Inability to achieve and maintain an erection (ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION) due to defects in the arterial blood flow to the PENIS, defect in venous occlusive function allowing blood drainage (leakage) from the erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum penis), or both.
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.
The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra.
The state of the PENIS when the erectile tissue becomes filled or swollen (tumid) with BLOOD and causes the penis to become rigid and elevated. It is a complex process involving CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS; HORMONES; SMOOTH MUSCLES; and vascular functions.
An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.
A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.
Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.
The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior.
A pathologic process consisting of the proliferation of blood vessels in abnormal tissues or in abnormal positions.
A histochemical technique for staining carbohydrates. It is based on PERIODIC ACID oxidation of a substance containing adjacent hydroxyl groups. The resulting aldehydes react with Schiff reagent to form a colored product.
The performance of surgical procedures with the aid of a microscope.
Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.
Cell adhesion molecules present on virtually all monocytes, platelets, and granulocytes. CD31 is highly expressed on endothelial cells and concentrated at the junctions between them.
The space or compartment surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis). It is subdivided into the greater pelvis and LESSER PELVIS. The pelvic girdle is formed by the PELVIC BONES and SACRUM.
Either of two fleshy protuberances at the lower posterior section of the trunk or HIP in humans and primate on which a person or animal sits, consisting of gluteal MUSCLES and fat.
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.
The structure of one molecule that imitates or simulates the structure of a different molecule.
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)
The development of new BLOOD VESSELS during the restoration of BLOOD CIRCULATION during the healing process.
Sulfones are a class of organic compounds containing the functional group with a sulfur atom bonded to two oxygen atoms and another organic group, widely used in pharmaceuticals, particularly for the treatment of bacterial infections, leprosy, and certain types of cancer.
Any of the tubular vessels conveying the blood (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins).
Intercellular signaling peptides and proteins that regulate the proliferation of new blood vessels under normal physiological conditions (ANGIOGENESIS, PHYSIOLOGICAL). Aberrant expression of angiogenic proteins during disease states such as tumorigenesis can also result in PATHOLOGICAL ANGIOGENESIS.
A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.
Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs.
A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include ADENINE and GUANINE, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with the disease of diabetes mellitus. Due to the impaired control of BLOOD GLUCOSE level in diabetic patients, pathological processes develop in numerous tissues and organs including the EYE, the KIDNEY, the BLOOD VESSELS, and the NERVE TISSUE.
An Eph family receptor found abundantly in tissues of epithelial origin. It is expressed in a diverse array of tissues during embryonic development, suggesting that it may play a role in embryogenesis. In adult tissues high levels of the receptor are expressed in the LUNG; SKIN; SMALL INTESTINE and OVARY.
Highly specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the HEART; BLOOD VESSELS; and lymph vessels, forming the ENDOTHELIUM. They are polygonal in shape and joined together by TIGHT JUNCTIONS. The tight junctions allow for variable permeability to specific macromolecules that are transported across the endothelial layer.
Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of phosphodiesterases.
Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Precursor cells destined to differentiate into cardiac myocytes (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC).
Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE).
The original member of the family of endothelial cell growth factors referred to as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was originally isolated from tumor cells and referred to as "tumor angiogenesis factor" and "vascular permeability factor". Although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating VASODILATION via NITRIC OXIDE-dependent pathways. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein being produced.
A 200-230-kDa tyrosine kinase receptor for vascular endothelial growth factors found primarily in endothelial and hematopoietic cells and their precursors. VEGFR-2 is important for vascular and hematopoietic development, and mediates almost all endothelial cell responses to VEGF.
The first to be discovered member of the angiopoietin family. It may play a role in increasing the sprouting and branching of BLOOD VESSELS. Angiopoietin-1 specifically binds to and stimulates the TIE-2 RECEPTOR. Several isoforms of angiopoietin-1 occur due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA.
Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion.
An uncommon variant of CHORIOCARCINOMA. It is composed almost entirely of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). Because its secretion of hCG (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN) is low, a large tumor may develop before the hCG can be detected.
Unique slender cells with multiple processes extending along the capillary vessel axis and encircling the vascular wall, also called mural cells. Pericytes are imbedded in the BASEMENT MEMBRANE shared with the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessel. Pericytes are important in maintaining vessel integrity, angiogenesis, and vascular remodeling.
A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.
Highly proliferative, self-renewing, and colony-forming stem cells which give rise to NEOPLASMS.
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.
Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.
A TIE receptor tyrosine kinase that is found almost exclusively on ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. It is required for both normal embryonic vascular development (NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGIC) and tumor angiogenesis (NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC).
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
The finer blood vessels of the vasculature that are generally less than 100 microns in internal diameter.
A subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain short highly glycosylated extracellular domains and two active cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphatase domains.
Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.
Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.
Transplantation between animals of different species.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Specialized stem cells that are committed to give rise to cells that have a particular function; examples are MYOBLASTS; MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS; and skin stem cells. (Stem Cells: A Primer [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2000 May [cited 2002 Apr 5]. Available from: http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm)
The circulation of the BLOOD through the MICROVASCULAR NETWORK.
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)
Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.
Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.
Compounds that inhibit the enzyme activity or activation of MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A secreted endopeptidase homologous with INTERSTITIAL COLLAGENASE, but which possesses an additional fibronectin-like domain.
Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content.
A CXC chemokine that is chemotactic for T-LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES. It has specificity for CXCR4 RECEPTORS. Two isoforms of CXCL12 are produced by alternative mRNA splicing.
All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.
A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).
Generating tissue in vitro for clinical applications, such as replacing wounded tissues or impaired organs. The use of TISSUE SCAFFOLDING enables the generation of complex multi-layered tissues and tissue structures.
Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.
Agents and endogenous substances that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels.
Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue.
Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.
Glycoproteins found on immature hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. They are the only molecules to date whose expression within the blood system is restricted to a small number of progenitor cells in the bone marrow.
Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.
Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.
The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.
Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Recent advancement in diagnosis of vasculogenic impotence. (1/63)

Several dynamic tests with vasoactive drugs are available for evaluating penile vascular inflows and outflows, ranging from simple pharmacologic test to more invasive radiologic sets. However, there is still no perfect single test to reflect the penile vascular flow. All possible efforts should be exerted to get the greatest erectile effect to avoid an underestimation of blood flow to the corpora due to incomplete relaxation of the trabecular smooth muscle. Appreciation of the type and frequency of anatomical variations and potential collateral routes is important in interpreting penile arterograms and in evaluating the hemodynamic significance of suspected arterial disease. Choice of the vascular tests should always depend on the purpose of testing.  (+info)

Are normal hemodynamic responses invariably associated with normal penile rigidity and potency? (2/63)

The existence and importance of patients with low penile buckling pressure and normal penile hemodynamic status have been recently recognized. We assessed the ratio of inadequate erection for vaginal penetration (low buckling pressure) in patients with normal penile vascular system proved with penile Doppler ultrasonography. A total of 101 patients with normal penile vascular status were retrospectively scrutinized dependent on penile axial rigidity (buckling pressure). Ninety patients had sufficient penile axial rigidity (> or = 550 g) whereas in the remaining 11 patients (11%) inadequate penile buckling pressure for vaginal penetration (< 550 g) was determined. Penile geometric and mechanical properties should not be overlooked during the evaluation of penile vascular system lest the patient be incorrectly diagnosed as having psychogenic impotence.  (+info)

Hair analysis for pharmaceutical drugs. II. Effective extraction and determination of sildenafil (Viagra) and its N-desmethyl metabolite in rat and human hair by GC-MS. (3/63)

In order to study the incorporation of sildenafil (SDF) and its N-demethylated metabolite (norSDF) into hair, animal model experiments were carried out. After shaving the back hair, SDF was dosed to two sets of three male dark-agouti pigmented rats (5 weeks old) per each group at 25 mg/kg once a day for 5 successive days with intraperitoneal (i.p.) (set1) and oral administration (set2). The regrown back hair was collected 14 d after the first administration. Three typical extraction methods, using methanol-5 M hydrochloric acid, methanol-trifluoroacetic acid and 1 M sodium hydroxide, were evaluated using the rat hair samples containing SDF and norSDF. Methanol-5 M hydrochloric acid was the best extraction method in terms of high efficiency and reproducibility. The extract was purified using Bond Elut Certify columns and was derivatized with trimethylsilylimidazole: N,O-bis(trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide): trimethylchlorosilane (3: 3: 2) at 90 degrees C for 30 min. The trimethylsilylated products were analyzed by GC-MS using selected ion monitoring. SDF and norSDF were simultaneously detected in the rat hair. The hair concentrations were 4.9-6.3 (av. 5.8) ng/mg and 15.6-20.3 (av. 17.6) ng/mg for SDF and norSDF, respectively, with i.p. administration, and 2.6-4.1 (av. 3.6) ng/mg and 8.1-10.4 (av. 9.1) ng/mg with oral administration. The hair concentrations of norSDF were about three times higher than those of SDF, and the ratios of both compounds showed no significant difference between i.p. and oral administrations. This method was applied to the scalp hair of two patients who orally took SDF at regular intervals for the treatment of penile erectile dysfunction. The hair concentrations of SDF and norSDF in the two patients were 19.8 and 55.9 ng/mg, and 1.7 and 5.6 ng/mg, respectively.  (+info)

Is there a common pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction and how does this relate to new pharmacotherapies? (4/63)

Many basic and clinical studies show erectile dysfunction (ED) to be caused by a wide variety of factors. Although these factors can be divided into psychological and organic origins and these too can further be subdivided, many patients will show complex patterns of causes for ED ('mixed ED'). Many of these factors will have a direct or indirect impact on the efficacy of centrally and peripherally acting drugs, thus necessitating a variety of drugs with different modes of action and different modes of application to ensure appropriate therapy for many patients. However, some factors will render all imaginable forms of pharmacological options totally inefficient, thus necessitating forms of treatment other than pharmacotherapy.  (+info)

A population pharmacokinetic analysis of sildenafil citrate in patients with erectile dysfunction. (5/63)

AIMS: To analyse the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil citrate in patients with erectile dysfunction in order to characterize covariate relationships and assist in the development of rational dosage strategies. METHODS: A population pharmacokinetic sampling strategy was incorporated into five phase III clinical study protocols. Overall, 2077 patients, 1335 of whom received sildenafil, were asked to take an additional dose of study drug before their scheduled clinic visits on four or five occasions throughout the study duration. A single plasma sample was obtained at random times postdose (range 1--7 h), and a total of 4582 samples were assayed (average 3.4 samples per individual). RESULTS: For the population average patient (age 58 years; aspartate transaminase [AST], 24 IU l(-1); weight, 87 kg; not receiving CYP3A4 potential inhibitors), typical values for sildenafil (mean +/- SE) were 58.5 +/- 1.4 l h(-1) for apparent clearance (CL/F), 310 +/- 6.92 l for volume of distribution (V/F), and 2.6 +/- 0.176 h(-1) for first-order absorption constant (ka). The value for ka is associated with meal consumption within 2 h predose, at all other times ka was equivalent to an instantaneous bolus administration. The interindividual variabilities were 29% for CL/F, 20% for V/F, and 210% for ka. Over a dose range of 25--100 mg sildenafil, the pharmacokinetics exhibited dose proportionality. There was evidence of nonproportionality (40% increase on average) in relative bioavailability with respect to the 200-mg dose (P<0.001) relative to the other doses. Age, AST concentration, and co-administration with CYP3A4 potential inhibitors significantly influenced CL/F of sildenafil (P<0.001, for each relationship). For age and AST, the extent of the linear relationships (extrapolated from population average values) included a 4% decrease in CL/F for every decade increase and a 6% decrease in CL/F for every 10-unit increase, respectively. Following co-administration of CYP3A4 potential inhibitors, a 14% decrease in CL/F was estimated. Only body weight was found to significantly (P<0.001) influence V/F (a 6% increase in V/F for every 10-kg increase). CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacokinetics of, and covariate influences on, sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction were shown to be consistent with those demonstrated in phase I volunteer studies.  (+info)

Onset and duration of action of sildenafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. (6/63)

AIMS: To determine the onset and duration of action of sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS: Two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover studies were conducted in men with ED of no known organic cause. Study I: The time to onset of erections after sildenafil (50 mg) or placebo dosing following visual sexual stimulation (VSS) was assessed in 17 patients. Patients not achieving >60% penile rigidity by 70 min postdose as measured by a RigiScan(R) monitoring device were assigned an onset time of 70 min. Study II: The duration of grade 3 (hard enough for penetration) and grade 4 (fully hard) erections, determined by self-assessment during 60 min of VSS starting 2 and 4 h after sildenafil (100 mg) or placebo dosing, was measured in 16 patients. RESULTS: Study I: The median time (range) to onset of erections was 27 min (in a range of 12--70) after receiving sildenafil 50 mg. In the sildenafil group, 71% of patients experienced onset of erections within 30 min of dosing, and 82% responded within 45 min. Of the patients who achieved >60% penile rigidity after sildenafil, 86% had done so by 30 min after dosing. Study II: When VSS began 2 h postdose, the median duration of grade 3 or 4 erections was 19.5 min (0--55) for sildenafil vs 0 min (0--23) for placebo. When VSS began 4 h postdose, the median duration was 5 min (0--45) for sildenafil compared with 0 min for placebo (0--27). CONCLUSIONS: Sildenafil is an effective oral treatment for ED that produces a penetrative erection as early as 12 min and for most patients, within 30 min after dosing, and a duration of action lasting at least 4 h.  (+info)

Role of penile vascular insufficiency in erectile dysfunction in renal transplant recipients. (7/63)

The objectives of this study were to define the role and haemodynamic features of penile vascular insufficiency in impotent renal transplant recipients (RTR) as well as to establish the possible vascular risk factors for impotence in these patients. A total of 54 RTR (35 impotent and 19 potent) and 21 potent healthy subjects were included in this study. All patients were assessed clinically and by measurement of serum creatinine, serum bilirubin, cyclosporine blood levels, haemoglobin and total serum cholesterol. All subjects were subjected to intracavernous injection of 20 microg prostaglandin E1 followed by colour Duplex sonographic examination. Our results showed that impotent RTR were significantly more likely than potent RTR to have hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolaemia (P<0.05). Arterial occlusive disease was identified in 42.9% of impotent RTR. Findings suggestive of veno-occlusive dysfunction were found in 68.6% and 26.3% of impotent and potent RTR, respectively (P=0.003). Unilateral ligation of the internal iliac artery has a negative role on haemodynamic parameters compared to unilateral end-to-side anastomosis to external iliac artery in impotent RTR (P<0.05). Impotent RTR receiving more than one antihypertensive drug showed significant decrease in basal peak systolic velocity (PSV), dynamic PSV, erectile angle and cavernosal artery diameter compared to those receiving one drug (P<0.05). In conclusion, penile vascular insufficiency appears to play a substantial role in the pathogenesis of impotence in transplant patients. Anastomosis of the graft to external iliac artery could preserve the potency to some degree. Antihypertensives should be reduced as much as possible to avoid their negative effects on erectile function.  (+info)

Erectile dysfunction and the cardiovascular patient: endothelial dysfunction is the common denominator. (8/63)

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common condition and studies predict that it will become even more common in the future. There is increasing evidence to suggest that it is predominantly a vascular disease and may even be a marker for occult cardiovascular disease. The common pathological process is at the level of the endothelium, and cardiovascular risk factor control may be the key to preventing ED. Many men with established cardiovascular disease have ED. Specific guidelines for the management of ED in these patients have been produced by an expert panel. Cardiovascular risk stratification is an important initial step in managing such patients. In cardiac patients considered to have low cardiovascular risk, the management of ED can be safe and effective.  (+info)

Vasculogenic impotence, also known as vasculogenic erectile dysfunction (VED), is a specific type of erectile dysfunction that is primarily caused by conditions that affect the blood flow in the penis. This means that the blood vessels that supply the penis with oxygenated blood necessary for an erection are not functioning properly.

The term "vasculogenic" refers to the origin or development of blood vessels, and in this context, it specifically relates to the dysfunction of the blood vessels responsible for erectile function. Common conditions that can lead to vasculogenic impotence include atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), hypertension (high blood pressure), diabetes, high cholesterol levels, and smoking.

In vasculogenic impotence, the smooth muscle in the penis does not relax properly, which restricts blood flow into the corpora cavernosa, the sponge-like erectile tissue inside the penis. As a result, an adequate erection cannot be achieved or maintained, leading to difficulty with sexual intercourse and overall sexual satisfaction.

Treatment for vasculogenic impotence typically involves addressing the underlying medical conditions that contribute to poor blood flow in the penis. This may include lifestyle modifications such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and adopting a healthy diet. Medications like phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5is) can also be prescribed to improve erectile function by increasing blood flow to the penis. In some cases, more invasive treatments like penile revascularization surgery may be considered for severe cases of vasculogenic impotence that do not respond to other forms of treatment.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. It can have physical and psychological causes, such as underlying health conditions like diabetes, heart disease, obesity, and mental health issues like stress, anxiety, and depression. ED can also be a side effect of certain medications. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, medication, counseling, and in some cases, surgery.

The penis is a part of the male reproductive and urinary systems. It has three parts: the root, the body, and the glans. The root attaches to the pelvic bone and the body makes up the majority of the free-hanging portion. The glans is the cone-shaped end that protects the urethra, the tube inside the penis that carries urine from the bladder and semen from the testicles.

The penis has a dual function - it acts as a conduit for both urine and semen. During sexual arousal, the penis becomes erect when blood fills two chambers inside its shaft. This process is facilitated by the relaxation of the smooth muscles in the arterial walls and the trappping of blood in the corpora cavernosa. The stiffness of the penis enables sexual intercourse. After ejaculation, or when the sexual arousal passes, the muscles contract and the blood flows out of the penis back into the body, causing it to become flaccid again.

The foreskin, a layer of skin that covers the glans, is sometimes removed in a procedure called circumcision. Circumcision is often performed for religious or cultural reasons, or as a matter of family custom. In some countries, it's also done for medical reasons, such as to treat conditions like phimosis (an inability to retract the foreskin) or balanitis (inflammation of the glans).

It's important to note that any changes in appearance, size, or function of the penis should be evaluated by a healthcare professional, as they could indicate an underlying medical condition.

Penile erection is a physiological response that involves the engagement of the corpus cavernosum and spongiosum (erectile tissue) of the penis with blood, leading to its stiffness and rigidity. This process is primarily regulated by the autonomic nervous system and is influenced by factors such as sexual arousal, emotional state, and certain medications or medical conditions. A penile erection may also occur in non-sexual situations, such as during sleep (nocturnal penile tumescence) or due to other physical stimuli.

Papaverine is defined as a smooth muscle relaxant and a non-narcotic alkaloid derived from the opium poppy. It works by blocking the phosphodiesterase enzyme, leading to an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels within the cells, which in turn results in muscle relaxation.

It is used medically for its vasodilatory effects to treat conditions such as cerebral or peripheral vascular spasms and occlusive diseases, Raynaud's phenomenon, and priapism. Papaverine can also be used as an anti-arrhythmic agent in the management of certain types of cardiac arrhythmias.

It is important to note that papaverine has a narrow therapeutic index, and its use should be closely monitored due to the potential for adverse effects such as hypotension, reflex tachycardia, and gastrointestinal disturbances.

Priapism is defined as a persistent and painful erection of the penis that lasts for more than four hours and occurs without sexual stimulation. It's a serious medical condition that requires immediate attention, as it can lead to permanent damage to the penis if left untreated.

Priapism can be classified into two types: ischemic (or low-flow) priapism and nonischemic (or high-flow) priapism. Ischemic priapism is the more common form, and it occurs when blood flow to the penis is obstructed, leading to the accumulation of deoxygenated blood in the corpora cavernosa. Nonischemic priapism, on the other hand, is usually caused by unregulated arterial blood flow into the corpora cavernosa, often as a result of trauma or surgery.

The causes of priapism can vary, but some common underlying conditions include sickle cell disease, leukemia, spinal cord injuries, and certain medications such as antidepressants and drugs used to treat erectile dysfunction. Treatment for priapism depends on the type and cause of the condition, and may involve medication, aspiration of blood from the penis, or surgical intervention.

The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs that produce, store, and secrete hormones. It plays a crucial role in regulating various functions in the body, including metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.

Endocrine system diseases or disorders occur when there is a problem with the production or regulation of hormones. This can result from:

1. Overproduction or underproduction of hormones by the endocrine glands.
2. Impaired response of target cells to hormones.
3. Disruption in the feedback mechanisms that regulate hormone production.

Examples of endocrine system diseases include:

1. Diabetes Mellitus - a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin deficiency or resistance.
2. Hypothyroidism - underactive thyroid gland leading to slow metabolism, weight gain, fatigue, and depression.
3. Hyperthyroidism - overactive thyroid gland causing rapid heartbeat, anxiety, weight loss, and heat intolerance.
4. Cushing's Syndrome - excess cortisol production resulting in obesity, high blood pressure, and weak muscles.
5. Addison's Disease - insufficient adrenal hormone production leading to weakness, fatigue, and low blood pressure.
6. Acromegaly - overproduction of growth hormone after puberty causing enlargement of bones, organs, and soft tissues.
7. Gigantism - similar to acromegaly but occurs before puberty resulting in excessive height and body size.
8. Hypopituitarism - underactive pituitary gland leading to deficiencies in various hormones.
9. Hyperparathyroidism - overactivity of the parathyroid glands causing calcium imbalances and kidney stones.
10. Precocious Puberty - early onset of puberty due to premature activation of the pituitary gland.

Treatment for endocrine system diseases varies depending on the specific disorder and may involve medication, surgery, lifestyle changes, or a combination of these approaches.

Uveal neoplasms refer to tumors that originate in the uveal tract, which is the middle layer of the eye. The uveal tract includes the iris (the colored part of the eye), ciliary body (structures behind the iris that help focus light), and choroid (a layer of blood vessels that provides nutrients to the retina). Uveal neoplasms can be benign or malignant, with malignant uveal melanoma being the most common primary intraocular cancer in adults. These tumors can cause various symptoms, such as visual disturbances, eye pain, or floaters, and may require treatment to preserve vision and prevent metastasis.

Libido, in medical and psychological terms, refers to a person's overall sexual drive or desire for sexual activity. This term was first introduced by Sigmund Freud in his psychoanalytic theory, where he described it as one of the three components of human personality. Libido is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors, and can vary significantly among individuals. It's important to note that a low or absent libido does not necessarily indicate an underlying medical issue, but could be a result of various factors such as stress, fatigue, relationship issues, mental health disorders, or hormonal imbalances. If you have concerns about your libido, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional for a proper evaluation and guidance.

Pathologic neovascularization is the abnormal growth of new blood vessels in previously avascular tissue or excessive growth within existing vasculature, which occurs as a result of hypoxia, inflammation, or angiogenic stimuli. These newly formed vessels are often disorganized, fragile, and lack proper vessel hierarchy, leading to impaired blood flow and increased vascular permeability. Pathologic neovascularization can be observed in various diseases such as cancer, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and chronic inflammation. This process contributes to disease progression by promoting tumor growth, metastasis, and edema formation, ultimately leading to tissue damage and organ dysfunction.

The Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction is a histological staining method used to detect the presence of certain carbohydrates, such as glycogen and glycoproteins, in tissues or cells. This technique involves treating the tissue with periodic acid, which oxidizes the vicinal hydroxyl groups in the carbohydrates, creating aldehydes. The aldehydes then react with Schiff's reagent, forming a magenta-colored complex that is visible under a microscope.

The PAS reaction is commonly used to identify and analyze various tissue components, such as basement membranes, fungal cell walls, and mucins in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. It can also be used to diagnose certain medical conditions, like kidney diseases, where abnormal accumulations of carbohydrates occur in the renal tubules or glomeruli.

In summary, the Periodic Acid-Schiff reaction is a staining method that detects specific carbohydrates in tissues or cells, which can aid in diagnostic and research applications.

Microsurgery is a surgical technique that requires the use of an operating microscope and fine instruments to perform precise surgical manipulations. It is commonly used in various fields such as ophthalmology, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, and plastic and reconstructive surgery. The magnification provided by the microscope allows surgeons to work on small structures like nerves, blood vessels, and tiny bones. Some of the most common procedures that fall under microsurgery include nerve repair, replantation of amputated parts, and various types of reconstructions such as free tissue transfer for cancer reconstruction or coverage of large wounds.

An injection is a medical procedure in which a medication, vaccine, or other substance is introduced into the body using a needle and syringe. The substance can be delivered into various parts of the body, including into a vein (intravenous), muscle (intramuscular), under the skin (subcutaneous), or into the spinal canal (intrathecal or spinal).

Injections are commonly used to administer medications that cannot be taken orally, have poor oral bioavailability, need to reach the site of action quickly, or require direct delivery to a specific organ or tissue. They can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as drawing blood samples (venipuncture) or injecting contrast agents for imaging studies.

Proper technique and sterile conditions are essential when administering injections to prevent infection, pain, and other complications. The choice of injection site depends on the type and volume of the substance being administered, as well as the patient's age, health status, and personal preferences.

Physiological sexual dysfunction refers to any issues or problems that an individual experiences in their sexual response cycle, which can be broken down into four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. These difficulties may include a lack of desire or interest in sex (low libido), difficulty becoming aroused (erectile dysfunction in men or inadequate lubrication in women), challenges reaching orgasm, or pain during sexual activity (dyspareunia).

Physiological sexual dysfunctions can be caused by a variety of factors, including medical conditions (such as diabetes, heart disease, neurological disorders, or hormonal imbalances), medications (including some antidepressants and blood pressure drugs), substance abuse, surgical procedures, or aging. Psychological factors, such as stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or past traumatic experiences, can also contribute to sexual dysfunction.

It is important to note that sexual dysfunctions are common and nothing to be ashamed of. If you are experiencing symptoms of sexual dysfunction, it is recommended that you consult a healthcare professional for an evaluation and appropriate treatment options.

CD31 (also known as PECAM-1 or Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1) is a type of protein that is found on the surface of certain cells in the body, including platelets, endothelial cells (which line the blood vessels), and some immune cells.

CD31 functions as a cell adhesion molecule, meaning it helps cells stick together and interact with each other. It plays important roles in various physiological processes, such as the regulation of leukocyte migration, angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels), hemostasis (the process that stops bleeding), and thrombosis (the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel).

As an antigen, CD31 is used in immunological techniques to identify and characterize cells expressing this protein. Antigens are substances that can be recognized by the immune system and stimulate an immune response. In the case of CD31, antibodies specific to this protein can be used to detect its presence on the surface of cells, providing valuable information for research and diagnostic purposes.

The pelvis is the lower part of the trunk, located between the abdomen and the lower limbs. It is formed by the fusion of several bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis (which together form the hip bone on each side), and the sacrum and coccyx in the back. The pelvis has several functions including supporting the weight of the upper body when sitting, protecting the lower abdominal organs, and providing attachment for muscles that enable movement of the lower limbs. In addition, it serves as a bony canal through which the reproductive and digestive tracts pass. The pelvic cavity contains several vital organs such as the bladder, parts of the large intestine, and in females, the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.

The buttocks are the rounded part of the lower back, above the hips. They are formed by the masses of muscle tissue (gluteal muscles) and fat that cover the coccyx and sacrum, which are the terminal parts of the vertebral column. The primary function of the gluteal muscles is to provide stability and strength for walking, running, and jumping movements.

In anatomical terms, the buttocks are also known as the natis or nates. Medical professionals may use these terms when discussing conditions or treatments related to this area of the body.

Urinary incontinence is defined as the involuntary loss or leakage of urine that is sufficient to be a social or hygienic problem. It can occur due to various reasons such as weak pelvic muscles, damage to nerves that control the bladder, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions like diabetes, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson's disease.

There are different types of urinary incontinence, including stress incontinence (leakage of urine during physical activities like coughing, sneezing, or exercising), urge incontinence (a sudden and strong need to urinate that results in leakage), overflow incontinence (constant dribbling of urine due to a bladder that doesn't empty completely), functional incontinence (inability to reach the bathroom in time due to physical or mental impairments), and mixed incontinence (a combination of any two or more types of incontinence).

Urinary incontinence can significantly impact a person's quality of life, causing embarrassment, social isolation, and depression. However, it is a treatable condition, and various treatment options are available, including bladder training, pelvic floor exercises, medications, medical devices, and surgery.

Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon in immunology where structurally similar molecules from different sources can induce cross-reactivity of the immune system. This means that an immune response against one molecule also recognizes and responds to another molecule due to their structural similarity, even though they may be from different origins.

In molecular mimicry, a foreign molecule (such as a bacterial or viral antigen) shares sequence or structural homology with self-antigens present in the host organism. The immune system might not distinguish between these two similar molecules, leading to an immune response against both the foreign and self-antigens. This can potentially result in autoimmune diseases, where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues or organs.

Molecular mimicry has been implicated as a possible mechanism for the development of several autoimmune disorders, including rheumatic fever, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and multiple sclerosis. However, it is essential to note that molecular mimicry alone may not be sufficient to trigger an autoimmune response; other factors like genetic predisposition and environmental triggers might also play a role in the development of these conditions.

Melanoma is defined as a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes. It typically occurs in the skin but can rarely occur in other parts of the body, including the eyes and internal organs. Melanoma is characterized by the uncontrolled growth and multiplication of melanocytes, which can form malignant tumors that invade and destroy surrounding tissue.

Melanoma is often caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, but it can also occur in areas of the body not exposed to the sun. It is more likely to develop in people with fair skin, light hair, and blue or green eyes, but it can affect anyone, regardless of their skin type.

Melanoma can be treated effectively if detected early, but if left untreated, it can spread to other parts of the body and become life-threatening. Treatment options for melanoma include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the stage and location of the cancer. Regular skin examinations and self-checks are recommended to detect any changes or abnormalities in moles or other pigmented lesions that may indicate melanoma.

Physiologic neovascularization is the natural and controlled formation of new blood vessels in the body, which occurs as a part of normal growth and development, as well as in response to tissue repair and wound healing. This process involves the activation of endothelial cells, which line the interior surface of blood vessels, and their migration, proliferation, and tube formation to create new capillaries. Physiologic neovascularization is tightly regulated by a balance of pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors, ensuring that it occurs only when and where it is needed. It plays crucial roles in various physiological processes, such as embryonic development, tissue regeneration, and wound healing.

Sulfones are a group of medications that contain a sulfur atom bonded to two oxygen atoms and one other group, typically a hydrogen or carbon atom. They have various medical uses, including as antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory agents. One example of a sulfone is dapsone, which is used to treat bacterial infections such as leprosy and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), as well as some inflammatory skin conditions. It's important to note that sulfones can have significant side effects and should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the body. They form a network of tubes that carry blood to and from the heart, lungs, and other organs. The main types of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body, while veins return deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries connect arteries and veins and facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials between the blood and the body's tissues.

Angiogenic proteins are a group of molecules that play a crucial role in the formation of new blood vessels, a process known as angiogenesis. These proteins can stimulate the growth, survival, and migration of endothelial cells, which line the interior surface of blood vessels. By promoting the development of new blood vessels, angiogenic proteins help supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues, facilitating wound healing, tissue repair, and regeneration.

However, an imbalance in angiogenic proteins can contribute to various pathological conditions. Overexpression or dysregulation of these proteins has been associated with several diseases, including cancer, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and rheumatoid arthritis. In contrast, a deficiency in angiogenic proteins can lead to ischemic disorders, such as peripheral artery disease and coronary artery disease.

Some examples of angiogenic proteins are:

1. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF): One of the most potent and well-studied angiogenic factors, VEGF stimulates endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and survival. It is overexpressed in various malignancies, contributing to tumor growth and metastasis.
2. Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF): A family of growth factors that includes FGF1, FGF2, and others. They promote angiogenesis by stimulating endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation.
3. Angiopoietins: A group of proteins that include Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2). Ang-1 primarily acts as a stabilizer of blood vessels by promoting endothelial cell survival and maturation, while Ang-2 can destabilize existing vessels and promote the formation of new ones.
4. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF): A protein that plays a role in recruiting pericytes, supporting cells that help maintain the stability of blood vessels. PDGF also contributes to angiogenesis by stimulating endothelial cell proliferation and migration.
5. Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF): A pleiotropic factor that promotes angiogenesis by stimulating endothelial cell motility, proliferation, and survival. It also plays a role in the recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells to sites of neovascularization.
6. Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β): A family of cytokines that includes TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3. They regulate various cellular processes, including angiogenesis, by modulating endothelial cell function and extracellular matrix remodeling.
7. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) receptors: Tyrosine kinase receptors that mediate the effects of VEGF on endothelial cells. They include VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3, which have distinct roles in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.
8. Tie receptors: Receptor tyrosine kinases that bind to Angiopoietins and regulate endothelial cell survival, migration, and vascular remodeling. They include Tie-1 and Tie-2, which have distinct roles in angiogenesis and vascular maturation.
9. Eph receptors: Receptor tyrosine kinases that bind to ephrins and regulate cell-cell interactions, migration, and axonal guidance. They also play a role in angiogenesis by modulating endothelial cell function and vascular patterning.
10. Notch receptors: Transmembrane proteins that mediate cell-cell communication and regulate various developmental processes, including angiogenesis. They include Notch-1, Notch-2, Notch-3, and Notch-4, which have distinct roles in endothelial cell differentiation, migration, and vascular morphogenesis.

These factors and their receptors form complex signaling networks that regulate angiogenesis in a context-dependent manner. Dysregulation of these pathways can lead to aberrant angiogenesis and contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms that control angiogenesis is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies to treat these conditions.

Phentolamine is a non-selective alpha-blocker drug, which means it blocks both alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors. It works by relaxing the muscle around blood vessels, which increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure. Phentolamine is used medically for various purposes, including the treatment of high blood pressure, the diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma (a tumor that releases hormones causing high blood pressure), and as an antidote to prevent severe hypertension caused by certain medications or substances. It may also be used in diagnostic tests to determine if a patient's blood pressure is reactive to drugs, and it can be used during some surgical procedures to help lower the risk of hypertensive crises.

Phentolamine is available in two forms: an injectable solution and oral tablets. The injectable form is typically administered by healthcare professionals in a clinical setting, while the oral tablets are less commonly used due to their short duration of action and potential for causing severe drops in blood pressure. As with any medication, phentolamine should be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider, and patients should follow their doctor's instructions carefully to minimize the risk of side effects and ensure the drug's effectiveness.

The iliac arteries are major branches of the abdominal aorta, the large artery that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. The iliac arteries divide into two branches, the common iliac arteries, which further bifurcate into the internal and external iliac arteries.

The internal iliac artery supplies blood to the lower abdomen, pelvis, and the reproductive organs, while the external iliac artery provides blood to the lower extremities, including the legs and feet. Together, the iliac arteries play a crucial role in circulating blood throughout the body, ensuring that all tissues and organs receive the oxygen and nutrients they need to function properly.

Purines are heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds that consist of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. They are fundamental components of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. In the body, purines can be synthesized endogenously or obtained through dietary sources such as meat, seafood, and certain vegetables.

Once purines are metabolized, they are broken down into uric acid, which is excreted by the kidneys. Elevated levels of uric acid in the body can lead to the formation of uric acid crystals, resulting in conditions such as gout or kidney stones. Therefore, maintaining a balanced intake of purine-rich foods and ensuring proper kidney function are essential for overall health.

Diabetes complications refer to a range of health issues that can develop as a result of poorly managed diabetes over time. These complications can affect various parts of the body and can be classified into two main categories: macrovascular and microvascular.

Macrovascular complications include:

* Cardiovascular disease (CVD): People with diabetes are at an increased risk of developing CVD, including coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and stroke.
* Peripheral arterial disease (PAD): This condition affects the blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the limbs, particularly the legs. PAD can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the legs and may increase the risk of amputation.

Microvascular complications include:

* Diabetic neuropathy: This is a type of nerve damage that can occur due to prolonged high blood sugar levels. It commonly affects the feet and legs, causing symptoms such as numbness, tingling, or pain.
* Diabetic retinopathy: This condition affects the blood vessels in the eye and can cause vision loss or blindness if left untreated.
* Diabetic nephropathy: This is a type of kidney damage that can occur due to diabetes. It can lead to kidney failure if not managed properly.

Other complications of diabetes include:

* Increased risk of infections, particularly skin and urinary tract infections.
* Slow healing of wounds, which can increase the risk of infection and amputation.
* Gum disease and other oral health problems.
* Hearing impairment.
* Sexual dysfunction.

Preventing or managing diabetes complications involves maintaining good blood sugar control, regular monitoring of blood glucose levels, following a healthy lifestyle, and receiving routine medical care.

EphA2 is a type of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that belongs to the Eph (Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular) family of receptors. It is a transmembrane protein found on the surface of many types of cells, including epithelial, endothelial, and cancer cells.

EphA2 receptors play critical roles in various biological processes such as cell growth, survival, migration, and angiogenesis. They interact with their ligands, called ephrins, which are also transmembrane proteins expressed on adjacent cells. The interaction between EphA2 and ephrins triggers bidirectional signaling that can regulate the adhesion, repulsion, or movement of cells in response to contact with other cells.

In cancer biology, EphA2 receptors have been implicated in tumor progression and metastasis. Overexpression of EphA2 has been observed in various types of human cancers, including breast, lung, prostate, ovarian, and colon cancer. High levels of EphA2 are often associated with poor clinical outcomes, making it an attractive therapeutic target for cancer treatment.

Endothelial cells are the type of cells that line the inner surface of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and heart chambers. They play a crucial role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by controlling vasomotor tone, coagulation, platelet activation, and inflammation. Endothelial cells also regulate the transport of molecules between the blood and surrounding tissues, and contribute to the maintenance of the structural integrity of the vasculature. They are flat, elongated cells with a unique morphology that allows them to form a continuous, nonthrombogenic lining inside the vessels. Endothelial cells can be isolated from various tissues and cultured in vitro for research purposes.

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE inhibitors) are a class of drugs that work by blocking the action of phosphodiesterase enzymes, which are responsible for breaking down cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), two crucial intracellular signaling molecules.

By inhibiting these enzymes, PDE inhibitors increase the concentration of cAMP and cGMP in the cells, leading to a variety of effects depending on the specific type of PDE enzyme that is inhibited. These drugs have been used in the treatment of various medical conditions such as erectile dysfunction, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and heart failure.

Examples of PDE inhibitors include sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), vardenafil (Levitra) for erectile dysfunction, and iloprost, treprostinil, and sildenafil for pulmonary arterial hypertension. It's important to note that different PDE inhibitors have varying levels of selectivity for specific PDE isoforms, which can result in different therapeutic effects and side effect profiles.

According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), stem cells are "initial cells" or "precursor cells" that have the ability to differentiate into many different cell types in the body. They can also divide without limit to replenish other cells for as long as the person or animal is still alive.

There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which come from human embryos, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues throughout the body. Embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into all cell types in the body, while adult stem cells have more limited differentiation potential.

Stem cells play an essential role in the development and repair of various tissues and organs in the body. They are currently being studied for their potential use in the treatment of a wide range of diseases and conditions, including cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and neurological disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand the properties and capabilities of these cells before they can be used safely and effectively in clinical settings.

Myoblasts are immature cells that later develop into muscle cells (also known as myocytes). Cardiac myoblasts, therefore, are the immature cells that will specialize and develop into cardiac muscle cells. These cells play a crucial role in the growth, repair, and regeneration of heart muscles. In adults, however, the ability of these cells to regenerate damaged heart muscle tissue is limited. Recent research has focused on the potential use of cardiac myoblasts in cell-based therapies for various heart conditions, such as heart failure and myocardial infarction (heart attack).

A prostatectomy is a surgical procedure where all or part of the prostate gland is removed. This surgery can be performed through various approaches such as open surgery, laparoscopic surgery, or robotic-assisted surgery. The type of prostatectomy performed depends on the reason for the surgery and the patient's individual circumstances.

There are two main types of prostatectomies: radical and simple. A radical prostatectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the entire prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and surrounding lymph nodes. This type of prostatectomy is typically performed as a treatment for prostate cancer.

A simple prostatectomy, on the other hand, involves removing only the inner part of the prostate gland that is causing symptoms such as difficulty urinating or bladder obstruction. Simple prostatectomies are usually performed to alleviate benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland.

Regardless of the type of prostatectomy, potential risks and complications include bleeding, infection, urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and changes in sexual function. It is important for patients to discuss these risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing surgery.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA) is a specific isoform of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. It is a well-characterized signaling protein that plays a crucial role in angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation from pre-existing vessels. VEGFA stimulates the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, which line the interior surface of blood vessels, thereby contributing to the growth and development of new vasculature. This protein is essential for physiological processes such as embryonic development and wound healing, but it has also been implicated in various pathological conditions, including cancer, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. The regulation of VEGFA expression and activity is critical to maintaining proper vascular function and homeostasis.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that is primarily expressed on vascular endothelial cells. It is a crucial regulator of angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation from pre-existing vessels. VEGFR-2 is activated by binding to its ligand, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A), leading to receptor dimerization and autophosphorylation. This activation triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling events that promote endothelial cell proliferation, migration, survival, and vascular permeability, all essential steps in the angiogenic process.

VEGFR-2 plays a significant role in physiological and pathological conditions associated with angiogenesis, such as embryonic development, wound healing, tumor growth, and retinopathies. Inhibition of VEGFR-2 signaling has been an attractive target for anti-angiogenic therapies in various diseases, including cancer and age-related macular degeneration.

Angiopoietin-1 (ANG-1) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of blood vessels. It is a member of the angiopoietin family, which includes several growth factors involved in the regulation of angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones.

ANG-1 primarily binds to the Tie2 receptor, which is predominantly expressed on vascular endothelial cells. The ANG-1/Tie2 signaling pathway promotes vascular stability, integrity, and maturation by enhancing endothelial cell survival, migration, and adhesion. It also inhibits vascular leakage and inflammation, contributing to the overall homeostasis of the vasculature.

In addition to its role in physiological conditions, ANG-1 has been implicated in various pathological processes such as tumor angiogenesis, ischemia, and fibrosis. Modulation of the ANG-1/Tie2 signaling pathway has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating several diseases associated with abnormal vascular function.

Laminin is a family of proteins that are an essential component of the basement membrane, which is a specialized type of extracellular matrix. Laminins are large trimeric molecules composed of three different chains: α, β, and γ. There are five different α chains, three different β chains, and three different γ chains that can combine to form at least 15 different laminin isoforms.

Laminins play a crucial role in maintaining the structure and integrity of basement membranes by interacting with other components of the extracellular matrix, such as collagen IV, and cell surface receptors, such as integrins. They are involved in various biological processes, including cell adhesion, differentiation, migration, and survival.

Laminin dysfunction has been implicated in several human diseases, including cancer, diabetic nephropathy, and muscular dystrophy.

A Trophoblastic Tumor, Placental Site (also known as Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor or PSTT) is a rare type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which are tumors that develop from the tissue that would normally become the placenta during pregnancy.

PSTT originates from the intermediate trophoblast cells, which invade the uterine wall and cause bleeding at the site of implantation during a normal pregnancy. These tumors typically occur in women who have had a prior pregnancy, with a median age of diagnosis around 35 years old.

PSTTs are usually slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms for an extended period. However, some common symptoms include abnormal vaginal bleeding, irregular menstrual periods, or pelvic pain. In rare cases, PSTT can metastasize to other organs such as the lungs, liver, or brain.

The diagnosis of PSTT is made through a combination of imaging studies (such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI) and histopathological examination of tissue samples obtained via biopsy or curettage. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by chemotherapy in cases where there is evidence of metastasis or high-risk features. Regular follow-up with serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) levels and imaging studies is essential to monitor for recurrence.

Pericytes are specialized cells that surround the endothelial cells which line the blood capillaries. They play an important role in the regulation of capillary diameter, blood flow, and the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). Pericytes also contribute to the maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, immune surveillance, and the clearance of waste products from the brain. They are often referred to as "mural cells" or "rouleaux cells" and can be found in various tissues throughout the body.

Testosterone is a steroid hormone that belongs to androsten class of hormones. It is primarily secreted by the Leydig cells in the testes of males and, to a lesser extent, by the ovaries and adrenal glands in females. Testosterone is the main male sex hormone and anabolic steroid. It plays a key role in the development of masculine characteristics, such as body hair and muscle mass, and contributes to bone density, fat distribution, red cell production, and sex drive. In females, testosterone contributes to sexual desire and bone health. Testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol and its production is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Neoplastic stem cells, also known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), are a subpopulation of cells within a tumor that are capable of self-renewal and generating the heterogeneous lineages of cells that comprise the tumor. These cells are believed to be responsible for the initiation, maintenance, and progression of cancer, as well as its recurrence and resistance to therapy.

CSCs share some similarities with normal stem cells, such as their ability to divide asymmetrically and give rise to differentiated progeny. However, they also have distinct characteristics that distinguish them from their normal counterparts, including aberrant gene expression, altered signaling pathways, and increased resistance to apoptosis (programmed cell death).

The existence of CSCs has important implications for cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Targeting these cells specifically may be necessary to achieve durable remissions and prevent relapse, as they are thought to survive conventional therapies that target the bulk of the tumor. Further research is needed to better understand the biology of CSCs and develop effective strategies for their elimination.

Prostatic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the prostate gland, which can be benign or malignant. The term "neoplasm" simply means new or abnormal tissue growth. When it comes to the prostate, neoplasms are often referred to as tumors.

Benign prostatic neoplasms, such as prostate adenomas, are non-cancerous overgrowths of prostate tissue. They usually grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. While they can cause uncomfortable symptoms like difficulty urinating, they are generally not life-threatening.

Malignant prostatic neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous growths. The most common type of prostate cancer is adenocarcinoma, which arises from the glandular cells in the prostate. Prostate cancer often grows slowly and may not cause any symptoms for many years. However, some types of prostate cancer can be aggressive and spread quickly to other parts of the body, such as the bones or lymph nodes.

It's important to note that while prostate neoplasms can be concerning, early detection and treatment can significantly improve outcomes for many men. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are key to monitoring prostate health and catching any potential issues early on.

The endothelium is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelial cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and heart chambers. The vascular endothelium, specifically, refers to the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by regulating vasomotor tone, coagulation, platelet activation, inflammation, and permeability of the vessel wall. They also contribute to the growth and repair of the vascular system and are involved in various pathological processes such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes.

TEC (Tyrosine kinase with Immunoglobulin-like and EGF homology domains-2) or TIE-2 is a type of receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a crucial role in the regulation of angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and vascular maintenance. It is primarily expressed on the surface of endothelial cells, which line the interior surface of blood vessels.

The TIE-2 receptor binds to its ligand, angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), promoting vessel stability and quiescence by reducing endothelial cell permeability and enhancing their survival. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) can also bind to the TIE-2 receptor but with lower affinity than Ang1, acting as a context-dependent agonist or antagonist. In the presence of VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor), Ang2 functions as an antagonist, inducing vascular instability and increasing endothelial cell permeability, which contributes to angiogenesis during development and in pathological conditions like tumor growth, inflammation, and ischemia.

Abnormal TIE-2 signaling has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis, and diabetic retinopathy. Targeting the TIE-2 signaling pathway presents an attractive therapeutic strategy for treating these conditions.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

Microvessels are the smallest blood vessels in the body, including capillaries, venules, and arterioles. They form a crucial part of the circulatory system, responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs while removing waste products. Capillaries, the tiniest microvessels, facilitate the exchange of substances between blood and tissue cells through their thin walls. Overall, microvessels play a vital role in maintaining proper organ function and overall health.

Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatases, class 4 (RPTPs, Class 4) are a subfamily of transmembrane receptor proteins that possess tyrosine-specific phosphatase activity. They play crucial roles in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and migration, by regulating the balance of protein tyrosine phosphorylation.

Class 4 RPTPs are characterized by the presence of two extracellular carbonic anhydrase-like domains (CA domains), a single transmembrane region, and one intracellular catalytic domain with tyrosine phosphatase activity. The extracellular CA domains are involved in mediating protein-protein interactions, while the intracellular domain regulates signaling pathways through dephosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues on target proteins.

There are four members in this class: RPTP-μ (PTPRM), RPTP-π (PTPRS), RPTP-ε (PTPRE), and RPTP-δ (PTPRD). Mutations in these genes have been associated with various human diseases, including neurological disorders, cancer, and immune dysfunction.

In summary, Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatases, class 4 are a group of transmembrane receptors that regulate cellular signaling through tyrosine dephosphorylation, with important roles in various physiological processes and disease states.

"Nude mice" is a term used in the field of laboratory research to describe a strain of mice that have been genetically engineered to lack a functional immune system. Specifically, nude mice lack a thymus gland and have a mutation in the FOXN1 gene, which results in a failure to develop a mature T-cell population. This means that they are unable to mount an effective immune response against foreign substances or organisms.

The name "nude" refers to the fact that these mice also have a lack of functional hair follicles, resulting in a hairless or partially hairless phenotype. This feature is actually a secondary consequence of the same genetic mutation that causes their immune deficiency.

Nude mice are commonly used in research because their weakened immune system makes them an ideal host for transplanted tumors, tissues, and cells from other species, including humans. This allows researchers to study the behavior of these foreign substances in a living organism without the complication of an immune response. However, it's important to note that because nude mice lack a functional immune system, they must be kept in sterile conditions and are more susceptible to infection than normal mice.

Ischemia is the medical term used to describe a lack of blood flow to a part of the body, often due to blocked or narrowed blood vessels. This can lead to a shortage of oxygen and nutrients in the tissues, which can cause them to become damaged or die. Ischemia can affect many different parts of the body, including the heart, brain, legs, and intestines. Symptoms of ischemia depend on the location and severity of the blockage, but they may include pain, cramping, numbness, weakness, or coldness in the affected area. In severe cases, ischemia can lead to tissue death (gangrene) or organ failure. Treatment for ischemia typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the blocked blood flow, such as through medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

A drug combination refers to the use of two or more drugs in combination for the treatment of a single medical condition or disease. The rationale behind using drug combinations is to achieve a therapeutic effect that is superior to that obtained with any single agent alone, through various mechanisms such as:

* Complementary modes of action: When different drugs target different aspects of the disease process, their combined effects may be greater than either drug used alone.
* Synergistic interactions: In some cases, the combination of two or more drugs can result in a greater-than-additive effect, where the total response is greater than the sum of the individual responses to each drug.
* Antagonism of adverse effects: Sometimes, the use of one drug can mitigate the side effects of another, allowing for higher doses or longer durations of therapy.

Examples of drug combinations include:

* Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV infection, which typically involves a combination of three or more antiretroviral drugs to suppress viral replication and prevent the development of drug resistance.
* Chemotherapy regimens for cancer treatment, where combinations of cytotoxic agents are used to target different stages of the cell cycle and increase the likelihood of tumor cell death.
* Fixed-dose combination products, such as those used in the treatment of hypertension or type 2 diabetes, which combine two or more active ingredients into a single formulation for ease of administration and improved adherence to therapy.

However, it's important to note that drug combinations can also increase the risk of adverse effects, drug-drug interactions, and medication errors. Therefore, careful consideration should be given to the selection of appropriate drugs, dosing regimens, and monitoring parameters when using drug combinations in clinical practice.

Heterologous transplantation is a type of transplantation where an organ or tissue is transferred from one species to another. This is in contrast to allogeneic transplantation, where the donor and recipient are of the same species, or autologous transplantation, where the donor and recipient are the same individual.

In heterologous transplantation, the immune systems of the donor and recipient are significantly different, which can lead to a strong immune response against the transplanted organ or tissue. This is known as a graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where the immune cells in the transplanted tissue attack the recipient's body.

Heterologous transplantation is not commonly performed in clinical medicine due to the high risk of rejection and GVHD. However, it may be used in research settings to study the biology of transplantation and to develop new therapies for transplant rejection.

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell, or stem cell, becomes a more specialized cell type with specific functions and structures. This process involves changes in gene expression, which are regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. Differentiation results in the development of distinct cell types that make up tissues and organs in multicellular organisms. It is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, tissue repair, and maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

Multipotent stem cells are a type of stem cell that have the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, but are more limited than pluripotent stem cells. These stem cells are found in various tissues and organs throughout the body, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, and dental pulp. They can give rise to a number of different cell types within their own germ layer (endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm), but cannot cross germ layer boundaries. For example, multipotent stem cells found in bone marrow can differentiate into various blood cells such as red and white blood cells, but they cannot differentiate into nerve cells or liver cells. These stem cells play important roles in tissue repair and regeneration, and have potential therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine.

Microcirculation is the circulation of blood in the smallest blood vessels, including arterioles, venules, and capillaries. It's responsible for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products. The microcirculation plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and is regulated by various physiological mechanisms such as autonomic nervous system activity, local metabolic factors, and hormones.

Impairment of microcirculation can lead to tissue hypoxia, inflammation, and organ dysfunction, which are common features in several diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, sepsis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of the microcirculation is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies to treat these conditions.

A cell line that is derived from tumor cells and has been adapted to grow in culture. These cell lines are often used in research to study the characteristics of cancer cells, including their growth patterns, genetic changes, and responses to various treatments. They can be established from many different types of tumors, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, and leukemias. Once established, these cell lines can be grown and maintained indefinitely in the laboratory, allowing researchers to conduct experiments and studies that would not be feasible using primary tumor cells. It is important to note that tumor cell lines may not always accurately represent the behavior of the original tumor, as they can undergo genetic changes during their time in culture.

A hindlimb, also known as a posterior limb, is one of the pair of extremities that are located distally to the trunk in tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates) and include mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. In humans and other primates, hindlimbs are equivalent to the lower limbs, which consist of the thigh, leg, foot, and toes.

The primary function of hindlimbs is locomotion, allowing animals to move from one place to another. However, they also play a role in other activities such as balance, support, and communication. In humans, the hindlimbs are responsible for weight-bearing, standing, walking, running, and jumping.

In medical terminology, the term "hindlimb" is not commonly used to describe human anatomy. Instead, healthcare professionals use terms like lower limbs or lower extremities to refer to the same region of the body. However, in comparative anatomy and veterinary medicine, the term hindlimb is still widely used to describe the corresponding structures in non-human animals.

Bone marrow cells are the types of cells found within the bone marrow, which is the spongy tissue inside certain bones in the body. The main function of bone marrow is to produce blood cells. There are two types of bone marrow: red and yellow. Red bone marrow is where most blood cell production takes place, while yellow bone marrow serves as a fat storage site.

The three main types of bone marrow cells are:

1. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs): These are immature cells that can differentiate into any type of blood cell, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. They have the ability to self-renew, meaning they can divide and create more hematopoietic stem cells.
2. Red blood cell progenitors: These are immature cells that will develop into mature red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
3. Myeloid and lymphoid white blood cell progenitors: These are immature cells that will develop into various types of white blood cells, which play a crucial role in the body's immune system by fighting infections and diseases. Myeloid progenitors give rise to granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), monocytes, and megakaryocytes (which eventually become platelets). Lymphoid progenitors differentiate into B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.

Bone marrow cells are essential for maintaining a healthy blood cell count and immune system function. Abnormalities in bone marrow cells can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, leukopenia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, or thrombocytosis, depending on the specific type of blood cell affected. Additionally, bone marrow cells are often used in transplantation procedures to treat patients with certain types of cancer, such as leukemia and lymphoma, or other hematologic disorders.

Cadherins are a type of cell adhesion molecule that play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of intercellular junctions. They are transmembrane proteins that mediate calcium-dependent homophilic binding between adjacent cells, meaning that they bind to identical cadherin molecules on neighboring cells.

There are several types of cadherins, including classical cadherins, desmosomal cadherins, and protocadherins, each with distinct functions and localization in tissues. Classical cadherins, also known as type I cadherins, are the most well-studied and are essential for the formation of adherens junctions, which help to maintain cell-to-cell contact and tissue architecture.

Desmosomal cadherins, on the other hand, are critical for the formation and maintenance of desmosomes, which are specialized intercellular junctions that provide mechanical strength and stability to tissues. Protocadherins are a diverse family of cadherin-related proteins that have been implicated in various developmental processes, including neuronal connectivity and tissue patterning.

Mutations in cadherin genes have been associated with several human diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and heart defects. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and regulation of cadherins is essential for elucidating their roles in health and disease.

Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (MMPIs) are a class of pharmaceutical compounds that work by inhibiting the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are a family of enzymes involved in the breakdown and remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. MMPs play important roles in various physiological processes, including tissue repair, wound healing, and angiogenesis, but they can also contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as cancer, arthritis, and cardiovascular disease.

MMPIs are designed to block the activity of MMPs by binding to their active site or zinc-binding domain, thereby preventing them from degrading ECM proteins. These inhibitors can be broad-spectrum, targeting multiple MMPs, or selective, targeting specific MMP isoforms.

MMPIs have been studied as potential therapeutic agents for various diseases, including cancer, where they have shown promise in reducing tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis by inhibiting the activity of MMPs that promote these processes. However, clinical trials with MMPIs have yielded mixed results, and some studies have suggested that broad-spectrum MMPIs may have off-target effects that can lead to adverse side effects. Therefore, there is ongoing research into developing more selective MMPIs that target specific MMP isoforms involved in disease pathogenesis while minimizing off-target effects.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), also known as gelatinase A, is an enzyme that belongs to the matrix metalloproteinase family. MMPs are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix components, and MMP-2 is responsible for degrading type IV collagen, a major component of the basement membrane. This enzyme plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including tissue remodeling, wound healing, and angiogenesis. However, its dysregulation has been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as cancer, arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases. MMP-2 is synthesized as an inactive proenzyme and requires activation by other proteases or chemical modifications before it can exert its proteolytic activity.

Proteoglycans are complex, highly negatively charged macromolecules that are composed of a core protein covalently linked to one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. They are a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell signaling, regulation of growth factor activity, and maintenance of tissue structure and function.

The GAG chains, which can vary in length and composition, are long, unbranched polysaccharides that are composed of repeating disaccharide units containing a hexuronic acid (either glucuronic or iduronic acid) and a hexosamine (either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine). These GAG chains can be sulfated to varying degrees, which contributes to the negative charge of proteoglycans.

Proteoglycans are classified into four major groups based on their core protein structure and GAG composition: heparan sulfate/heparin proteoglycans, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, keratan sulfate proteoglycans, and hyaluronan-binding proteoglycans. Each group has distinct functions and is found in specific tissues and cell types.

In summary, proteoglycans are complex macromolecules composed of a core protein and one or more GAG chains that play important roles in the ECM and various biological processes, including cell signaling, growth factor regulation, and tissue structure maintenance.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12), also known as stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), is a small signaling protein belonging to the chemokine family. Chemokines are a group of cytokines, or signaling molecules, that play important roles in immune responses and inflammation by recruiting and activating various immune cells.

CXCL12 is produced by several types of cells, including stromal cells, endothelial cells, and certain immune cells. It exerts its effects by binding to a specific receptor called C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), which is found on the surface of various cell types, including immune cells, stem cells, and some cancer cells.

The CXCL12-CXCR4 axis plays crucial roles in various physiological processes, such as embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, hematopoiesis (the formation of blood cells), and neurogenesis (the formation of neurons). Additionally, this signaling pathway has been implicated in several pathological conditions, including cancer metastasis, inflammatory diseases, and HIV infection.

In summary, Chemokine CXCL12 is a small signaling protein that binds to the CXCR4 receptor and plays essential roles in various physiological processes and pathological conditions.

Cell proliferation is the process by which cells increase in number, typically through the process of cell division. In the context of biology and medicine, it refers to the reproduction of cells that makes up living tissue, allowing growth, maintenance, and repair. It involves several stages including the transition from a phase of quiescence (G0 phase) to an active phase (G1 phase), DNA replication in the S phase, and mitosis or M phase, where the cell divides into two daughter cells.

Abnormal or uncontrolled cell proliferation is a characteristic feature of many diseases, including cancer, where deregulated cell cycle control leads to excessive and unregulated growth of cells, forming tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites in the body.

Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body, and it is a major component of connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, and bones. Collagen provides structure and strength to these tissues and helps them to withstand stretching and tension. It is made up of long chains of amino acids, primarily glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which are arranged in a triple helix structure. There are at least 16 different types of collagen found in the body, each with slightly different structures and functions. Collagen is important for maintaining the integrity and health of tissues throughout the body, and it has been studied for its potential therapeutic uses in various medical conditions.

Tissue engineering is a branch of biomedical engineering that combines the principles of engineering, materials science, and biological sciences to develop functional substitutes for damaged or diseased tissues and organs. It involves the creation of living, three-dimensional structures that can restore, maintain, or improve tissue function. This is typically accomplished through the use of cells, scaffolds (biodegradable matrices), and biologically active molecules. The goal of tissue engineering is to develop biological substitutes that can ultimately restore normal function and structure in damaged tissues or organs.

CD (cluster of differentiation) antigens are cell-surface proteins that are expressed on leukocytes (white blood cells) and can be used to identify and distinguish different subsets of these cells. They are important markers in the field of immunology and hematology, and are commonly used to diagnose and monitor various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.

CD antigens are designated by numbers, such as CD4, CD8, CD19, etc., which refer to specific proteins found on the surface of different types of leukocytes. For example, CD4 is a protein found on the surface of helper T cells, while CD8 is found on cytotoxic T cells.

CD antigens can be used as targets for immunotherapy, such as monoclonal antibody therapy, in which antibodies are designed to bind to specific CD antigens and trigger an immune response against cancer cells or infected cells. They can also be used as markers to monitor the effectiveness of treatments and to detect minimal residual disease (MRD) after treatment.

It's important to note that not all CD antigens are exclusive to leukocytes, some can be found on other cell types as well, and their expression can vary depending on the activation state or differentiation stage of the cells.

Angiogenesis inhibitors are a class of drugs that block the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). They work by targeting specific molecules involved in the process of angiogenesis, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors. By blocking these molecules, angiogenesis inhibitors can prevent the development of new blood vessels that feed tumors, thereby slowing or stopping their growth.

Angiogenesis inhibitors are used in the treatment of various types of cancer, including colon, lung, breast, kidney, and ovarian cancer. They may be given alone or in combination with other cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Some examples of angiogenesis inhibitors include bevacizumab (Avastin), sorafenib (Nexavar), sunitinib (Sutent), and pazopanib (Votrient).

It's important to note that while angiogenesis inhibitors can be effective in treating cancer, they can also have serious side effects, such as high blood pressure, bleeding, and damage to the heart or kidneys. Therefore, it's essential that patients receive careful monitoring and management of these potential side effects while undergoing treatment with angiogenesis inhibitors.

Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process that occurs after tissue injury, aiming to restore the integrity and functionality of the damaged tissue. It involves a series of overlapping phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.

1. Hemostasis: This initial phase begins immediately after injury and involves the activation of the coagulation cascade to form a clot, which stabilizes the wound and prevents excessive blood loss.
2. Inflammation: Activated inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, infiltrate the wound site to eliminate pathogens, remove debris, and release growth factors that promote healing. This phase typically lasts for 2-5 days post-injury.
3. Proliferation: In this phase, various cell types, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes, proliferate and migrate to the wound site to synthesize extracellular matrix (ECM) components, form new blood vessels (angiogenesis), and re-epithelialize the wounded area. This phase can last up to several weeks depending on the size and severity of the wound.
4. Remodeling: The final phase of wound healing involves the maturation and realignment of collagen fibers, leading to the restoration of tensile strength in the healed tissue. This process can continue for months to years after injury, although the tissue may never fully regain its original structure and function.

It is important to note that wound healing can be compromised by several factors, including age, nutrition, comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, vascular disease), and infection, which can result in delayed healing or non-healing chronic wounds.

Neoplasm invasiveness is a term used in pathology and oncology to describe the aggressive behavior of cancer cells as they invade surrounding tissues and organs. This process involves the loss of cell-to-cell adhesion, increased motility and migration, and the ability of cancer cells to degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM) through the production of enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Invasive neoplasms are cancers that have spread beyond the original site where they first developed and have infiltrated adjacent tissues or structures. This is in contrast to non-invasive or in situ neoplasms, which are confined to the epithelial layer where they originated and have not yet invaded the underlying basement membrane.

The invasiveness of a neoplasm is an important prognostic factor in cancer diagnosis and treatment, as it can indicate the likelihood of metastasis and the potential effectiveness of various therapies. In general, more invasive cancers are associated with worse outcomes and require more aggressive treatment approaches.

CD34 is a type of antigen that is found on the surface of certain cells in the human body. Specifically, CD34 antigens are present on hematopoietic stem cells, which are immature cells that can develop into different types of blood cells. These stem cells are found in the bone marrow and are responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

CD34 antigens are a type of cell surface marker that is used in medical research and clinical settings to identify and isolate hematopoietic stem cells. They are also used in the development of stem cell therapies and transplantation procedures. CD34 antigens can be detected using various laboratory techniques, such as flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry.

It's important to note that while CD34 is a useful marker for identifying hematopoietic stem cells, it is not exclusive to these cells and can also be found on other cell types, such as endothelial cells that line blood vessels. Therefore, additional markers are often used in combination with CD34 to more specifically identify and isolate hematopoietic stem cells.

SCID mice is an acronym for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency mice. These are genetically modified mice that lack a functional immune system due to the mutation or knockout of several key genes required for immunity. This makes them ideal for studying the human immune system, infectious diseases, and cancer, as well as testing new therapies and treatments in a controlled environment without the risk of interference from the mouse's own immune system. SCID mice are often used in xenotransplantation studies, where human cells or tissues are transplanted into the mouse to study their behavior and interactions with the human immune system.

Neoplasm transplantation is not a recognized or established medical procedure in the field of oncology. The term "neoplasm" refers to an abnormal growth of cells, which can be benign or malignant (cancerous). "Transplantation" typically refers to the surgical transfer of living cells, tissues, or organs from one part of the body to another or between individuals.

The concept of neoplasm transplantation may imply the transfer of cancerous cells or tissues from a donor to a recipient, which is not a standard practice due to ethical considerations and the potential harm it could cause to the recipient. In some rare instances, researchers might use laboratory animals to study the transmission and growth of human cancer cells, but this is done for scientific research purposes only and under strict regulatory guidelines.

In summary, there is no medical definition for 'Neoplasm Transplantation' as it does not represent a standard or ethical medical practice.

Cell movement, also known as cell motility, refers to the ability of cells to move independently and change their location within tissue or inside the body. This process is essential for various biological functions, including embryonic development, wound healing, immune responses, and cancer metastasis.

There are several types of cell movement, including:

1. **Crawling or mesenchymal migration:** Cells move by extending and retracting protrusions called pseudopodia or filopodia, which contain actin filaments. This type of movement is common in fibroblasts, immune cells, and cancer cells during tissue invasion and metastasis.
2. **Amoeboid migration:** Cells move by changing their shape and squeezing through tight spaces without forming protrusions. This type of movement is often observed in white blood cells (leukocytes) as they migrate through the body to fight infections.
3. **Pseudopodial extension:** Cells extend pseudopodia, which are temporary cytoplasmic projections containing actin filaments. These protrusions help the cell explore its environment and move forward.
4. **Bacterial flagellar motion:** Bacteria use a whip-like structure called a flagellum to propel themselves through their environment. The rotation of the flagellum is driven by a molecular motor in the bacterial cell membrane.
5. **Ciliary and ependymal movement:** Ciliated cells, such as those lining the respiratory tract and fallopian tubes, have hair-like structures called cilia that beat in coordinated waves to move fluids or mucus across the cell surface.

Cell movement is regulated by a complex interplay of signaling pathways, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and adhesion molecules, which enable cells to respond to environmental cues and navigate through tissues.

'Tumor cells, cultured' refers to the process of removing cancerous cells from a tumor and growing them in controlled laboratory conditions. This is typically done by isolating the tumor cells from a patient's tissue sample, then placing them in a nutrient-rich environment that promotes their growth and multiplication.

The resulting cultured tumor cells can be used for various research purposes, including the study of cancer biology, drug development, and toxicity testing. They provide a valuable tool for researchers to better understand the behavior and characteristics of cancer cells outside of the human body, which can lead to the development of more effective cancer treatments.

It is important to note that cultured tumor cells may not always behave exactly the same way as they do in the human body, so findings from cell culture studies must be validated through further research, such as animal models or clinical trials.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

Neoplasm metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the primary site (where the original or primary tumor formed) to other places in the body. This happens when cancer cells break away from the original (primary) tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The cancer cells can then travel to other parts of the body and form new tumors, called secondary tumors or metastases.

Metastasis is a key feature of malignant neoplasms (cancers), and it is one of the main ways that cancer can cause harm in the body. The metastatic tumors may continue to grow and may cause damage to the organs and tissues where they are located. They can also release additional cancer cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system, leading to further spread of the cancer.

The metastatic tumors are named based on the location where they are found, as well as the type of primary cancer. For example, if a patient has a primary lung cancer that has metastasized to the liver, the metastatic tumor would be called a liver metastasis from lung cancer.

It is important to note that the presence of metastases can significantly affect a person's prognosis and treatment options. In general, metastatic cancer is more difficult to treat than cancer that has not spread beyond its original site. However, there are many factors that can influence a person's prognosis and response to treatment, so it is important for each individual to discuss their specific situation with their healthcare team.

Skin neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the skin that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They result from uncontrolled multiplication of skin cells, which can form various types of lesions. These growths may appear as lumps, bumps, sores, patches, or discolored areas on the skin.

Benign skin neoplasms include conditions such as moles, warts, and seborrheic keratoses, while malignant skin neoplasms are primarily classified into melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. These three types of cancerous skin growths are collectively known as non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer, while NMSCs tend to be less invasive but more common.

It's essential to monitor any changes in existing skin lesions or the appearance of new growths and consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment if needed.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

Neoplastic gene expression regulation refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and other molecules from genes in neoplastic cells, or cells that are part of a tumor or cancer. In a normal cell, gene expression is tightly regulated to ensure that the right genes are turned on or off at the right time. However, in cancer cells, this regulation can be disrupted, leading to the overexpression or underexpression of certain genes.

Neoplastic gene expression regulation can be affected by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and signals from the tumor microenvironment. These changes can lead to the activation of oncogenes (genes that promote cancer growth and development) or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (genes that prevent cancer).

Understanding neoplastic gene expression regulation is important for developing new therapies for cancer, as targeting specific genes or pathways involved in this process can help to inhibit cancer growth and progression.

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to amplify and detect specific DNA sequences. This technique is particularly useful for the detection and quantification of RNA viruses, as well as for the analysis of gene expression.

The process involves two main steps: reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the first step, reverse transcriptase enzyme is used to convert RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) by reading the template provided by the RNA molecule. This cDNA then serves as a template for the PCR amplification step.

In the second step, the PCR reaction uses two primers that flank the target DNA sequence and a thermostable polymerase enzyme to repeatedly copy the targeted cDNA sequence. The reaction mixture is heated and cooled in cycles, allowing the primers to anneal to the template, and the polymerase to extend the new strand. This results in exponential amplification of the target DNA sequence, making it possible to detect even small amounts of RNA or cDNA.

RT-PCR is a sensitive and specific technique that has many applications in medical research and diagnostics, including the detection of viruses such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). It can also be used to study gene expression, identify genetic mutations, and diagnose genetic disorders.

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a type of short, double-stranded RNA molecule that plays a role in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. The RNAi pathway is a natural cellular process that regulates gene expression by targeting and destroying specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, thereby preventing the translation of those mRNAs into proteins.

SiRNAs are typically 20-25 base pairs in length and are generated from longer double-stranded RNA precursors called hairpin RNAs or dsRNAs by an enzyme called Dicer. Once generated, siRNAs associate with a protein complex called the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which uses one strand of the siRNA (the guide strand) to recognize and bind to complementary sequences in the target mRNA. The RISC then cleaves the target mRNA, leading to its degradation and the inhibition of protein synthesis.

SiRNAs have emerged as a powerful tool for studying gene function and have shown promise as therapeutic agents for a variety of diseases, including viral infections, cancer, and genetic disorders. However, their use as therapeutics is still in the early stages of development, and there are challenges associated with delivering siRNAs to specific cells and tissues in the body.

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.

The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.

Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

A biological marker, often referred to as a biomarker, is a measurable indicator that reflects the presence or severity of a disease state, or a response to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be found in various materials such as blood, tissues, or bodily fluids, and they can take many forms, including molecular, histologic, radiographic, or physiological measurements.

In the context of medical research and clinical practice, biomarkers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Diagnosis: Biomarkers can help diagnose a disease by indicating the presence or absence of a particular condition. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker used to detect prostate cancer.
2. Monitoring: Biomarkers can be used to monitor the progression or regression of a disease over time. For instance, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are monitored in diabetes patients to assess long-term blood glucose control.
3. Predicting: Biomarkers can help predict the likelihood of developing a particular disease or the risk of a negative outcome. For example, the presence of certain genetic mutations can indicate an increased risk for breast cancer.
4. Response to treatment: Biomarkers can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific treatment by measuring changes in the biomarker levels before and after the intervention. This is particularly useful in personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual patients based on their unique biomarker profiles.

It's important to note that for a biomarker to be considered clinically valid and useful, it must undergo rigorous validation through well-designed studies, including demonstrating sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and clinical relevance.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Park, K. G.; Goldstein, I.; Andry, C.; Siroky, M. B.; Krane, R. J.; Azadzoi, K. M. (March 1997). "Vasculogenic female sexual ... International Journal of Impotence Research. 9 (1): 27-37. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3900258. ISSN 0955-9930. PMID 9138056. Shen, W. ...
In male patients with vasculogenic impotence, dysfunctional adenosine A2B receptors are associated with the resistance of the ...
... is one category of vasculogenic impotence - a cause of erectile dysfunction in males. It affects all ages, being particularly ... Since 1873, when a hypertonic solution was injected into the large penile vein in an attempt to treat impotence and resulting ...
... impotence MeSH C12.294.644.486.500 - impotence, vasculogenic MeSH C12.294.829.258 - cryptorchidism MeSH C12.294.829.493 - ...
Palese MA, Mulhall JP and Goldstein I. Surgical treatments for vasculogenic erectile dysfunction. Atlas of Male Sexual ... International Society for Sexual and Impotence Research (ISSIR) 2002 Sponseller Award for Excellence in Research 2002 National ...
During the late 16th and 17th centuries in France, male impotence was considered a crime, as well as legal grounds for a ... Focused shockwave therapy appears to work best for men with vasculogenic ED, which is a blood vessel disorder that affects ... McLaren A (2007). Impotence: A Cultural History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226500768. Roach M (2009). Bonk: The ... In 1982, he received FDA approval to market the product as the ErecAid®. John R. Brinkley initiated a boom in male impotence ...
Impotence, Vasculogenic / etiology* * Impotence, Vasculogenic / metabolism * Impotence, Vasculogenic / physiopathology * ...
Impotence (Vasculogenic Impotence) * Urinary Incontinence * Infertility * Erectile Dysfunction (ED) * Prostate Cancer * ...
Park, K. G.; Goldstein, I.; Andry, C.; Siroky, M. B.; Krane, R. J.; Azadzoi, K. M. (March 1997). "Vasculogenic female sexual ... International Journal of Impotence Research. 9 (1): 27-37. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3900258. ISSN 0955-9930. PMID 9138056. Shen, W. ...
Kerstein MD, Gould SA, French-Sherry E, Pirman C . Perineal trauma and vasculogenic impotence J Urol 1982; 127: 57. ... International Journal of Impotence Research (Int J Impot Res) ISSN 1476-5489 (online) ISSN 0955-9930 (print) ... International Journal of Impotence Research volume 14, pages 513-517 (2002)Cite this article ... Melman A, Christ GJ, Hirsch MS . Anatomy and physiology of the penis In: Bennett AH (ed). Impotence: Diagnosis and Management ...
Vasculogenic impotence evaluated by high-resolution ultrasonography and pulsed Doppler spectrum analysis. Radiology. 1985 Jun; ... Cavernous vein arterialization for vasculogenic impotence. An animal model. Urology. 1990 Jun; 35(6):513-8. Breza J, Aboseif SR ... Physiology of erection and pharmacological management of impotence. J Urol. 1987 May; 137(5):829-36. Lue TF, Tanagho EA. PMID: ... Neuroanatomy of penile erection: its relevance to iatrogenic impotence. J Urol. 1984 Feb; 131(2):273-80. Lue TF, Zeineh SJ, ...
"The classification recommended by the International Society of Impotence Research divides ED as follows: anatomic; vasculogenic ...
... evaluation of vasculogenic impotence; venous impotence; intracavernous injection of vasoactive drugs; diabetes and impotence; ... Peyronies disease and penile curvature; impotence and vascular surgery; surgical treatment of impotence; and miscellaneous. ... In Paris, France, the First World Meeting on Impotence Research took place. Major host: Ronald Virag. The meeting in Paris was ... San Francisco, World Meeting on Impotence Research Major host: Tom Lue. It was decided to allocate a portion of the profits ...
Virag R, Bennett AH (1991) Arterial and venous surgery for vasculogenic impotence: a combined French and American experience. ... Young SL, Hudson RS, Walker DF (1977) Impotence in bulls due to vascular shunts from the corpus cavernosum penis. J Am Vet Med ... Ashdown RR, Barnett SW, Ardalani G (1982) Impotence in the boar 2: Clinical and anatomical studies on impotent boars. Vet Rec ... Ashdown RR, David JS, Gibbs C (1979) Impotence in the bull: (1) Abnormal venous drainage of the corpus cavernosum penis. Vet ...
vasculogenic impotence DOID:4762 * adrenal gland hyperfunction DOID:3947 * glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism ...
Vasculogenic impotence. Proceedings of the 1st international conference on corpusmicro-organisms and of the ingredients used in ... of impotence as the latter term lack specificity and hasthat influence the expectations of the bam-(NO) precursors, act only ... by diabetes on the ability to erect-sexual allowing an amount increased of the bloodof impotence as the latter term lack ... Impotence and its medical and psychosocialneurotransmitters -Laboratory Studies24treatments for ED have to be considered in the ...
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1998) and assumes a model of vasculogenic impotence. Mydlo jh. J hist med allied sci 1997; 15: 564 61. ... Which the presence of this enzyme, impotence and diabetes and vascular stasis. All anterior knee: L6. Erectile dysfunction: The ...
Therefore, erectile dysfunction is also known as vasculogenic impotence. Epidemiological studies have shown that men with ...
The mechanisms of vasculogenic impotence do regain erectile function following. Going back to ray s last slides showed the same ...
EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF MULTIDRUG INTRACAVERNOUS THERAPY FOR VASCULOGENIC IMPOTENCE 1-gen-1993 Montorsi, F; Rigatti, P; ... EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF MULTIDRUG INTRACAVERNOUS THERAPY FOR VASCULOGENIC IMPOTENCE. 1993-01-01 Montorsi, F; Rigatti, P; ... EFFECT OF YOHIMBINE-TRAZODONE ON PSYCHOGENIC IMPOTENCE - A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY 1-gen-1994 ... EFFECT OF YOHIMBINE-TRAZODONE ON PSYCHOGENIC IMPOTENCE - A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY. ...
Transluminal angioplasty for treatment of vasculogenic impotence. JR Am J Roentgenol. 1982;139(2):371-3. 19. Van Unnik JG, ... Impotence due to the pelvic steal syndrome: treatment by iliac transluminal angioplasty. J Urol. 1985 May;133(5):860-1. 21. ... Impotence due to the external iliac steal syndrome treated by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. J Urol. 1984;131(3):544-5 ... Angelini G, Pezzini F, Mucci P. Arteriosclerosis and impotence. Minerva Psichiatr. 1985;26(4):353-17. 23. Urigo F, Pischedda A ...
People with diabetes, severe neurogenic impotence, or verified vasculogenic impotence are suitable candidates for penis ...
... angiography has been utilized to identify vasculogenic impotence. Given the success of endovascular drug-eluting stent (DES) ... 51 men with vasculogenic ED aged over 30 years were enrolled in this prospective study. Vasculogenic ED was accepted as a ... Endovascular treatment of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction. Kim, Edward D; Owen, Ryan C; White, Gregory S; Elkelany, Osama O; ... Measurement of CCA IMT may offer an alternative and simple method to predict the response of vasculogenic ED patients to PDE5- ...
Renova- Impotence (ED) is a Linear Shockwaves (LISW) device which incorporates a special shockwave transducer operable to ... in men with vasculogenic ED. Shockwave therapy has been studied in PD patients for numerous years. ... Effect of Shock Wave Treatment for Impotence Subsides; Only half of clients with initial treatment success keep benefits at two ... Shockwave treatment has actually ended up being a rising star in the fight against impotence. Kitrey, Ilan Gruenwald, Boaz ...
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Possible implications for vasculogenic erectile dysfunction progression. Age, 30(4), 217 - 228.*Google Scholar ... International Journal of Impotence Research, 28(4), 133 - 138.*Google Scholar. *BibTeX ...
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Assessment of vasculogenic male impotence using colour duplex ultrasound C. P. Oates, *R. S. Pickard, T. A. Whittingham and *P ... Irving Assessment of vasculogenic male impotence using colour duplex ultrasound, by C. P. Oates, R. S. Pickard, T. A. ... Spectral Doppler and colour flow imaging in impotence W. R. Lees, S. J. Garber, *A. E. Kulatilake and *S. Hamson Departments of ... Ten patients had differWe studied 50 patients with male impotence. Colour Doppler ences of flow greater than 1 : 1.7 between ...
Impotence. NIH round table on consensus building on impotence. JAMA, 1993; 270: 83-90 ... 3. In cases of erectile dysfunction of mixed origin, with a significant vasculogenic component, treatment of vasculogenic ... Impotence and its medical ad psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 1994 ... Of the four patients with a vasculogenic component of erectile dysfunction, two received trazodone (trittico) in combination ...
  • Impotence: Diagnosis and Management of Erectile Dysfunction WB Saunders: Philadelphia, PA 1994 pp 18-30. (nature.com)
  • The mechanisms of vasculogenic impotence do regain erectile function following. (ardelyx.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: To assess if the effect of intracavernosal injection of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on duration and rigidity of erection is dose dependent in patients with different types of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction (ED)? (bvsalud.org)
  • OBJECTIVES: We evaluated peripheral and penile homocysteine (Hcys) plasma levels before and after folic acid supplementation in idiopathic vasculogenic erectile dysfunction (ED) patients. (bvsalud.org)
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  • Erectile dysfunction (ED), formerly called impotence, can affect men of all ages, although it is much more common among older men. (limamemorial.org)
  • Erectile dysfunction (formerly called impotence) is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection that is sufficiently rigid for sexual intercourse. (limamemorial.org)
  • Venous leak appears to be the most common cause of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction (ED), which can be treated with venous embolization. (springeropen.com)
  • Erectile dysfunction (ED) or impotence is the inability to produce or sustain an erection, or to keep an erection active enough for sexual intercourse. (jadephoenixaestheticmedicine.com)
  • The most common cause and risk of erectile dysfunction is a result of poor blood circulation, known as vasculogenic erectile dysfunction. (jadephoenixaestheticmedicine.com)
  • Erectile dysfunction, also known as impotence, refers to the consistent inability to achieve or sustain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. (mysteryvibe.com)
  • International Journal of Impotence Research, 28 (4), 133 - 138. (up.pt)
  • People with diabetes, severe neurogenic impotence, or verified vasculogenic impotence are suitable candidates for penis enlargement surgery. (bizrahmed.com)
  • Which the presence of this enzyme, impotence and diabetes and vascular stasis. (ben.edu)
  • 0.05), These data confirm that vascular risk factors do increase the likelihood of vasculogenic impotence and that diabetes plays a major role in veno-occlusive dysfunction in the penis. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Physiology of erection and pharmacological management of impotence. (ladisfunzioneerettile.it)
  • CONCLUSION: Intracavernosal injection of PGE1 in escalating doses have improved the rigidity and duration of erection in patients with different types of vasculogenic ED. Patients with mixed arteriogenic and veno-occlusive ED have required the highest dose of PGE1 to achieve the best response. (bvsalud.org)
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  • His most valuable contribution in this particular area is the detection and correct interpretations of malformations and dysplasia of the arteries of the penis, which explains some cases of primary impotence. (issm.info)
  • Role of arteriography and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the diagnosis and treatment of arterial vasculogenic impotence. (ladisfunzioneerettile.it)
  • Persistent genital arousal disorder Once medical factors have vasculogenic impotence report failure to store blood in gels and O creams which may help kick. (aspect4radio.com)
  • Impotence affects almost all men at some time in their life, and the chance of experiencing symptoms rises as men age and their health deteriorates. (mensclinicnewjersey.com)
  • At this meeting, the group decided on a name for the organization, the International Society for Impotence Research (ISIR) , and the idea of an international biennial forum was solidified for the field. (issm.info)
  • In 2001, a study looked at over two decades of research to determine if anti-tobacco advertisements that featured vasculogenic impotence as a side effect of smoking was accurate. (pilot.com.au)
  • Impotence due to the pelvic steal syndrome: treatment by iliac transluminal angioplasty. (ladisfunzioneerettile.it)
  • Intracavernosal injections of vaso-active agents were a major breakthrough in the investigation and treatment of impotence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vasculogenic ED, or ED caused by a reduction in blood flow, is thought to be the most common cause of ED in males, leading physicians to be worried about age-related ED treatment issues. (mensclinicnewjersey.com)
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  • The bark of Yohimbe contains diseases that lead to impotence and help distinguish among problems with serious side effects, such. (iboard.my)
  • In analyzing the material presented and discussed at this conference, this consensus statement addresses issues of male erectile dysfunction, as implied by the term "impotence. (healthyplace.com)
  • Impotence (Erectile Dysfunction) is the inability to get and maintain an erection that is sufficient for satisfactory sexual intercourse. (mayfairdoctors.com)
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  • Erectile dysfunction (ED), formerly termed impotence , is defined as the persistent inability to develop or maintain a penile erection allowing for satisfactory sexual performance. (medscape.com)
  • excluding age andIt is noteworthy that erectile dysfunction might not be theand recognition of ED's associated medical and psychological40Altering Modifiable Risk Factors or Causes- Coronary Artery Disease, CAD Class I Patients with cardiac cheap viagra IntermediateWhatever the causal factors, the embarrassment amongCauses And Risk Factorsavailable therapies for cost-effectiveness.of ‚impotence' as the latter term lack specificity and has. (hazd2000.at)
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  • Erectile dysfunction or impotence is the inability to massage the penis with mint oil before intercourse didnt uncover much about what I was going. (pgmp.us)
  • It affects both arterial and venous blood flow in the penis, which is why it is indicated for vasculogenic erectile dysfunction. (exoltech.ps)
  • If you have erectile dysfunction, to as impotence, is a to desire and arousal, orgasm that can happen due to. (totoscleaning.com)
  • The term "impotence," as applied to the title of this conference, has traditionally been used to signify the inability of the male to attain and maintain erection of the penis sufficient to permit satisfactory sexual intercourse. (healthyplace.com)
  • Among these patients, 5 presented psychogenic impotence. (karger.com)
  • Cigarette smoking and other vascular risk factors in vasculogenic impotence. (medscape.com)
  • Shockwave therapy has been revealed to be a safe and effective treatment for vascular impotence (the most typical cause), as well as Peyronie's Disease. (windows.net)
  • Vasculogenic ED is the most common cause of organic ED. Hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking) can lead to alterations in the vascular flow of the corpora cavernosa and are common risk factors for ED. ED is now considered an underlying manifestation of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and its development often precedes clinical cardiovascular (CV) events. (medscape.com)
  • Role of Doppler ultrasound in the evaluation of penile hemodynamics in male impotence. (glhsu.org)
  • In terms of achieving tangible improvements among men suffering from vasculogenic impotence - characterized by inadequate arterial inflow - clinical trials involving Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (LI-ESWT), like those used in GAINSWave therapies, have shown promising outcomes. (agerejuvenation.com)
  • of ‚impotence' as the latter term lack specificity and hasreducing erotic focus or otherwise reducing awareness of viagra for women DYSFUNCTION (ED)than halfinformation about sexuality and all treatments for erectileED. (akademie.at)
  • 18 patients suffering from organic impotence developed passive erections at a flow of 80-120 ml/min, while the remaining 12 men needed a flow between 160 and 300 ml/min with visualization of a venous leak. (karger.com)
  • Most men will experience some form of impotence in their lifetime, and the likelihood of developing symptoms increases with age and declining health. (gainswave.com)
  • Leriche syndrome is a clinical syndrome described by intermittent claudication, impotence, and significantly decreased or absent femoral pulses. (medscape.com)
  • Oral impotence treatments have become the preferred option for most men suffering from this condition. (mayfairdoctors.com)
  • I must go, she said, suddenly, looking into the countenance of NicolaBrain now virility review Vitamins Supplements how safe is it to take nugenix vasculogenic impotence. (vizfilters.com)
  • Vasculogenic ED , or ED caused by decreased blood flow, is thought to be the main contributor to ED in most men and should prompt age-related ED treatment concerns for physicians. (gainswave.com)
  • Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. (medscape.com)
  • In conclusion, impotence (ED) is a common condition that can be caused by a range of factors, consisting of physical and mental elements. (transatcasa.com)
  • When ED is due to poor circulation (vasculogenic), it is a marker for increased risk for heart disease. (dysfunctioncenter.com)
  • Impotence (ED) is a typical condition that impacts men of any ages. (transatcasa.com)
  • Analysis of the results of reconstructive surgery for vasculogenic impotence. (glhsu.org)