Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
Pneumoperitoneum
Fasciolidae
Colonic Diseases
Digestive System Fistula
Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight
Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal
Esophageal Perforation
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Fatal Outcome
Tympanic Membrane Perforation
Uterine Perforation
Retrospective Studies
Developmental Disabilities
Peptic Ulcer Perforation
Corneal Perforation
Introduction of appendiceal CT: impact on negative appendectomy and appendiceal perforation rates. (1/625)
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of appendiceal computed tomography (CT) availability on negative appendectomy and appendiceal perforation rates. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Appendiceal CT is 98% accurate. However, its impact on negative appendectomy and appendiceal perforation rates has not been reported. METHODS: The authors reviewed the medical records of 493 consecutive patients who underwent appendectomy between 1992 and 1995, 209 consecutive patients who underwent appendectomy in 1997 (59% of whom had appendiceal CT), and 206 patients who underwent appendiceal CT in 1997 without subsequent appendectomy. RESULTS: Before appendiceal CT, 98/493 patients (20%) taken to surgery had a normal appendix. After CT availability, 15/209 patients (7%) taken to surgery had a normal appendix; 7 patients did not have CT, 5 patients had surgery despite a negative CT, and 3 patients had a false-positive CT. Negative appendectomy rates were lowered overall (20% to 7%), in men (11% to 5%), in women (35% to 11%), in boys (10% to 5%), and in girls (18% to 12%). Appendiceal perforation rates dropped from 22% to 14% after CT availability. CT excluded appendicitis in 206 patients in 1997 who avoided appendectomy and identified alternative diagnoses in 105 of these patients (51%). CONCLUSION: The availability of appendiceal CT coincided with a drop in the negative appendectomy rate from 20% to 7% in all patients, and to only 3% in patients with a positive CT. Perforation rates decreased from 22% to 14%. Appendiceal CT can be advocated in nearly all female and many male patients. (+info)Spontaneous gastrointestinal perforation in patients with lymphoma receiving chemotherapy and steroids. Report of three cases. (2/625)
Spontaneous gastrointestinal perforations in three patients with lymphoma were considered to be treatment-related conditions. All three were diagnosed as having malignant lymphoma by histological examination, and treated with chemotherapy and steroids. Four to 14 days after the start of chemotherapy, they complained of abdominal pain and plain roentgenograms revealed pneumoperitoneum. The interval between the onset of peritonitis and operation was almost 24 h. Emergency operations were carried out; one patient with a jejunal perforation underwent resection of the jejunum, another with a gastric perforation received a simple closure with omental patch, and the third with a gastric perforation underwent gastrectomy. Two patients recovered from the surgery, while the gastrectomy patient died due to sepsis. The favorable outcome of the surgical intervention is attributed to early diagnosis, prompt exploration, and selective operative procedures. We recommended a simple closure with omental patch for gastroduodenal perforation. Resection and primary anastomosis are possible only in the small bowel. (+info)Is perforation of the appendix a risk factor for tubal infertility and ectopic pregnancy? An appraisal of the evidence. (3/625)
OBJECTIVE: To critically assess the evidence that appendiceal perforation is a risk factor for subsequent tubal infertility or ectopic pregnancy. DATA SOURCES: Epidemiologic studies investigating the relationship between appendectomy and infertility or ectopic pregnancy were identified by searching the MEDLINE database from 1966 to 1997. Appropriate citations were also extracted from a manual search of the bibliographies of selected papers. STUDY SELECTION: Twenty-three articles were retrieved. Only 4 presented original data including comparisons to a nonexposed control group and they form the basis for this study. DATA EXTRACTION: Because the raw data or specific techniques of data analysis were not always explicitly described, indices of risk for exposure were extracted from the data as presented and were analysed without attempting to convert them to a common measure. DATA SYNTHESIS: Articles were assessed according to the criteria of the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group for evaluating articles on harm. Review of the literature yielded estimates of the risk of adverse fertility outcomes ranging from 1.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1 to 2.5) for ectopic pregnancy after an appendectomy to 4.8 (95% CI 1.5 to 14.9) for tubal infertility from perforation of the appendix. Recall bias, and poor adjustment for confounding variables in some reports, weakened the validity of the studies. CONCLUSIONS: The methodologic weaknesses of the studies do not permit acceptance of increased risk of tubal pregnancy or infertility as a consequence of perforation of the appendix, so a causal relationship cannot be supported by the data currently available. Only a well-designed case-control study with unbiased ascertainment of exposure and adjustment for confounding variables will provide a definitive answer. (+info)Day-care laparoscopic appendectomies. (4/625)
OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the safety of laparoscopic appendectomy in a day-care setting and to compare patients selected for laparoscopic versus open appendectomy. DESIGN: A retrospective, nonrandomized study. SETTING: A community hospital in a small town in British Columbia. PATIENTS: Ninety-four consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis. INTERVENTIONS: Each patient underwent laparoscopic or open appendectomy as selected by the operating surgeon. OUTCOME MEASURES: Duration of operation and of hospital stay, morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: The average operating time was 32 minutes for open appendectomy and 36 minutes for laparoscopic appendectomy. Two (4%) of the 52 patients who had a laparoscopic appendectomy had significant complications; 1 of them required reoperation for intra-abdominal abscess. Thirty-nine (75%) of the laparoscopic appendectomies were done as day-care procedures. The average length of stay for the remaining patients was 2.1 days. The overall complication rate for patients who underwent open appendectomy was 20%. The average length of stay for these patients was 3.2 days; no patient was discharged within 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic appendectomy can be safely performed as a day-care procedure, even for selected patients with gangrenous or perforated appendices. Patients typically selected for open appendectomy include children and those with more advanced infection. (+info)Multiple roles for IL-12 in a model of acute septic peritonitis. (5/625)
The present study addressed the role of IL-12 in a murine model of septic peritonitis, induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Although CLP surgery induced IL-12 production at 6 and 24 h after surgery, IL-12 immunoneutralization was clearly deleterious in this model: 54% of CLP mice receiving preimmune serum survived, whereas mice administered IL-12 antisera prior to CLP experienced a 25% survival rate. IL-12 immunoneutralization not only led to increased mortality, but also appeared to promote a shift away from IL-12 and IFN-gamma, in favor of IL-10. This cytokine shift corresponded to changes in bacterial load, as CLP mice receiving IL-12 antiserum yielded more CFUs from the peritoneal cavity at 24 h after CLP. To address the role of bacterial infection in IL-12 antiserum-induced mortality following CLP, antibiotics were administered for 4 days after surgery. Despite regular antibiotic administration, IL-12 immunoneutralization still reduced survival in CLP mice. Furthermore, histology of the ceca revealed that mice administered IL-12 antisera failed to show typical organization of the damaged cecum wall. Accordingly, Gram staining revealed bacteria within peritoneal fluids from these mice, while peritoneal fluids from CLP mice that received preimmune serum and antibiotics were free of bacteria. Altogether, these data suggested multiple important roles for IL-12 in the evolution of murine septic peritonitis. (+info)Selective in vivo inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase in a rat model of sepsis. (6/625)
Elevated production of nitric oxide (NO) by the inducible NO synthase (type II, iNOS) may contribute to the vascular hyporesponsiveness and hemodynamic alterations associated with sepsis. Selective inhibition of this isoenzyme is a possible therapeutic intervention to correct these pathophysiological alterations. Aminoguanidine has been shown to be a selective iNOS inhibitor and to correct the endotoxin-mediated vascular hypocontractility in vitro. However, to date aminoguanidine has not been shown to selectively block iNOS activity in vivo. The in vivo effects of aminoguanidine were assessed in the cecal ligation and perforation model of sepsis in rats. Aminoguanidine (1.75-175 mg/kg) was administered to septic and sham-operated rats for 3 h before euthanasia and harvest of tissues. NOS activities were determined in the thoracic aorta and lung from these animals. Aminoguanidine (17.5 mg/kg) did not alter the mean arterial pressure; however, it did inhibit induced iNOS (but not constitutive NOS) activity in the lung and thoracic aorta from septic animals. Only the higher dose of aminoguanidine (175 mg/kg) was able to increase the mean arterial pressure in septic and sham-operated animals. Thus selective inhibition of iNOS in vivo with aminoguanidine is possible, but our data suggest that other mechanisms, in addition to iNOS induction, are responsible for the loss of vascular tone characteristic of sepsis. (+info)Influence of sex on clinical features, laboratory findings, and complications of typhoid fever. (7/625)
Clinical features, laboratory findings, and complications of typhoid fever were correlated with sex through a retrospective case note review of 102 hospitalized culture-positive patients in Durban, South Africa. Intestinal perforation (P = 0.04), occult blood losses in stools (P = 0.04), and a mild reticulocytosis in the absence of hemolysis (P = 0.02) occurred more frequently in males than in females. A single pretreatment Widal O antibody titer > or = 1:640 was also a statistically significant occurrence in males (P = 0. 006). Female patients were significantly more severely ill (P = 0.0004) on admission and had chest signs consistent with bronchopneumonia (P = 0.04), transverse myelitis (P = 0.04), abnormal liver function test results (P = 0.0003), and abnormal findings in urinalyses (P = 0.02). Typhoid hepatitis (P = 0.04) and glomerulonephritis (P = 0.02) were present significantly more frequently in females. Whether these differences were due to differences in host's immune response to acute infection need to be determined in a prospective study. (+info)Multiple spontaneous small bowel perforations due to systemic cholesterol atheromatous embolism. (8/625)
A-65-year-old man was admitted for coronary and peripheral angiography to evaluate angina pectoris and peripheral vascular disease. Following angiography, he suffered from blue toes, livedo reticularis and progressive renal failure. The patient's condition continued to deteriorate, including the development of malnutrition. Four months later he suddenly developed panperitonitis, went into shock and died. The autopsy verified multiple perforations of the small bowel with disseminated cholesterol atheromatous embolism. The other organs including kidney were also invaded by atheroembolism. This was a rare case of multiple spontaneous perforations of small bowel due to systemic cholesterol atheromatous embolism. (+info)Intestinal perforation is a medical condition that refers to a hole or tear in the lining of the intestine. This can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine, large intestine (colon), or stomach. Intestinal perforation allows the contents of the intestines, such as digestive enzymes and bacteria, to leak into the abdominal cavity, which can lead to a serious inflammatory response known as peritonitis.
Intestinal perforation can be caused by various factors, including:
* Mechanical trauma (e.g., gunshot wounds, stab wounds)
* Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)
* Diverticulitis
* Appendicitis
* Intestinal obstruction
* Infections (e.g., typhoid fever, tuberculosis)
* Certain medications (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids)
* Radiation therapy
* Ischemic bowel disease (lack of blood flow to the intestines)
Symptoms of intestinal perforation may include sudden abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and decreased bowel movements. Treatment typically involves surgery to repair the perforation and remove any damaged tissue. Antibiotics are also administered to prevent infection. In severe cases, a temporary or permanent colostomy or ileostomy may be necessary.
Ileal diseases refer to conditions that primarily affect the ileum, which is the final portion of the small intestine. The ileum plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption, particularly vitamin B12 and bile salts. Ileal diseases can cause various symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and malnutrition, depending on their nature and extent. Some common ileal diseases include:
1. Crohn's disease: A type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, including the ileum. Crohn's disease causes chronic inflammation, which can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fatigue.
2. Celiac disease: An autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals. In celiac disease, the immune system attacks the lining of the small intestine, including the ileum, causing inflammation and impaired nutrient absorption.
3. Intestinal tuberculosis: A bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, including the ileum. Intestinal tuberculosis can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.
4. Typhlitis: Also known as neutropenic enterocolitis, typhlitis is an inflammatory condition that affects the cecum and terminal ileum, typically in immunocompromised individuals. It can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, and diarrhea.
5. Meckel's diverticulum: A congenital condition characterized by a small pouch protruding from the wall of the ileum. While many people with Meckel's diverticulum do not experience symptoms, it can sometimes become inflamed or bleed, causing abdominal pain and rectal bleeding.
6. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system and can affect any part of the body, including the ileum. Ileal lymphoma can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious gastrointestinal condition that primarily affects premature infants. It is characterized by the inflammation and death of intestinal tissue, which can lead to perforations (holes) in the bowel wall. Here's a brief medical definition:
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEK-roh-tiz-ing en-ter-koh-li-TIE-tis): A gastrointestinal emergency in which the inner lining of the intestinal wall undergoes necrosis (tissue death) due to inflammation, often affecting premature infants. The condition may result in bowel perforations, sepsis, and other systemic complications, requiring surgical intervention and intensive care management.
The exact cause of NEC is not fully understood, but it's thought to be associated with factors such as prematurity, formula feeding, intestinal immaturity or injury, and disturbed blood flow in the intestines. Symptoms may include abdominal distention, bloody stools, feeding intolerance, lethargy, and temperature instability. Early recognition and prompt treatment are crucial for improving outcomes in affected infants.
Pneumoperitoneum is a medical condition characterized by the presence of free air or gas within the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the lining of the abdominal wall and the internal organs. This accumulation of air can occur due to various reasons such as perforation of an organ (e.g., stomach, intestine, or esophagus), recent surgery, or medical procedures involving the introduction of air into the abdomen.
The presence of pneumoperitoneum is often diagnosed through imaging techniques like X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans, which can reveal the presence of free gas in the peritoneal cavity. The condition may require prompt medical attention, depending on the underlying cause and the patient's symptoms. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as repairing a perforation or managing an infection.
Fasciolidae is a family of parasitic flatworms, also known as trematodes or flukes. The two most well-known species in this family are Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, which cause the disease fascioliasis in humans and animals. These flukes primarily infect the livers of their hosts, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and liver damage. They have a complex life cycle involving multiple intermediate hosts, usually snails, before reaching their definitive host.
Colonic diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the colon, also known as the large intestine or large bowel. The colon is the final segment of the digestive system, responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes, and storing and eliminating waste products.
Some common colonic diseases include:
1. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): This includes conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which cause inflammation and irritation in the lining of the digestive tract.
2. Diverticular disease: This occurs when small pouches called diverticula form in the walls of the colon, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements.
3. Colorectal cancer: This is a type of cancer that develops in the colon or rectum, often starting as benign polyps that grow and become malignant over time.
4. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): This is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements, but without any underlying structural or inflammatory causes.
5. Constipation: This is a common condition characterized by infrequent bowel movements, difficulty passing stools, or both.
6. Infectious colitis: This occurs when the colon becomes infected with bacteria, viruses, or parasites, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever.
Treatment for colonic diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medications, lifestyle changes, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.
A digestive system fistula is an abnormal connection or passageway that forms between the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the stomach, small intestine, colon, or rectum, and another organ, tissue, or the skin. Fistulas can develop as a result of injury, surgery, infection, inflammation, or cancer.
In the digestive system, fistulas can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting, and malnutrition. The severity of these symptoms depends on the location and size of the fistula, as well as the underlying cause. Treatment for a digestive system fistula may involve antibiotics to treat infection, nutritional support, and surgical repair of the fistula.
An "Extremely Low Birth Weight" (ELBW) infant is a newborn with a birth weight below 1000 grams (2 pounds, 3 ounces), according to the World Health Organization (WHO). This classification is part of the broader category of low birth weight infants, which includes those born weighing less than 2500 grams (about 5.5 pounds). ELBW infants often face significant health challenges due to their prematurity and small size, which can include issues with breathing, feeding, temperature regulation, and potential long-term neurodevelopmental impairments. It is crucial for these infants to receive specialized care in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to optimize their chances of survival and promote healthy development.
Gastrointestinal tuberculosis (GTB) is a type of tuberculosis that affects the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, intestines, and associated organs such as the liver and spleen. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which typically infects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
In GTB, the bacteria invade the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract and cause inflammation, ulceration, and thickening of the intestinal wall. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea (which may be bloody), weight loss, fever, and fatigue. GTB can also cause complications such as bowel obstruction, perforation, or fistula formation.
Diagnosis of GTB can be challenging, as the symptoms are non-specific and can mimic those of other gastrointestinal disorders. Diagnostic tests may include endoscopy, biopsy, culture, and molecular testing for the presence of M. tuberculosis. Treatment typically involves a prolonged course of multiple antibiotics, such as isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide, administered under the guidance of a healthcare provider.
It's worth noting that GTB is relatively rare in developed countries with low rates of tuberculosis, but it is more common in areas where TB is endemic or among populations with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS.
Esophageal perforation is a medical condition that refers to a hole or tear in the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This condition can occur as a result of various factors such as trauma, forceful vomiting (Boerhaave's syndrome), swallowing sharp objects, or complications from medical procedures like endoscopy.
Esophageal perforation is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment. If left untreated, it can lead to severe complications such as mediastinitis (inflammation of the tissue surrounding the heart), sepsis, and even death. Treatment typically involves surgical repair of the perforation, antibiotics to prevent infection, and supportive care to manage any associated symptoms or complications.
The digestive system is a series of organs that work together to convert food into nutrients and energy. Digestive system surgical procedures involve operations on any part of the digestive system, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. These procedures can be performed for a variety of reasons, such as to treat diseases, repair damage, or remove cancerous growths.
Some common digestive system surgical procedures include:
1. Gastric bypass surgery: A procedure in which the stomach is divided into two parts and the smaller part is connected directly to the small intestine, bypassing a portion of the stomach and upper small intestine. This procedure is used to treat severe obesity.
2. Colonoscopy: A procedure in which a flexible tube with a camera on the end is inserted into the rectum and colon to examine the lining for polyps, cancer, or other abnormalities.
3. Colectomy: A procedure in which all or part of the colon is removed, often due to cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, or diverticulitis.
4. Gastrostomy: A procedure in which a hole is made through the abdominal wall and into the stomach to create an opening for feeding. This is often done for patients who have difficulty swallowing.
5. Esophagectomy: A procedure in which all or part of the esophagus is removed, often due to cancer. The remaining esophagus is then reconnected to the stomach or small intestine.
6. Liver resection: A procedure in which a portion of the liver is removed, often due to cancer or other diseases.
7. Pancreatectomy: A procedure in which all or part of the pancreas is removed, often due to cancer or chronic pancreatitis.
8. Cholecystectomy: A procedure in which the gallbladder is removed, often due to gallstones or inflammation.
These are just a few examples of digestive system surgical procedures. There are many other types of operations that can be performed on the digestive system depending on the specific needs and condition of each patient.
A "premature infant" is a newborn delivered before 37 weeks of gestation. They are at greater risk for various health complications and medical conditions compared to full-term infants, due to their immature organ systems and lower birth weight. Some common diseases and health issues that premature infants may face include:
1. Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS): A lung disorder caused by the lack of surfactant, a substance that helps keep the lungs inflated. Premature infants, especially those born before 34 weeks, are at higher risk for RDS.
2. Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH): Bleeding in the brain's ventricles, which can lead to developmental delays or neurological issues. The risk of IVH is inversely proportional to gestational age, meaning that the earlier the infant is born, the higher the risk.
3. Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC): A gastrointestinal disease where the intestinal tissue becomes inflamed and can die. Premature infants are at greater risk for NEC due to their immature digestive systems.
4. Jaundice: A yellowing of the skin and eyes caused by an accumulation of bilirubin, a waste product from broken-down red blood cells. Premature infants may have higher rates of jaundice due to their liver's immaturity.
5. Infections: Premature infants are more susceptible to infections because of their underdeveloped immune systems. Common sources of infection include the mother's genital tract, bloodstream, or hospital environment.
6. Anemia: A condition characterized by a low red blood cell count or insufficient hemoglobin. Premature infants may develop anemia due to frequent blood sampling, rapid growth, or inadequate erythropoietin production.
7. Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP): An eye disorder affecting premature infants, where abnormal blood vessel growth occurs in the retina. Severe ROP can lead to vision loss or blindness if not treated promptly.
8. Developmental Delays: Premature infants are at risk for developmental delays due to their immature nervous systems and environmental factors such as sensory deprivation or separation from parents.
9. Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): A congenital heart defect where the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that connects two major arteries in the fetal heart, fails to close after birth. Premature infants are at higher risk for PDA due to their immature cardiovascular systems.
10. Hypothermia: Premature infants have difficulty maintaining body temperature and are at risk for hypothermia, which can lead to increased metabolic demands, poor feeding, and infection.
A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.
A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.
Tympanic membrane perforation, also known as a ruptured eardrum, is a tear or hole in the tympanic membrane, which separates the outer ear canal and the middle ear. The tympanic membrane plays a crucial role in hearing by transmitting sound vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear. A perforation can result from various causes such as infection, trauma, pressure changes, or explosive blasts, leading to symptoms like hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and ear discharge. The extent and location of the perforation determine the severity of the symptoms and the course of treatment, which may include observation, antibiotics, or surgical repair.
Uterine perforation is a medical condition that refers to the piercing or puncturing of the uterine wall. This can occur during various medical procedures such as dilatation and curettage (D&C), insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD), or during childbirth. It can also be caused by trauma or infection. Uterine perforation can lead to serious complications, such as bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding organs. If left untreated, it can be life-threatening. Symptoms of uterine perforation may include severe abdominal pain, heavy vaginal bleeding, fever, and signs of shock. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment.
A premature infant is a baby born before 37 weeks of gestation. They may face various health challenges because their organs are not fully developed. The earlier a baby is born, the higher the risk of complications. Prematurity can lead to short-term and long-term health issues, such as respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, anemia, infections, hearing problems, vision problems, developmental delays, and cerebral palsy. Intensive medical care and support are often necessary for premature infants to ensure their survival and optimal growth and development.
Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.
Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.
Developmental disabilities are a group of conditions that arise in childhood and are characterized by significant impairments in cognitive functioning, physical development, or both. These disabilities can affect various areas of an individual's life, including their ability to learn, communicate, socialize, and take care of themselves.
Examples of developmental disabilities include intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. These conditions are typically diagnosed in childhood and can persist throughout an individual's life.
The causes of developmental disabilities are varied and can include genetic factors, environmental influences, and complications during pregnancy or childbirth. In some cases, the exact cause may be unknown.
It is important to note that individuals with developmental disabilities have unique strengths and abilities, as well as challenges. With appropriate support and services, they can lead fulfilling lives and participate actively in their communities.
Peptic ulcer perforation is a serious and sightful gastrointestinal complication characterized by the penetration or erosion of an acid-peptic ulcer through the full thickness of the stomach or duodenal wall, resulting in spillage of gastric or duodenal contents into the peritoneal cavity. This leads to chemical irritation and/or bacterial infection of the abdominal cavity, causing symptoms such as sudden severe abdominal pain, tenderness, rigidity, and potentially life-threatening sepsis if not promptly diagnosed and treated with surgical intervention, antibiotics, and supportive care.
Corneal perforation is a serious eye condition that refers to a hole or rupture in the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. The cornea plays an important role in protecting the eye and focusing light onto the retina. A perforation can result from trauma, infection, degenerative conditions, or surgical complications. It can lead to severe vision loss or blindness if not treated promptly and properly. Treatment typically involves surgery to repair or replace the damaged cornea.
Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.
Anisakis
Gastrointestinal perforation
Typhoid fever
Fasciolopsiasis
William Julius Mickle (physician)
Meconium
Hirschsprung's disease
Barium sulfate suspension
Orestes Manousos
Diatrizoate
Self-experimentation in medicine
Hinchey Classification
Antonio Benivieni
Rectal foreign body
Radiation enteropathy
Non-lifting sign
Paul Näcke
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Diverticulitis
Wolkentanz
Clostridial necrotizing enteritis
Adverse effect
Macrogol
Bothriocephalus acheilognathi
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Cryoglobulinemia
Campylobacteriosis
Ceratonova shasta
Cry6Aa
Peritonitis
Intestinal Perforation: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology
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Obstruction15
- About 5% to 30% of people with small intestinal obstruction die within 30 days, according to a 2022 study . (healthline.com)
- A strangulated intestinal hernia may result in intestinal obstruction, causing the abdomen to swell. (webmd.com)
- An obstruction of your intestine, for example, initially causes waves of crampy abdominal pain due to contractions of your intestinal muscles and distention of the intestine. (rxlist.com)
- Mesh erosion and migration can present as acute intestinal obstruction, mass formation, bowel perforation, and chronic abdominal pain [ 10 - 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Although ascariasis cases are usually asymptomatic, infection leads to malnutrition in children and causes about 3000-60 000 deaths every year, usually as a result of intestinal obstruction [5-7]. (who.int)
- The most common causes of acute abdomen are acute appendicitis, acute peptic ulcer, acute cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis, intestinal obstruction, acute peritonitis and acute pyelonephritis [8]. (who.int)
- One cause of intestinal obstruction by parasites is A. lumbricoides infection. (who.int)
- The most commonly known serious and lethal complication of A. lumbricoides infection is intestinal obstruction, caused by an aggregated mass of A. lumbricoides worms, which may develop acutely or subacutely [9]. (who.int)
- Early diagnosis of intestinal obstruction caused by A. lumbricoides using ultrasonography is very useful to avoid its serious and lethal complications [10]. (who.int)
- Emergency surgical treatment may be necessary in acute intestinal obstruction in which the mass of the parasite obstructs the intestinal lumen or intestinal obstruction develops due to volvulus [11]. (who.int)
- Narr gastrointestinal perforation or obstruction (López-Serrano et al. (bvsalud.org)
- Morbidity includes malnutrition and intestinal obstruction and perforation. (medscape.com)
- There are complications such as hemorrhage, perforation or intestinal obstruction that sometimes simulate acute appendicitis. (bvsalud.org)
- Background: Hirschsprung's disease (HD) is a common cause of intestinal obstruction in children. (bvsalud.org)
- The commonest post-SPT complication was intestinal obstruction from adhesions. (bvsalud.org)
Peritonitis3
- Free perforation occurs when bowel contents spill freely into the abdominal cavity, causing diffuse peritonitis (eg, duodenal or gastric perforation). (medscape.com)
- If people experience any of the symptoms of gastrointestinal perforation or peritonitis they should see a doctor immediately. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- o Severe or complicated typhoid fever can include bacteremia with sepsis or shock, gastrointestinal complications (e.g., intestinal perforation, peritonitis, intestinal hemorrhage, hepatitis), and neurologic complications (e.g., encephalopathy). (cdc.gov)
Focal intestinal perforation3
- Given the current controversy over the appropriate surgical management (peritoneal drainage versus exploratory laparotomy) of advanced necrotizing enterocolitis and focal intestinal perforation, the authors examined the predictive value of radiologic findings. (nih.gov)
- The medical records of 80 infants undergoing exploratory laparotomy for presumed advanced necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or focal intestinal perforation (FIP) were reviewed. (nih.gov)
- NOD2 Loss-of-Function Mutations and Risks of Necrotizing Enterocolitis or Focal Intestinal Perforation in Very Low-birth-weight Infants. (cdc.gov)
Gastrointestinal perforation20
- A gastrointestinal perforation is a serious condition that requires emergency medical care. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Certain medical conditions and injuries can make you more likely to have a gastrointestinal perforation. (clevelandclinic.org)
- What is a gastrointestinal perforation? (clevelandclinic.org)
- A gastrointestinal perforation is a hole in your gastrointestinal (GI) tract . (clevelandclinic.org)
- How does a gastrointestinal perforation affect my body? (clevelandclinic.org)
- Having one of these conditions doesn't mean you will have a gastrointestinal perforation, but your risk of having one is higher. (clevelandclinic.org)
- That's why it's important to know the signs of gastrointestinal perforation and when to seek medical care. (clevelandclinic.org)
- What does a gastrointestinal perforation feel like? (clevelandclinic.org)
- What tests diagnose a gastrointestinal perforation? (clevelandclinic.org)
- How is gastrointestinal perforation treated? (clevelandclinic.org)
- If your provider diagnoses you with a gastrointestinal perforation, you may need emergency surgery to repair it. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Gastrointestinal perforation is a painful condition that can lead to further health complications, so emergency surgery is often necessary. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- This article explores the causes and symptoms of gastrointestinal perforation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Gastrointestinal perforation is a hole in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Most people who have gastrointestinal perforation will have a hole in their stomach or small intestine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- People with a gastrointestinal perforation, therefore, need emergency medical care. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Although rare, accidents during specific medical procedures can also cause gastrointestinal perforation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Most cases of gastrointestinal perforation require emergency treatment. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- This is to check for air in the abdominal cavity, a sign of gastrointestinal perforation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- People with gastrointestinal perforation often require emergency surgery. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Complication5
- In an effort to understand the health impacts of endemic typhoid, the Severe Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (SETA) detects and records cases of surgically confirmed intestinal perforations, a relatively rare but severe complication of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infection ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- Typhoid intestinal perforation is a severe complication of untreated or mismanaged infection that disproportionately affects low-income countries ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
- In patients with phoniatric devices with (unnoticed) ingestion, abdominal pain can be a sign of a life-threatening complication such as intestinal perforation. (clinmedjournals.org)
- Medical procedures: Perforation can be a rare complication of surgeries or procedures that affect the GI tract, like colonoscopies . (clevelandclinic.org)
- Background: Ileal perforation can be a fatal complication of typhoid fever in children as its clinical presentation is often atypical. (bvsalud.org)
Complications1
- Other complications, with a lower incidence, were the intestinal perforation, surgical wound infection and the haematoma. (isciii.es)
Typhoid9
- During the coronavirus disease pandemic, we observed a 6.4-fold increase in typhoid intestinal perforation incidence in Antananarivo, Madagascar. (cdc.gov)
- Delay in diagnosis and proper antibiotic treatment of typhoid is frequently cited as a major factor contributing to typhoid intestinal perforation incidence and associated deaths ( 3 - 6 ). (cdc.gov)
- SETA sentinel sites represent both primary and tertiary healthcare facilities, where all incoming patients are screened for febrile illness, clinically suspected typhoid, and gastrointestinal perforations. (cdc.gov)
- Over a 4-year period of SETA observation, we detected a marked increase in the rate of surgically confirmed typhoid intestinal perforations after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020 (Figure, panel A). (cdc.gov)
- Typhoid intestinal perforation cases and number of patients screened in hospitals participating in the Severe Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (SETA), Madagascar, July 2016-September 2020. (cdc.gov)
- SETA Madagascar enrolled case-patients with suspected typhoid intestinal perforations in the town of Imerintsiatosika, 43 km from the capital city of Antananarivo, as well as case-patients from tertiary care facilities in Antananarivo ( 1 ) ( Figure ). (cdc.gov)
- The risk of death from intestinal perforation in typhoid fever is more than four times when compared with patients without perforation. (bvsalud.org)
- Aim: To highlight the factors that adversely influence treatment outcome following typhoid ileal perforation in a paediatric population and how they could be modified to reduce morbidity and mortality. (bvsalud.org)
- were managed for typhoid perforation during the 10-year study period. (bvsalud.org)
Fistula1
- Sixteen patients (ten with one or more intestinal fistula) developed abdominal wall dehiscence were included in this study. (who.int)
Necrotizing enterocolitis1
- Necrotizing enterocolitis and high intestinal iron uptake due to genetic variants. (cdc.gov)
Multiple perforations1
- The resected specimen showed multiple perforations of the colon. (frontiersin.org)
Surgical2
- Intestinal perforations are the most common surgical emergency that occurs worldwide. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Enterotomy (intestinal surgery): Surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the small intestine usually for the removal of a foreign object or for the purpose of obtaining intestinal biopsies . (plantationpethealthcenter.com)
Infection1
- citation needed] Anisakids pose a risk to human health through intestinal infection with worms from the eating of underprocessed fish, and through allergic reactions to chemicals left by the worms in fish flesh. (wikipedia.org)
Spontaneous1
- In patients with a spontaneous small-bowel perforation, there was no significant difference in outcomes between those treated at a small rural hospital when compared to those treated at a tertiary centre. (ispub.com)
20221
- Benvenuti C, Grape S (2022) Voice Prosthesis Ingestion Causing Intestinal Perforation: A Case Report. (clinmedjournals.org)
Acute appendicitis1
- Lower-bowel perforation (eg, in patients with acute diverticulitis or acute appendicitis) results in free intraperitoneal contamination. (medscape.com)
Fistulas1
- Anatomic gastrointestinal abnormalities such as enteric fistulas or intestinal perforation can sequester sufficient quantities of ingested elemental mercury to allow significant oxidation and subsequent absorption. (cdc.gov)
Incidence1
- In view of the minimal analysis of this topic in the literature, this study was undertaken to analyse the incidence, patient characteristics, causes, morbidity and mortality associated with the management of small bowel perforations in a rural setting. (ispub.com)
Suppress intestinal1
- Antibiotics can be used to reduce and suppress intestinal bacteria, even though there's no specific infectious agent associated with IBD. (ucsd.edu)
Laparotomy2
- An emergency median laparotomy showed a perforation of the distal ileum due to seven foreign bodies turning out to be voice prostheses. (clinmedjournals.org)
- Exploratory laparotomy was performed which demonstrated at least one site of distinct perforation of the small bowel and an area omentum noted to be inflamed, thickened and with a purulent rind. (bvsalud.org)
Mesenteric1
- At this point, a differential diagnosis of ileum perforation or mesenteric ischemia could not be ruled out due to the foreign body or/and due to a systemic disease. (clinmedjournals.org)
Intestine4
- A hole in your large intestine, also known as a bowel perforation, can cause stool to leak into your abdomen. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Gastrointestinal (GI) perforation is when a hole develops in the GI tract, which includes the stomach, small intestine, and large bowel. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Researchers estimate that perforations of the lower intestine only affect 4 in every 100,000 people in the European population. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A perforation can cause the contents of the stomach, small intestine, or large bowel to seep into the abdominal cavity. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Ileal2
- Todos presentaron leucocitosis, en la intervención quirúrgica se constató perforación del divertículo en 8 casos, se realizó resección y anastomosis ileal termino-terminal, en 6 casos diverticulectomía. (bvsalud.org)
- All showed Leukocytosis, in surgery it was found in 8 cases diverticulum perforation, resection and end-terminal ileal anastomosis, in 6 cases Meckel. (bvsalud.org)
Abdomen2
- Radiologic criteria were evaluated as predictors of NEC (pneumatosis intestinalis, portal venous gas) or perforation (free air, gasless abdomen). (nih.gov)
- Bowel perforation was suspected after CT-scan revealed extraluminal gas in the abdomen and communication that traversed the peritoneum . (bvsalud.org)
Surgically1
- Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) global pandemic in early 2020, SETA surveillance has found an alarming increase in surgically confirmed intestinal perforations cases in Madagascar. (cdc.gov)
Ulcers1
- Currently, in patients with gastric perforation, simple closure of perforated ulcers is more commonly performed than is gastric resection. (medscape.com)
Resection1
- Common surgery in which a portion of the esophagus, intestinal tract, and/or stomach is removed (resection) and the parts remaining are reconnected (anastomosis). (plantationpethealthcenter.com)
Tract1
- A perforation in your GI tract requires immediate medical care. (clevelandclinic.org)
Surgery3
- During the hospitalization, the patient developed intestinal perforation and an emergency surgery was performed. (frontiersin.org)
- Seventeen with a history of intestinal surgery and twenty-eight unable to tolerate endoscopy or CTE examination were excluded from this study. (nature.com)
- Patients who had a clinical diagnosis of a full-thickness bowel wall ischaemia at time of surgery without histological perforation, anastomotic leak following previous operation or pneumoperitoneum without a documented source were all excluded from this review. (ispub.com)
Patient2
- We describe a case of a life-threatening intestinal perforation related to the unnoticed ingestion of a voice prosthesis in a laryngectomized patient. (clinmedjournals.org)
- One patient experienced intestinal perforation. (cdc.gov)
100,0001
- During August 1, 2016-January 31, 2020, the pre-COVID-19 pandemic period, 13 perforations (2.1/100,000 person-years of observation [PYO]) and 4 deaths (0.6/100,000 PYO) occurred. (cdc.gov)
Occurs3
- Contained perforation occurs when a full-thickness hole is created by an ulcer, but free spillage is prevented because contiguous organs wall off the area (as occurs, for example, when a duodenal ulcer penetrates into the pancreas). (medscape.com)
- ENKTL mainly occurs in the nasal/paranasal area, intestinal involvement is rare. (frontiersin.org)
- NEC occurs when the lining of the intestinal wall dies. (medlineplus.gov)
Infant1
- The parents claim the formula makers failed to warn parents that feeding the companies' cow's milk-based infant formulas and human milk fortifiers to their vulnerable preemies put them at increased risk for the devastating intestinal disease. (beasleyallen.com)
Diagnosis1
- Early diagnosis of primary intestinal NK/T cell lymphoma is frequently difficult. (frontiersin.org)
Ultrasonography1
- Abdominal ultrasonography demonstrated parallel paired lines like "railway tracks" in the intestinal lumen that was suggestive of worms. (who.int)
20202
Shock1
- He also required CPR and ECMO for cardiogenic shock, and intestinal perforation was identified on day 7 of ECMO. (rcpjournals.org)
Diagnostic1
- We present a case of primary intestinal NK/T cell lymphoma with diagnostic challenge, which eventually developed into multiple intestinal perforations. (frontiersin.org)
Cases3
- As such, increases in intestinal perforation cases may suggest deterioration in the quality of healthcare or changes in the healthcare-seeking behavior of the community. (cdc.gov)
- A) Intestinal perforation cases. (cdc.gov)
- This was accomplished by performing a retrospective analysis of all cases of small-bowel perforation treated in our institution. (ispub.com)
Small8
- Small Intestinal Perforation after 360-Degree Liposuction: A Case Report. (bvsalud.org)
- Introduction: Small-bowel perforation is a rare event but outcomes can be significantly influenced by treatment delay and mechanism of perforation. (ispub.com)
- The aim of this study was to investigate the causative factors and outcomes of patients with a small-bowel perforation treated at a rural hospital. (ispub.com)
- Methods: A retrospective analysis of all patients diagnosed with a small-bowel perforation between September 2004 and September 2009 was performed. (ispub.com)
- Results: Thirty-two patients, with median age 44.5 (8-92) were treated for small-bowel perforation. (ispub.com)
- Although advances in the treatment and options for small-bowel perforations have occurred, the mortality rate can still be high. (ispub.com)
- If a child swallows the small magnet and other metallic objects, they could attract one another causing intestinal blockage or perforation. (babycentre.co.uk)
- On the Trading Standards website it states that the small magnetic parts pose a choking risk and 'If a child swallows the small magnet and other metallic objects, they could attract one another causing intestinal blockage or perforation. (babycentre.co.uk)
Patients1
- Of the 26 patients with perforation, 9 died and 17 were discharged. (cdc.gov)
Scan1
- CT scan produces detailed images to help pinpoint where the perforation is. (clevelandclinic.org)