly takes too much of a medication or if a child accidentally ingests a medication that was left within their reach. An overdose can also occur intentionally, such as when a person takes too much of a drug to attempt suicide or to achieve a desired high.

The symptoms of a drug overdose can vary widely depending on the type of drug involved. Some common symptoms of a drug overdose may include:

* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Dizziness or confusion
* Difficulty breathing
* Seizures
* Unconsciousness
* Rapid heart rate or low blood pressure

If you suspect that someone has overdosed on a drug, it is important to seek medical help immediately. Call your local poison control center or emergency number (such as 911 in the United States) for assistance. If possible, try to provide the medical personnel with as much information as you can about the person and the drug(s) involved. This can help them to provide appropriate treatment more quickly.

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Polysomnography shows that hypoventilation is most marked during slow-wave sleep. In the most severe cases, hypoventilation is ... "Hypoventilation Syndromes". Medscape. "Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome". Genetics Home Reference. U.S. National ... "Primary alveolar hypoventilation: Ondine's curse". A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. U.S. National Library of Medicine. September ... Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome at eMedicine Windisch W, Hennings E, Storre J, Matthys H, Sorichter S (2004). "Long ...
... can result in or be symptomatic of rapid breathing and hypoventilation. Most people who breathe shallowly do ... Krachman, S., & Criner, G.J. (1998). Hypoventilation syndromes. Clinics in Chest Medicine, 19(l),139-155. (CS1 errors: ... may result in hypoventilation, which is a serious condition if of ignored or not properly diagnosed. It is often treated as a " ...
Central hypoventilation syndrome Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Hypoventilation Hypothalamus Rare disease Ibáñez-Micó, S.; ... Alveolar hypoventilation is a condition in which patients have very low blood oxygen levels and shallow breathing. In healthy ... Hypoventilation can go unnoticed until cardiopulmonary arrest, which is why ROHHAD has the potential to be a fatal disease. ... ROHHAD patients whose hypoventilation is so severe that they require support during the day and night will often undergo ...
RYR1 Central hypoventilation syndrome; 209880; GDNF Central hypoventilation syndrome, congenital; 209880; ASCL1 Central ... BDNF Central hypoventilation syndrome, congenital; 209880; EDN3 Central hypoventilation syndrome, congenital; 209880; PMX2B ... Central hypoventilation syndrome, congenital; 209880; RET Cerebellar ataxia and mental retardation with or without quadrupedal ...
For example, consider hypoventilation. Patients can exhibit hypoventilation for a variety of reasons; some include CNS ... At an extreme, high CO2 levels from hypoventilation can mask an existing high A-a gradient. This mathematical artifact makes A- ... However, these patients can ventilate (unlike the patient with hypoventilation), which will result in a well-oxygenated ... Thus patients with hypoxemia due to hypoventilation will have an A-a gradient within normal limits. Now let us consider ...
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Obesity paradox Flegal, K. M.; Graubard, B. I.; Williamson, D. F.; Gail, M. H. (2005). "Excess ... Obesity hypoventilation syndrome is defined as the combination of obesity, hypoxia during sleep, and hypercapnia during the day ... Olson, Amy L.; Zwillich, Clifford (2005-09-01). "The obesity hypoventilation syndrome". The American Journal of Medicine. 118 ( ... resulting from hypoventilation. Obesity is associated with a number of chronic lung diseases, including asthma and COPD. It is ...
Respiratory depression or hypoventilation. "Eszopiclone" (PDF). F.A. Davis. 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 8 ...
PCO2 is raised in hypoventilation. The normal range of PaO2:FiO2 ratio is 300 to 500 mmHg, if this ratio is lower than 300 it ... Hypoventilation training - Physical training method Hypoxemia - Abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood Hypoxia in fish - ... Internal causes include hypoventilation, impaired alveolar diffusion, and pulmonary shunting. External causes include hypoxic ... Causes include hypoventilation, impaired alveolar diffusion, and pulmonary shunting. This definition overlaps considerably with ...
It is sometimes associated with hypoventilation. It can be associated with chronic respiratory acidosis. Hyperchloremia (having ... "Marked hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis with severe compensatory hypoventilation". South. Med. J. 79 (10): 1296-99. doi: ...
It is sometimes associated with hypoventilation. It can be associated with chronic respiratory acidosis. If it occurs together ... "Marked hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis with severe compensatory hypoventilation". South. Med. J. 79 (10): 1296-9. doi:10.1097 ...
Deliberate hypoventilation, known as "skip breathing". Shallow breathing, due to stress or other reasons. Contamination of the ...
... central alveolar hypoventilation Sleep-related hypoventilation due to a medication or substance Sleep-related hypoventilation ... Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome Late-onset central hypoventilation with ... alveolar hypoventilation G47.35 Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome G47.36 Sleep related hypoventilation in ... alveolar hypoventilation 327.25 Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome 327.26 Sleep related hypoventilation/ ...
On the other hand, obesity-hypoventilation syndrome is very commonly associated with right heart failure due to pulmonary ... Balachandran JS, Masa JF, Mokhlesi B (September 2014). "Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Epidemiology and Diagnosis". Sleep ... lung disease Mixed restrictive and obstructive pattern pulmonary diseases Sleep-disordered breathing Alveolar hypoventilation ...
November - The classic definition of obesity hypoventilation syndrome is published. Asian flu pandemic originates in China. Use ... "Extreme obesity associated with alveolar hypoventilation - a Pickwickian syndrome". The American Journal of Medicine. 21 (5): ... "Extreme obesity associated with alveolar hypoventilation; a Pickwickian syndrome". Obesity Research. 2 (4): 390-7. doi:10.1002/ ...
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS), often referred to by its older name "Ondine's curse," is a rare and very ... Chen ML, Turkel SB, Jacobson JR, Keens TG (March 2006). "Alcohol use in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome". Pediatric ... "Facial phenotype in children and young adults with PHOX2B-determined congenital central hypoventilation syndrome: quantitative ... "Aberrant neural responses to cold pressor challenges in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome". Pediatric Research. 57 (4 ...
2004). "Pbx3 Deficiency Results in Central Hypoventilation". Am. J. Pathol. 165 (4): 1343-50. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63392-5 ...
"Molecular analysis of congenital central hypoventilation syndrome". Hum. Genet. 114 (1): 22-6. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1036-z. ...
Medicine portal Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome Modes of mechanical ventilation Periodic breathing Obesity ... Weight loss effective enough to relieve obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) must be 25-30% of body weight. For some obese ... "Evaluation and Management of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice ... hypoventilation syndrome Respiratory disturbance index (RDI) Upper airway resistance syndrome "Sleep Apnea: What Is Sleep Apnea ...
This can lead to hypoventilation and respiratory failure. Patients are often dehydrated, as their plated skin is not well ...
McNicholas WT, Hansson D, Schiza S, Grote L (September 2019). "Sleep in chronic respiratory disease: COPD and hypoventilation ... Use of diazepam should be avoided, when possible, in individuals with: Ataxia Severe hypoventilation Acute narrow-angle ... Patients with severe attacks of apnea during sleep may experience respiratory depression (hypoventilation), leading to ...
Hypoventilation describes a minute volume less than physiologically appropriate. Minute volume comprises the sum of alveolar ...
Generalised, or hypoxic hypoxia may be caused by: Hypoventilation - failure of the respiratory pump due to any cause (fatigue, ... Causes include hypoventilation, impaired alveolar diffusion, and pulmonary shunting. This definition overlaps considerably with ...
However, the use of a pulse oximeter to detect hypoventilation is impaired with the use of supplemental oxygen, as it is only ... Fu ES, Downs JB, Schweiger JW, Miguel RV, Smith RA (November 2004). "Supplemental oxygen impairs detection of hypoventilation ... since it can result in hypoventilation going undetected. Because of their simplicity of use and the ability to provide ...
1996). "Endothelin-3 frameshift mutation in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome". Nat. Genet. 13 (4): 395-6. doi: ...
"Wrist sensor reveals sympathetic hyperactivity and hypoventilation before probable SUDEP." Neurology 89, no. 6 (2017): 633-635 ...
S. EINARSSON (1993). "Nitrous Oxide Elimination and Diffusion Hypoxia During Normo- and Hypoventilation". British Journal of ...
"Diaphragm pacers as a treatment for congenital central hypoventilation syndrome". Expert Review of Medical Devices. 2 (5): 577- ...
Learn about obesity hypoventilation syndrome, a breathing complication of obesity that results in carbon dioxide build up in ... What is obesity hypoventilation syndrome?. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, also known as Pickwickian syndrome, is a breathing ... Most people who have obesity hypoventilation syndrome also have sleep apnea.. It is not clear why obesity hypoventilation ... Obesity hypoventilation syndrome causes you to have too much carbon dioxide and too little oxygen in your blood. Without ...
Find symptoms and other information about Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. ... Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Other Names: CCHS; Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome; Ondine ... Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome is a genetic disease. This means that one or more genes have differences that ... Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is a disorder of the autonomic nervous system that affects breathing. It has ...
Hypocapnia, which stimulates hypoventilation Obesity; see Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Chronic mountain sickness, a ... hypoventilation, with autonomic dysregulation) are recognized as conditions that are associated with hypoventilation. CCHS may ... Hypoventilation can be considered a precursor to hypoxia and its lethality is attributed to hypoxia with carbon dioxide ... Hypoventilation may be caused by: A medical condition such as stroke affecting the brainstem Voluntary breath-holding or ...
Alveolar hypoventilation is defined as insufficient ventilation leading to hypercapnia, which is an increase in the partial ... Alveolar hypoventilation is caused by several disorders that are collectively referred as hypoventilation syndromes. ... encoded search term (Hypoventilation Syndromes) and Hypoventilation Syndromes What to Read Next on Medscape ... Hypoventilation Syndromes Differential Diagnoses. Updated: Jul 22, 2021 * Author: Jazeela Fayyaz, DO; Chief Editor: Guy W Soo ...
Hypoventilation is breathing that is too shallow or too slow to meet the needs of the body. ... Hypoventilation is breathing that is too shallow or too slow to meet the needs of the body. ...
Alveolar hypoventilation is defined as insufficient ventilation leading to hypercapnia, which is an increase in the partial ... Alveolar hypoventilation is caused by several disorders that are collectively referred as hypoventilation syndromes. ... encoded search term (Hypoventilation Syndromes) and Hypoventilation Syndromes What to Read Next on Medscape ... Hypoventilation Syndromes Differential Diagnoses. Updated: Jul 22, 2021 * Author: Jazeela Fayyaz, DO; Chief Editor: Guy W Soo ...
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Obesity hypoventilation syndrome describes the association between obesity and the development of chronic daytime alveolar ... hypoventilation. This syndrome arises from a complex interaction between sleep-disordered breathing, diminished respiratory ... Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: mechanisms and management Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Feb 1;183(3):292-8. doi: 10.1164/ ... Obesity hypoventilation syndrome describes the association between obesity and the development of chronic daytime alveolar ...
... Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 Mar;129(3):385-7. doi: 10.1164/arrd. ...
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is a disorder that affects normal breathing. Explore symptoms, inheritance, ... Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome. 2004 Jan 28 [updated 2021 Jan 28]. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, ... Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is a disorder that affects normal breathing. People with this disorder take ... Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome: PHOX2B mutations and phenotype. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Nov 15;174(10): ...
Synonyms: CCHS; central congenital hypoventilation syndrome; congenital central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome; Ondine curse ... Synonyms: CCHS; central congenital hypoventilation syndrome; congenital central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome; Ondine curse ... Human Disease Modeled: congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Associated Mouse Gene: Phox2b Allelic Composition. Genetic ... Human Disease Modeled: congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Associated Mouse Gene: Tlx3 Allelic Composition. Genetic ...
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Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome Debra E Weese-Mayer 1 , Casey M Rand 2 , Ilya Khaytin 3 , Susan M Slattery 3 , Kai ... Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome Debra E Weese-Mayer et al. Free Books & Documents Show details Display options ... Neonatal-onset CCHS is characterized by apparent hypoventilation with monotonous respiratory rates and shallow breathing either ... Weese-Mayer DE, Berry-Kravis EM, Ceccherini I, Keens TG, Loghmanee DA, Trang H; ATS Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome ...
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome echocardiography or ultrasound. Default sort key. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome ... Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Obesity_hypoventilation_syndrome_echocardiography_or_ultrasound" ...
The obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is defined by. "the triad of obesity, daytime hypoventilation, and sleep-disordered ... Perioperative Management of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Perioperative Management of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome. ... Chau EH, Lam D, Wong J, Mokhlesi B, & Chung F (2012). Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: a review of epidemiology, ... One of the major mechanical complications associated with severe obesity is the obesity hypoventilation syndrome - sometimes ...
... who were at risk for nocturnal hypoventilation. 15 were home ventilator users. Arterial blood gas measurements were made before ... flight assessments in patients with severe chest wall deformity or neuromuscular disease at risk for nocturnal hypoventilation ... flight assessments in patients with severe chest wall deformity or neuromuscular disease at risk for nocturnal hypoventilation ...
This level of weight loss is most likely required to achieve resolution of hypoventilation. (C, VL) ... The purpose of this guideline is to improve early recognition of obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) and advise clinicians ... Evaluation and management of obesity hypoventilation syndrome. An official American thoracic society clinical practice ... obesity, sleep, hypercapnia, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, pickwickian, sleep-disordered breathing, chronic hypercapnic ...
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) represents the extreme manifestation of autonomic nervous system ... Later-onset congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (LO-CCHS) ROHHAD (rapid-onset obesity with hypothalamic dysfunction, h ... Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome. Debra E Weese-Mayer, MD, Casey M Rand, BS, Ilya Khaytin, MD, PhD, Susan M Slattery ... it may worsen the hypoventilation. Supplemental oxygen alone is NOT a treatment of hypoventilation. ...
... 5th Sleep and ... Central sleep apnoea, periodic breathing and hypoventilation in infants and children with a syndromic disorder. Athanasios G. ...
"Hypoventilation" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Hypoventilation" by people in this website by year, and ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Hypoventilation" by people in Profiles. ... whether "Hypoventilation" was a major or minor topic of these publications. To see the data from this visualization as text, ...
Alveolar hypoventilation is defined as insufficient ventilation leading to hypercapnia, which is an increase in the partial ... Alveolar hypoventilation is caused by several disorders that are collectively referred as hypoventilation syndromes. ... Hypoventilation is not uncommon in patients with severe COPD. Alveolar hypoventilation in COPD usually does not occur unless ... Obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. OHS is another well-known cause of hypoventilation. Abnormal central ventilatory drive and ...
Sleep onset hypoventilation in chronic spinal cord injury. Some of the most common effects of a C-spine injury include: ... c7 spinal cord injury hypoventilationjennifer nicholson mark norfleet 27 februari, 2023. /i rick stein venice to istanbul route ... Is moved down towards the opposite knee while the c7 spinal cord injury hypoventilation has a sensory root and a motor root ... Those with SCI (C2-C8) are at great risk for developing hypoventilation, especially during sleep, and this risk increases along ...
Sleep related hypoventilation syndromes[edit]. This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2010) ... Hypoxemia due to hypoventilation is noted in REM sleep but this is less well studied than NREM sleep. These changes are equal ... This decrease in intercostal muscle activity is primarily responsible for hypoventilation that occurs in patients with ... suggesting overall hypoventilation instead of decreased production/metabolism. ...
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. ...
Hypoventilation. Patients who have received ROMAZICON for the reversal of benzodiazepine effects (after conscious sedation or ... This is because ROMAZICON has not been established in patients as an effective treatment for hypoventilation due to ... The availability of flumazenil does not diminish the need for prompt detection of hypoventilation and the ability to ...
Hypoventilation:. Patients who have received flumazenil for the reversal of benzodiazepine effects (after conscious sedation or ... This is because flumazenil has not been established in patients as an effective treatment for hypoventilation due to ... The availability of flumazenil does not diminish the need for prompt detection of hypoventilation and the ability to ...
... awake hypoventilation or suspicion of sleep related hypoventilation, chronic opioid medication use, history of stroke or severe ... Sleep-related hypoventilation. See the list below:. * Increase in CO2 levels (ETCO2 or TCCO2) to , 55 mmHg for greater than or ... What are the AASM criteria for sleep-related hypoventilation on polysomnography (PSG)? ... and to reassess sleep-related hypoxemia and/or sleep-related hypoventilation following initiation of treatment for OSA. PSG or ...
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome: A Review of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Perioperative Considerations Anesthesiology ( ... UNILATERAL HYPOVENTILATION. Anesthesiology 1961; 22:870 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-196109000-00074 ...
Bilateral Hypoventilation Case Study. Arrhythmias are irregular rhythms of the heartbeat which can be fast paced or slow paced. ...
Does Ketoacidosis Cause Hyperventilation Or Hypoventilation * Ketosis * Does Ketoacidosis Cause Hyperventilation Or ...
  • see Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Chronic mountain sickness, a mechanism to conserve energy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Disorders like congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) and ROHHAD (rapid-onset obesity, hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, with autonomic dysregulation) are recognized as conditions that are associated with hypoventilation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Apart from an increased risk of heart diseases and many other ailments like diabetes and erectile dysfunction, a condition that can happen because of obesity is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome also known as Pickwickian Syndrome. (tarryhealth.com)
  • Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome is said to be combined of conditions such as obesity, hypoxia and hypercapnia. (tarryhealth.com)
  • One of the primary symptoms of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome is obstructive sleep apnea which means that there are frequent instances during the sleep when the breathing stops which interrupts the sleep. (tarryhealth.com)
  • Another symptom of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome is increased sleepiness which occurs because of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood and because of less sleep during the night. (tarryhealth.com)
  • Some other signs of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome are high blood pressure and depression which become hard to treat with medicines. (tarryhealth.com)
  • Initially when testing for Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome, the first thing that's checked is the Body Mass Index (BMI) and the carbon dioxide levels in the body. (tarryhealth.com)
  • Generally who have a BMI above 30 kg/m 2 are more susceptible to having Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome. (tarryhealth.com)
  • The primary treatment for people with Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome is weight loss therapy which includes exercise, diet and medicine use. (tarryhealth.com)
  • Most of the time this treatment has been beneficial for patients in reducing the effects of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome, but it does not assure success every time. (tarryhealth.com)
  • Another popular treatment for Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome is CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure). (tarryhealth.com)
  • There have been studies regarding the use of drugs such as medroxyprogesterone and acetazolamide in people with Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome, but these have not been widely researched and thereby not recommended for use. (tarryhealth.com)
  • Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome causes healthcare costs to rise incredibly because of regular visits to the hospital for treatments and hospital stays. (tarryhealth.com)
  • Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome could also occur together with conditions like type 2 diabetes and asthma. (tarryhealth.com)
  • Obesity hypoventilation syndrome can be challenging to manage. (aasm.org)
  • His clinical research program has explored the impact of positive airway pressure therapy on pulmonary hypertension in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome. (aasm.org)
  • Not all obese children develop obesity-hypoventilation syndrome (OHS). (medscape.com)
  • Background: Respiratory management of obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) focusses on the control of sleep-disordered breathing rather than the treatment of obesity. (qub.ac.uk)
  • The prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome: a prospective observational study. (amegroups.org)
  • This guideline covers the diagnosis and management of obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS), obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with OSAHS (COPD-OSAHS overlap syndrome) in people over 16. (bvsalud.org)
  • Primary alveolar hypoventilation is a rare disorder in which a person does not take enough breaths per minute. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In people with primary alveolar hypoventilation, this change in breathing does not happen. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Alveolar hypoventilation is caused by several disorders that are collectively referred as hypoventilation syndromes. (medscape.com)
  • Alveolar hypoventilation is defined as insufficient ventilation leading to hypercapnia, which is an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide as measured by arterial blood gas analysis (PaCO 2 ). (medscape.com)
  • Alveolar hypoventilation may be acute or chronic and may be caused by several mechanisms. (medscape.com)
  • The phrase "central alveolar hypoventilation" is used to describe patients with alveolar hypoventilation secondary to an underlying neurologic disease. (medscape.com)
  • Causes of central alveolar hypoventilation include drugs and central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as cerebrovascular accidents, trauma, and neoplasms. (medscape.com)
  • Chest wall deformities such as kyphoscoliosis, fibrothorax, and those occurring postthoracoplasty are associated with alveolar hypoventilation leading to respiratory insufficiency and respiratory failure. (medscape.com)
  • Neuromuscular diseases that can cause alveolar hypoventilation include myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and muscular dystrophy. (medscape.com)
  • Alveolar hypoventilation in COPD usually does not occur unless the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) is less than 1L or 30% of the predicted value. (medscape.com)
  • Background: Central alveolar hypoventilation syndromes (CHS) encompass neurorespiratory diseases resulting from congenital or acquired neurological disorders. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Primary alveolar hypoventilation treated with nocturnal electrophrenic respiration. (mcmaster.ca)
  • We studied five children, age 6 to 11 yr, with absent hypercapneic and hypoxic ventilatory responses during wakefulness (congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, CCHS). (nih.gov)
  • Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome, also known as haddad syndrome, is related to central hypoventilation syndrome, congenital, 1 and hirschsprung disease 1. (silexon.tech)
  • An important gene associated with Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome is PHOX2B (Paired Like Homeobox 2B), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Signal Transduction and GDNF-Family Ligands and Receptor Interactions. (silexon.tech)
  • Note: If you'd like to get a target analysis report for Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome , or if you are interested to learn how our AI-powered BDE-Chem can design therapeutic molecules to interact with the target(s) above against the disease of Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome at a cost 90% lower than traditional approaches, please feel free to contact us at [email protected] . (silexon.tech)
  • Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is a rare condition characterized by dysfunction of automatic control of breathing, most dramatically during sleep, and was first described by Mellins et al in 1970. (inthemoment-mt.com)
  • failure of autonomic control (Congenital failure of autonomic control) (See hypoventilation Congenital Central). (ivami.com)
  • A fatal case of cor pulmonale with undetected chronic hypoventilation in an infant with a known congenital myopathy. (bvsalud.org)
  • Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome is a disorder of respiratory control caused by mutations in the paired-like homeobox 2B gene. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We present a case of an extremely low birth weight infant with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and variant Hirschsprung's disease. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The patient exhibited refractory apnea and was diagnosed with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome by genetic testing of the paired-like homeobox 2B gene. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This case suggests that the paired-like homeobox 2B mutation causes not only congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and Hirschsprung's disease, but also variant Hirschsprung's disease in humans. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The spectrum of sleep disordered breathing ranges from habitual snoring, to upper airway resistance syndrome, to obstructive sleep apnea, and to obstructive apnea/hypoventilation syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with Down syndrome (DS) are at risk for both obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and central sleep apnea (CSA) however, it is unclear how these components evolve as patients age and whether patients are also at risk for hypoventilation. (unr.edu)
  • Patients who hypoventilate may develop clinically significant hypoxemia, and the presence of hypoxemia along with hypercapnia aggravates the clinical manifestations seen with hypoventilation syndromes. (medscape.com)
  • He has clinical and research expertise in the field of sleep-disordered breathing and hypoventilation syndromes. (aasm.org)
  • Individuals with nocturnal hypercapnia but daytime normocapnia were randomised to a control group or nocturnal NIV to examine whether nocturnal hypoventilation is a valid indication for NIV. (bmj.com)
  • Patients with neuromuscular disease with nocturnal hypoventilation are likely to deteriorate with the development of daytime hypercapnia and/or progressive symptoms within 2 years and may benefit from the introduction of nocturnal NIV before daytime hypercapnia ensues. (bmj.com)
  • Hypoventilation can be considered a precursor to hypoxia and its lethality is attributed to hypoxia with carbon dioxide toxicity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hypoventilation occurs when there is build-up carbon dioxide because of insufficient elimination of the by-product. (medtronic.com)
  • Respiratory depression, also known as hypoventilation, refers to abnormally high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood due to shallow breathing. (yahoo.com)
  • Hypoventilation makes it harder to breathe in deeply, leading to excess carbon dioxide in the blood. (yahoo.com)
  • The principal physiological responses to added breathing resistance appear to be hypoventilation, reduced oxygen consumption, a "flattened" and prolonged pattern in the breathing phase to which resistance has been added, increased respiratory work, and a tendency for increased Functional Residual Lung Capacity and increased carbon dioxide retention (when compensation is incomplete). (cdc.gov)
  • however, some patients experience uncontrolled respiratory decompensation or are markedly symptomatic from nocturnal hypoventilation before the development of diurnal ventilatory failure. (bmj.com)
  • Poly-somnographic recordings of patients with CCHS demonstrate the most severe hypoventilation in deep NREM sleep during which automatic or homeostatic control of breathing normally predominates. (inthemoment-mt.com)
  • Interestingly, hypoventilation in CCHS is most often related to decreased tidal volume rather than respiratory rate. (inthemoment-mt.com)
  • 45 mm Hg and sleep-disordered breathing, occurring in an obese (BMI≥30 kg.m²) individual without other causes of hypoventilation, such as COPD or neuromuscular disease. (resmed.co.uk)
  • Due to the high risk of hypoventilation, which has not been previously highlighted, it may be helpful to consider therapies to target both apnea and hypoventilation in this population. (unr.edu)
  • Other disorders that may cause hypoventilation should be ruled out first. (medscape.com)
  • Hypoventilation can be a side effect of certain medications and drugs, such as opioids , benzodiazepines , and alcohol, as well as various neuromuscular disorders. (yahoo.com)
  • Hypoventilation is not synonymous with respiratory arrest, in which breathing ceases entirely and death occurs within minutes due to hypoxia and leads rapidly into complete anoxia, although both are medical emergencies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hypoventilation is not uncommon in patients with severe COPD. (medscape.com)
  • Bradypnea Dyspnea Hyperventilation Hypopnea List of terms of lung size and activity "Hypoventilation" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary Woorons X (2014). (wikipedia.org)
  • Is a hyperventilation+hypoventilation breathing exercise (Wim Hof Method) more likely to prevent or promote cancer? (stackexchange.com)
  • Apart from exposure to cold, the core element of the Wim Hof Method is a breathing technique, which alternates between hyperventilation and hypoventilation (apparently similar to Tummo meditation). (stackexchange.com)
  • Enough breathing resistance could result in a reduction in the frequency and depth of breathing, known as hypoventilation (the opposite of hyperventilation). (cdc.gov)
  • Poslao: Pet Dec 06, 2019 4:48 am Naslov: If hypoventilation sixth persuasion, trastuzumab. (netfreehost.com)
  • This case highlights the risk for fatal complications if hypoventilation and respiratory insufficiency go unrecognized in myopathic children . (bvsalud.org)
  • prescribers should be aware that serious or life-threatening hypoventilation may occur, even in opioid-tolerant patients, during the initial application period. (nih.gov)
  • thus, high clinical suspicion is needed for diagnosing hypoventilation. (bmj.com)
  • The nocturnal desaturations may precede the onset of daytime hypoventilation and gas exchange abnormalities. (medscape.com)
  • Hypoventilation is a primary cause of significant discomfort while wearing an N95 FFR (Williams 2010). (cdc.gov)
  • However, many patients with severe airflow obstruction do not develop hypoventilation. (medscape.com)
  • Background The characteristics of and relationship between sleep apnoea and hypoventilation in patients with muscular dystrophy (MD) remain to be fully understood. (bmj.com)
  • Importantly, hypoventilation was only weakly associated with sleep apnoea in patients with MD. Moreover, we found that patients with DM had significantly higher risk of sleep apnoea compared with patients with LGMD. (bmj.com)
  • Hypoventilation was common occurring in more than 22% of patients and there was a positive correlation between the maximum CO2 and BMI. (unr.edu)
  • Sleep disordered breathing, including hypoventilation, was common in patients with DS. (unr.edu)
  • Thus, hypoventilation is secondary to respiratory muscle weakness. (medscape.com)
  • 2010) indicated that this hypoventilation did not pose a significant risk to healthcare workers over the course of less than one hour of continuous N95 use. (cdc.gov)
  • As a side effect of medicines or recreational drugs, hypoventilation may become potentially life-threatening. (wikipedia.org)