Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.
The body's defense mechanism against foreign organisms or substances and deviant native cells. It includes the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated response and consists of a complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components.
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.
An inflammatory process involving the brain (ENCEPHALITIS) and meninges (MENINGITIS), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions.
Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
A rare, slowly progressive encephalitis caused by chronic infection with the MEASLES VIRUS. The condition occurs primarily in children and young adults, approximately 2-8 years after the initial infection. A gradual decline in intellectual abilities and behavioral alterations are followed by progressive MYOCLONUS; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; SEIZURES; DEMENTIA; autonomic dysfunction; and ATAXIA. DEATH usually occurs 1-3 years after disease onset. Pathologic features include perivascular cuffing, eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions, neurophagia, and fibrous gliosis. It is caused by the SSPE virus, which is a defective variant of MEASLES VIRUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp767-8)
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
A subclass of developmentally regulated lamins having a neutral isoelectric point. They are found to disassociate from nuclear membranes during mitosis.
A strain of ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS, a species of CARDIOVIRUS, usually causing an inapparent intestinal infection in mice. A small number of mice may show signs of flaccid paralysis.
A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.
The three membranes that cover the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD. They are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.
The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.
Enterovirus Infections are acute viral illnesses caused by various Enterovirus serotypes, primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, manifesting as a wide range of clinical symptoms, from asymptomatic or mild self-limiting fever to severe and potentially life-threatening conditions, such as meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and neonatal sepsis-like illness, depending on the age, immune status, and serotype of the infected individual.
The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.
Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
An impulse-conducting system composed of modified cardiac muscle, having the power of spontaneous rhythmicity and conduction more highly developed than the rest of the heart.
Postmortem examination of the body.
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.
Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.
Protection from an infectious disease agent that is mediated by B- and T- LYMPHOCYTES following exposure to specific antigen, and characterized by IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY. It can result from either previous infection with that agent or vaccination (IMMUNITY, ACTIVE), or transfer of antibody or lymphocytes from an immune donor (IMMUNIZATION, PASSIVE).
Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Methods used by pathogenic organisms to evade a host's immune system.
Inbred BALB/c mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical to each other, making them useful for scientific research and experiments due to their consistent genetic background and predictable responses to various stimuli or treatments.
Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).
An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.
An infant during the first month after birth.
The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of immune system, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electrical equipment.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.
Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.
Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.
A family of pattern recognition receptors characterized by an extracellular leucine-rich domain and a cytoplasmic domain that share homology with the INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR and the DROSOPHILA toll protein. Following pathogen recognition, toll-like receptors recruit and activate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCING ADAPTOR PROTEINS.
The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
Mechanisms of action and interactions of the components of the IMMUNE SYSTEM.
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.
Nonsusceptibility to the pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or antigenic substances as a result of antibody secretions of the mucous membranes. Mucosal epithelia in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts produce a form of IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) that serves to protect these ports of entry into the body.
Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.
Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.
Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.
Group of diseases mediated by the deposition of large soluble complexes of antigen and antibody with resultant damage to tissue. Besides SERUM SICKNESS and the ARTHUS REACTION, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES including GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC) and POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.
Antibody-mediated immune response. Humoral immunity is brought about by ANTIBODY FORMATION, resulting from TH2 CELLS activating B-LYMPHOCYTES, followed by COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

The potential application of ribozymes for the treatment of hematological disorders. (1/386)

With the identification and increasing understanding of the genes involved in neoplastic transformation has come the realization that abrogation of these genes' products may lead to cell death or a return to normalcy. The use of ribozymes and their nucleic acid cousins, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), are two such ways of perturbing the disease-related gene expression. This review will look at the development and application of ribozymes to abrogate gene expression, with particular relevance to hematological settings. Some examples of antisense ODNs will also be mentioned where appropriate.  (+info)

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor induces an invasive phenotype in human squamous cell carcinomas. (2/386)

Inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor Flk-1 has been shown to prevent invasion of experimental squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). To directly investigate the role of VEGF in tumor invasion, we stably transfected human SCC-13 cells, which are characterized by a noninvasive phenotype in vivo, with expression vectors containing murine VEGF(164) in sense (SCC/VEGF+) or antisense (SCC/VEGF-) orientation or with vector alone (SCC/vec). SCC/vec cells formed slowly growing, well-differentiated tumors with well-defined borders between tumor and stroma, after intradermal or subcutaneous injection. In contrast, SCC/VEGF+ tumors were characterized by rapid tumor growth, with small cell groups and single cells invading into the surrounding tissue, and by admixture of blood vessels and tumor cells in areas of tumor invasion. We detected an increase in tumor vessel density and size in VEGF-overexpressing tumors, resulting in a more than fourfold increase in total vascular areas. In contrast, SCC/VEGF- clones formed noninvasive, sharply circumscribed tumors with reduced vascular density. These findings demonstrate that selective VEGF overexpression was sufficient to induce tumor invasiveness, and they provide further evidence for an active role of the tumor stroma in cancer progression.  (+info)

Inhibition of the CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity reaction by hypericin: potential for treatment of T cell-mediated diseases. (3/386)

The cytotoxicity reaction of murine CD8 T lymphocytes has been found to be strongly inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hypericin, a lipophilic dianthraquinone with photodynamic properties. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-induced target cell apoptosis, as well as exocytosis of cytolytic granules from these cells, were ablated by hypericin, administered at the onset of the reaction, without affecting CTL viability. The inhibition of cytolysis occurred without the light irradiation which is essential for photosensitization. The findings suggest that the action of hypericin targets the effector CTL; however, apoptosis induced in murine L-cells with recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was also prevented by hypericin. Since hypericin is a known inhibitor of protein kinase C, MAP kinase and at least one other tyrosine kinase, this inhibitory activity could play a role in the down-modulation of CTL-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, our studies show that the action of hypericin induces rapid dephosphorylation of phospholipids associated with low-density membranes in CTL, but not with membranes of the cytotoxic granules. The ability of hypericin to interfere with cytotoxicity may render it useful in the treatment of T cell-mediated diseases.  (+info)

Human T cells with a type-2 cytokine profile are resistant to apoptosis induced by primary activation: consequences for immunopathogenesis. (4/386)

The mechanisms leading to a relative dominance of T cells producing type 2 cytokines in certain human immune disorders are still unclear. We investigated the relative susceptibility to apoptosis induced by primary in vitro activation of human type 1 (producing interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)) or type 2 (producing IL-4) T cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from patients with immune disorders characterized by expansion of type 2 cells (four with AIDS and hyper-IgE/hypereosinophilia, one with Churg-Strauss syndrome, and one with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome) or from individuals with normal cytokine balances. Cells were stimulated for 16 h with ionomycin and phorbol ester, and apoptosis of cytokine-producing cells was assessed by flow cytometry. T cells with a type-2 cytokine profile, i.e. producing IL-4 alone, were significantly more resistant to activation-induced apoptosis than those producing IFN-gamma alone. This was observed in AIDS patients, whose type 2 cells were mostly CD8+, as well as in the patients with Churg-Strauss and with hypereosinophilic syndrome. CD4+ and CD8+ IL-4-producing cells were equally resistant to apoptosis. Lower susceptibility to apoptosis of type-2 T cells was also observed in subjects with normal cytokine balances. Bcl-2 expression was high in type-2 cells and in viable type-1 cells, whereas it was low in apoptotic type-1 cells. Resistance to activation-induced apoptosis may explain the expansion of cells producing type-2 cytokines in certain immune disorders.  (+info)

US FDA "Redbook II" immunotoxicity testing guidelines and research in immunotoxicity evaluations of food chemicals and new food proteins. (5/386)

The rapid advances in the field of immunology and an understanding of the potential adverse effects of xenobiotics on the immune system have resulted in the development of a discipline in toxicology now referred to as immunotoxicology. This discipline has evolved steadily over the last 2 decades as a result of research in the national and international communities. Various US, European, and Japanese regulatory agencies have recognized a need to promulgate testing guidelines for immunotoxicity in support of the approval process involving toxicological testing. The US Food and Drug Administration "Redbook II" guidelines and some of the research conducted in support of the concepts and testing strategies are presented here. Concerns raised with regard to these guidelines are included, as are on-going initiatives in development of experimental approaches for assessing allergic potential and/or hypersensitivity responses to new foods and food constituents.  (+info)

Responses of the immune system to injury. (6/386)

Three categories of immunotoxic effects are identified: direct immunotoxicity, hypersensitivity, and autoimmunity. Direct immunotoxicity consists of immunosuppression and immunostimulation. Total abrogation of the immune response (immunosuppression) results in more frequent, severe, and often atypical and relapsing infections and lymphomas. Immunostimulation is associated with febrile reactions, the induction/facilitation of autoimmune diseases and allergic reactions to unrelated allergens, and impaired hepatic drug biotransformation. Hypersensitivity is manifested by a variety of symptoms involving either antigen-specific or non-antigen-specific humoral and cellular adverse responses. Autoimmune reactions are divided into organ-specific and systemic reactions. Because of the involvement of many redundant mechanisms, it is difficult to predict responses of the immune system to a given immunotoxic injury. In laboratory animals, histologic but also functional changes are necessary to show evidence of and to predict such adverse responses.  (+info)

Genetic polymorphism of IL-12 p40 gene in immune-mediated disease. (7/386)

Understanding of the genetic basis of autoimmune diseases is currently incomplete. Cytokine gene polymorphisms warrant consideration as factors explaining variation in the human immune and inflammatory responses and as candidate susceptibility genes for related pathological states. Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a key regulator of the polarisation of immune responses to T helper 1 or 2 categories and plays a role in autoimmune and infectious diseases. Using a bioinformatic strategy, we aligned cDNA and expressed sequence tag sequences to identify putative polymorphic regions of the IL-12 p40 gene. Position 1188 in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) was polymorphic with the frequency of the common allele around 80% in healthy UK Caucasoids. PCR genotyping of multiple Caucasoid groups and an African group showed significant population variation. In a case-control design, the polymorphism was not associated with rheumatoid arthritis, Felty's syndrome or large granular lymphocyte syndrome with arthritis or multiple sclerosis. A nonsignificant increase in the B allele frequency was observed in the rare large granular lymphocyte syndrome without arthritis (odds ratio 2.02 95% CI 0.95-4.3). This new genetic marker could be useful in anthropological studies and should be investigated in other autoimmune, allergic, inflammatory and infectious diseases.  (+info)

Alteration of human erythrocyte membrane properties by complement fixation. (8/386)

Erythrocyte survival studies of complement-coated radiolabeled erythrocytes have shown rapid removal of these cells from the peripheral blood with a return of these cells into the circulation within a few hours. We studied complement-coated human erythrocytes and measured surface charge and deformability, two parameters believed to be important in erythrocyte survival. Erythrocytes were coated with complement by two in vitro techniques: the addition of (a) low ionic strength sucrose, and (b) IgM cold agglutinins. Erythrocytes obtained from three patients with cold agglutinin disease were used as a source of in vivo complement-coated cells. No difference was found in surface charge as measured by electrophoretic mobility between erythrocytes from normal subjects and complement-coated erythrocytes from any of the three sources. When deformability was measured by filtration through 3-mum polycarbonate sieves, marked decreases in deformability were found in complement-coated erythrocytes. The filtration returned toward control levels by incubating the complement-coated erythrocytes in serum for 1 h and correlated with decreases in immune adherence. Using screen filtration pressure as a measure of deformability, a positive correlation between number of C3 molecules per erythrocyte and decreased deformability was found. C3b appeared responsible for the decreased deformability of the erythrocytes, since conversion of C3b to C3d resulted in a return of deformability toward normal. The data suggested that the sequestration of complement-coated human erythrocytes in the microvasculature can be explained in part by decreased deformability and changes in immune adherence.  (+info)

Immune system diseases, also known as immunological disorders or autoimmune diseases, refer to a group of conditions in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy tissues in the body. The immune system is designed to protect the body from harmful substances such as viruses, bacteria, and toxins. However, in immune system diseases, the immune system fails to distinguish between these harmful substances and the body's own cells, leading to an overactive or misdirected response.

There are several types of immune system diseases, including:

1. Allergies: An abnormal immune response to harmless substances such as pollen, dust mites, or certain foods.
2. Autoimmune disorders: A group of conditions in which the immune system attacks healthy tissues, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.
3. Immunodeficiency disorders: Conditions that weaken the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off infections, such as HIV/AIDS or primary immunodeficiency diseases.
4. Autoinflammatory disorders: A group of conditions characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammation due to abnormal activation of the immune system, such as familial Mediterranean fever and cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes.
5. Transplant rejection: A response in which the immune system attacks and rejects transplanted organs or tissues.

Immune system diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the specific condition and the severity of the disease. Treatment may involve medications to suppress the immune system, as well as other therapies to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases refer to medical conditions that primarily affect the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is responsible for controlling various functions in the body, including movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. Therefore, diseases of the CNS can have significant impacts on a person's quality of life and overall health.

There are many different types of CNS diseases, including:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites that infect the brain or spinal cord. Examples include meningitis, encephalitis, and polio.
2. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are characterized by progressive loss of nerve cells in the brain or spinal cord. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
3. Structural diseases: These involve damage to the physical structure of the brain or spinal cord, such as from trauma, tumors, or stroke.
4. Functional diseases: These affect the function of the nervous system without obvious structural damage, such as multiple sclerosis and epilepsy.
5. Genetic disorders: Some CNS diseases are caused by genetic mutations, such as spinal muscular atrophy and Friedreich's ataxia.

Symptoms of CNS diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and the area of the brain or spinal cord that is affected. They may include muscle weakness, paralysis, seizures, loss of sensation, difficulty with coordination and balance, confusion, memory loss, changes in behavior or mood, and pain. Treatment for CNS diseases depends on the specific condition and may involve medications, surgery, rehabilitation therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against harmful invaders. It recognizes and responds to threats such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and damaged or abnormal cells, including cancer cells. The immune system has two main components: the innate immune system, which provides a general defense against all types of threats, and the adaptive immune system, which mounts specific responses to particular threats.

The innate immune system includes physical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes, chemical barriers such as stomach acid and enzymes in tears and saliva, and cellular defenses like phagocytes (white blood cells that engulf and destroy invaders) and natural killer cells (which recognize and destroy virus-infected or cancerous cells).

The adaptive immune system is more specific and takes longer to develop a response but has the advantage of "remembering" previous encounters with specific threats. This allows it to mount a faster and stronger response upon subsequent exposures, providing immunity to certain diseases. The adaptive immune system includes T cells (which help coordinate the immune response) and B cells (which produce antibodies that neutralize or destroy invaders).

Overall, the immune system is essential for maintaining health and preventing disease. Dysfunction of the immune system can lead to a variety of disorders, including autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, and allergies.

Nervous system diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a group of conditions that affect the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. These diseases can affect various functions of the body, such as movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. They can be caused by genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or tumors. Examples of nervous system diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, migraine, stroke, and neuroinfections like meningitis and encephalitis. The symptoms and severity of these disorders can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe and debilitating.

Central nervous system (CNS) viral diseases refer to medical conditions caused by the infection and replication of viruses within the brain or spinal cord. These viruses can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the specific virus and the location of the infection within the CNS. Some common examples of CNS viral diseases include:

1. Meningitis: This is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meninges) caused by viruses such as enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, or HIV. Symptoms may include fever, headache, stiff neck, and altered mental status.
2. Encephalitis: This is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by viruses such as herpes simplex virus, West Nile virus, or rabies virus. Symptoms may include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and focal neurologic deficits.
3. Poliomyelitis: This is a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus that can lead to paralysis of the muscles used for breathing, swallowing, and movement. It primarily affects children under 5 years old.
4. HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND): HIV can cause various neurologic symptoms such as cognitive impairment, peripheral neuropathy, and myopathy.
5. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): This is a rare but serious demyelinating disease of the CNS caused by the JC virus that primarily affects individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those receiving immunosuppressive therapy.

Treatment for CNS viral diseases depends on the specific virus and may include antiviral medications, supportive care, and management of symptoms. Prevention measures such as vaccination, avoiding contact with infected individuals, and practicing good hygiene can help reduce the risk of these infections.

Meningoencephalitis is a medical term that refers to an inflammation of both the brain (encephalitis) and the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges), known as the meninges. It is often caused by an infection, such as bacterial or viral infections, that spreads to the meninges and brain. In some cases, it can also be caused by other factors like autoimmune disorders or certain medications.

The symptoms of meningoencephalitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, and changes in mental status. If left untreated, this condition can lead to serious complications, such as brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities, or even death. Treatment typically involves antibiotics for bacterial infections or antiviral medications for viral infections, along with supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Central nervous system (CNS) infections refer to infectious processes that affect the brain, spinal cord, and their surrounding membranes, known as meninges. These infections can be caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Examples of CNS infections are:

1. Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by bacterial or viral infections. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.
2. Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain parenchyma, often caused by viral infections. Some viruses associated with encephalitis include herpes simplex virus, enteroviruses, and arboviruses.
3. Meningoencephalitis: A combined inflammation of both the brain and meninges, commonly seen in certain viral infections or when bacterial pathogens directly invade the brain.
4. Brain abscess: A localized collection of pus within the brain caused by a bacterial or fungal infection.
5. Spinal epidural abscess: An infection in the space surrounding the spinal cord, usually caused by bacteria.
6. Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord, which can result from viral, bacterial, or fungal infections.
7. Rarely, parasitic infections like toxoplasmosis and cysticercosis can also affect the CNS.

Symptoms of CNS infections may include fever, headache, stiff neck, altered mental status, seizures, focal neurological deficits, or meningeal signs (e.g., Brudzinski's and Kernig's signs). The specific symptoms depend on the location and extent of the infection, as well as the causative organism. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term neurological complications or death.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, progressive, and fatal inflammatory disease of the brain characterized by seizures, cognitive decline, and motor function loss. It is caused by a persistent infection with the measles virus, even in individuals who had an uncomplicated acute measles infection earlier in life. The infection results in widespread degeneration and scarring (sclerosis) of the brain's gray matter.

The subacute phase of SSPE typically lasts for several months to a couple of years, during which patients experience a decline in cognitive abilities, behavioral changes, myoclonic jerks (involuntary muscle spasms), and visual disturbances. As the disease progresses, it leads to severe neurological impairment, coma, and eventually death.

SSPE is preventable through early childhood measles vaccination, which significantly reduces the risk of developing this fatal condition later in life.

AIDS Dementia Complex (ADC) is a neurological disorder that occurs in people with advanced HIV infection or AIDS. It is also known as HIV-associated dementia (HAD) or HIV encephalopathy. ADC is characterized by cognitive impairment, motor dysfunction, and behavioral changes that can significantly affect the individual's daily functioning and quality of life.

The symptoms of AIDS Dementia Complex may include:
- Difficulty with concentration and memory
- Slowness in thinking, processing information, or making decisions
- Changes in mood or personality, such as depression, irritability, or apathy
- Difficulty with coordination, balance, or speech
- Progressive weakness and wasting of muscles
- Difficulty with swallowing or speaking

The exact cause of ADC is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to the direct effects of HIV on the brain. The virus can infect and damage nerve cells, leading to inflammation and degeneration of brain tissue. Treatment for ADC typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control HIV replication, as well as medications to manage specific symptoms. In some cases, supportive care such as physical therapy or occupational therapy may also be recommended.

Brain diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or structural abnormalities. They can affect different parts of the brain, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Some examples of brain diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease - a progressive degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease - a movement disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
3. Multiple sclerosis - a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system and can cause a range of symptoms such as vision loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
4. Epilepsy - a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
5. Brain tumors - abnormal growths in the brain that can be benign or malignant.
6. Stroke - a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can cause paralysis, speech difficulties, and other neurological symptoms.
7. Meningitis - an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
8. Encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune disorders.
9. Huntington's disease - a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination, cognitive function, and mental health.
10. Migraine - a neurological condition characterized by severe headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.

Brain diseases can range from mild to severe and may be treatable or incurable. They can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life.

Lamin Type A, also known as LMNA, is a gene that provides instructions for making proteins called lamins. These proteins are part of the nuclear lamina, a network of fibers that lies just inside the nuclear envelope, which is the membrane that surrounds the cell's nucleus. The nuclear lamina helps maintain the shape and stability of the nucleus and plays a role in regulating gene expression and DNA replication.

Mutations in the LMNA gene can lead to various diseases collectively known as laminopathies, which affect different tissues and organs in the body. These conditions include Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy with conduction system disease, and a type of premature aging disorder called Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. The specific symptoms and severity of these disorders depend on the particular LMNA mutation and the tissues affected.

I'm sorry for the confusion, but "Maus Elberfeld virus" doesn't seem to be a recognized term in current medical or scientific literature. It is possible that there may be some mistake or misunderstanding in the spelling or the name of the virus you are looking for.

Elberfeld is a city in Germany and "Maus" means mouse in German, so it might be referring to some virus affecting mice in Elberfeld. However, I cannot find any specific information about a virus with this exact name.

If you have more context or details, I'd be happy to help you try to find the information you need!

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a shock absorber for the central nervous system and provides nutrients to the brain while removing waste products. CSF is produced by specialized cells called ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) inside the brain. From there, it circulates through the ventricular system and around the outside of the brain and spinal cord before being absorbed back into the bloodstream. CSF analysis is an important diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, including infections, inflammation, and cancer.

The meninges are the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. They consist of three layers: the dura mater (the outermost, toughest layer), the arachnoid mater (middle layer), and the pia mater (the innermost, delicate layer). These membranes provide protection and support to the central nervous system, and contain blood vessels that supply nutrients and remove waste products. Inflammation or infection of the meninges is called meningitis, which can be a serious medical condition requiring prompt treatment.

The digestive system, also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is a series of organs that process food and liquids into nutrients and waste. Digestive system diseases refer to any conditions that affect the normal functioning of this system, leading to impaired digestion, absorption, or elimination of food and fluids.

Some common examples of digestive system diseases include:

1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): A condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.
2. Peptic Ulcer Disease: Sores or ulcers that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A group of chronic inflammatory conditions that affect the intestines, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits.
5. Celiac Disease: An autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine, impairing nutrient absorption.
6. Diverticular Disease: A condition that affects the colon, characterized by the formation of small pouches or sacs (diverticula) that can become inflamed or infected.
7. Constipation: A common digestive system issue where bowel movements occur less frequently than usual or are difficult to pass.
8. Diarrhea: Loose, watery stools that occur more frequently than normal, often accompanied by cramps and bloating.
9. Gallstones: Small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder, causing pain, inflammation, and potential blockages of the bile ducts.
10. Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections or toxins, leading to symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, and abdominal pain.

These are just a few examples of digestive system disorders that can affect overall health and quality of life. If you experience any persistent or severe digestive symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention from a healthcare professional.

Demyelinating diseases are a group of disorders that are characterized by damage to the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering surrounding nerve fibers in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord. Myelin is essential for the rapid transmission of nerve impulses, and its damage results in disrupted communication between the brain and other parts of the body.

The most common demyelinating disease is multiple sclerosis (MS), where the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath. Other demyelinating diseases include:

1. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): An autoimmune disorder that typically follows a viral infection or vaccination, causing widespread inflammation and demyelination in the brain and spinal cord.
2. Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) or Devic's Disease: A rare autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord, leading to severe vision loss and motor disability.
3. Transverse Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord causing damage to both sides of one level (segment) of the spinal cord, resulting in various neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, depending on which part of the spinal cord is affected.
4. Guillain-Barré Syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that causes rapid-onset muscle weakness, often beginning in the legs and spreading to the upper body, including the face and breathing muscles. It occurs when the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves' myelin sheath.
5. Central Pontine Myelinolysis (CPM): A rare neurological disorder caused by rapid shifts in sodium levels in the blood, leading to damage to the myelin sheath in a specific area of the brainstem called the pons.

These diseases can result in various symptoms, such as muscle weakness, numbness, vision loss, difficulty with balance and coordination, and cognitive impairment, depending on the location and extent of the demyelination. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms, modifying the immune system's response, and promoting nerve regeneration and remyelination when possible.

Innate immunity, also known as non-specific immunity or natural immunity, is the inherent defense mechanism that provides immediate protection against potentially harmful pathogens (like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) without the need for prior exposure. This type of immunity is present from birth and does not adapt to specific threats over time.

Innate immune responses involve various mechanisms such as:

1. Physical barriers: Skin and mucous membranes prevent pathogens from entering the body.
2. Chemical barriers: Enzymes, stomach acid, and lysozyme in tears, saliva, and sweat help to destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
3. Cellular responses: Phagocytic cells (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages) recognize and engulf foreign particles and pathogens, while natural killer (NK) cells target and eliminate virus-infected or cancerous cells.
4. Inflammatory response: When an infection occurs, the innate immune system triggers inflammation to increase blood flow, recruit immune cells, and remove damaged tissue.
5. Complement system: A group of proteins that work together to recognize and destroy pathogens directly or enhance phagocytosis by coating them with complement components (opsonization).

Innate immunity plays a crucial role in initiating the adaptive immune response, which is specific to particular pathogens and provides long-term protection through memory cells. Both innate and adaptive immunity work together to maintain overall immune homeostasis and protect the body from infections and diseases.

Enterovirus infections are viral illnesses caused by enteroviruses, which are a type of picornavirus. These viruses commonly infect the gastrointestinal tract and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the specific type of enterovirus and the age and overall health of the infected individual.

There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses such as EV-D68 and EV-A71. Some enterovirus infections may be asymptomatic or cause only mild symptoms, while others can lead to more severe illnesses.

Common symptoms of enterovirus infections include fever, sore throat, runny nose, cough, muscle aches, and skin rashes. In some cases, enteroviruses can cause more serious complications such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), and paralysis.

Enterovirus infections are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through respiratory droplets or fecal-oral transmission. They can also be spread through contaminated surfaces or objects. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals.

There are no specific antiviral treatments for enterovirus infections, and most cases resolve on their own within a few days to a week. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as fluids and medication to manage symptoms. Prevention efforts include vaccination against poliovirus and surveillance for emerging enteroviruses.

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is called the "central" system because it receives information from, and sends information to, the rest of the body through peripheral nerves, which make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

The CNS is responsible for processing sensory information, controlling motor functions, and regulating various autonomic processes like heart rate, respiration, and digestion. The brain, as the command center of the CNS, interprets sensory stimuli, formulates thoughts, and initiates actions. The spinal cord serves as a conduit for nerve impulses traveling to and from the brain and the rest of the body.

The CNS is protected by several structures, including the skull (which houses the brain) and the vertebral column (which surrounds and protects the spinal cord). Despite these protective measures, the CNS remains vulnerable to injury and disease, which can have severe consequences due to its crucial role in controlling essential bodily functions.

Immune tolerance, also known as immunological tolerance or specific immune tolerance, is a state of unresponsiveness or non-reactivity of the immune system towards a particular substance (antigen) that has the potential to elicit an immune response. This occurs when the immune system learns to distinguish "self" from "non-self" and does not attack the body's own cells, tissues, and organs.

In the context of transplantation, immune tolerance refers to the absence of a destructive immune response towards the transplanted organ or tissue, allowing for long-term graft survival without the need for immunosuppressive therapy. Immune tolerance can be achieved through various strategies, including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, costimulation blockade, and regulatory T cell induction.

In summary, immune tolerance is a critical mechanism that prevents the immune system from attacking the body's own structures while maintaining the ability to respond appropriately to foreign pathogens and antigens.

The "cause of death" is a medical determination of the disease, injury, or event that directly results in a person's death. This information is typically documented on a death certificate and may be used for public health surveillance, research, and legal purposes. The cause of death is usually determined by a physician based on their clinical judgment and any available medical evidence, such as laboratory test results, autopsy findings, or eyewitness accounts. In some cases, the cause of death may be uncertain or unknown, and the death may be classified as "natural," "accidental," "homicide," or "suicide" based on the available information.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

The heart conduction system is a group of specialized cardiac muscle cells that generate and conduct electrical impulses to coordinate the contraction of the heart chambers. The main components of the heart conduction system include:

1. Sinoatrial (SA) node: Also known as the sinus node, it is located in the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava and functions as the primary pacemaker of the heart. It sets the heart rate by generating electrical impulses at regular intervals.
2. Atrioventricular (AV) node: Located in the interatrial septum, near the opening of the coronary sinus, it serves as a relay station for electrical signals between the atria and ventricles. The AV node delays the transmission of impulses to allow the atria to contract before the ventricles.
3. Bundle of His: A bundle of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that conducts electrical impulses from the AV node to the ventricles. It divides into two main branches, the right and left bundle branches, which further divide into smaller Purkinje fibers.
4. Right and left bundle branches: These are extensions of the Bundle of His that transmit electrical impulses to the respective right and left ventricular myocardium. They consist of specialized conducting tissue with large diameters and minimal resistance, allowing for rapid conduction of electrical signals.
5. Purkinje fibers: Fine, branching fibers that arise from the bundle branches and spread throughout the ventricular myocardium. They are responsible for transmitting electrical impulses to the working cardiac muscle cells, triggering coordinated ventricular contraction.

In summary, the heart conduction system is a complex network of specialized muscle cells responsible for generating and conducting electrical signals that coordinate the contraction of the atria and ventricles, ensuring efficient blood flow throughout the body.

An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination or obduction, is a medical procedure in which a qualified professional (usually a pathologist) examines a deceased person's body to determine the cause and manner of death. This process may involve various investigative techniques, such as incisions to study internal organs, tissue sampling, microscopic examination, toxicology testing, and other laboratory analyses. The primary purpose of an autopsy is to gather objective evidence about the medical conditions and factors contributing to the individual's demise, which can be essential for legal, insurance, or public health purposes. Additionally, autopsies can provide valuable insights into disease processes and aid in advancing medical knowledge.

T-lymphocytes, also known as T-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the adaptive immune system's response to infection. They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. There are several different types of T-cells, including CD4+ helper T-cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, and regulatory T-cells (Tregs).

CD4+ helper T-cells assist in activating other immune cells, such as B-lymphocytes and macrophages. They also produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help coordinate the immune response. CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells directly kill infected cells by releasing toxic substances. Regulatory T-cells help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases by suppressing the activity of other immune cells.

T-lymphocytes are important in the immune response to viral infections, cancer, and other diseases. Dysfunction or depletion of T-cells can lead to immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to infections. On the other hand, an overactive T-cell response can contribute to autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation.

Astrocytes are a type of star-shaped glial cell found in the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord. They play crucial roles in supporting and maintaining the health and function of neurons, which are the primary cells responsible for transmitting information in the CNS.

Some of the essential functions of astrocytes include:

1. Supporting neuronal structure and function: Astrocytes provide structural support to neurons by ensheathing them and maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, which helps regulate the entry and exit of substances into the CNS.
2. Regulating neurotransmitter levels: Astrocytes help control the levels of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft (the space between two neurons) by taking up excess neurotransmitters and breaking them down, thus preventing excessive or prolonged activation of neuronal receptors.
3. Providing nutrients to neurons: Astrocytes help supply energy metabolites, such as lactate, to neurons, which are essential for their survival and function.
4. Modulating synaptic activity: Through the release of various signaling molecules, astrocytes can modulate synaptic strength and plasticity, contributing to learning and memory processes.
5. Participating in immune responses: Astrocytes can respond to CNS injuries or infections by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which help recruit immune cells to the site of injury or infection.
6. Promoting neuronal survival and repair: In response to injury or disease, astrocytes can become reactive and undergo morphological changes that aid in forming a glial scar, which helps contain damage and promote tissue repair. Additionally, they release growth factors and other molecules that support the survival and regeneration of injured neurons.

Dysfunction or damage to astrocytes has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Immunity, in medical terms, refers to the body's ability to resist or fight against harmful foreign substances or organisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. This resistance is achieved through various mechanisms, including the production of antibodies, the activation of immune cells like T-cells and B-cells, and the release of cytokines and other chemical messengers that help coordinate the immune response.

There are two main types of immunity: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against infection and involves nonspecific mechanisms such as physical barriers (e.g., skin and mucous membranes), chemical barriers (e.g., stomach acid and enzymes), and inflammatory responses. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is specific to particular pathogens and involves the activation of T-cells and B-cells, which recognize and remember specific antigens (foreign substances that trigger an immune response). This allows the body to mount a more rapid and effective response to subsequent exposures to the same pathogen.

Immunity can be acquired through natural means, such as when a person recovers from an infection and develops immunity to that particular pathogen, or artificially, through vaccination. Vaccines contain weakened or inactivated forms of a pathogen or its components, which stimulate the immune system to produce a response without causing the disease. This response provides protection against future infections with that same pathogen.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

Cytokines are a broad and diverse category of small signaling proteins that are secreted by various cells, including immune cells, in response to different stimuli. They play crucial roles in regulating the immune response, inflammation, hematopoiesis, and cellular communication.

Cytokines mediate their effects by binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, which triggers intracellular signaling pathways that ultimately result in changes in gene expression, cell behavior, and function. Some key functions of cytokines include:

1. Regulating the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of immune cells such as T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages.
2. Coordinating the inflammatory response by recruiting immune cells to sites of infection or tissue damage and modulating their effector functions.
3. Regulating hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell formation in the bone marrow, by controlling the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
4. Modulating the development and function of the nervous system, including neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration.

Cytokines can be classified into several categories based on their structure, function, or cellular origin. Some common types of cytokines include interleukins (ILs), interferons (IFNs), tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), chemokines, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), and transforming growth factors (TGFs). Dysregulation of cytokine production and signaling has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs that produce, store, and secrete hormones. It plays a crucial role in regulating various functions in the body, including metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.

Endocrine system diseases or disorders occur when there is a problem with the production or regulation of hormones. This can result from:

1. Overproduction or underproduction of hormones by the endocrine glands.
2. Impaired response of target cells to hormones.
3. Disruption in the feedback mechanisms that regulate hormone production.

Examples of endocrine system diseases include:

1. Diabetes Mellitus - a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin deficiency or resistance.
2. Hypothyroidism - underactive thyroid gland leading to slow metabolism, weight gain, fatigue, and depression.
3. Hyperthyroidism - overactive thyroid gland causing rapid heartbeat, anxiety, weight loss, and heat intolerance.
4. Cushing's Syndrome - excess cortisol production resulting in obesity, high blood pressure, and weak muscles.
5. Addison's Disease - insufficient adrenal hormone production leading to weakness, fatigue, and low blood pressure.
6. Acromegaly - overproduction of growth hormone after puberty causing enlargement of bones, organs, and soft tissues.
7. Gigantism - similar to acromegaly but occurs before puberty resulting in excessive height and body size.
8. Hypopituitarism - underactive pituitary gland leading to deficiencies in various hormones.
9. Hyperparathyroidism - overactivity of the parathyroid glands causing calcium imbalances and kidney stones.
10. Precocious Puberty - early onset of puberty due to premature activation of the pituitary gland.

Treatment for endocrine system diseases varies depending on the specific disorder and may involve medication, surgery, lifestyle changes, or a combination of these approaches.

Adaptive immunity is a specific type of immune response that involves the activation of immune cells, such as T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes, to recognize and respond to specific antigens. This type of immunity is called "adaptive" because it can change over time to better recognize and respond to particular threats.

Adaptive immunity has several key features that distinguish it from innate immunity, which is the other main type of immune response. One of the most important features of adaptive immunity is its ability to specifically recognize and target individual antigens. This is made possible by the presence of special receptors on T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes that can bind to specific proteins or other molecules on the surface of invading pathogens.

Another key feature of adaptive immunity is its ability to "remember" previous encounters with antigens. This allows the immune system to mount a more rapid and effective response when it encounters the same antigen again in the future. This is known as immunological memory, and it is the basis for vaccination, which exposes the immune system to a harmless form of an antigen in order to stimulate the production of immunological memory and protect against future infection.

Overall, adaptive immunity plays a crucial role in protecting the body against infection and disease, and it is an essential component of the overall immune response.

Cellular immunity, also known as cell-mediated immunity, is a type of immune response that involves the activation of immune cells, such as T lymphocytes (T cells), to protect the body against infected or damaged cells. This form of immunity is important for fighting off infections caused by viruses and intracellular bacteria, as well as for recognizing and destroying cancer cells.

Cellular immunity involves a complex series of interactions between various immune cells and molecules. When a pathogen infects a cell, the infected cell displays pieces of the pathogen on its surface in a process called antigen presentation. This attracts T cells, which recognize the antigens and become activated. Activated T cells then release cytokines, chemicals that help coordinate the immune response, and can directly attack and kill infected cells or help activate other immune cells to do so.

Cellular immunity is an important component of the adaptive immune system, which is able to learn and remember specific pathogens in order to mount a faster and more effective response upon subsequent exposure. This form of immunity is also critical for the rejection of transplanted organs, as the immune system recognizes the transplanted tissue as foreign and attacks it.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Immune evasion is a term used in immunology to describe the various strategies employed by pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites) to avoid or subvert the host's immune system. This can include mechanisms that allow the pathogen to directly inhibit or escape the actions of immune cells, like T cells and neutrophils, or to prevent the detection of their presence by masking themselves from the immune system.

For example, some viruses may change their surface proteins to avoid recognition by antibodies, while others may block the presentation of their antigens to T cells. Similarly, some bacteria can produce enzymes that degrade or modify components of the immune system, allowing them to evade detection and destruction.

Immune evasion is a major challenge in the development of effective vaccines and therapies for infectious diseases, as it allows pathogens to persist and cause chronic infections. Understanding the mechanisms of immune evasion can help researchers develop strategies to overcome these challenges and improve outcomes for patients.

BALB/c is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The strain was developed at the Institute of Cancer Research in London by Henry Baldwin and his colleagues in the 1920s, and it has since become one of the most commonly used inbred strains in the world.

BALB/c mice are characterized by their black coat color, which is determined by a recessive allele at the tyrosinase locus. They are also known for their docile and friendly temperament, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory.

One of the key features of BALB/c mice that makes them useful for research is their susceptibility to certain types of tumors and immune responses. For example, they are highly susceptible to developing mammary tumors, which can be induced by chemical carcinogens or viral infection. They also have a strong Th2-biased immune response, which makes them useful models for studying allergic diseases and asthma.

BALB/c mice are also commonly used in studies of genetics, neuroscience, behavior, and infectious diseases. Because they are an inbred strain, they have a uniform genetic background, which makes it easier to control for genetic factors in experiments. Additionally, because they have been bred in the laboratory for many generations, they are highly standardized and reproducible, making them ideal subjects for scientific research.

Lymphocyte activation is the process by which B-cells and T-cells (types of lymphocytes) become activated to perform effector functions in an immune response. This process involves the recognition of specific antigens presented on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells or macrophages.

The activation of B-cells leads to their differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies, while the activation of T-cells results in the production of cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+ T-cells) that can directly kill infected cells or helper T-cells (CD4+ T-cells) that assist other immune cells.

Lymphocyte activation involves a series of intracellular signaling events, including the binding of co-stimulatory molecules and the release of cytokines, which ultimately result in the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and effector functions. The activation process is tightly regulated to prevent excessive or inappropriate immune responses that can lead to autoimmunity or chronic inflammation.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a type of immune cell that play a critical role in the body's defense against infection and cancer. They are named for their dendrite-like projections, which they use to interact with and sample their environment. DCs are responsible for processing antigens (foreign substances that trigger an immune response) and presenting them to T cells, a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the immune system's response to infection and cancer.

DCs can be found throughout the body, including in the skin, mucous membranes, and lymphoid organs. They are able to recognize and respond to a wide variety of antigens, including those from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Once they have processed an antigen, DCs migrate to the lymph nodes, where they present the antigen to T cells. This interaction activates the T cells, which then go on to mount a targeted immune response against the invading pathogen or cancerous cells.

DCs are a diverse group of cells that can be divided into several subsets based on their surface markers and function. Some DCs, such as Langerhans cells and dermal DCs, are found in the skin and mucous membranes, where they serve as sentinels for invading pathogens. Other DCs, such as plasmacytoid DCs and conventional DCs, are found in the lymphoid organs, where they play a role in activating T cells and initiating an immune response.

Overall, dendritic cells are essential for the proper functioning of the immune system, and dysregulation of these cells has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune disorders and cancer.

The spleen is an organ in the upper left side of the abdomen, next to the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays multiple supporting roles in the body:

1. It fights infection by acting as a filter for the blood. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there.
2. The spleen also helps to control the amount of blood in the body by removing excess red blood cells and storing platelets.
3. It has an important role in immune function, producing antibodies and removing microorganisms and damaged red blood cells from the bloodstream.

The spleen can be removed without causing any significant problems, as other organs take over its functions. This is known as a splenectomy and may be necessary if the spleen is damaged or diseased.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Antibody formation, also known as humoral immune response, is the process by which the immune system produces proteins called antibodies in response to the presence of a foreign substance (antigen) in the body. This process involves several steps:

1. Recognition: The antigen is recognized and bound by a type of white blood cell called a B lymphocyte or B cell, which then becomes activated.
2. Differentiation: The activated B cell undergoes differentiation to become a plasma cell, which is a type of cell that produces and secretes large amounts of antibodies.
3. Antibody production: The plasma cells produce and release antibodies, which are proteins made up of four polypeptide chains (two heavy chains and two light chains) arranged in a Y-shape. Each antibody has two binding sites that can recognize and bind to specific regions on the antigen called epitopes.
4. Neutralization or elimination: The antibodies bind to the antigens, neutralizing them or marking them for destruction by other immune cells. This helps to prevent the spread of infection and protect the body from harmful substances.

Antibody formation is an important part of the adaptive immune response, which allows the body to specifically recognize and respond to a wide variety of pathogens and foreign substances.

Immunological models are simplified representations or simulations of the immune system's structure, function, and interactions with pathogens or other entities. These models can be theoretical (conceptual), mathematical, or computational and are used to understand, explain, and predict immunological phenomena. They help researchers study complex immune processes and responses that cannot be easily observed or manipulated in vivo.

Theoretical immunological models provide conceptual frameworks for understanding immune system behavior, often using diagrams or flowcharts to illustrate interactions between immune components. Mathematical models use mathematical equations to describe immune system dynamics, allowing researchers to simulate and analyze the outcomes of various scenarios. Computational models, also known as in silico models, are created using computer software and can incorporate both theoretical and mathematical concepts to create detailed simulations of immunological processes.

Immunological models are essential tools for advancing our understanding of the immune system and developing new therapies and vaccines. They enable researchers to test hypotheses, explore the implications of different assumptions, and identify areas requiring further investigation.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

CD4-positive T-lymphocytes, also known as CD4+ T cells or helper T cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response. They express the CD4 receptor on their surface and help coordinate the immune system's response to infectious agents such as viruses and bacteria.

CD4+ T cells recognize and bind to specific antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells or macrophages. Once activated, they can differentiate into various subsets of effector cells, including Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells, each with distinct functions in the immune response.

CD4+ T cells are particularly important in the immune response to HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), which targets and destroys these cells, leading to a weakened immune system and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. The number of CD4+ T cells is often used as a marker of disease progression in HIV infection, with lower counts indicating more advanced disease.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a soluble cytokine that is primarily produced by the activation of natural killer (NK) cells and T lymphocytes, especially CD4+ Th1 cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of the immune response against viral and intracellular bacterial infections, as well as tumor cells. IFN-γ has several functions, including activating macrophages to enhance their microbicidal activity, increasing the presentation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules on antigen-presenting cells, stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of T cells and NK cells, and inducing the production of other cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, IFN-γ has direct antiproliferative effects on certain types of tumor cells and can enhance the cytotoxic activity of immune cells against infected or malignant cells.

An antigen-antibody complex is a type of immune complex that forms when an antibody binds to a specific antigen. An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response, while an antibody is a protein produced by the immune system to neutralize or destroy foreign substances like antigens.

When an antibody binds to an antigen, it forms a complex that can be either soluble or insoluble. Soluble complexes are formed when the antigen is small and can move freely through the bloodstream. Insoluble complexes, on the other hand, are formed when the antigen is too large to move freely, such as when it is part of a bacterium or virus.

The formation of antigen-antibody complexes plays an important role in the immune response. Once formed, these complexes can be recognized and cleared by other components of the immune system, such as phagocytes, which help to prevent further damage to the body. However, in some cases, the formation of large numbers of antigen-antibody complexes can lead to inflammation and tissue damage, contributing to the development of certain autoimmune diseases.

B-lymphocytes, also known as B-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune system's response to infection. They are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that help to neutralize or destroy pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

When a B-lymphocyte encounters a pathogen, it becomes activated and begins to divide and differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies specific to the antigens on the surface of the pathogen. These antibodies bind to the pathogen, marking it for destruction by other immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages.

B-lymphocytes also have a role in presenting antigens to T-lymphocytes, another type of white blood cell involved in the immune response. This helps to stimulate the activation and proliferation of T-lymphocytes, which can then go on to destroy infected cells or help to coordinate the overall immune response.

Overall, B-lymphocytes are an essential part of the adaptive immune system, providing long-lasting immunity to previously encountered pathogens and helping to protect against future infections.

'Immune sera' refers to the serum fraction of blood that contains antibodies produced in response to an antigenic stimulus, such as a vaccine or an infection. These antibodies are proteins known as immunoglobulins, which are secreted by B cells (a type of white blood cell) and can recognize and bind to specific antigens. Immune sera can be collected from an immunized individual and used as a source of passive immunity to protect against infection or disease. It is often used in research and diagnostic settings to identify or measure the presence of specific antigens or antibodies.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a type of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that play a crucial role in the innate immune system. They are transmembrane proteins located on the surface of various immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. TLRs recognize specific patterns of molecules called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are found on microbes such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

Once TLRs bind to PAMPs, they initiate a signaling cascade that activates the immune response, leading to the production of cytokines and chemokines, which in turn recruit and activate other immune cells. TLRs also play a role in the adaptive immune response by activating antigen-presenting cells and promoting the differentiation of T cells.

There are ten known human TLRs, each with distinct ligand specificity and cellular localization. TLRs can be found on the cell surface or within endosomes, where they recognize different types of PAMPs. For example, TLR4 recognizes lipopolysaccharides (LPS) found on gram-negative bacteria, while TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA from viruses.

Overall, TLRs are critical components of the immune system's ability to detect and respond to infections, and dysregulation of TLR signaling has been implicated in various inflammatory diseases and cancers.

Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that are an essential part of the immune system. They are large, specialized cells that engulf and destroy foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, as well as damaged or dead cells. Macrophages are found throughout the body, including in the bloodstream, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs, and connective tissues. They play a critical role in inflammation, immune response, and tissue repair and remodeling.

Macrophages originate from monocytes, which are a type of white blood cell produced in the bone marrow. When monocytes enter the tissues, they differentiate into macrophages, which have a larger size and more specialized functions than monocytes. Macrophages can change their shape and move through tissues to reach sites of infection or injury. They also produce cytokines, chemokines, and other signaling molecules that help coordinate the immune response and recruit other immune cells to the site of infection or injury.

Macrophages have a variety of surface receptors that allow them to recognize and respond to different types of foreign substances and signals from other cells. They can engulf and digest foreign particles, bacteria, and viruses through a process called phagocytosis. Macrophages also play a role in presenting antigens to T cells, which are another type of immune cell that helps coordinate the immune response.

Overall, macrophages are crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis, defending against infection, and promoting wound healing and tissue repair. Dysregulation of macrophage function has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and chronic inflammatory conditions.

Inflammation is a complex biological response of tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is characterized by the following signs: rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), dolor (pain), and functio laesa (loss of function). The process involves the activation of the immune system, recruitment of white blood cells, and release of inflammatory mediators, which contribute to the elimination of the injurious stimuli and initiation of the healing process. However, uncontrolled or chronic inflammation can also lead to tissue damage and diseases.

The immune system processes refer to the complex series of interactions and reactions involving various cells, tissues, organs, and systems in the body that protect against harmful pathogens (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) and toxic substances, while also maintaining tolerance to self and non-harmful environmental antigens. The immune system can be divided into two major components: the innate immune system, which provides a rapid, non-specific response to threats; and the adaptive immune system, which offers a slower, more specific and targeted response that improves with repeated exposure to pathogens.

The main processes of the immune system include:

1. Recognition of foreign substances (antigens) by immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.
2. Activation and proliferation of immune cells, including T cells and B cells, to eliminate the identified threats.
3. Secretion of various cytokines, chemokines, and other signaling molecules that coordinate the immune response and recruit additional effector cells.
4. Elimination of pathogens through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis (engulfing and digesting), cytotoxicity (directly killing infected cells), and antibody-mediated neutralization or complement activation.
5. Development of immunological memory in the adaptive immune system, allowing for faster and more effective responses to subsequent encounters with the same pathogen.
6. Maintenance of self-tolerance, preventing the immune system from attacking the body's own cells and tissues.
7. Regulation of inflammation, ensuring that the immune response is appropriate and does not cause excessive tissue damage.
8. Interaction with other systems in the body, such as the nervous and endocrine systems, to maintain overall homeostasis and health.

A "knockout" mouse is a genetically engineered mouse in which one or more genes have been deleted or "knocked out" using molecular biology techniques. This allows researchers to study the function of specific genes and their role in various biological processes, as well as potential associations with human diseases. The mice are generated by introducing targeted DNA modifications into embryonic stem cells, which are then used to create a live animal. Knockout mice have been widely used in biomedical research to investigate gene function, disease mechanisms, and potential therapeutic targets.

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.

The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.

Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that is an essential part of the immune system. They are responsible for recognizing and responding to potentially harmful substances such as viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B-lymphocytes (B-cells) and T-lymphocytes (T-cells).

B-lymphocytes produce antibodies, which are proteins that help to neutralize or destroy foreign substances. When a B-cell encounters a foreign substance, it becomes activated and begins to divide and differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies. These antibodies bind to the foreign substance, marking it for destruction by other immune cells.

T-lymphocytes, on the other hand, are involved in cell-mediated immunity. They directly attack and destroy infected cells or cancerous cells. T-cells can also help to regulate the immune response by producing chemical signals that activate or inhibit other immune cells.

Lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow and mature in either the bone marrow (B-cells) or the thymus gland (T-cells). They circulate throughout the body in the blood and lymphatic system, where they can be found in high concentrations in lymph nodes, the spleen, and other lymphoid organs.

Abnormalities in the number or function of lymphocytes can lead to a variety of immune-related disorders, including immunodeficiency diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer.

Mucosal immunity refers to the immune system's defense mechanisms that are specifically adapted to protect the mucous membranes, which line various body openings such as the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts. These membranes are constantly exposed to foreign substances, including potential pathogens, and therefore require a specialized immune response to maintain homeostasis and prevent infection.

Mucosal immunity is primarily mediated by secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies, which are produced by B cells in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). These antibodies can neutralize pathogens and prevent them from adhering to and invading the epithelial cells that line the mucous membranes.

In addition to SIgA, other components of the mucosal immune system include innate immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils, which can recognize and respond to pathogens through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). T cells also play a role in mucosal immunity, particularly in the induction of cell-mediated immunity against viruses and other intracellular pathogens.

Overall, mucosal immunity is an essential component of the body's defense system, providing protection against a wide range of potential pathogens while maintaining tolerance to harmless antigens present in the environment.

Natural Killer (NK) cells are a type of lymphocyte, which are large granular innate immune cells that play a crucial role in the host's defense against viral infections and malignant transformations. They do not require prior sensitization to target and destroy abnormal cells, such as virus-infected cells or tumor cells. NK cells recognize their targets through an array of germline-encoded activating and inhibitory receptors that detect the alterations in the cell surface molecules of potential targets. Upon activation, NK cells release cytotoxic granules containing perforins and granzymes to induce target cell apoptosis, and they also produce a variety of cytokines and chemokines to modulate immune responses. Overall, natural killer cells serve as a critical component of the innate immune system, providing rapid and effective responses against infected or malignant cells.

Flow cytometry is a medical and research technique used to measure physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles, one cell at a time, as they flow in a fluid stream through a beam of light. The properties measured include:

* Cell size (light scatter)
* Cell internal complexity (granularity, also light scatter)
* Presence or absence of specific proteins or other molecules on the cell surface or inside the cell (using fluorescent antibodies or other fluorescent probes)

The technique is widely used in cell counting, cell sorting, protein engineering, biomarker discovery and monitoring disease progression, particularly in hematology, immunology, and cancer research.

Immunologic adjuvants are substances that are added to a vaccine to enhance the body's immune response to the antigens contained in the vaccine. They work by stimulating the immune system and promoting the production of antibodies and activating immune cells, such as T-cells and macrophages, which help to provide a stronger and more sustained immune response to the vaccine.

Immunologic adjuvants can be derived from various sources, including bacteria, viruses, and chemicals. Some common examples include aluminum salts (alum), oil-in-water emulsions (such as MF59), and bacterial components (such as lipopolysaccharide or LPS).

The use of immunologic adjuvants in vaccines can help to improve the efficacy of the vaccine, particularly for vaccines that contain weak or poorly immunogenic antigens. They can also help to reduce the amount of antigen needed in a vaccine, which can be beneficial for vaccines that are difficult or expensive to produce.

It's important to note that while adjuvants can enhance the immune response to a vaccine, they can also increase the risk of adverse reactions, such as inflammation and pain at the injection site. Therefore, the use of immunologic adjuvants must be carefully balanced against their potential benefits and risks.

Immune complex diseases are medical conditions that occur when the immune system produces an abnormal response to certain antigens, leading to the formation and deposition of immune complexes in various tissues and organs. These immune complexes consist of antibodies bound to antigens, which can trigger an inflammatory reaction and damage the surrounding tissue.

Immune complex diseases can be classified into two categories: acute and chronic. Acute immune complex diseases include serum sickness and hypersensitivity vasculitis, while chronic immune complex diseases include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.

The symptoms of immune complex diseases depend on the location and extent of tissue damage. They can range from mild to severe and may include fever, joint pain, skin rashes, kidney dysfunction, and neurological problems. Treatment typically involves medications that suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation, such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Humoral immunity is a type of immune response in which the body produces proteins called antibodies that circulate in bodily fluids such as blood and help to protect against infection. This form of immunity involves the interaction between antigens (foreign substances that trigger an immune response) and soluble factors, including antibodies, complement proteins, and cytokines.

When a pathogen enters the body, it is recognized as foreign by the immune system, which triggers the production of specific antibodies to bind to and neutralize or destroy the pathogen. These antibodies are produced by B cells, a type of white blood cell that is part of the adaptive immune system.

Humoral immunity provides protection against extracellular pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, that exist outside of host cells. It is an important component of the body's defense mechanisms and plays a critical role in preventing and fighting off infections.

Diseases of the immune system. The normal immune system.". Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (9th (online) ed.). ... Immune system, Lymphatic system, Lymphatics of the torso, Lymphoid organ, Mammal anatomy, Organs (anatomy)). ... T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system, where the body adapts to specific foreign invaders. The thymus is located ... The thymus (PL: thymuses or thymi) is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the thymus, thymus cell ...
Paul WE (September 1993). "Infectious diseases and the immune system". Scientific American. 269 (3): 90-97. Bibcode:1993SciAm. ... CRH itself can actually heighten the immune system's inflammation response, a process being investigated in multiple sclerosis ... The portal system carries the CRH to the anterior lobe of the pituitary, where it stimulates corticotropes to secrete ... Disease Primers. 1: 15057. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.57. PMID 27189040. Zorrilla EP, Logrip ML, Koob GF (April 2014). " ...
Paul, William E. (September 1993). "Infectious Diseases and the Immune System". Scientific American. 269 (3): 93. Bibcode: ... Such feedback systems and network effects and their failure modes are often the subject of systems theory. Since a positive ... System parameters will typically accelerate towards extreme values, which may damage or destroy the system, or may end with the ... The light switch is a common example of a bistable system from everyday life. All bistable systems are based around some form ...
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Paul, William E. (September 1993). "Infectious Diseases and the Immune System". Scientific American. 269 (3): 94-95. Bibcode: ... In order to avoid destruction by the immune system and thrive, the Leishmania 'hides' inside its host's cells. This location ... An important factor in prolonging infection is the inhibition of the adaptive immune system. This occurs especially during the ... KBD: Kinetoplastid Biology and Disease, is a website devoted to leishmaniasis, sleeping sickness and Chagas disease (American ...
The immune system and infectious diseases. Basel: Karger. pp. 242-262. ISBN 3-8055-2177-4. OCLC 1823430. Kawahara M, Human LG, ... It is unwise to dismiss the pathogenic capacities of any microbe in a patient with a mysterious disease." Over the course of ... Domingue was named a Fellow of the American Academy for Microbiology (1973) and a Fellow of the Infectious Diseases Society of ... The papers detail how L-form bacteria inside an experimental human embryonic kidney tissue culture system are able to persist ...
Paul WE (September 1993). "Infectious Diseases and the Immune System". Scientific American. 269 (3): 111-114. Bibcode:1993SciAm ... It functions to promote an inflammatory response by the immune system by assisting in the movement of leukocytes to tissue that ... It allows the cells to penetrate the blood brain barrier that normally restricts immune cell access. It has been found that the ... There was some success in the initial human trials in treating Crohn's disease-- over 40% remission was witnessed. However, the ...
"Cardiovascular disease -- Atherosclerosis and the immune system". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 2022-04-15. Keener, Amanda B. "Immune ... She studies the modulation of co-stimulatory pathways and the immune system. Lutgens was a medical student at Maastricht ... Patel, Jyoti; Lutgens, Esther (2018-12-01). "Scientists on the Spot: Esther Lutgens on the immune system and atherosclerosis". ... Lutgens' research considers the immune system and vascular inflammation. Her laboratory investigates atherosclerosis, and, in ...
Scott, D. (2001). "Skin Immune System and Allergic Skin Diseases". Muller & Kirk's Small Animal Dermatology. pp. 543-666. doi: ... This avoidance of the immune reaction allows the animal to eat a sufficient protein source without the immune system ... Some allergic diseases and allergies in cats include feline atopic dermatitis, flea allergy dermatitis, feline-mosquito ... In cases of feline atopic dermatitis or atopy in cats, pruritic skin diseases may result; however, signs can also include ...
The Immune System in Health and Disease. 6th Edition. Garland Science, New York 2004, ISBN 0-8153-4101-6, p. 683-684 Descotes, ... Vaccines Adaptive immune system Immunostimulator Host cell proteins Leroux-Roels, Geert; Bonanni, Paolo; Tantawichien, Terapong ... Fishman, Jonathan M.; Wiles, Katherine; Wood, Kathryn J. (2015). "The Acquired Immune System Response to Biomaterials, ... Immunogenicity is the ability of a foreign substance, such as an antigen, to provoke an immune response in the body of a human ...
Bradford BM, Mabbott NA (December 2012). "Prion disease and the innate immune system". Viruses. 4 (12): 3389-3419. doi:10.3390/ ... A slow virus disease is a disease that, after an extended period of latency, follows a slow, progressive course spanning months ... the immune system seems to plays a limited role, or no role, in protection from many of these slow viruses. This may be due to ... Slow viruses cause a variety of diseases, including cancer. §JC virus & BK virus only cause disease in immunocompromised ...
"Do you Know Bombay Blood Group". Janeway, Charles A. (2001). Immunobiology the immune system health & disease (5. ed.). New ...
... the immune system and rheumatic disease". Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology. 4 (10): 534-541. doi:10.1038/ncprheum0885. ... Because autoimmune disorders involve abnormalities in the immune system cells (i.e., B-cells, T-cells). It can be inferred that ... In order for this system to be useful, the AMOs were conjugated with cholesterol for increased uptake into the cell through the ... "Immune response". Medline Plus. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 1 November 2014. Kaucsár, Tamás; Rácz, Zsuzsanna; Hamar ...
The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. The components of the immune system. ... "Diseases encountered in rainbow trout cultured in recirculating systems". Annual Review of Fish Diseases. 6: 65-92. doi:10.1016 ... ozone use in recirculation systems has been linked to reducing the level of bioavailable iodine in salt water systems, ... The U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act mandates that these systems introduce an amount of chlorine to maintain a minimum of 0.2 μmol/ ...
... or by diseases that affect the immune system. Irritation can be caused by GERD, vomiting, surgery, medications, hernias, and ... Disease associations may include Crohn's disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease and coeliac disease. It causes similar ... If a patient has a more serious underlying cause such as a digestive system or immune system issue, it may be more difficult to ... Crohn's disease - a type of IBD and an autoimmune disease that can cause esophagitis if it attacks the esophagus. Stress - Can ...
Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. The complement system and ... The immune system is divided into a more primitive innate immune system and an acquired or adaptive immune system of ... The complement system is a biochemical cascade of the innate immune system that helps clear pathogens from an organism. It is ... The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th Edition. Charles A Janeway, Jr; Travers, Paul; Walport, Mark; Shlomchik, Mark J. ( ...
Janeway, Charles A. (2001). "8". Immunobiology the immune system health & disease (5. ed.). New York: Garland. ISBN 978- ... Delves PJ (Aug 2013). "Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) System: Biology of the Immune System". Merck Manual Professional. Merck ... If this is the case, there is no way for the immune system to tell that a cell is infected. Thus the infection can proliferate ... In a properly functioning immune system, only T-cells that do not bind self peptides are allowed out of the thymus, thus, if a ...
Janeway, CA Jr; Travers, P.; Walport, M. (2015). Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. New York: Garland ... regions are recombined and spliced at the genetic level in a combinatorial process that is exceptional to the immune system. ... Corcos D (1990). "Oncogenic potential of the B cell antigen receptor and its relevance to heavy chain diseases and other B-cell ... Brenzski, Randall J.; Monroe, John G. (2010). "Chapter 2: B cell Receptor". In Sigalov, Alexander B. (ed.). Multichain Immune ...
Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. Glossary. Available from ... The immune system has innate and adaptive components. Innate immunity is present in all metazoans, immune responses: ... Many disorders of immune system function can affect the formation of active immunity, such as immunodeficiency (both acquired ... The two components of the immune system create a dynamic biological environment where "health" can be seen as a physical state ...
2001). "The complement system and innate immunity". Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. New York: Garland ... Abbas, Abul K. (2020). Basic Immunology: Functions and Disorders of the Immune System (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp ... and as such is an effector of the immune system. Antibody-mediated complement activation leads to MAC deposition on the surface ... All three pathways of the complement system (classical, lectin and alternative pathways) initiate the formation of MAC. Another ...
2001). "The complement system and innate immunity". Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. New York: Garland ... The C1 complex (complement component 1, C1) is a protein complex involved in the complement system. It is the first component ... The antibodies IgM or certain subclasses of IgG complexed with antigens are able to initiate the complement system: a single ...
Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. The complement system and ... Parham, P. (2005). The Immune System," Garland Science Publishing, New York, NY. Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., & Fausto, N. (2005). ... This allows the antibody binding of an immune effector cell via its Fc domain. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated inherent ... Pathologic basis of disease. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. ...
The Immune System in Health and Disease. New York, NY, USA: Garland Science. Truedsson L (November 2015). "Classical pathway ... "Understanding the Immune System: How It Works" (PDF). NIH Publication No. 03-5423. U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services ... For example, the severity of a dysfunctional complement system can lead to fatal diseases and infections. Complex variations of ... Although other diseases (i.e. systemic lupus erythematosus) have been implicated, the C4 gene is also being investigated for ...
Janeway CA, Travers P, Walport M, Slomchik MJ, "Immunobiology; the immune system in health and disease" (2005); Garland Science ... The 500 mg of FLCs produced per day by the normal lymphoid system, however, flows through the glomeruli and is completely ... pivotal role in T-cell-mediated immune reactions?". Trends in Immunology. 24 (4): 181-5. doi:10.1016/S1471-4906(03)00059-0. ... "Polymeric forms of free light chains in serum from normal individuals and from patients with renal diseases". Scandinavian ...
Rare Diseases of the Immune System: 249-262. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11044-8_20. ISBN 978-3-319-11043-1. PMC 7153043. Ortel, ... Rare Diseases of the Immune System: 249-262. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11044-8_20. ISBN 978-3-319-11043-1. PMC 7153043. Kazzaz, ... These antibodies activate endothelial cells, platelets, and immune cells, ultimately causing a large inflammatory immune ... how to diagnose a rare but highly fatal disease". Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease. 5 (6): 305-314. doi:10.1177/ ...
It is thought that the complement system might play a role in many diseases with an immune component, such as Barraquer-Simons ... as part of his larger theory of the immune system. According to this theory, the immune system consists of cells that have ... Janeway C, Travers P (1994). Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. London; San Francisco; New York: Current ... The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability ...
... or made in the laboratory to elicit an immune response instead of relying on the innate immune system to fight disease. It has ... The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th Edition. Zeitlin, Larry; Cone, Richard A.; Moench, Thomas R.; Whaley, Kevin J. (1 ... In cancers, tumor cells escape immune vigilance by binding to checkpoint proteins on immune cells for inhibiting immune ... Antibodies are glycoproteins that are naturally produced by the immune system. Each antibody contains four polypeptides of Y ...
2001). "Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition". NCBI. NCBI. Retrieved 2016-01-19. Stavnezer, ... The Immune System in Health and Disease. Groenen, P. J, Appenzeller, S. (2015). "Immunoglobulin rearrangement analysis from ... triggering different elements of the innate immune system). They appear at different stages of an immune response, differ in ... sIgA has also been shown to potentiate the immune response in intestinal tissue by uptake of antigen together with the bound ...
The institute researches immunology and immune system diseases. The institute employs 220 M.D.s and Ph.D.s, including 23 ... The center's goal is to propel scientific efforts to pinpoint the specific genes involved in causing immune diseases, cancer, ... Scientists at La Jolla Institute for Immunology study the fundamental workings of the immune system. This includes studying the ... "La Jolla institute is unlocking the mysteries of the immune system". Lajollalight.com. Retrieved 6 March 2019. "About Us: ...
The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th Edition. "gonorrhea , Origin and meaning of gonorrhea by Online Etymology ... The Opa proteins interact with the immune system, as do the porins. Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is an endotoxin that provokes an ... Reinfection is possible due to N. gonorrhoeae's ability to evade the immune system by varying its surface proteins. N. ... N. gonorrhoeae evades the immune system through a process called antigenic variation. This process allows N. gonorrhoeae to ...
... allowing other diseases, such as tuberculosis, to get a foothold. ... Researchers say the measles virus can erase the immune systems ... Researchers say the measles virus can erase the immune systems memory, making a person more vulnerable to other diseases. ... Measles Can Damage the Immune System, Making Us More Vulnerable to Other Diseases. ... The researchers discovered measles resets the immune system to an immature state, where its only able to make a limited number ...
... putting the kids at risk of other deadly diseases. ... measles infections in unvaccinated children wipe out immune ... disease & medicine. epidemiology. immune memory. immune suppression. immunology. immunosuppression. infectious disease. measles ... Measles Leaves the Immune System Vulnerable to Other Diseases. Two studies present biological evidence that measles infections ... One theory behind the unexpectedly large drops in mortality was that the vaccine prompted a general boost to the immune system ...
In a major step in understanding how the nervous system and the immune system interact, scientists have identified a new ... Scientists figure out how the immune system and brain communicate to control disease. July 21, 2008. ScienceBlog.com ... Many laboratories at The Feinstein Institute study the immune system in health and in disease. Every year, about 500,000 people ... In a major step in understanding how the nervous system and the immune system interact, scientists at The Feinstein Institute ...
Now, a new theory about the cause of depression has emerged: That it is a disease caused by the bodys immune system. The idea ... A new theory on depression: Its a disease caused by the bodys immune system. ... Heart disease, HIV, lupus, arthritis, diabetes, obesity, chronic pain and several forms of cancer have also been called ... This is why a person who has an inflammatory disorder such as heart disease or arthritis is more likely to develop depression. ...
Boosting Your Immune System: 7 Proven Steps to Improved Disease Immunity ... How Your Immune System Works. Our immune systems are our internal defense line that protect us from outside invaders. ... improvement in beneficial immune system function and an 18% decrease in harmful immune system function. The benefits appear to ... Essentially, your immune system is just that: an interconnected system made up of different organs, cells, and proteins that ...
Neanderthal Sex Boosted Health of Human Race by Improving Our Immune Systems Against Disease. Stephanie Darrall, Daily Mail ( ... Improvements in the Homo sapiens immune system may also have been inherited from the Denisovans-a now-vanished human sub- ... The research, published today in the journal Science, focused on immune system elements called HLA genes. ... Researcher Dr Laurent Abi-Rached said: The HLA system is unique in its diversity and the strength of natural selection acting ...
A healthy immune system is ready to fight the body against any potential disease or infection. But when the immune system ... The Biomarker Hunter - searching for genetic and immune system abnormalities that lead to autoimmune rheumatic diseases ... She discusses the importance of studying patients at various points throughout the disease, whether in a disease-dormant or ... These autoimmune diseases are unpredictable, which is why genetic and biomarker-based research is key to understanding the ...
... it can evade the immune system and spread in the body, potentially causing major problems. ... If Lyme disease is not diagnosed and treated early, ... Immune System Supplements. If Lyme disease is not diagnosed and ... While the immune system is attacking the body with toxin-releasing immune cells, the brain also can be under attack. The immune ... How Does Lyme Disease Evade the Immune System?. February 5, 2021. / April 10, 2023. ...
Your lifestyle may be preventing you from getting the best out of your immune system. Why not try these tips and see what you ... Home » Lifestyle » Health » Be Guarded Against Diseases: 10 Things That Weaken Your Immune System And 12 Immunity Boosters You ... Be Guarded Against Diseases: 10 Things That Weaken Your Immune System And 12 Immunity Boosters You Should Eat. ... ginger can help to clean the lymphatic system and help the immune system as it does so. I have found that it also relieves ...
... The Winer lab has helped establish three sub- ... "Early in my career, I thought that the immune system is so important that it probably contributes to nearly every disease in ... The Buck Associate Professor focuses on the many facets of the immune system to uncover the impact they have on every system in ... "That lack of gravity has profound effects on immune cell function," he says. The immune system weakens, latent viruses ...
The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench Work to Its Clinical Implications. Volume 2. $230.00. - $ ... The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench Work to its Clinical Implications. Volume 2 promises to be a ... Home / Shop / Newly Published Books / Medicine & Health / The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench ... The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench Work to Its Clinical Implications. Volume 2 quantity. ...
... immune system, diseases, allergins. Video source is http://www.encognitive.com ... Allergies, Immune System, Diseases, Allergins This video mainly gives information about allergies, immune system, diseases, ... A Look at Immune System And Natural Born .... 15:01 , 4984 views ... allergies alergies allergins immune system diseases Uploaded by ...
Communicable diseases: immune system defence, treatment and prevention GCSE Biology students need to understand the fundamental ... Immune system. Quality AssuredCategory:SciencePublisher:Wellcome Trust. This is an extensive resource package produced by the ... a student who has Crohns disease, and Professor Bobby Gaspar, who researches immune diseases. ... Whilst in the Real voices section, three people describe the role of the immune system in their lives: a volunteer working on ...
The immune system cannot generate immunological memory during infection with the Lyme disease agent B. burgdorferi. ByTeam ... The Canadian Lyme Disease Foundation has several concerns with the Infectious Diseases Society of Americas Lyme disease ... Abstract Lyme disease (LD), caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common vector-borne disease in USA and Europe. Despite ... Concerns Regarding the Infectious Diseases Society of America Lyme Disease Clinical Practice Guidelines. ByTeam September 24, ...
... *What Role Does the Immune System and Microbiome ... What affects immune system?. The Immune Systems Job: discover and demolish When working optimally, the immune method can ... What are the 3 major functions of the immune system?. The tasks of the immune method to battle disease-causing germs (pathogens ... What Role Does the Immune System and Microbiome Play in Health and Disease?. The microbiome plays nice roles in the training ...
Over the past few years, a growing body of data indicates that semaphorins are involved in the regulation of the immune system ... In this review, we will focus on several immune semaphorins--their role in immune homeostasis and in immune-mediated diseases. ... Semaphorins: their dual role in regulating immune-mediated diseases Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2014 Aug;47(1):17-25. doi: ... Over the past few years, a growing body of data indicates that semaphorins are involved in the regulation of the immune system ...
Are You In Pain Every Day? Its Most Likely a Compromised Immune System. Glenn ... The #ImmuneSystem is our bodys natural defense versus infections and germs. These foreign compounds are normally ruined by ... Frequently, our diet plan and way of life lead to a reduced immune reaction, so dietary supplements can assist fill out the ... They are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease or condition. If you have a health condition or concern, ...
... Researchers at NTNU have surveyed how a mothers immune system changes during ... Health Public health Women and children CEMIR childbirth immune functions immune response immune system pregnancy Circulation ... You might also like: Genetic link between preeclampsia and heart disease. Increased activity in the immune system. Stokkeland ... PhD fellow Live Marie T. Stokkeland has looked at the immune system of women with PCOS disease. SHOW MORE ...
To fight disease and prevent sickeness you have to first learn how to boost your immune system naturally. We cover the ... Home » Health » 11 Ways To Boost Your Immune System Naturally. 11 Ways To Boost Your Immune System Naturally. ShareTweetPin it ... Understanding the Immune System. When operating at its peak performance, our immune system can pinpoint and remove risks to ... But God has given us an immune system for a reason. When learning how to boost your immune system naturally, never forget that ...
... studies on the role of the immune system in fracture repair, the use of MSCs in the enhancement of fracture healing, and ... Osteoprogenitor MSCs not only differentiate into bone, but they also exert modulatory effects on immune cells via a variety of ... The precise spatial and temporal impact of immune cells and their cytokines on fracture healing remains obscure. Some cytokines ... interactions between MSCs and immune cells. Insight into this paradigm can provide valuable clues in identifying cellular and ...
... Fava, Francesca 2014-01-01. Abstract. The gut ... Fava, F. (2014). Gut microbiota: immune system crosstalk: implications for metabolic disease. In: Diet-microbe interactions in ... Fava, F. (2014). Gut microbiota: immune system crosstalk: implications for metabolic disease. In: Diet-microbe interactions in ... In this chapter we discuss the interplay between diet, the gut microbiota and the host immune system in regulating both ...
Immune System II: Immune Responses in Health and Disease (3) Class Number: 2575. Delivery Method: In Person. ... Many diseases are caused by dysregulation of the immune system. This course will examine the immunological mechanisms ... The causes of immune-mediated diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivity reactions (including asthma and allergy) ... The reaction of the immune system to cancer and immunotherapy for cancer. Students with credit for MBB 427, HSCI 427, or HSCI ...
Immunity and the Immune System: Unraveling Cells, Tissues, Functions, and Disease ... I. Understanding the Immune System. 1. Immune System Overview. Explore the basics of the immune system, its primary function, ... Immunity and the Immune System: Unraveling Cells, Tissues, Functions, and Disease. The immune system is a remarkable and ... Immunity and the Immune System: Unraveling Cells, Tissues, Functions, and Disease Immunity and the Immune System: Unraveling ...
Infectious disease can be devastating, and sometimes fatal, to the host. In this part of the chapter we will briefly examine ... Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition.. Show details. Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. ... Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. Infectious agents and how ... Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. ...
... researchers have worked to understand the immune reactions that take place in the human body during various illnesses, such as ... "Our immune system defends us from disease, but it is a very complicated system with many interactions occurring, and if things ... Researchers reveal regulating immunological memory help immune system fight disease. For a long time, researchers have worked ... which the bodys immune system retains after an infection or vaccination and helps prevent reinfection, gets generated and ...
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Getting to know more about how the immune system works, including its organs and cell types, can help you better understand ... Chapter 1: The Immune System and Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases. Download this chapter from the IDF Patient & Family ... Organization of the immune system The immune system is composed of a variety of different cell types and proteins. Each element ... The immune system and primary immunodeficiency. Getting to know more about how the immune system works can help you better ...
Can marijuana protect the immune system against HIV and slow disease progression? Peer-Reviewed Publication Mary Ann Liebert, ... Can marijuana protect the immune system against HIV and slow disease progression?. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc./Genetic Engineering ... www.liebertpub.com/global/pressrelease/can-marijuana-protect-the-immune-system-against-hiv-and-slow-disease-progression/1386/ ... Health and medicine/Diseases and disorders/Infectious diseases/Microbial infections/Viral infections/HIV infections ...
These microRNAs interfere with a key part of your immune system, which can make you more prone to infection and chronic disease ... How COVID Shots Harm the Immune System and May Cause Neurological Disease. Two specific microRNAs have been found in people who ... These microRNAs interfere with a key part of your immune system, which can make you more prone to infection and chronic disease ... How the COVID jab can induce autoimmune disease. As explained by Seneff, the mRNA in the jab is taken into your lymph system ...
... diseases of the liver, vision, skin and immune system. ... of AFM-Telethon concern neurological and neuromuscular diseases ... Rare diseases of the immune system *Artemis deficiency. The preclinical development of a gene therapy product aims to express ... diseases of the liver, vision, skin and immune system. ... Rare diseases of the brain and nervous system *Multiple ... proper function of immune cells by expressing an optimized form of the IL2RG gene in the stem cells and the immune system is ...
  • This can lead to problems such as allergies , asthma , and autoimmune diseases . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Some of them, such as semaphorin 3A (sema3A), is important in downregulating autoimmune diseases by suppressing the over-activity of both T and B cell autoimmunity. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, sema3A was shown to enhance the ability of T and B cell regulatory properties and by doing so to control autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. (nih.gov)
  • Cumulative evidence from diverse human studies and model systems is now showing that the gut microbiota occupies a critical functional fulcrum within this human "super-organism", regulating both metabolic and inflammatory processes which not only appear to mediate chronic disease especially the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cardiovascular disease but also autoimmune diseases and dementia and possibly the aging processes itself. (fmach.it)
  • The causes of immune-mediated diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivity reactions (including asthma and allergy) and organ transplant rejection. (sfu.ca)
  • Learn about autoimmune diseases, conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues. (meyouhealth.net)
  • A revolutionary treatment for cancers may also be able to treat and reset the immune system to provide long-term remission or possibly even cure certain autoimmune diseases. (medscape.com)
  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has offered a novel approach to treating hematologic cancers since 2017, but there are early signs that these cellular immunotherapies could be repurposed for B-cell mediated autoimmune diseases. (medscape.com)
  • Abnormalities of the thymus can result in a decreased number of T cells and autoimmune diseases such as autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 and myasthenia gravis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ongoing research on Milkvetch Root's effects on the immune system and autoimmune diseases. (botanic.com.cn)
  • The intricate relationship between the immune system and human health has spurred ongoing research into botanical remedies that may modulate immune responses and potentially address autoimmune diseases. (botanic.com.cn)
  • This article delves into the current state of research regarding milkvetch root's impact on immune modulation, examines its active compounds, and discusses its potential role in addressing autoimmune diseases. (botanic.com.cn)
  • Dysregulation of the immune system, as seen in autoimmune diseases, can have profound consequences. (botanic.com.cn)
  • In the context of autoimmune diseases, immune modulation aims to restore balance and prevent the immune system from attacking the body's own tissues. (botanic.com.cn)
  • Reducing Inflammation: The anti-inflammatory effects of milkvetch root may help mitigate the excessive inflammation often observed in autoimmune diseases, potentially alleviating symptoms and improving overall well-being. (botanic.com.cn)
  • Ongoing research includes clinical trials exploring milkvetch root's potential in managing autoimmune diseases. (botanic.com.cn)
  • Dosage and Formulations: Determining optimal dosage and formulations for specific autoimmune diseases is crucial for effective and safe outcomes. (botanic.com.cn)
  • Gene variants associated with leukaemia can produce 'rogue' immune cells that drive autoimmune diseases, according to a new study from the Garvan Institute of Medical Research. (scienceblog.com)
  • Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the body's own cells, mistaking them for harmful or foreign cells. (scienceblog.com)
  • We knew that people with various autoimmune diseases acquire these rogue killer T cells over time, but also that inflammation can cause immune cells to proliferate and develop mutations. (scienceblog.com)
  • The researchers used new high-resolution screening methods to look at blood from children with rare inherited autoimmune diseases. (scienceblog.com)
  • Further study is needed to determine whether rogue killer T cells are involved in all autoimmune diseases, and what proportion of people with rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune conditions have rogue cells and STAT3 variations. (scienceblog.com)
  • Similarly, mice can be re-infected with the same strain of Bb, implying a lack of functional immune responses. (canlyme.com)
  • These semaphorins are involved in almost all phases of both normal and pathological immune responses and were demonstrated to participate in allergic diseases as well as in auto-immune pathologies. (nih.gov)
  • Other semaphorins, such as semaphorins 4D and 4A are important in stimulating T and B cells, thus keeping these immune responses on-going. (nih.gov)
  • Anders Hagen Jarmund, a research programme student, and his colleagues at CEMIR are the first researchers to survey the development of women's immune responses throughout pregnancy. (norwegianscitechnews.com)
  • The signalling molecules can trigger or stop immune responses. (norwegianscitechnews.com)
  • When operating at its peak performance, our immune system can pinpoint and remove risks to wellness, recognize and imitate previous immune responses, and repair cellular and tissue damage. (naturallivingfamily.com)
  • Develop insights into immunosurveillance and how cancer and organ transplantation overcome immune responses. (sfu.ca)
  • These innate immune responses use a variety of germline-encoded receptors to discriminate between microbial and host cell surfaces, or infected and normal cells. (nih.gov)
  • They are not as effective as adaptive immune responses, which can afford to be more powerful on account of their antigen specificity . (nih.gov)
  • So, our research focuses on better understanding how these immune responses can be generated and controlled, specifically by looking at the critical role T cells play, as T cells help protect the body from infection and may play a role in attacking cancer. (indiatimes.com)
  • Discover the various types of immune cells, including white blood cells like neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, and their roles in immune responses. (meyouhealth.net)
  • Explore antigens, the foreign molecules that trigger immune responses, and antibodies, the specialized proteins that bind to and neutralize antigens. (meyouhealth.net)
  • Explore the secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils, where immune cells gather to initiate immune responses. (meyouhealth.net)
  • Explore mechanisms that regulate immune responses, ensuring a balance between protection and tolerance. (meyouhealth.net)
  • This article links and comprehensively discusses the cardiovascular and immune system responses to hypoxia, highlighting the multiple protective effects on vascular integrity and induction of anti-inflammatory mechanisms, as well as effects on immune cell phenotype even with conditioning initiated during the course of disease. (conditionmed.org)
  • They identify inflammatory pathways that are directly upregulated in cerebral microvessels, critically linking the cardiovascular and immune system responses to conditioning. (conditionmed.org)
  • Instead, the immune system is dispersed throughout the body to provide rapid responses to infection. (primaryimmune.org)
  • There are two broad categories of immune responses: innate and adaptive. (primaryimmune.org)
  • Innate immune responses are those that rely on cells that require no additional training to do their jobs. (primaryimmune.org)
  • Even infants have excellent innate immune responses. (primaryimmune.org)
  • Adaptive immune responses involve T cells and B cells, two cell types that require training or education to learn how to fight invaders (antigens) and not to attack our own cells. (primaryimmune.org)
  • Central to both categories of immune responses is the ability to distinguish foreign invaders (germs), which need to be attacked, versus our own tissues, which need to be protected. (primaryimmune.org)
  • The initiation of type 2 immune responses by the epithelial cell-derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP has been an area of extensive research in the past decade. (nature.com)
  • Paul, W.E. & Zhu, J. How are TH2-type immune responses initiated and amplified? (nature.com)
  • Saenz, S.A., Taylor, B.C. & Artis, D. Welcome to the neighborhood: epithelial cell-derived cytokines license innate and adaptive immune responses at mucosal sites. (nature.com)
  • tive immune responses. (what-when-how.com)
  • Milkvetch root's historical use and potential immune-modulating properties have prompted scientific investigation into its effects on immune responses and its potential application in managing autoimmune conditions. (botanic.com.cn)
  • Regulating T Cell Responses: Research indicates that milkvetch root's compounds may influence T cell activity, a crucial component of immune responses. (botanic.com.cn)
  • Cytokine Regulation: Compounds in milkvetch root may influence the production of cytokines, signaling molecules that play a key role in immune responses. (botanic.com.cn)
  • Joint Health: Research indicates that milkvetch root may support joint health by modulating immune responses and reducing joint damage. (botanic.com.cn)
  • Immune Regulation: Early studies propose that milkvetch root may help regulate immune responses and attenuate disease activity in SLE patients. (botanic.com.cn)
  • Research has suggested that immune responses are involved in the development of Crohn's disease. (iowalum.com)
  • CXCL9 is a small protein that regulates inflammatory and immune responses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It was previously understood that measles weakens the immune system, but now researchers have determined how. (healthline.com)
  • Diabetes weakens the immune system and makes individuals more prone to infectious diseases such as, tuberculosis. (who.int)
  • Smoking affects lung function and weakens the immune system, impairing the body's response to viruses such as the S RS-COV2 virus4. (who.int)
  • This protection against a certain disease is called immunity. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Passive immunity happens when you receive antibodies to a disease instead of making them through your own immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Let us examine what can compromise or weaken this delicately balanced system and which immunity boosters you should choose. (lifehack.org)
  • Volume 2 examines topics such as the participation of the innate immune system in homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, the innate immune response and its modulation by sex hormones during chronic lung inflammation, and asthma beyond adaptive immunity. (novapublishers.com)
  • How does the microbiome affect immunity and contribute to disease? (sahmy.com)
  • We are all brought into this world with immune function called innate immunity, the first line of protection against disease . (naturallivingfamily.com)
  • Additionally, staying up to date on vaccinations can help prevent the spread of infectious diseases and boost our immunity against them. (digitalmarylandnews.com)
  • In this comprehensive 3500-word article, we will unravel the intricacies of immunity and the immune system, exploring the diverse cells and tissues involved, their functions, and the role of immunity in combating diseases. (meyouhealth.net)
  • As we delve into the cellular and molecular intricacies of immunity, we uncover the remarkable processes that keep us healthy, protect us from pathogens, and offer hope for the future of disease prevention and treatment. (meyouhealth.net)
  • Conversely, those with natural immunity will become less prone to infection because their immune systems function properly and continually learn how to fight mutating disease. (noqreport.com)
  • As against passive immunity, exactly where antibodies are injected into an organism while pregnant or they are artificially acquired, active immunity usually requires a process of working out immune cells to recognize and counteract overseas bodies.Usually, a bacteria or virus enters an organism and starts causing injury through how to paraphrase a poem its reproductive pursuits. (odooproject.com)
  • But with the ability to change its outer-cell-wall proteins, the Lyme bacteria becomes hidden from the immune system, almost like an invader who suddenly dons a disguise. (holtorfmed.com)
  • As the body continues its assault on the Lyme bacteria - sending immune cells to fight the now-disguised organism - this immune response wreaks havoc in places throughout the body such as the skin, brain, nerves, and joints. (holtorfmed.com)
  • These unique abilities of the Lyme bacteria to hide from the body's immune system create a need for a multisystem, integrated treatment approach. (holtorfmed.com)
  • A properly functioning immune system can quickly decipher between your body's own cells and the germs that can invade it and cause infection and inflammation (like viruses and bacteria). (munsonhealthcare.org)
  • Vaccines are a critical part of supporting and preparing your immune system to fight dangerous and potentially life-threatening viruses and bacteria. (munsonhealthcare.org)
  • A strong immune system means these are all working in harmony and help you to fight illness, viruses, bacteria and all other sorts of nasties that are waiting to attack. (lifehack.org)
  • The result is that the immune system is damaged and compromises your ability to fight bacteria in the future. (lifehack.org)
  • In vertebrates including humans, mice and dogs, the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) causes a chronic, non-resolving infection known as Lyme disease, which requires antibiotic treatment to clear the bacteria. (canlyme.com)
  • The bacteria in the microbiome aid sort our food, methodize our immune system, defend over fuse bacteria that owing disease, and ant: slave vitamins including B vitamins B12, thiamine and riboflavin, and Vitamin K, which is needed for slaughter coagulation. (sahmy.com)
  • The digestive separate also comes in touch immediately bacteria and viruses that get taken below by the immune system. (sahmy.com)
  • What is the role of bacteria in disease? (sahmy.com)
  • Our immune system is responsible for fighting off harmful bacteria and viruses that try to invade our bodies and make us sick. (digitalmarylandnews.com)
  • The immune system is our body's natural defense mechanism against bacteria, viruses, and other harmful microbes. (digitalmarylandnews.com)
  • The product of mixing probiotics and prebiotics is commonly known as synbiotics, and was first introduced by Schrezenmeir and de Vrese (2001) to support the survival rate and growth of beneficial bacteria in the digestive system. (kbi-indonesia.id)
  • The immune system plays a vital role in the gut, removing harmful bacteria that have been ingested in food or drink. (iowalum.com)
  • In Crohn's disease, however, it is thought that a faulty signal causes the immune system to attack all bacteria, harmful or not. (iowalum.com)
  • People can get Legionnaires' disease when they breathe in small droplets of water in the air that contain the bacteria. (cdc.gov)
  • One of the main problems with preventing Legionnaires' disease," says Rob, "is the lack of practical knowledge of the bacteria. (cdc.gov)
  • Having the facility team or colleague take the PreventLD Training prior to an investigation allows the team to focus their efforts on locating and preventing the bacteria from growing in a water system," says Rob. (cdc.gov)
  • Eating raw oysters is dangerous for certain groups of people because some raw oysters contain bacteria or viruses that can cause disease. (cdc.gov)
  • In people with liver disease, diabetes, or a weakened immune system, the Vibrio vulnificus bacteria can invade the bloodstream, causing shock and sometimes death. (cdc.gov)
  • Reginald Tucker] Is there a way to treat raw oysters that would kill bacteria that cause disease-- sort of the way they pasteurize raw eggs, for instance? (cdc.gov)
  • Chronic stress causes an inflammatory cascade, leading to an increased likelihood of developing diseases linked to inflammation, and those inflammatory disorders increase the risk of depression. (theglobeandmail.com)
  • Just like a poor diet filled with processed foods, saturated fats, and sugar can cause inflammation, leading to chronic conditions like heart disease or Type 2 diabetes, a healthy diet can also influence your immune system. (munsonhealthcare.org)
  • While healthy levels of these stress hormones can actually boost your immune system, a surge in hormones like cortisol can have the opposite effect - decreasing your white blood cell count and promoting inflammation. (munsonhealthcare.org)
  • As a postdoctoral fellow at the Stanford Blood Center, he and his colleagues identified that the B cells and T cells of the immune system played a role in regulating blood sugar and also adipose tissue inflammation, fundamentally changing how the development of insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes is approached. (buckinstitute.org)
  • T cells and B cells inside tissues, and now the gut immune cells are a focal point of controlling inflammation across the body in many diseases. (buckinstitute.org)
  • This review summarizes some immunological factors involved in the development and control of this oral disease, such as: the participation of inflammatory cells in local inflammation, the synthesis of chemotaxis proteins with activation of the complement system and a range of antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins, cathelicidin and saposins. (bvsalud.org)
  • 6 ) Similarly, an overabundance of omega-6 fatty acids, found in processed carbs and meats, can produce inflammation throughout the body, causing pain and inflammatory disease. (naturallivingfamily.com)
  • Emma Teixeiro, an associate professor in the MU School of Medicine, and her group recently examined how immunological memory , which the body's immune system retains after an infection or vaccination and helps prevent reinfection, gets generated and maintained, as well as the role inflammation plays in forming that immunological memory. (indiatimes.com)
  • While many scientists assumed this increase in inflammation would result in a stronger immune response and therefore stronger immunological memory, Teixeiro and her team found the opposite: immunological memory was reduced. (indiatimes.com)
  • The symptoms of Crohn's disease are caused by inflammation of the lining of the digestive system, though the causes of the inflammation are not yet fully understood. (iowalum.com)
  • Crohn's disease is a chronic condition that causes inflammation of the lining of the digestive system. (iowalum.com)
  • This massive immune response releases chemicals that damage the gut lining, leading to the inflammation characteristic of Crohn's disease. (iowalum.com)
  • They are involved in the induction and effector phase of the immune response and inflammation, playing a key role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease. (viamedica.pl)
  • Systemic chronic inflammation has common associations with many age-related diseases, including heart disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • With a nonlinear comparison method, the iAge score correlated with multiple metrics of inflammation as measured by levels of present immune system molecules and their associated pathways. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The researchers discovered measles resets the immune system to an immature state, where it's only able to make a limited number of antibodies. (healthline.com)
  • Even weeks after a tick bite occurs, our immune system may not produce antibodies against the bacterium. (holtorfmed.com)
  • Typically, when a foreign invader assaults the body, the immune system detects it by its cell-wall proteins, developing specific antibodies to launch an immune attack. (holtorfmed.com)
  • Think of your immune system as an intelligent network of warriors, which not only recognize invading germs, but study them up close in order to develop antibodies that can keep you protected from any danger these foreign cells may pose. (munsonhealthcare.org)
  • Our immune systems respond to foreign germs by producing antibodies that can help us fight off these invaders before they cause infection and other harmful side effects. (munsonhealthcare.org)
  • In terms of treatments related to communicable diseases, students should be able to describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced and how they can be used. (stem.org.uk)
  • The immune method uses antibodies and our cells to slay the bad guys. (sahmy.com)
  • Most of the time, this immune response is the production of antibodies (blood proteins with regions that bind specifically to a particular antigen to neutralize it). (naturallivingfamily.com)
  • 2 ) The long-term immune response involves white blood cells called lymphocytes that produce antibodies that assist the body in breaking down antigens. (naturallivingfamily.com)
  • The COVID-19 jab produces high levels of immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies, which are associated with autoimmune disease. (childrenshealthdefense.org)
  • Antibodies against the spike protein may be responsible for cases in which patients developed highly aggressive prion disease after their second jab. (childrenshealthdefense.org)
  • If a person has encountered a particular viral strain, their immune system has generated antibodies against it. (harvard.edu)
  • These antibodies neutralize antigens by keeping them out of cells, as well as recruit other parts of the immune system to destroy them. (noqreport.com)
  • This leads to infiltration of the gland by T cells and B cells that produce antibodies specific for clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease (GD) and chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (cAIT). (viamedica.pl)
  • Concurrently, the immune program learns which proteins are present on these invaders, and prepares antibodies, or modified proteins, which encapsulate and detect these international organisms. (odooproject.com)
  • After the initial an infection is cleared out, the immune http://www.itap.purdue.edu/learning/ cells keep their working out on the form of antibodies bound for their mobile membranes. (odooproject.com)
  • The immune strategy would discover how to make antibodies for the cowpox antigen within this infection. (odooproject.com)
  • Once the an infection had handed, the immune procedure would retain many of these antibodies to aid detect the virus while in the potential. (odooproject.com)
  • Protein drugs, such as monoclonal antibodies, have proved successful in treating cancer and immune system diseases. (lu.se)
  • The measles virus reportedly causes long-term damage to the human immune system, effectively deleting the body's defenses against other viruses. (healthline.com)
  • Researchers say the measles virus can erase the immune system's memory. (healthline.com)
  • Researchers say the measles virus can erase the immune system's memory, making a person more vulnerable to other diseases. (healthline.com)
  • Jarmund believes that studying the immune system's behaviour in normal pregnancies can be very useful. (norwegianscitechnews.com)
  • It is important to listen to our bodies, seek medical attention when necessary, and prioritize healthy habits to support our immune system's ability to keep us healthy and illness-free. (digitalmarylandnews.com)
  • A series of articles in this issue of Conditioning Medicine takes these pleiotropic effects into consideration, as we look at the immune system's response to conditioning. (conditionmed.org)
  • STAT3 is found throughout the body and is critical for various cell functions, including controlling the immune system's B cells and T cells. (scienceblog.com)
  • The idea is that chronic stress causes hormonal dysregulation, and this leads to depression and other inflammatory disorders, such as arthritis, lupus, heart disease and even some forms of cancer. (theglobeandmail.com)
  • Moreover, it has recently befit plain that alterations of these gut microbial communities can owing immune dysregulation, leading to autoimmune disorders. (sahmy.com)
  • Many diseases are caused by dysregulation of the immune system. (sfu.ca)
  • Recently, a paper was published in the journal Science Immunology showing that people who get "vaccinated" for covid with mRNA suffer immune dysregulation resulting in overproduction of an antibody called IgG4. (noqreport.com)
  • The infection causes the disease that makes you sick. (medlineplus.gov)
  • After sequencing antibody genes from 26 children before their infection and then 40 to 50 days after their infection, the scientists found that specific immune memory cells built up against other diseases - and were present before the measles infection - vanished from the children's blood, leaving them vulnerable to diseases to which they were once immune. (healthline.com)
  • Miki M , Shimizukawa M , Okayama H , Kazumi Y . Case of pulmonary Mycobacterium mageritense infection: the difficulty of differential diagnosis of granulomatous lung disease. (cdc.gov)
  • If Lyme disease is not diagnosed and treated early, the Lyme spirochete can evade the immune system and spread in the body, causing health problems months or even years after the infection occurs. (holtorfmed.com)
  • This means that a patient who finds a tick attached to their skin can go to the doctor, get a test such as a Western blot, and receive negative results because the immune system still hasn't become alerted to start fighting the infection. (holtorfmed.com)
  • Unfortunately, these immune cells aren't successful at killing the infection. (holtorfmed.com)
  • Because vaccines introduce these germs in small doses of an inert (aka inactivated) form of the virus, you get the immune response benefits as you would with a live virus entering your body naturally, but without risking infection and symptoms of disease. (munsonhealthcare.org)
  • In turn, this can put your immune system into overdrive, potentially causing it to more or less burn out, putting you at higher risk for infection. (munsonhealthcare.org)
  • They need to be able to explain how such diseases are spread and should be able to describe a common human infection. (stem.org.uk)
  • To determine whether the lack of memory formation is due to the nature of the Bb-antigens or is a sign of Bb-infection-mediated immune suppression, we vaccinated mice with influenza virus during an ongoing Bb-infection. (canlyme.com)
  • However, they can prevent an infection being established, or failing that, contain it while an adaptive immune response develops. (nih.gov)
  • Only when a microorganism has successfully established a site of infection in the host does disease occur, and little damage will be caused unless the agent is able to spread from the original site of infection or can secrete toxins that can spread to other parts of the body. (nih.gov)
  • New Rochelle, NY, February 18, 2014-New evidence that chronic intake of THC, the primary psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, can protect critical immune tissue in the gut from the damaging effects of HIV infection is reported in AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, a peer-reviewed journal from Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers. (eurekalert.org)
  • To better treat HIV infection, we need a better understanding of how it causes the disease we call AIDS. (eurekalert.org)
  • The immune system is a wonderful collaboration between cells and proteins that work together to provide defense against infection. (primaryimmune.org)
  • These microRNAs interfere with a key part of your immune system, which can make you more prone to infection and chronic disease. (childrenshealthdefense.org)
  • When Type 1 interferon is suppressed, you become more prone to infection and chronic disease. (childrenshealthdefense.org)
  • Rather, the goal is to analyze blood samples from people who recover from infection to learn about how the virus affects the immune system and the epidemiology of the disease. (harvard.edu)
  • Any role for MAP in Crohn's disease is uncertain, however, and there is no support for a causal association between Crohn's disease and measles infection or MMR vaccination. (iowalum.com)
  • This is why a person who has an inflammatory disorder such as heart disease or arthritis is more likely to develop depression. (theglobeandmail.com)
  • The integration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from microorganisms with their surface receptors in the immune cells, induces the production of several cytokines and chemokines that presents either a pro- and/or anti-inflammatory role by stimulating the secretion of a great variety of antibody subtypes and the activation of mechanisms of controlling the disease, such as the regulatory T cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although several studies have tried to clarify some of the immune mechanisms involved in periodontal disease, more studies must be conducted to understand its development and progression and consequently to discover new alternatives for the prevention and treatment of this severe inflammatory disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • The normal process of fracture repair begins with an immediate inflammatory response as the innate immune system (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells) responds with a variety of cytokines that recruit and activate several cell types, including osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the site of injury [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Thus any process or systemic condition that alters this optimal inflammatory milieu, such as bone diseases like osteoporosis or severe trauma, steroid therapy, diabetes, or advanced age, can disrupt the normal fracture healing process, resulting in nonunions or delayed healing, pain, disfigurement, and loss of function. (hindawi.com)
  • Columbia [US]: For a long time, researchers have worked to understand the immune reactions that take place in the human body during various illnesses, such as cancer and inflammatory disorders. (indiatimes.com)
  • While her research is fundamental in nature, Teixeiro's findings have the potential to contribute to the development of more effective treatments to help patients suffering with cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI), asthma and other chronic inflammatory syndromes. (indiatimes.com)
  • By exploring its immunomodulatory properties, anti-inflammatory effects, and clinical trials, this article highlights milkvetch root as a subject of scientific inquiry that may hold promise for individuals seeking natural approaches to immune system regulation and autoimmune disease management. (botanic.com.cn)
  • A new biological clock relies on immune-related biomarkers to identify patterns and chronic inflammatory disease risk and immune system well-being. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • By analyzing blood samples from 1,001 individuals aged 8-96 years, the study established a relationship with the inflammatory clock of aging (iAge) to total disease, longevity, and immune deterioration. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The iAge predicts multimorbidity - the accumulation of multiple chronic inflammatory diseases, longevity, and immunosenescence - that is, the age-related deterioration and improper function of the immune system. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Scientists have generated an artificial intelligence algorithm called the "inflammatory clock of aging (iAge)" that can predict age-related inflammatory diseases and gauge the overall health of the immune system. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The algorithm for iAge derives from a deep examination of multiple immune system biomarkers in the blood, as well as the identification of metrics and patterns associated with this chronic inflammatory response. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • An iAge score provides individuals with their age based on immune health and inflammatory levels, in comparison to a set of reference values and in relation to their age in years. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Multimorbidity refers to the accumulation of multiple chronic inflammatory diseases. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Based on his symptoms and a clinical workup, he was diagnosed with adult-onset Stills disease, a rare type of inflammatory arthritis typically associated with fevers, rash, and joint pain. (cdc.gov)
  • Your immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you have an autoimmune disease, your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For example, HIV is a virus that harms your immune system by destroying your white blood cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It has only been in recent years that scientists discovered that the spleen is a manufacturing plant for immune cells, and a site where immune cells and nerves interact. (scienceblog.com)
  • It may be more effective to take advantage of the central nervous system to control cells of the spleen. (scienceblog.com)
  • Yet the attack has already begun, as the immune system continues to send neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages to fight the invader. (holtorfmed.com)
  • While the immune system is attacking the body with toxin-releasing immune cells, the brain also can be under attack. (holtorfmed.com)
  • The immune system in the brain is different from the rest of the body and consists of cells such as astrocytes and microglia, cells that are not very effective at recognizing and eliminating infections. (holtorfmed.com)
  • Essentially, your immune system is just that: an interconnected system made up of different organs, cells, and proteins that work together to help prevent many foreign germs from entering (and wreaking havoc inside) your body. (munsonhealthcare.org)
  • Before then, it was generally thought that while type-1 diabetes is a classic autoimmune disease, type-2 diabetes had little to no connection with immunology, especially adaptive immunology, the part of the immune system containing T and B cells. (buckinstitute.org)
  • Winer and his colleagues, including his twin brother, Shawn, at the University of Toronto and Stanford University were instrumental in laying down the foundations of how adaptive immune cells control metabolic diseases. (buckinstitute.org)
  • He presents compelling evidence that immune cells respond not only to the classical chemical signals (sensing the presence of a pathogen) but also utilize mechanical signals (information about the physical environment, such as stiffness, tension, or pressure). (buckinstitute.org)
  • It teaches immune cells named T-cells to discern strange entities engage our own tissue. (sahmy.com)
  • The immune method is wetting up of particularize organs, cells, and proteins that exertion together. (sahmy.com)
  • The precise spatial and temporal impact of immune cells and their cytokines on fracture healing remains obscure. (hindawi.com)
  • Osteoprogenitor MSCs not only differentiate into bone, but they also exert modulatory effects on immune cells via a variety of mechanisms. (hindawi.com)
  • In this paper, we review the current literature on both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of the immune system in fracture repair, the use of MSCs in the enhancement of fracture healing, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells. (hindawi.com)
  • We want to better understand how to regulate immunological memory, which has implications for potential vaccines or immunotherapies that trigger T cells in a way that hopefully boosts long-term memory, so our bodies are protected from disease over time. (indiatimes.com)
  • Regular exercise has been shown to help increase the number of white blood cells in the body, which are critical for fighting off infections and diseases. (digitalmarylandnews.com)
  • It is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect us from infections and diseases. (digitalmarylandnews.com)
  • At the core of the immune system are white blood cells, also known as leukocytes. (digitalmarylandnews.com)
  • The immune system is a remarkable and complex defense network that safeguards our bodies against a multitude of threats, from harmful microbes to cancer cells. (meyouhealth.net)
  • Composed of various cells, tissues, and molecular components, this intricate system operates silently, continuously patrolling for invaders and maintaining the body's health. (meyouhealth.net)
  • Understand the process of phagocytosis, where immune cells engulf and digest pathogens, along with the roles of macrophages and neutrophils. (meyouhealth.net)
  • Discover the primary lymphoid organs, the thymus, and the bone marrow, where immune cells develop and mature. (meyouhealth.net)
  • Learn how vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce memory cells, providing protection against specific diseases. (meyouhealth.net)
  • Understand how the immune system can recognize and eliminate cancer cells, and explore emerging immunotherapy treatments. (meyouhealth.net)
  • The proteins may be made by immune cells or other organs such as the liver. (primaryimmune.org)
  • Some immune proteins circulate in the bloodstream, while others are made by immune cells and act on the organs and tissues near where the proteins are produced. (primaryimmune.org)
  • Primary immunodeficiency, or PI, are a group of disorders caused by defects in immune function that are inherent to the cells and proteins of the immune system. (primaryimmune.org)
  • The bone marrow and thymus represent training grounds for two cells of the adaptive immune system (B cells and T cells, respectively). (primaryimmune.org)
  • The development of all cells of the immune system begins in the bone marrow with a hematopoietic (blood-forming) stem cell (Figure 1:2). (primaryimmune.org)
  • In another case study published in June, researchers used CD-19 targeted CAR-T cells to treat a 41-year-old man with refractory antisynthetase syndrome with progressive myositis and interstitial lung disease. (medscape.com)
  • If you have a patient with myositis, for example, where autoreactive B cells are sitting in the inflamed muscle, or a patient with rheumatoid arthritis , where you have disease-relevant B cells in hard-to-reach tissues like the synovium, those cells are much harder to deplete with an antibody, compared to a T cell that evolved to surveil and effectively kill in all tissues," he explained. (medscape.com)
  • Once B cells are depleted, disease symptoms improve. (medscape.com)
  • Strimvelis® (gene therapy of the bone marrow stem cells) for X-linked severe combined immune deficiency. (afm-telethon.fr)
  • We have focused on understanding the role of the evolutionary conserved WASp family of actin regulators and their interacting partners in immune cells. (ki.se)
  • WASp is uniquely expressed in hematopoietic lineage cells and is mutated in two severe immunodeficiency diseases. (ki.se)
  • Recent data from our group and other groups challenges the view that WASp deficiency leads to hypo-responsive immune cells. (ki.se)
  • A focus is the role of nuclear localization of WASp family members and actin in immune cells ( Kuznetov et al, Genome Med 2017 ). (ki.se)
  • We are using gene editing techniques of immune cells to understand the relation of cell transformation and specific genetic mutations identified in primary immunodeficiency patients and lymphoma patients. (ki.se)
  • We are using transcriptomics and proteomics combined with high resolution microscopy to understand how immune cells and the immune system are affected in the absence of gravity. (ki.se)
  • Interactions between ILC2 cells and the adaptive immune system, as well as examination of potential roles for ILC2 cells in the maintenance of homeostasis, promise to be particularly fruitful areas of future research. (nature.com)
  • T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system, where the body adapts to specific foreign invaders. (wikipedia.org)
  • T cells that successfully develop react appropriately with MHC immune receptors of the body (called positive selection) and not against proteins of the body (called negative selection). (wikipedia.org)
  • Enhancing Immune Response: Some studies suggest that milkvetch root may stimulate immune cells, enhancing the body's ability to defend against infections and potentially improving immune system function. (botanic.com.cn)
  • Immunomodulation: Milkvetch root's immunomodulatory effects may play a role in reducing immune-mediated destruction of beta cells. (botanic.com.cn)
  • The gene in question encodes a protein that normally moderates the aggressiveness of immune cells called T cells against an invading pathogen. (sciencenews.org)
  • Research into this link revealed that immune cells called killer T cells - responsible for destroying harmful cells and pathogens - were a key player. (scienceblog.com)
  • This new research provides insight into the role these killer T cells play in leukaemia and autoimmune disease. (scienceblog.com)
  • Cancers can grow when tumour cells are not identified or destroyed by the immune system. (scienceblog.com)
  • The team found that if these proteins are altered, they can cause rogue killer T cells to grow unchecked, resulting in enlarged cells that bypass immune checkpoints to attack the body's own cells. (scienceblog.com)
  • In addition, even just 1-2% of a person's T cells going rogue could cause autoimmune disease. (scienceblog.com)
  • It's never been clear what the connection between leukaemia and autoimmune disease is - whether the altered STAT3 protein is driving disease, or whether leukaemic cells are dividing and acquiring this mutation just as a by-product. (scienceblog.com)
  • The study also identified two specific receptor systems - ways for cells to talk to one another - that are linked to stress. (scienceblog.com)
  • The team's research may help develop screening technologies that clinicians could use to sequence the complete genome of every cell in a blood sample, to identify which cells might turn rogue and cause disease. (scienceblog.com)
  • Cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid diseases working in both the immune system and directly targeting the thyroid follicular cells. (viamedica.pl)
  • The harm being executed to cells releases a signal to immune cells that one thing is incorrect. (odooproject.com)
  • The immune cells surround the overseas bodies and digest them, to eliminate them from the organism. (odooproject.com)
  • Immune cells are ?trained? (odooproject.com)
  • In https://www.rewritingservices.net/rewrite-a-paragraph-without-plagiarism/ some cases, the immune cells will discover how to find proteins the human body creates as ?invaders? (odooproject.com)
  • Then, when immune cells come across cells in the human body with particular proteins, they'll assault. (odooproject.com)
  • They help your immune system point out and attack those cells. (webmd.com)
  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy involves versions of your T cells (white blood cells that fight disease) that have had their genes changed so they attach to cancer cells. (webmd.com)
  • The researchers also found that the total amount of certain T cells and B cells, white blood cells that play a role in immune response, demonstrated a similar correlation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • When your immune system recognizes an antigen, it attacks it. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This organism has a unique way of evading the human immune system starting as early as when the tick bite occurs and has learned to survive in the human body even when aggressive treatment attacks are mounted against it. (holtorfmed.com)
  • In an autoimmune disease, such as the two thyroid diseases and diabetes, a person's immune system attacks the body's own tissues. (sciencenews.org)
  • At the present time, it is unclear whether such immune attacks are a trigger of the disease or a reaction to its presence. (iowalum.com)
  • COVID 19 is an infectious disease that primarily attacks the lungs. (who.int)
  • The immune system is prevented from doing more essential tasks, such as warding off germs and viruses. (lifehack.org)
  • Berenson does not subscribe to the notion that the immune destruction caused by covid jabs affects other health conditions like the flu and other viruses. (noqreport.com)
  • Sleep is when our bodies repair and regenerate, and lack of sleep can weaken the immune system. (digitalmarylandnews.com)
  • Explore the lymphatic system, a crucial component of the immune system, which includes lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and lymphatic organs. (meyouhealth.net)
  • to recognize these invaders with all the lymph nodes along with other immune product tissues. (odooproject.com)
  • In a major step in understanding how the nervous system and the immune system interact, scientists at The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research have identified a new anatomical path through which the brain and the spleen communicate. (scienceblog.com)
  • According to the prevailing paradigm, the autonomic nervous system is anatomically and functionally divided in sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, which act in opposition to regulate organ function. (scienceblog.com)
  • Some TPH compounds can affect your nervous system, causing headaches and dizziness. (cdc.gov)
  • Some of the TPH compounds can affect your central nervous system. (cdc.gov)
  • Animal studies have shown effects on the lungs, central nervous system, liver, and kidney from exposure to TPH compounds. (cdc.gov)
  • The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has nervous system, liver, and kidney from exposure to TPH com set an exposure limit of 500 parts of petroleum distillates per pounds. (cdc.gov)
  • That means they have the virus alive inside their body, persisting within the nervous system. (medicinenet.com)
  • The adaptive immune response, primarily comprised of T and B lymphocytes, has important implications in the fracture healing process as well [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Learn about the steps involved in an adaptive immune response, including antigen recognition, lymphocyte activation, and antibody production. (meyouhealth.net)
  • Our immune system is regulated by cell signalling molecules called cytokines. (norwegianscitechnews.com)
  • MSCs are able to evade the host cell immune system due to their low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and complete lack MHC class II molecules and other costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD40L, CD80, and CD86) required for immune cell stimulation [ 15 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Once the Borrelia burgdorferi bacterium is in the body, it starts to change its form by altering the proteins on its outer cell wall, effectively hiding itself from the immune system. (holtorfmed.com)
  • Because the bacterium continues to shift its "appearance" by changing its outer-cell-wall proteins, it continues to evade the immune system. (holtorfmed.com)
  • Consuming whole, nutrient-dense foods like lean proteins, healthy grains, legumes (beans), seeds, and plenty of vegetables and fruit feeds your body the essential nutrients it needs to function optimally - and that includes your immune system. (munsonhealthcare.org)
  • The immune system is composed of a variety of different cell types and proteins. (primaryimmune.org)
  • Measles is on a big upsurge throughout the world," Amesh Adalja , MD, FIDSA, an infectious disease specialist and senior scholar at Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, told Healthline. (healthline.com)
  • Is the Subject Area "Infectious disease epidemiology" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
  • Infectious disease can be devastating, and sometimes fatal, to the host. (nih.gov)
  • Our conversation is based on his study about California regulations on eating raw oysters, which appears in CDC's journal, Emerging Infectious Diseases . (cdc.gov)
  • The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench Work to Its Clinical Implications. (novapublishers.com)
  • Home / Shop / Newly Published Books / Medicine & Health / The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench Work to Its Clinical Implications. (novapublishers.com)
  • What Role Does the Immune System and Microbiome Play in Health and Disease? (sahmy.com)
  • What role does the microbiome play in human health and disease? (sahmy.com)
  • The gut microbiome has emerged as a key modulator of human health and disease and one intricately involved in host metabolism and immune function. (fmach.it)
  • In: Diet-microbe interactions in the gut: effects on human health and disease (editor(s) Tuohy, K.M. (fmach.it)
  • Crosstalk between skin microbiota and immune system in health and disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. (nih.gov)
  • Understanding its components, functions, and role in health and disease empowers us to make informed decisions about our well-being. (meyouhealth.net)
  • Our research aims at revealing critical mechanisms for correct regulation of the immune system in health and disease and to identifying new targets for therapy. (ki.se)
  • For instance, many other chronic diseases that were also never linked to adaptive immunological problems inside tissues later have been shown to possess similar abnormalities. (buckinstitute.org)
  • We have discussed the innate immune defense mediated by epithelia and by phagocytes and complement in the underlying tissues in Chapter 2. (nih.gov)
  • Every year, about 500,000 people develop severe sepsis, a syndrome triggered when the body's immune system wages an attack on the body that is well beyond its normal response to an invader. (scienceblog.com)
  • The symptoms of Crohn's disease vary depending on how severe it is and which part of the gut is affected. (iowalum.com)
  • There is evidence that smokers are more likely to develop Crohn's disease than non-smokers, and if they have the condition, are more likely to suffer severe symptoms. (iowalum.com)
  • diabetes, or iron overload disease, are at higher risk for severe disease and death from eating contaminated raw oysters. (cdc.gov)
  • suffers from liver disease (such as hepatitis) or severe kidney disease, · has diabetes and is using insulin. (who.int)
  • Preventing these risk factors will have a dual beneficial effect of reducing the number of people at risk of severe disease as well as improving the recovery of those affected by COVID-19. (who.int)
  • Instead, current smokers have been found to develop more severe disease than non-smokers4. (who.int)
  • Winer's first textbook-worthy finding materialized more than a decade ago, when he and his colleagues discovered that the adaptive immune system plays a really important role in diabetes that develops in association with obesity. (buckinstitute.org)
  • The findings suggest that this subtle genetic difference plays a role in two thyroid diseases and diabetes. (sciencenews.org)
  • Diabetes mellitus (DM), or diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are hig h blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. (who.int)
  • Type 2 diabetes begins wit h insulin resistance, but as the disease progresses a lack of insulin may also develop. (who.int)
  • The incidence of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases is growing in Pakistan. (who.int)
  • It is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes and cancer4. (who.int)
  • Over the last few years, Winer's work has added to immunology textbooks again, this time putting together a new theory about how the immune system senses danger. (buckinstitute.org)
  • Linking the measurements of lots of cytokines at several points in the pregnancy gave us an imprint of the mother's immune response," says Jarmund. (norwegianscitechnews.com)
  • This article describes the potential role of cytokines and immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AITD. (viamedica.pl)
  • The gut microbiota that resides in the gastrointestinal separate provides innate vigorous benefits to its host, specially by regulating immune homeostasis. (sahmy.com)
  • How does the immune system help maintain homeostasis? (sahmy.com)
  • The immune method would imprudent flexibility to the spectre when intercourse immediately the environment and immediately itself, accordingly adding flexibility to the treatment of homeostasis. (sahmy.com)
  • In this review, we will focus on several immune semaphorins--their role in immune homeostasis and in immune-mediated diseases. (nih.gov)
  • One theory behind the unexpectedly large drops in mortality was that the vaccine prompted a general boost to the immune system. (the-scientist.com)
  • To fight disease and prevent sickness properly, we all have to first learn how to boost your immune system naturally. (naturallivingfamily.com)
  • While our culture is used to prescription solutions and quick fixes, learning how to boost your immune system naturally isn't on top of most people's lists. (naturallivingfamily.com)
  • In other words, we can't just take something (like vitamin C ) to boost the immune system. (naturallivingfamily.com)
  • With that said, we can certainly identify some steps that you can take as you learn how to boost your immune system naturally, which will help your body function more efficiently and prevent disease more readily. (naturallivingfamily.com)
  • When it comes to learning how to boost your immune system naturally, one factor you must consider is the importance of avoiding those things that hinder your immune response in the first place. (naturallivingfamily.com)
  • In this article, we're going to explore ways to boost our defenses and ultimately master disease prevention with the help of our amazing immune system. (digitalmarylandnews.com)
  • Some immunotherapy drugs boost the immune system to help the body fight the disease. (webmd.com)
  • This plaque is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans, such as Mad Cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease , scrapie (which affects sheep) and chronic wasting disease in deer. (childrenshealthdefense.org)
  • So, there are all these debilitating neurodegenerative diseases that come out of the prion protein, and the prion protein actually binds to its own G4s, which are in its own RNA," Seneff explains. (childrenshealthdefense.org)
  • GCSE Biology students need to understand the fundamental concept that communicable diseases are an interaction between a particular pathogen and the body's various defence mechanisms. (stem.org.uk)
  • This will then lead onto students being able to describe the specific defence mechanisms in terms of the role of the immune system. (stem.org.uk)
  • The researchers present their findings in the article " Modulation of Gut-Specific Mechanisms by Chronic Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Administration in Male Rhesus Macaques Infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus: A Systems Biology Analysis . (eurekalert.org)
  • In the "Innate Immune Suppression" paper, they and their other co-authors delve deep into the mechanisms of the COVID-19 shots, showing how they suppress your innate immune system. (childrenshealthdefense.org)
  • Translational studies of primary immunodeficiency diseases in patients and gene-targeted experimental models have increased our understanding of critical mechanisms for correct function of the immune system and have revealed novel therapeutic approaches. (ki.se)
  • Immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of AITD are strongly related to each other, but differences in the image of cAIT and GD phenotype are possibly due to a different type of immune response observed in these two counteracting clinical thyroid diseases. (viamedica.pl)
  • We explore the top ways to strengthen your immune system and keep it running optimally so you can get - and stay - healthier. (munsonhealthcare.org)
  • The division between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems is not clear cut," said Dr. Rosas-Ballina, explaining that the vagus nerve (the major parasympathetic nerve) acts through the splenic nerve to modulate immune function. (scienceblog.com)
  • He said that results of this study suggest that there may be two separate ways the brain communicates with the spleen to regulate immune function. (scienceblog.com)
  • is to provide updated information to scientists and clinicians that is valuable in their quest to gather information, carry out new investigations, or to check on clinical implications of the innate immune system function during disease. (novapublishers.com)
  • Recent research indicates that a person's level of physical activity affects their immune function, influencing their risk of respiratory tract infections such as a cold. (stem.org.uk)
  • A theory that I hold to be true is that our immune system will function at full capacity if left alone to do its job. (naturallivingfamily.com)
  • Diet plays a critical role in shaping the gut microbiota and also in shaping its ability to regulate host metabolism and immune function through production of bioactive metabolites especially the shortchain fatty acids and regulation of bile acid metabolism. (fmach.it)
  • Eating a healthy and balanced diet filled with fruits, vegetables, lean protein, and whole grains is essential for strong immune function. (digitalmarylandnews.com)
  • Stress can also have a negative impact on immune function. (digitalmarylandnews.com)
  • Try to incorporate stress-reducing activities into your daily routine to promote optimal immune function. (digitalmarylandnews.com)
  • Explore the basics of the immune system, its primary function, and its vital role in protecting the body against infections and diseases. (meyouhealth.net)
  • Learn how lifestyle choices, such as diet, exercise, and stress management, can impact immune function and overall health. (meyouhealth.net)
  • In "Innate Immune Suppression by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccinations: The Role of G-quadruplexes, Exosomes and MicroRNAs," Stephanie Seneff, Ph.D., and Drs. Peter McCullough, Greg Nigh and Anthony Kyriakopoulos explain how the COVID-19 shots suppress your innate immune function, and how they may cause neurological diseases. (childrenshealthdefense.org)
  • Primary immunodeficiencies are diseases in which part of the body's immune system is missing or does not function properly. (ki.se)
  • Additionally, SFE and LC extractions enhanced immune system function between weeks four and eight in comparison with other treatments. (kbi-indonesia.id)
  • Although the thymus has been identified as a part of the body since the time of the Ancient Greeks, it is only since the 1960s that the function of the thymus in the immune system has become clearer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Immunosenescence describes the deterioration and improper function of the immune system that comes with age. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • find that the Shannon entropy is not a decreasing function of developmental systems biology, biomathematics pseudo-time but instead it increases towards the time point of commitment before decreasing again. (lu.se)
  • Our immune systems are our internal defense line that protect us from outside invaders. (munsonhealthcare.org)
  • The more you understand about primary immunodeficiency (PI), the better you can live with the disease or support others in your life with PI. (primaryimmune.org)
  • What links the various organs that have been studied for protective conditioning effects are both the cardiovascular and immune systems. (conditionmed.org)
  • And while specific cardiovascular effects secondary to conditioning are well known (e.g. angiogenesis, improved vasoreactivity), our mechanistic understanding of conditioning effects on the immune system are less studied and will be the focus of this series of articles. (conditionmed.org)
  • Both of these conditioning paradigms rely on pleiotropic conditioning effects on the cardiovascular system to influence the immune response to brain injury after stroke. (conditionmed.org)
  • The immune method protects your child's substance engage outside invaders. (sahmy.com)
  • Because of its ability to generate an entire immune system, this is the cell that is most important in bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation . (primaryimmune.org)
  • If it is running too high or too low, however, it can produce debilitating pain and allow all types of disease to develop like autoimmunity . (naturallivingfamily.com)
  • The overall goal of our research is to understand how a compromised immune system leads to immunodeficiency with high incidence of autoimmunity and hematological cancers. (ki.se)
  • The hope is to modulate other immune functions like antibody production through the spleen (via vagus nerve stimulation) as a way to modify the course of infections and possibly some autoimmune disorders. (scienceblog.com)
  • Discover immunodeficiency disorders, characterized by a weakened or dysfunctional immune system, such as HIV/AIDS. (meyouhealth.net)
  • G4 is DNA sequence of four guanines, which plays an important role in diseases such as cancers and neurological disorders. (childrenshealthdefense.org)
  • It's one of the four nucleotides - the basic code - in DNA, and it's known to play an important role in diseases such as cancers and neurological disorders. (childrenshealthdefense.org)
  • Your immune system defends your body against substances it sees as harmful or foreign. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Our immune system defends us from disease, but it is a very complicated system with many interactions occurring, and if things get dysregulated, it may actually play a role in causing disease," said Teixeiro, who works in the NextGen Precision Health Institute on MU's campus. (indiatimes.com)
  • Our study has huge implications for vaccination and public health, as we show that not only does measles vaccination protect people from measles, but also protects from other infectious diseases. (healthline.com)
  • This may have implications for any immunological disease and is of particular concern for chronic beryllium disease (CBD) as well as latex sensitivity. (cdc.gov)
  • This modulation may have implications for autoimmune disease management. (botanic.com.cn)
  • How does the immune and digestive system work together? (sahmy.com)
  • His work was related to obesity, but recently the process has been shown to be occurring in neurological diseases. (buckinstitute.org)
  • The spleen, once thought to be an unnecessary bit of tissue, is now regarded as an organ where important information from the nervous reaches the immune system. (scienceblog.com)
  • Effects from a single systemic conditioning stimulus can induce changes to multiple organ systems and/or confer resilience to many types of injury or disease. (conditionmed.org)
  • The thymus (PL: thymuses or thymi) is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • They may also do this if you are going to be immune-suppressed because of chemotherapy or an organ transplant. (medicinenet.com)
  • Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the most common organ-specific autoimmune disorder. (viamedica.pl)
  • Alcohol affects every single organ of the body including weakening the immune system, reduces one's ability to fight infectious diseases and may further increase feeling of anxiety and depression. (who.int)
  • Maintaining a healthy immune system is essential for overall health and wellbeing. (digitalmarylandnews.com)
  • It provides 90% protection against shingles to people 50 years and older who have healthy immune systems. (medicinenet.com)
  • A higher iAge score indicates an increased potential for disease, while a lower score suggests a relatively healthy immune system. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • from the San Diego Biomedical Research Institute in San Diego, CA, USA ( Halder and Milner, 2021 ) focuses on the effects of hypoxic conditioning on multiple sclerosis (MS), the prototypical autoimmune disease of the CNS. (conditionmed.org)
  • These problems include immunodeficiency diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you have an immunodeficiency disease, you get sick more often. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People with AIDS have badly damaged immune systems. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Some people ask why AIDS is so important compared with other diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • After all, more people die each year of heart disease and cancer than of AIDS. (cdc.gov)
  • The issue is not whether AIDS is more or less important than any other single disease. (cdc.gov)
  • These [papers] really advance our understanding of the impact of measles virus on the immune system and consequently the potential for increased susceptibility to other infectious diseases," says epidemiologist William Moss of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health who was not involved in either study. (the-scientist.com)
  • Crohn's disease has been linked with bacterial infections such as Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) and with the measles virus and the MMR vaccine. (iowalum.com)
  • The immune system plays a pivotal role in maintaining health by defending the body against infections and diseases. (botanic.com.cn)