Inert Gas Narcosis
Unconsciousness
Noble Gases
Decompression sickness and recreational scuba divers. (1/9)
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to clear the status of recreational scuba divers in Japan for promoting safety in recreational diving. METHODS: A five year (from 1996 to 2001) questionnaire survey was performed of Japanese divers at the Osezaki area in Japan. The subjects of this survey included diving instructors as well as recreational divers. Based on the obtained data, the study investigated the theory predicted incidence of decompression sickness (DCS) among Japanese recreational divers. RESULTS: The average (SD) of the maximum depth for diving was 37.4 (13.1) metres, which was deeper than the recommended depth of recreational diving. The incident rate of nitrogen narcosis (12%) was the most frequent, followed by barotraumas of the ear (11%) and barotraumas of the paranasal sinus (5.6%). The rate of DCS was 1.9 % (60 divers) during investigated period, and that DCS occurred once per 19 011 dives in calculation. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation showed that the status of leisure diving in Japan is still serious, because DCS would be expected to occur once a weekend in Japan. It is speculated that many divers may develop DCS while moving through high altitudes after diving, particularly at the Osezaki diving spot in Japan. Based on the results of this study, it is emphasised that every Japanese leisure diver should take an increasing interest in the safety of diving activity. (+info)Neuronal sensitivity to hyperoxia, hypercapnia, and inert gases at hyperbaric pressures. (2/9)
As ambient pressure increases, hydrostatic compression of the central nervous system, combined with increasing levels of inspired Po2, Pco2, and N2 partial pressure, has deleterious effects on neuronal function, resulting in O2 toxicity, CO2 toxicity, N2 narcosis, and high-pressure nervous syndrome. The cellular mechanisms responsible for each disorder have been difficult to study by using classic in vitro electrophysiological methods, due to the physical barrier imposed by the sealed pressure chamber and mechanical disturbances during tissue compression. Improved chamber designs and methods have made such experiments feasible in mammalian neurons, especially at ambient pressures <5 atmospheres absolute (ATA). Here we summarize these methods, the physiologically relevant test pressures, potential research applications, and results of previous research, focusing on the significance of electrophysiological studies at <5 ATA. Intracellular recordings and tissue Po2 measurements in slices of rat brain demonstrate how to differentiate the neuronal effects of increased gas pressures from pressure per se. Examples also highlight the use of hyperoxia (Effects of nitrogen and helium on CNS oxygen toxicity in the rat. (3/9)
The contribution of inert gases to the risk of central nervous system (CNS) oxygen toxicity is a matter of controversy. Therefore, diving regulations apply strict rules regarding permissible oxygen pressures (Po(2)). We studied the effects of nitrogen and helium (0, 15, 25, 40, 50, and 60%) and different levels of Po(2) (507, 557, 608, and 658 kPa) on the latency to the first electrical discharge (FED) in the EEG in rats, with repeated measurements in each animal. Latency as a function of the nitrogen pressure was not homogeneous for each rat. The prolongation of latency observed in some rats at certain nitrogen pressures, mostly in the range 100 to 500 kPa, was superimposed on the general trend for a reduction in latency as nitrogen pressure increased. This pattern was an individual trait. In contrast with nitrogen, no prolongation of latency to CNS oxygen toxicity was observed with helium, where an increase in helium pressure caused a reduction in latency. This bimodal response and the variation in the response between rats, together with a possible effect of ambient temperature on metabolic rate, may explain the conflicting findings reported in the literature. The difference between the two inert gases may be related to the difference in the narcotic effect of nitrogen. Proof through further research of a correlation between individual sensitivity to nitrogen narcosis and protection by N(2) against CNS oxygen toxicity in rat may lead to a personal O(2) limit in mixed-gas diving based on the diver sensitivity to N(2) narcosis. (+info)The physiology and pathophysiology of human breath-hold diving. (4/9)
(+info)Guiding principles in choosing a therapeutic table for DCI hyperbaric therapy. (5/9)
Hyperbaric therapy is the basis of treatment for pervasive development disorders. For this reason, the choice of the right therapeutic table for each case is critical. Above all, the delay in recompression time with respect to the first symptoms and to the severity of the case must be considered. In our experience, the use of low-pressure oxygen tables resolves almost all cases if recompression takes place within a short time. When recompression is possible almost immediately, the mechanical effect of reduction on bubble volume due to pressure is of remarkable importance. In these cases, high-pressure tables can be considered. These tables can also be used in severe spinal-cord decompression sickness. The preferred breathing mixture is still disputed. Heliox seems to be favored because it causes fewer problems during the recompression of divers, and above all, because nitrox can cause narcosis and contributes nitrogen. Saturation treatment should be avoided or at least used only in special cases. In cases of arterial gas embolism cerebral injury, it is recommended to start with an initial 6 ATA recompression only if the time between symptom onset and the beginning of recompression is less than a few hours. (+info)How can an inert gas counterbalance a NMDA-induced glutamate release? (6/9)
(+info)Changes in progressive-ratio performance under increased pressures of air. (7/9)
Rats performed on progressive-ratio schedules that required an increasing number of responses for each successive reinforcement. The number of responses required increased until the subjects failed to complete the next ratio in the sequence within 15 min. Response-ratio increments of two responses, five responses, and 20 responses were investigated. The size of the final completed ratio generally increased with increases in the progressive-ratio step size. Increased pressures of air in a hyperbaric chamber led to both increases and decreases in terminal ratio size, with the differential effects depending on both air pressure and on the size of the progressive-ratio increment. Changes in the number of responses in the final ratio were related to increased pressures of nitrogen, as similar pressures of helium produced few effects. (+info)Growth of Streptococcus faecalis under high hydrostatic pressure and high partial pressures of inert gases. (8/9)
Growth of Streptococcus faecalis in a complex medium was inhibited by xenon, nitrous oxide, argon, and nitrogen at gas pressures of 41 atm or less. The order of inhibitory potency was: xenon and nitrous oxide > argon > nitrogen. Helium appeared to be impotent. Oxygen also inhibited streptococcal growth and it acted synergistically with narcotic gases. Growth was slowed somewhat by 41 atm hydrostatic pressure in the absence of narcotic gases, but the gas effects were greater than those due to pressure. In relation to the sensitivity of this bacterium to pressure, we found that the volume of cultures increased during growth in a volumeter or dilatometer, and that this dilatation was due mainly to glycolysis. A volume increase of 20.3 +/- 3.6 ml/mole of lactic acid produced was measured, and this value was close to one of 24 ml/mole lactic acid given for muscle glycolysis, and interestingly, close to the theoretic volume increase of activation calculated from the depression of growth rate by pressure. (+info)Inert Gas Narcosis (IGN), also known as nitrogen narcosis or raptores narcosis, is a reversible alteration in consciousness, perception, and behavior that can occur in divers who breathe gas mixtures with high partial pressures of inert gases, such as nitrogen or helium, at depth. It is caused by the anesthetic effect of these gases on the central nervous system and is often described as feeling drunk or euphoric. The symptoms typically occur at depths greater than 30 meters (100 feet) and can include impaired judgment, memory, and coordination, which can increase the risk of accidents and injuries underwater. IGN is managed by ascending to shallower depths, where the partial pressure of the inert gas decreases, and by using gas mixtures with lower fractions of inert gases.
Unconsciousness is a state of complete awareness where a person is not responsive to stimuli and cannot be awakened. It is often caused by severe trauma, illness, or lack of oxygen supply to the brain. In medical terms, it is defined as a lack of response to verbal commands, pain, or other stimuli, indicating that the person's brain is not functioning at a level necessary to maintain wakefulness and awareness.
Unconsciousness can be described as having different levels, ranging from drowsiness to deep coma. The causes of unconsciousness can vary widely, including head injury, seizure, stroke, infection, drug overdose, or lack of oxygen supply to the brain. Depending on the cause and severity, unconsciousness may last for a few seconds or continue for an extended period, requiring medical intervention and treatment.
The Noble gases are a group of elements in the periodic table, specifically helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn). They are called "noble" because they are very unreactive due to having a full complement of electrons in their outer atomic shell, which makes them stable and non-reactive with other elements. This property also means that they do not form compounds under normal conditions. Noble gases are colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nontoxic gases. They are used in various applications such as lighting, medical imaging, and scientific research.
The Ventilation-Perfusion (V/Q) ratio is a measure used in respiratory physiology to describe the relationship between the amount of air that enters the alveoli (ventilation) and the amount of blood that reaches the alveoli to pick up oxygen (perfusion).
In a healthy lung, these two processes are well-matched, meaning that well-ventilated areas of the lung also have good blood flow. This results in a V/Q ratio close to 1.0.
However, certain lung conditions such as emphysema or pulmonary embolism can cause ventilation and perfusion to become mismatched, leading to a V/Q ratio that is either higher (ventilation exceeds perfusion) or lower (perfusion exceeds ventilation) than normal. This mismatch can result in impaired gas exchange and lead to hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood).
The V/Q ratio is often used in clinical settings to assess lung function and diagnose respiratory disorders.
Nitrogen narcosis
Compressed air
Scuba gas planning
1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident
List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders
Equivalent narcotic depth
Diving medicine
Breathing gas
List of diving hazards and precautions
Inhalational anesthetic
Glossary of underwater diving terminology: A-C
Nitrogen
Noble gas
Decompression practice
Heliox
Underwater environment
List of MeSH codes (C21)
Scuba gas management
Deep diving
Diving hazards
Dive planning
Gas blending for scuba diving
Human physiology of underwater diving
Technical diving
Helium
Diving procedures
Underwater diving
Glossary of underwater diving terminology: H-O
Fitness to dive
Argox
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Nitrogen28
- How do scuba divers perceive nitrogen narcosis? (scubatechphilippines.com)
- Does Nitrogen Narcosis Impairment Persist? (scubatechphilippines.com)
- A new study on nitrogen narcosis challenges the long held presumption that nitrogen narcosis impairment dissipates immediately on ascent from depth. (scubatechphilippines.com)
- Nitrogen narcosis sedation is diminished consciousness: not the alcohol-like intoxication many divers are taught. (scubatechphilippines.com)
- Nitrogen narcosis is a hazard when diving. (wikipedia.org)
- Nitrogen narcosis is a change in consciousness, neuromuscular function, and behavior brought on by breathing compressed inert gasses. (statpearls.com)
- Traditionally the gas involved in narcosis is nitrogen, and it is associated with dysfunction when breathed by scuba divers from their tanks containing compressed air. (statpearls.com)
- In underwater diving, narcosis (nitrogen narcosis, inert gas narcosis, raptures of the deep, Martini effect) is a reversible change in consciousness that occurs while a person is diving at deep depths. (statpearls.com)
- The nitrogen atoms inhaled in the compressed air while at pressure remain chemically unchanged in the blood, leading to the belief that there is a physical component to the involvement of nitrogen in causing narcosis. (statpearls.com)
- The effects of nitrogen narcosis are highly variable among divers with all divers being significantly impaired while breathing air at 60 to 70 meters, whereas some divers are affected at 30 meters. (statpearls.com)
- The symptoms seen in nitrogen narcosis begin first with effects of the higher function such as judgment, reasoning, short-term memory, and concentration. (statpearls.com)
- effects produced by the gas nitrogen when it is breathed under increased pressure. (en-academic.com)
- nitrogen , a major constituent of air, is quite inert and passes into the fluids and tissues of the body without undergoing chemical change. (en-academic.com)
- Consequently, when a high concentration of nitrogen is breathed, the nervous system becomes saturated with the inert gas, and normal functions are impaired. (en-academic.com)
- Most often, nitrogen narcosis begins to be apparent at about 10 m of depth. (en-academic.com)
- To avoid nitrogen narcosis, saturation divers normally breathe a helium-oxygen mixture, however at shallow depths, nitrox mixes have been used. (thescubanews.com)
- This knowledge affects the capacity of our scuba tanks in terms of gas supply (i.e., a tank that can last 60 minutes on the surface may only last 20 minutes at 66ft), the effects of nitrogen gas absorption and the distance to the surface increases. (beachcitiescuba.com)
- At greater depths, divers may experience nitrogen narcosis, which can impair judgment and coordination. (beachcitiescuba.com)
- For the really deep divers, they'll add inert gasses to their mixes or reduce their oxygen content to reduce the risk of oxygen toxicity and nitrogen narcosis. (beachcitiescuba.com)
- It minimizes the cost of helium while simultaneously reducing the effect of nitrogen narcosis. (johnclarkeonline.com)
- In combination with oxygen, helium is used in diving to help eliminate nitrogen narcosis, reduce breathing resistance at depth, and shorten decompression stops. (lindeus.com)
- On ascent, tissues release this extra nitrogen in a process called off-gassing. (scubadiverlife.com)
- [1] The occupant of an ADS does not need to decompress , and there is no need for special breathing gas mixtures, so there is little danger of decompression sickness or nitrogen narcosis when the ADS is functioning properly. (wikipedia.org)
- Narcosis and the bends are a problem on deep and complex dive profiles, mainly caused by Nitrogen. (theregister.com)
- Heliox and other gas mixtures are used to reduce the problems by reducing the Nitrogen (but also have their own problems). (theregister.com)
- In rare cases, certain hazards can occur to divers, such as nitrogen narcosis, oxygen toxicity and decompression illness (DCI). (xray-mag.com)
- In each of these cases, the rare gas 'blankets' a material that would react violently if exposed to air or nitrogen, the most commonly used 'blanket. (doclecture.net)
- Bubbles known as venous gas emboli (VGE) can appear in the venous circulation during ascent due to the offgassing of nitrogen from the tissues. (dansa.org)
Argon3
- Other inert gasses associated with narcosis include neon, argon, krypton, and xenon, with the latter having an anesthetic effect even at sea level. (statpearls.com)
- The rare gases form a group of six elements-helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn). (doclecture.net)
- Like argon or carbon dioxide , helium is frequently used as a shielding gas in welding processes. (oxygenservicecompany.com)
Susceptibility2
- Is it possible to gauge your susceptibility to narcosis & make sound judgments to manage it? (scubatechphilippines.com)
- Dives beyond 130 feet (40 m), or if you have a high susceptibility to narcosis. (scubadiverlife.com)
Nitrox5
- Nitrox reduces the risk of inert gas narcosis. (diveaai.com)
- You use less gas when diving Nitrox. (diveaai.com)
- But divers can breathe other gases, including the commonly used nitrox, as well as technical mixtures. (scubadiverlife.com)
- Nitrox is a shallow-diving gas. (scubadiverlife.com)
- This course provides the necessary training and knowledge for planning and conducting dives with the mixed gases NITROX and TRIMIX (compressed air enriched with oxygen and helium) to a maximum depth of 100 meters including decompression stops. (sf-1.eu)
Arterial blood2
- This study aimed at verifying and explaining [Formula: see text] derangements during BHD analyzing arterial blood gases and searching for pulmonary alterations with lung ultrasound. (bvsalud.org)
- Experiments were performed in warm water (temperature: 31°C). We analyzed arterial blood gases immediately before, at depth, and immediately after a breath-hold dive to -15 m of fresh water (mfw) and -42 mfw. (bvsalud.org)
Trimix2
- Trimix breathing gas was developed by Peter B. Bennett as a way to treat high blood pressure and nervousness. (thescubanews.com)
- Trimix dive with TX 10/70 (+70 meters), Travelgas and two Decogases correct complete dive planning and Breeifng of the student, gas management, emergency management and ascent taking into account the deco levels with gas change. (sf-1.eu)
Ascent2
- Unfortunately, that gas is "burped-off" as gas expands on ascent. (johnclarkeonline.com)
- Ascent exercise from 30 meters depth on the buoy rope as an optical reference but without further ascent aids (free ascent), including satellite depot in the depth and stage handling / handover of all stages to a student (up to 9), valve management and gas change. (sf-1.eu)
Important gases1
- It's one of the world's most important gases and has singular properties that make it an integral component across industries. (oxygenservicecompany.com)
Impairment1
- Purpose: Divers can experience cognitive impairment due to inert gas narcosis (IGN) at depth. (daneurope.org)
Krypton1
- The rare gases lost their claim to total inert ness, however, in the early 1960's, when sev eral compounds of krypton, xenon, and radon were prepared by treating them with fluorine and chlorine. (doclecture.net)
Bubbles1
- That what's going to crush the inert gas bubbles and let them be absorbed back into blood and tissue without occlusions and permanent physiological deficits. (tdisdi.com)
Helium's2
- Helium's inert properties at arc temperatures make it an ideal gas for welding materials with high heat conductivity such as aluminum, stainless steel, copper and magnesium alloys. (lindeus.com)
- Because of helium's lower boiling point compared to other elements, all other gasses are liquefied through high pressure and low temperature. (thefactfile.org)
Partial pressures2
- Pulmonary gas exchange in breath-hold diving (BHD) consists of a progressive increase in arterial partial pressures of oxygen ([Formula: see text]) and carbon dioxide ([Formula: see text]) during descent. (bvsalud.org)
- Saturation diving is when you dive for long enough to bring all of your tissues into balance with the partial pressures of the breathing gas's inert components. (thescubanews.com)
Colorless2
- E939 (Helium) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas and the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. (atamanchemicals.com)
- All the gases are colorless, tasteless, and odorless. (doclecture.net)
Chemically3
- Some gases and vapours can react chemically with each other upon mixing. (europa.eu)
- It's chemically inert and non-flammable, with high thermal conductivity, low molecular weight and size, and the lowest boiling point known. (lindeus.com)
- Helium is the second most chemically inert element after neon. (thefactfile.org)
Neon1
- A neon sign consists of a glass tube (A) containing neon gas at low pressure. (doclecture.net)
Gaseous2
- They also stated that "all gaseous and volatile substances induce narcosis if they penetrate cell lipids in a definite molar concentration which is characteristic for each type of cell. (statpearls.com)
- At typical ambient pressures and temperatures encountered in the ambient workplace atmosphere, gases remain in the gaseous state, whereas a vapour can also co-exist with its liquid at certain pressures or temperatures. (europa.eu)
Underwater3
- Compressed air is used as a breathing gas by underwater divers. (wikipedia.org)
- Both civilian and government science divers, technical divers, and underwater cave explorers have been able to extend their diving range and safety because of helium in their breathing gas. (johnclarkeonline.com)
- One approach to helium conservation is by using rebreathers to conserve gas rather than exhaust it into the water column, as is done in open circuit diving like that pictured in the first underwater photo with two Navy divers. (johnclarkeonline.com)
React2
- Helium is an inert gas, meaning it does not react with our bodies at conventional scuba depths. (scubadiverlife.com)
- They are called noble gases because they are so majestic that, in general, they don't react with anything . (thefactfile.org)
Descent1
- Learn why descent speed, gas density & exertion can affect your dives! (scubatechphilippines.com)
Narcotic1
- Helium is a low density, non-narcotic gas often added to the breathing gas mixture of divers who have to dive deep. (johnclarkeonline.com)
Divers8
- Find out the three reasons why divers use helium in their breathing gas to increase diving safety. (scubatechphilippines.com)
- Blood-borne extracellular vesicles and inflammatory mediators were evaluated in divers using a closed circuit rebreathing apparatus and custom-mixed gases to diminish some diving risks. (daneurope.org)
- In some cases, divers have more problems with narcosis when using enriched air. (diveaai.com)
- some divers experience narcosis at 15 m, while others can go to 60 m without any apparent effects. (en-academic.com)
- Deep divers should use regulators specifically designed for cold water and deep diving, capable of delivering gas at greater depths. (beachcitiescuba.com)
- Many divers simply call the gas in their tank "oxygen" or "air" without really knowing what it's made of. (scubadiverlife.com)
- The method of measurement of air pressure used throughout most of the world and by the compressed gas industry - also a place where divers meet after a long hard day of diving. (scubadoctor.com.au)
- Two divers sharing the same demand valve, generally after an out-of-gas emergency. (scubadoctor.com.au)
Venous gas emboli1
- The incidence of venous gas emboli in recreational diving. (xray-mag.com)
Occurs2
- This theory was expanded by applying the "critical volume" concept which states that narcosis occurs when the inert gas or anesthetic changes a lipid portion of the cell. (statpearls.com)
- Each of the rare gases, however, occurs as a single atom in the air. (doclecture.net)
Consciousness1
- Certain gases at high-pressure cause an anesthetic effect that alters a diver's consciousness. (statpearls.com)
Ambient4
- In 1942, Albert R. Behnke presented the idea of exposing humans to elevated ambient pressures long enough for inert gases to become saturated in their blood and tissues. (thescubanews.com)
- The Genesis experiment began in 1957 at the Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory, with the goal of establishing that people could endure prolonged exposure to various breathing gases and higher ambient pressures. (thescubanews.com)
- The temperature of the released gas also plays a part: if a source of release and the surrounding air is substantially warmer than the ambient air, the released mixture can rise initially, even though the relative density of the mixture, at the ambient temperature, is higher than that of the air. (europa.eu)
- Unlike many gases, helium never condenses to form into a solid-even when at absolute zero and under ambient pressure. (oxygenservicecompany.com)
Symptoms1
- Did you know that mild CO2 retention (hypercapnia) causes acute CO2 narcosis symptoms when you are diving? (scubatechphilippines.com)
Tanks1
- He was left on the sea bed, in complete darkness, 300 feet below the surface, with only 5 minutes' worth of breathing gas he carried in the emergency tanks on his back, and no way to protect himself from the freezing temperatures. (bookofrolemodels.com)
Periodic4
- For those not familiar with the second lightest gas in the periodic table, I've included a Fast Fact from the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) at the end of this post. (johnclarkeonline.com)
- It is also the first of the noble gas group on the periodic table of the elements. (thefactfile.org)
- The rare gases occupy Group 8A of the periodic table. (doclecture.net)
- Helium is a noble gas and the second element on the periodic table. (oxygenservicecompany.com)
Limits2
- A gas mixture is only capable of supporting combustion in air, resulting in a fire or explosion, when an ignition source is present, e.g. arc, flame, heat, between certain concentration limits. (europa.eu)
- These limits are known as the Lower Flammable Limit (LFL) and Upper Flammable Limit (UFL), which are expressed as a percentage of the gas in air. (europa.eu)
Mixes2
- What's the difference between all these scuba diving gas mixes anyway? (scubadiverlife.com)
- Of the scuba diving gas mixes, this is one is most widely available at busy resorts. (scubadiverlife.com)
Temperatures1
- Then, the crude helium extracted through that process is purified by being exposed to lowering temperatures, which result in the removal of all the remaining gasses. (thefactfile.org)
Commonly2
- Gases and vapours are commonly encountered in the workplace at normal atmospheric pressure or elevated pressure. (europa.eu)
- Outside of use as a pressurizer, this gas is also commonly found in weather and surveillance balloons. (oxygenservicecompany.com)
Depth2
- Gas consumption is based upon the size of your lungs, your depth, and your activity level. (diveaai.com)
- The time it takes to decompress after reaching saturation is determined on the depth and gases breathed. (thescubanews.com)
Scuba2
- Did you know that scuba diving anxiety can arise from CO2 narcosis? (scubatechphilippines.com)
- 6] Wilmshurst PT, Ellis BG, Jenkins BS: Paradoxical gas embolism in a scuba diver with an atrial septal defect. (xray-mag.com)
Helium gas11
- Give us a call and we'll help you get the most out of your liquid helium and helium gas. (lindeus.com)
- Helium gas is a staple across many industries. (oxygenservicecompany.com)
- Learn more about helium gas and what makes Oxygen Service Company the #1 helium gas supplier. (oxygenservicecompany.com)
- Keep reading to learn more about helium gas and what makes Oxygen Service Company the ultimate helium gas supplier. (oxygenservicecompany.com)
- What Is Helium Gas? (oxygenservicecompany.com)
- However, U.S. helium gas suppliers have been struggling with a national helium shortage over the past few years. (oxygenservicecompany.com)
- Helium gas systems also have distinctive applications with heat transference. (oxygenservicecompany.com)
- Helium gas allows technicians to check that these key components meet quality specifications. (oxygenservicecompany.com)
- Companies in the welding industry need a consistent helium gas supplier. (oxygenservicecompany.com)
- Helium gas is the only acceptable shielding agent when arc welding temperature-sensitive metals like aluminum, magnesium, or copper. (oxygenservicecompany.com)
- Looking for the right helium gas supplier? (oxygenservicecompany.com)
Temperature3
- Under constant temperature, the volume of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to the absolute pressure of the gas. (scubadoctor.com.au)
- This radiogenic E939 (Helium) is trapped with natural gas in concentrations as great as 7% by volume, from which E939 (Helium) is extracted commercially by a low-temperature separation process called fractional distillation. (atamanchemicals.com)
- This supreme temperature resistance makes helium the only gas suitable for use as a pressurizing agent in rocket engines-only helium can withstand the maximal heat. (oxygenservicecompany.com)
Heliox1
- Interestingly, helium does not cause inert gas narcosis and therefore, is used in deep diving as heliox (helium and oxygen mixture). (statpearls.com)
Atmosphere2
- The oxygen-generator onboard NASA's Perseverance rover, which has repeatedly extracted the vital gas from the Martian atmosphere in tests, has been detailed in a scientific paper published this week. (theregister.com)
- If exposure to highly concentrated solvent atmosphere is prolonged this may lead to narcosis, unconsciousness, even coma and possible death. (findmedarticle.com)
Tissues1
- Decompression time does not increase with increased exposure after the dissolved gases in a diver's tissues reach saturation point, because no more inert gas is accumulated. (thescubanews.com)
Density1
- The density of a released gas affects its buoyancy: a less dense gas than the surrounding air will rise initially while gases heavier than air will fall and tend to flow into low spots, e.g. pits, trenches. (europa.eu)
Absorption2
- Once gases and vapours are mixed they will remain mixed, unless a component is removed, e.g. by chemical reaction or absorption. (europa.eu)
- Some inert gas is good, to stop absorption atelectasis - small portions of lung losing gas and sticking shut. (theregister.com)
Lungs1
- thus, safely returning to the surface requires prolonged decompression so that the inert gases can be eliminated in the lungs. (thescubanews.com)
Mixture1
- c) the gas mixture inside the receptacle or reactor is always non-flammable by reducing the oxygen content. (europa.eu)
Effects1
- In this article, the properties of gases/vapours, their type and typical occurrences in the workplace, and the methods used to control risk and mitigate effects are discussed. (europa.eu)
Thermal1
- Compared to other shielding gases, helium is unique because of its excellent thermal conductivity. (oxygenservicecompany.com)
Processes1
- Helium is also used in heat treating processes such as gas quenching and in furnace atmospheres to produce parts with higher tolerance and improved quality. (lindeus.com)
Carbon1
- Cook has reported that the earliest efforts to set an OEL were directed at carbon monoxide (CO), the toxic gas to which more persons are occupationally exposed than any other. (cdc.gov)
Deep5
- Always stay vigilant for signs of narcosis when making any deep dive. (diveaai.com)
- This specialty certification focuses specifically on deep diving techniques, gas management, and safety procedures. (beachcitiescuba.com)
- People who do a lot of deep diving use rebreathers to keep gas costs down. (scubadiverlife.com)
- However, some studies suggest that E939 (Helium) produced deep in the earth by radioactive decay can collect in natural gas reserves in larger than expected quantities, in some cases, having been released by volcanic activity. (atamanchemicals.com)
- Chris has been a commercial diver for over 14 years and currently specialises in deep-sea saturation diving, operating almost exclusively in the oil and gas industry. (bookofrolemodels.com)
Reduce defects1
- It cools parts and components quickly to enhance throughput, controls the rate of heat transfer to improve productivity and reduce defects, and functions as a carrier gas in the production process. (lindeus.com)
Effect1
- The above graphical projection made in 2010 does not consider the damping effect of current government policies which make drilling oil and gas wells, and fossil fuels in general, undesirable. (johnclarkeonline.com)
Risks1
- Furthermore, there are additional risks associated with the use of pressurised gas systems. (europa.eu)
Risk2
Hydrogen2
- Ethanol forms explosive products in reaction with the following compound : ammonia + silver nitrate (forms silver nitride and silver fulminate), iodine + phosphorus (forms ethane iodide), magnesium perchlorate (forms ethyl perchlorate), mercuric nitrate, nitric acid + silver (forms silver fulminate) silver nitrate (forms ethyl nitrate) silver(I) oxide + ammonia or hydrazine (forms silver nitride and silver fulminate), sodium (evolves hydrogen gas). (libertynatural.com)
- This is the same process that produces the en ergy in a hydrogen bomb. (doclecture.net)
Naturally1
- Helium is naturally occurring and sourced from natural gas fields, most of which can be found in the United States. (oxygenservicecompany.com)
High1
- For clean, high-quality gas delivered on time, turn to OSC. (oxygenservicecompany.com)