Formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) in a blood vessel within the SKULL. Intracranial thrombosis can lead to thrombotic occlusions and BRAIN INFARCTION. The majority of the thrombotic occlusions are associated with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
Formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the CRANIAL SINUSES, large endothelium-lined venous channels situated within the SKULL. Intracranial sinuses, also called cranial venous sinuses, include the superior sagittal, cavernous, lateral, petrous sinuses, and many others. Cranial sinus thrombosis can lead to severe HEADACHE; SEIZURE; and other neurological defects.
Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.
Agents that prevent clotting.
Formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS or the inferior sagittal sinus. Sagittal sinus thrombosis can result from infections, hematological disorders, CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES. Clinical features are primarily related to the increased intracranial pressure causing HEADACHE; NAUSEA; and VOMITING. Severe cases can evolve to SEIZURES or COMA.
Radiographic visualization or recording of a vein after the injection of contrast medium.
Embolism or thrombosis involving blood vessels which supply intracranial structures. Emboli may originate from extracranial or intracranial sources. Thrombosis may occur in arterial or venous structures.
A vein on either side of the body which is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins and passes upward to join with its fellow of the opposite side to form the inferior vena cava.
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.
The vein accompanying the femoral artery in the same sheath; it is a continuation of the popliteal vein and becomes the external iliac vein.
DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS of an upper extremity vein (e.g., AXILLARY VEIN; SUBCLAVIAN VEIN; and JUGULAR VEINS). It is associated with mechanical factors (Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis, Primary) secondary to other anatomic factors (Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis, Secondary). Symptoms may include sudden onset of pain, warmth, redness, blueness, and swelling in the arm.
A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.
Veins draining the cerebrum.
A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts.
Heat- and storage-labile plasma glycoprotein which accelerates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in blood coagulation. Factor V accomplishes this by forming a complex with factor Xa, phospholipid, and calcium (prothrombinase complex). Deficiency of factor V leads to Owren's disease.
Fibrinolysin or agents that convert plasminogen to FIBRINOLYSIN.
The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of BLOOD from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements (eg. ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGATION), and the process of BLOOD COAGULATION.
Heparin fractions with a molecular weight usually between 4000 and 6000 kD. These low-molecular-weight fractions are effective antithrombotic agents. Their administration reduces the risk of hemorrhage, they have a longer half-life, and their platelet interactions are reduced in comparison to unfractionated heparin. They also provide an effective prophylaxis against postoperative major pulmonary embolism.
Formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the CAVERNOUS SINUS of the brain. Infections of the paranasal sinuses and adjacent structures, CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, and THROMBOPHILIA are associated conditions. Clinical manifestations include dysfunction of cranial nerves III, IV, V, and VI, marked periorbital swelling, chemosis, fever, and visual loss. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p711)
The process of the interaction of BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS that results in an insoluble FIBRIN clot.
The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).
The venous trunk which receives blood from the lower extremities and from the pelvic and abdominal organs.
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.
Drugs or agents which antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system.
Formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the LATERAL SINUSES. This condition is often associated with ear infections (OTITIS MEDIA or MASTOIDITIS) without antibiotic treatment. In developed nations, lateral sinus thrombosis can result from CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; THROMBOPHILIA; and other conditions. Clinical features include HEADACHE; VERTIGO; and increased intracranial pressure.
Duration of blood flow after skin puncture. This test is used as a measure of capillary and platelet function.
Surgical removal of an obstructing clot or foreign material from a blood vessel at the point of its formation. Removal of a clot arising from a distant site is called EMBOLECTOMY.
Soluble protein fragments formed by the proteolytic action of plasmin on fibrin or fibrinogen. FDP and their complexes profoundly impair the hemostatic process and are a major cause of hemorrhage in intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis.
Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting.
An autosomal dominant disorder showing decreased levels of plasma protein S antigen or activity, associated with venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. PROTEIN S is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein that inhibits blood clotting by serving as a cofactor for activated PROTEIN C (also a vitamin K-dependent protein), and the clinical manifestations of its deficiency are virtually identical to those of protein C deficiency. Treatment with heparin for acute thrombotic processes is usually followed by maintenance administration of coumarin drugs for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1511; Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology, 9th ed, p1523)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The attachment of PLATELETS to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., THROMBIN; COLLAGEN) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a THROMBUS.
Veins which return blood from the intestines; the inferior mesenteric vein empties into the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the portal vein.
The continuation of the axillary vein which follows the subclavian artery and then joins the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.
Stents that are covered with materials that are embedded with chemicals that are gradually released into the surrounding milieu.
A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
The vein formed by the union of the anterior and posterior tibial veins; it courses through the popliteal space and becomes the femoral vein.
Veins in the neck which drain the brain, face, and neck into the brachiocephalic or subclavian veins.
Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.
Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.
Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. These antibodies are characteristically found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC;), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; related autoimmune diseases, some non-autoimmune diseases, and also in healthy individuals.
An absence or deficiency in PROTEIN C which leads to impaired regulation of blood coagulation. It is associated with an increased risk of severe or premature thrombosis. (Stedman's Med. Dict., 26th ed.)
Large endothelium-lined venous channels situated between the two layers of DURA MATER, the endosteal and the meningeal layers. They are devoid of valves and are parts of the venous system of dura mater. Major cranial sinuses include a postero-superior group (such as superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, transverse, and occipital) and an antero-inferior group (such as cavernous, petrosal, and basilar plexus).
A hemostatic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC). The activated form of Factor V (Factor Va) is more slowly degraded by activated protein C. Factor V Leiden mutation (R506Q) is the most common cause of APC resistance.
An antiphospholipid antibody found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC;), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; and in a variety of other diseases as well as in healthy individuals. In vitro, the antibody interferes with the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and prolongs the partial thromboplastin time. In vivo, it exerts a procoagulant effect resulting in thrombosis mainly in the larger veins and arteries. It further causes obstetrical complications, including fetal death and spontaneous abortion, as well as a variety of hematologic and neurologic complications.
A series of progressive, overlapping events, triggered by exposure of the PLATELETS to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.
Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Use of infusions of FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts.
An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Short thick veins which return blood from the kidneys to the vena cava.
Vein formed by the union (at the hilus of the spleen) of several small veins from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and mesentery.

Intra-arterial cerebral thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke in a community hospital. (1/319)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Advances in thrombolytic therapy, brain imaging, and neurointerventional techniques provide new therapeutic options for acute stroke. Intra-arterial thrombolysis has proved to be a potent therapeutic tool. To show that this procedure can be performed in community hospitals, we describe our experience with a group of 11 patients treated for middle cerebral artery occlusions. METHODS: Twenty-two patients seen during a period of 1 year with clinical findings of acute major-vessel stroke met screening criteria and were evaluated under an institutional review board-approved protocol. After CT scanning, 17 of those patients met strict criteria, gave informed consent, and underwent angiography. Eleven patients had M1 and M2 middle cerebral artery occlusions and received local thrombolytic therapy with urokinase. Recanalization efficacy, complications, and outcome data were compiled. RESULTS: The average score on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 22.2 at the onset of treatment and 12.5 after therapy, with 91% of patients showing neurologic improvement. Complete (TIMI 3) recanalization occurred in 73% of cases and partial recanalization (TIMI 2) in 18%. At the 90-day follow-up evaluation, 56% of patients had good outcomes (modified Rankin score, 0 to 1). One intracranial hemorrhage occurred. CONCLUSION: Intra-arterial thrombolysis can be performed in a community hospital by radiologists with interventional and neuroradiologic skills given appropriate institutional preparation.  (+info)

Long-term prognosis of cerebral ischemia in young adults. National Research Council Study Group on Stroke in the Young. (2/319)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Prognosis of ischemic stroke in young adults is reported as favorable, and transient ischemic attack (TIA) is commonly considered a benign event. We investigated long-term outcome and prognostic predictors of cerebral ischemia in patients under 45 years of age. METHODS: Three hundred thirty-three patients aged 15 to 44 years who suffered from a first-ever TIA or ischemic stroke were prospectively followed up with annual clinical evaluation or complete phone interview. End points were the composite outcome event of stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular or nonvascular death and death from all causes. The probability of event-free survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate estimates of hazard ratios were calculated according to the Cox proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS: An average follow-up of 96 months was available in 330 patients (99.1%). Survival was worse in patients with stroke at entry (86.5%) than in those with TIA (97.1%). Mortality in both groups was significantly higher than in the general population (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] 14.5, P<0.0001, Poisson distribution test, and SMR 7.9, P=0.002). The average annual mortality rate was higher during the first (3.94%, 95% CI 1.84 to 6. 04) than in the subsequent years. The average annual incidence rate of new stroke was higher in patients with stroke than in those with TIA at entry, and it declined from 1.56% (95% CI 0.21 to 2.91) during the first year to 0.06% (95% CI 0.04 to 0.08) at the end of the follow-up. Myocardial infarction occurred later, after the first year, with similar rates in patients with stroke and TIA at entry. The average annual rates of new stroke (2.36%), myocardial infarction (1.68%), and death (3.05%) were higher in patients with the mixed atherothrombotic and cardioembolic etiology than in the remaining patients. Male gender, age >35 years, stroke at entry, and cardiac diseases were independent predictors of the composite outcome event at the Cox regression analysis, whereas only stroke at entry and cardiac diseases predicted death from all causes. CONCLUSIONS: Stroke and TIA in young adults have severe prognostic implications, because the mortality risk was highly increased with respect to the general population. Preventive measures are strongly recommended in the presence of any unfavorable prognostic profile.  (+info)

Atherothrombotic cerebellar infarction: vascular lesion-MRI correlation of 31 cases. (3/319)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Correlation of MRI findings with atherosclerotic vascular lesions has rarely been attempted in patients with cerebellar infarction. The aim of this study was to correlate the MRI lesions with the vascular lesions seen on conventional cerebral angiography in cerebellar infarction. METHODS: The subjects included 31 patients with cerebellar infarcts who underwent both MRI and conventional cerebral angiography. We analyzed the risk factors, clinical findings, imaging study, and angiography results. We attempted to correlate MRI lesions with the vascular lesions shown in the angiograms. RESULTS: The vascular lesions seen on angiograms were subdivided into 3 groups: large-artery disease (n=22), in situ branch artery disease (n=6), and no angiographic disease with hypertension (n=3). The proximal segment (V1) lesions of vertebral artery were the most common angiographic features in patients with large-artery disease in which stroke most commonly involved the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) cerebellum. The V1 lesions with coexistent occlusive lesions of the intracranial vertebral and basilar arteries were correlated with cerebellar infarcts, which had no predilection for certain cerebellar territory. The intracranial occlusive disease without V1 lesion was usually correlated with small cerebellar lesions in PICA and superior cerebellar artery (SCA) cerebellum. The subclavian artery or brachiocephalic trunk lesion was associated with small cerebellar infarcts. The in situ branch artery disease was correlated with the PICA cerebellum lesions, which were territorial or nonterritorial infarct. No angiographic disease with hypertension was associated with small-sized cerebellar infarcts within the SCA, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, or SCA cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that the topographic heterogeneity of cerebellar infarcts are correlated with diverse angiographic findings. The result that large-artery disease, in which nonterritorial infarcts are more common than territorial infarcts, is more prevalent than in situ branch artery disease or small-artery disease, suggest that even a small cerebellar infarct can be a clue to the presence of large-artery disease.  (+info)

Acquired pial arteriovenous fistula following cerebral vein thrombosis. (4/319)

BACKGROUND: We report a unique case of an acquired pial arteriovenous fistula occurring after an asymptomatic thrombosis of a superficial cerebral vein. CASE DESCRIPTION: A cerebral angiogram performed in a 51-year-old man with subarachnoid hemorrhage revealed a 10-mm ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm and a thrombosed left superficial middle cerebral vein. Coil embolization of the anterior communicating aneurysm was performed. Follow-up angiography 18 months later revealed a new, asymptomatic, pial arteriovenous fistula between the previously thrombosed left superficial middle cerebral vein and a small sylvian branch of the left middle cerebral artery. CONCLUSIONS: This case provides evidence that pial arteriovenous fistulas may develop as acquired lesions and furthermore may rarely follow cerebral vein thrombosis. Several cases of dural arteriovenous fistulas, as well as a single case of a mixed pial-dural arteriovenous fistula, occurring after dural sinus thrombosis have been reported previously. However, to our knowledge, this is the first report of an acquired pial arteriovenous fistula following a cerebral vein thrombosis.  (+info)

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) deficiency exacerbates cerebrovascular fibrin deposition and brain injury in a murine stroke model: studies in tPA-deficient mice and wild-type mice on a matched genetic background. (5/319)

Although the serine protease, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for therapy to combat focal cerebral infarction, the basic concept of thrombolytic tPA therapy for stroke was challenged by recent studies that used genetically manipulated tPA-deficient (tPA-/-) mice, which suggested that tPA mediates ischemic neuronal damage. However, those studies were potentially flawed because the genotypes of tPA-/- and wild-type control mice were not entirely clear, and ischemic neuronal injury was evaluated in isolation of tPA effects on brain thrombosis. Using mice with appropriate genetic backgrounds and a middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model with nonsiliconized thread, which does lead to microvascular thrombus formation, in the present study we determined the risk for cerebrovascular thrombosis and neuronal injury in tPA-/- and genetically matched tPA+/+ mice subjected to transient focal ischemia. Cerebrovascular fibrin deposition and the infarction volume were increased by 8.2- and 6. 7-fold in tPA-/- versus tPA+/+ mice, respectively, and these variables were correlated with reduced cerebral blood flow up to 58% (P<0.05) and impaired motor neurological score by 70% (P<0.05). Our findings indicate that tPA deficiency exacerbates ischemia-induced cerebrovascular thrombosis and that endogenous tPA protects the brain from an ischemic insult, presumably through its thrombolytic action. In addition, our study emphasizes the importance of appropriate genetic controls in murine stroke research.  (+info)

Hyperfibrinogenemia is associated with specific histocytological composition and complications of atherosclerotic carotid plaques in patients affected by transient ischemic attacks. (6/319)

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that hyperfibrinogenemia is an independent risk factor for cerebrovascular atherosclerosis. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We studied whether hyperfibrinogenemia could modify the histological composition of atherosclerotic plaque and precipitate carotid thrombosis resulting from rupture of the plaque. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied the histological composition of 71 carotid atherosclerotic plaques from patients who had undergone surgical endarterectomy after a first episode of transient ischemic attack. Patients were divided into 3 groups corresponding to the tertiles of plasma fibrinogen values. Hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking habit were also assessed. At the histological analysis, plaques of patients in the highest tertile of fibrinogen (>407 mg/dL) were characterized by a high incidence of thrombosis (66.7% of cases) compared with plaques of subjects in the lower (21.7%) (P=0.002) and middle (29. 2%) (P=0.009) tertiles. Plaque rupture was significantly associated with high fibrinogen levels (54.2%, P=0.003). Multivariate logistic regression indicated that hyperfibrinogenemia was an independent risk factor for a decrease in cap thickness (P=0.0005), macrophage foam cell infiltration of the cap (P=0.003), and thrombosis (P=0. 003). When the presence of other risk factors was accounted for, hyperfibrinogenemia remained an independent predictor of carotid thrombosis with an odds ratio of 5.83, compared with other risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study add to the evidence that hyperfibrinogenemia, independently of other risk factors, is associated with a specific histological composition of carotid atherosclerotic plaques that predisposes them to rupture and thrombosis.  (+info)

Early growth, adult income, and risk of stroke. (7/319)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A number of studies have shown that reduced intrauterine growth and low birth weight are associated with raised rates of fatal and nonfatal stroke in adult life. Whether this increased risk of stroke is modified by growth in childhood or by socioeconomic status in adult life is not known. METHODS: We studied hospital admissions and deaths from stroke among 3639 men who were born in Helsinki University Central Hospital during 1924 to 1933. They had detailed records of their body size at birth, their growth through childhood, and their social circumstances as adults. Three hundred thirty-one of the men had had a stroke. RESULTS: Hazard ratios for stroke were related to low birth weight in relation to head circumference (P=0.005) and to short length in relation to head circumference (P=0.02). These associations were stronger for hemorrhagic than for thrombotic stroke. Men who developed stroke still had below-average stature at 7 years (P=0.05), but after 7 years their height "caught up" through accelerated growth. As adults they had low incomes and low social class (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Stroke may originate through reduced fetal growth, with low body weight and short body length at birth but "sparing" of head growth. Other studies suggest that this pattern of growth is associated with persisting elevation of blood pressure and raised plasma fibrinogen concentrations, 2 known risk factors for stroke. The risk of stroke is increased by accelerated growth in height during childhood. Accelerated growth has previously been linked to the development of hypertension in adult life. Stroke risk is further increased by adverse influences linked to low income.  (+info)

Clinicopathological study of intracranial fusiform and dolichoectatic aneurysms : insight on the mechanism of growth. (8/319)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intracranial fusiform aneurysms can be divided into 2 clinically different subtypes: acute dissecting aneurysms and chronic fusiform or dolichoectatic aneurysms. Of these 2, the natural history and growth mechanism of chronic fusiform aneurysms remains unknown. METHODS: A consecutive series of 16 patients with chronic fusiform aneurysms was studied retrospectively to clarify patient clinical and neuroradiological features. Aneurysm tissues were obtained from 8 cases and were examined to identify histological features that could correspond to the radiological findings. RESULTS: Four histological features were found: (1) fragmentation of internal elastic lamina (IEL), (2) neoangiogenesis within the thickened intima, (3) intramural hemorrhage (IMH) and thrombus formation, and (4) repetitive intramural hemorrhages from the newly formed vessels within thrombus. IEL fragmentation was found in all cases, which suggests that this change may be one of the earliest processes of aneurysm formation. MRI or CT detected IMH, and marked contrast enhancement of the inside of the aneurysm wall (CEI) on MRI corresponded well with intimal thickening. Eight of 9 symptomatic cases but none of 7 asymptomatic cases presented with both radiological features. CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest that chronic fusiform aneurysms are progressive lesions that start with IEL fragmentation. Formation of IMH seems to be a critical event necessary for lesions to become symptomatic and progress, and this can be monitored on MRI. Knowledge of this possible mechanism of progression and corresponding MRI characteristics could help determine timing of surgical intervention.  (+info)

Intracranial thrombosis refers to the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within the intracranial vessels, which supply blood to the brain. This condition can occur in any of the cerebral arteries or veins and can lead to serious complications such as ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), or venous sinus thrombosis.

The formation of an intracranial thrombus can be caused by various factors, including atherosclerosis, cardiac embolism, vasculitis, sickle cell disease, hypercoagulable states, and head trauma. Symptoms may vary depending on the location and extent of the thrombosis but often include sudden onset of headache, weakness or numbness in the face or limbs, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision changes, and loss of balance or coordination.

Diagnosis of intracranial thrombosis typically involves imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) angiography, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), or digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Treatment options may include anticoagulation therapy, thrombolysis, endovascular intervention, or surgical intervention, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a clot forms in an artery, it can cut off the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues served by that artery, leading to damage or tissue death. If a thrombus forms in the heart, it can cause a heart attack. If a thrombus breaks off and travels through the bloodstream, it can lodge in a smaller vessel, causing blockage and potentially leading to damage in the organ that the vessel supplies. This is known as an embolism.

Thrombosis can occur due to various factors such as injury to the blood vessel wall, abnormalities in blood flow, or changes in the composition of the blood. Certain medical conditions, medications, and lifestyle factors can increase the risk of thrombosis. Treatment typically involves anticoagulant or thrombolytic therapy to dissolve or prevent further growth of the clot, as well as addressing any underlying causes.

Venous thrombosis is a medical condition characterized by the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the deep veins, often in the legs (deep vein thrombosis or DVT), but it can also occur in other parts of the body such as the arms, pelvis, or lungs (pulmonary embolism).

The formation of a venous thrombus can be caused by various factors, including injury to the blood vessel wall, changes in blood flow, and alterations in the composition of the blood. These factors can lead to the activation of clotting factors and platelets, which can result in the formation of a clot that blocks the vein.

Symptoms of venous thrombosis may include swelling, pain, warmth, and redness in the affected area. In some cases, the clot can dislodge and travel to other parts of the body, causing potentially life-threatening complications such as pulmonary embolism.

Risk factors for venous thrombosis include advanced age, obesity, smoking, pregnancy, use of hormonal contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy, cancer, recent surgery or trauma, prolonged immobility, and a history of previous venous thromboembolism. Treatment typically involves the use of anticoagulant medications to prevent further clotting and dissolve existing clots.

Coronary thrombosis is a medical condition that refers to the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a coronary artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. The development of a thrombus can partially or completely obstruct blood flow, leading to insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle. This can cause chest pain (angina) or a heart attack (myocardial infarction), depending on the severity and duration of the blockage.

Coronary thrombosis often results from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, a buildup of cholesterol, fat, calcium, and other substances in the inner lining (endothelium) of the coronary artery. The ruptured plaque exposes the underlying tissue to the bloodstream, triggering the coagulation cascade and resulting in the formation of a thrombus.

Immediate medical attention is crucial for managing coronary thrombosis, as timely treatment can help restore blood flow, prevent further damage to the heart muscle, and reduce the risk of complications such as heart failure or life-threatening arrhythmias. Treatment options may include medications, such as antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, and thrombolytic drugs, or interventional procedures like angioplasty and stenting to open the blocked artery. In some cases, surgical intervention, such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), may be necessary.

Intracranial sinus thrombosis is a medical condition characterized by the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within the intracranial venous sinuses, which are responsible for draining blood from the brain. The condition can lead to various neurological symptoms and complications, such as increased intracranial pressure, headaches, seizures, visual disturbances, and altered consciousness. Intracranial sinus thrombosis may result from various factors, including hypercoagulable states, infections, trauma, and malignancies. Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent potential long-term neurological damage or even death.

Carotid artery thrombosis is a medical condition characterized by the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside the carotid artery, which is one of the major blood vessels that supplies oxygenated blood to the head and neck. This condition can lead to serious complications such as a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), also known as a "mini-stroke," if the clot dislodges and travels to the brain, blocking the flow of blood and oxygen.

Carotid artery thrombosis can result from various factors, including atherosclerosis (the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in the artery walls), hypertension (high blood pressure), diabetes, smoking, and genetic predisposition. Symptoms may include neck pain or stiffness, weakness or numbness in the face or limbs, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, and sudden severe headaches. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT angiography, or MRI angiography. Treatment options may include anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications, endovascular procedures to remove the clot, or surgery to clean out the artery (carotid endarterectomy).

Anticoagulants are a class of medications that work to prevent the formation of blood clots in the body. They do this by inhibiting the coagulation cascade, which is a series of chemical reactions that lead to the formation of a clot. Anticoagulants can be given orally, intravenously, or subcutaneously, depending on the specific drug and the individual patient's needs.

There are several different types of anticoagulants, including:

1. Heparin: This is a naturally occurring anticoagulant that is often used in hospitalized patients who require immediate anticoagulation. It works by activating an enzyme called antithrombin III, which inhibits the formation of clots.
2. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH): LMWH is a form of heparin that has been broken down into smaller molecules. It has a longer half-life than standard heparin and can be given once or twice daily by subcutaneous injection.
3. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs): These are newer oral anticoagulants that work by directly inhibiting specific clotting factors in the coagulation cascade. Examples include apixaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran.
4. Vitamin K antagonists: These are older oral anticoagulants that work by inhibiting the action of vitamin K, which is necessary for the formation of clotting factors. Warfarin is an example of a vitamin K antagonist.

Anticoagulants are used to prevent and treat a variety of conditions, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), atrial fibrillation, and prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. It is important to note that anticoagulants can increase the risk of bleeding, so they must be used with caution and regular monitoring of blood clotting times may be required.

Sagittal sinus thrombosis is a medical condition that refers to the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the sagittal sinus, which is a venous structure located in the brain. The sagittal sinus runs along the midline of the brain and receives blood from the superficial veins of the brain.

Sagittal sinus thrombosis can occur as a result of various conditions, such as head trauma, infection, cancer, or certain medical disorders that cause hypercoagulability (an increased tendency to form blood clots). The formation of a blood clot in the sagittal sinus can obstruct the flow of blood from the brain, leading to symptoms such as headache, seizures, altered consciousness, and focal neurological deficits.

Diagnosis of sagittal sinus thrombosis typically involves imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, which can show the presence of a blood clot in the sagittal sinus. Treatment may involve administering anticoagulant medications to prevent further growth of the blood clot and reduce the risk of complications such as pulmonary embolism or cerebral infarction. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove the blood clot or alleviate pressure on the brain.

Phlebography is a medical imaging technique used to visualize and assess the veins, particularly in the legs. It involves the injection of a contrast agent into the veins, followed by X-ray imaging to capture the flow of the contrast material through the veins. This allows doctors to identify any abnormalities such as blood clots, blockages, or malformations in the venous system.

There are different types of phlebography, including ascending phlebography (where the contrast agent is injected into a foot vein and travels up the leg) and descending phlebography (where the contrast agent is injected into a vein in the groin or neck and travels down the leg).

Phlebography is an invasive procedure that requires careful preparation and monitoring, and it is typically performed by radiologists or vascular specialists. It has largely been replaced by non-invasive imaging techniques such as ultrasound and CT angiography in many clinical settings.

1. Intracranial Embolism: This is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot or other particle (embolus) formed elsewhere in the body, travels through the bloodstream and lodges itself in the intracranial blood vessels, blocking the flow of blood to a part of the brain. This can lead to various neurological symptoms such as weakness, numbness, speech difficulties, or even loss of consciousness, depending on the severity and location of the blockage.

2. Intracranial Thrombosis: This is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms within the intracranial blood vessels. The clot can partially or completely obstruct the flow of blood, leading to various symptoms such as headache, confusion, seizures, or neurological deficits, depending on the severity and location of the thrombosis. Intracranial thrombosis can occur due to various factors including atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and other medical conditions that increase the risk of blood clot formation.

The iliac veins are a pair of large veins in the human body that carry deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic area back to the heart. They are formed by the union of the common iliac veins, which receive blood from the lower abdomen and legs, at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra.

The combined iliac vein is called the inferior vena cava, which continues upward to the right atrium of the heart. The iliac veins are located deep within the pelvis, lateral to the corresponding iliac arteries, and are accompanied by the iliac lymphatic vessels.

The left common iliac vein is longer than the right because it must cross the left common iliac artery to join the right common iliac vein. The external and internal iliac veins are the two branches of the common iliac vein, with the external iliac vein carrying blood from the lower limbs and the internal iliac vein carrying blood from the pelvic organs.

It is essential to maintain proper blood flow in the iliac veins to prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a condition that can lead to serious complications such as pulmonary embolism.

Thrombophilia is a medical condition characterized by an increased tendency to form blood clots (thrombi) due to various genetic or acquired abnormalities in the coagulation system. These abnormalities can lead to a hypercoagulable state, which can cause thrombosis in both veins and arteries. Commonly identified thrombophilias include factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin G20210A mutation, antithrombin deficiency, protein C deficiency, and protein S deficiency.

Acquired thrombophilias can be caused by various factors such as antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), malignancies, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, and certain medical conditions like inflammatory bowel disease or nephrotic syndrome.

It is essential to diagnose thrombophilia accurately, as it may influence the management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) events and guide decisions regarding prophylactic anticoagulation in high-risk situations.

The femoral vein is the large vein that runs through the thigh and carries oxygen-depleted blood from the lower limbs back to the heart. It is located in the femoral triangle, along with the femoral artery and nerve. The femoral vein begins at the knee as the popliteal vein, which then joins with the deep vein of the thigh to form the femoral vein. As it moves up the leg, it is joined by several other veins, including the great saphenous vein, before it becomes the external iliac vein at the inguinal ligament in the groin.

Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) is a medical condition that refers to the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the deep veins located in the arm or shoulder. This condition can occur due to various reasons, including trauma, surgery, cancer, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions that increase the risk of blood clotting.

The deep veins are larger vessels that run through the body's muscles and are surrounded by fascia, a connective tissue. UEDVT can cause partial or complete blockage of blood flow in the affected vein, leading to swelling, pain, redness, warmth, and decreased function in the arm or hand. In some cases, the clot can break off and travel to the lungs, causing a potentially life-threatening condition called pulmonary embolism (PE).

Diagnosis of UEDVT typically involves a physical exam, medical history, and imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment may include anticoagulant medications to prevent the clot from growing or breaking off, thrombolytic therapy to dissolve the clot, or surgical intervention in severe cases. Compression stockings or other devices may also be used to help improve blood flow and reduce swelling.

The portal vein is the large venous trunk that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver. It is formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein (draining the small intestine and a portion of the large intestine) and the splenic vein (draining the spleen and pancreas). The portal vein then divides into right and left branches within the liver, where the blood flows through the sinusoids and gets enriched with oxygen and nutrients before being drained by the hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava. This unique arrangement allows the liver to process and detoxify the absorbed nutrients, remove waste products, and regulate metabolic homeostasis.

Cerebral veins are the blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the brain to the dural venous sinuses, which are located between the layers of tissue covering the brain. The largest cerebral vein is the superior sagittal sinus, which runs along the top of the brain. Other major cerebral veins include the straight sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, and cavernous sinus. These veins receive blood from smaller veins called venules that drain the surface and deep structures of the brain. The cerebral veins play an important role in maintaining normal circulation and pressure within the brain.

Heparin is defined as a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan (a type of polysaccharide) that is widely present in many tissues, but is most commonly derived from the mucosal tissues of mammalian lungs or intestinal mucosa. It is an anticoagulant that acts as an inhibitor of several enzymes involved in the blood coagulation cascade, primarily by activating antithrombin III which then neutralizes thrombin and other clotting factors.

Heparin is used medically to prevent and treat thromboembolic disorders such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and certain types of heart attacks. It can also be used during hemodialysis, cardiac bypass surgery, and other medical procedures to prevent the formation of blood clots.

It's important to note that while heparin is a powerful anticoagulant, it does not have any fibrinolytic activity, meaning it cannot dissolve existing blood clots. Instead, it prevents new clots from forming and stops existing clots from growing larger.

Factor V, also known as proaccelerin or labile factor, is a protein involved in the coagulation cascade, which is a series of chemical reactions that leads to the formation of a blood clot. Factor V acts as a cofactor for the activation of Factor X to Factor Xa, which is a critical step in the coagulation cascade.

When blood vessels are damaged, the coagulation cascade is initiated to prevent excessive bleeding. During this process, Factor V is activated by thrombin, another protein involved in coagulation, and then forms a complex with activated Factor X and calcium ions on the surface of platelets or other cells. This complex converts prothrombin to thrombin, which then converts fibrinogen to fibrin to form a stable clot.

Deficiency or dysfunction of Factor V can lead to bleeding disorders such as hemophilia B or factor V deficiency, while mutations in the gene encoding Factor V can increase the risk of thrombosis, as seen in the Factor V Leiden mutation.

Fibrinolytic agents are medications that dissolve or break down blood clots by activating plasminogen, which is converted into plasmin. Plasmin is a proteolytic enzyme that degrades fibrin, the structural protein in blood clots. Fibrinolytic agents are used medically to treat conditions such as acute ischemic stroke, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and myocardial infarction (heart attack) by restoring blood flow in occluded vessels. Examples of fibrinolytic agents include alteplase, reteplase, and tenecteplase. It is important to note that these medications carry a risk of bleeding complications and should be administered with caution.

Hemostasis is the physiological process that occurs to stop bleeding (bleeding control) when a blood vessel is damaged. This involves the interaction of platelets, vasoconstriction, and blood clotting factors leading to the formation of a clot. The ultimate goal of hemostasis is to maintain the integrity of the vascular system while preventing excessive blood loss.

Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is a type of heparin used as an anticoagulant, which refers to a group of medications that prevent the formation of blood clots. Heparin is a naturally occurring substance in the body, and low-molecular-weight heparins are obtained through the depolymerization of standard heparin.

LMWH has a lower molecular weight than standard heparin, which results in several pharmacological differences. LMWHs have a more predictable dose response, longer half-life, and higher bioavailability when administered subcutaneously compared to standard heparin. They also exhibit greater anti-factor Xa activity relative to their antithrombin (anti-IIa) activity, which contributes to their anticoagulant effects.

LMWHs are used for the prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and other thromboembolic disorders. Common LMWHs include enoxaparin, dalteparin, tinzaparin, and nadroparin.

It is essential to monitor the patient's kidney function when using LMWH since they are primarily cleared by the kidneys. In patients with renal impairment, dose adjustments or alternative anticoagulants may be necessary to reduce the risk of bleeding complications.

Cavernous sinus thrombosis is a medical condition that refers to the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the cavernous sinuses, which are located near the base of the brain and are important for draining blood from the face and brain. This condition can occur as a complication of an infection in the facial area or sinuses, or it can be associated with other medical conditions such as cancer or trauma.

Symptoms of cavernous sinus thrombosis may include headache, fever, eye pain, swelling or bulging of the eyes, double vision, and decreased vision. If left untreated, this condition can lead to serious complications such as meningitis, brain abscess, or even death. Treatment typically involves administering antibiotics to treat any underlying infection and anticoagulants to prevent further clot formation. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the clot.

Blood coagulation, also known as blood clotting, is a complex process that occurs in the body to prevent excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged. This process involves several different proteins and chemical reactions that ultimately lead to the formation of a clot.

The coagulation cascade is initiated when blood comes into contact with tissue factor, which is exposed after damage to the blood vessel wall. This triggers a series of enzymatic reactions that activate clotting factors, leading to the formation of a fibrin clot. Fibrin is a protein that forms a mesh-like structure that traps platelets and red blood cells to form a stable clot.

Once the bleeding has stopped, the coagulation process is regulated and inhibited to prevent excessive clotting. The fibrinolytic system degrades the clot over time, allowing for the restoration of normal blood flow.

Abnormalities in the blood coagulation process can lead to bleeding disorders or thrombotic disorders such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in the blood. These antibodies are directed against phospholipids, a type of fat molecule found in cell membranes and plasma lipoproteins. The presence of these antibodies can lead to abnormal blood clotting, which can cause serious complications such as stroke, heart attack, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism.

APS can occur either on its own (primary APS) or in conjunction with other autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (secondary APS). The exact cause of APS is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Symptoms of APS can vary widely depending on the location and severity of the blood clots. They may include:

* Recurrent miscarriages or stillbirths
* Blood clots in the legs, lungs, or other parts of the body
* Skin ulcers or lesions
* Headaches, seizures, or stroke-like symptoms
* Kidney problems
* Heart valve abnormalities

Diagnosis of APS typically involves blood tests to detect the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. Treatment may include medications to prevent blood clots, such as anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, as well as management of any underlying autoimmune disorders.

The inferior vena cava (IVC) is the largest vein in the human body that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities, pelvis, and abdomen to the right atrium of the heart. It is formed by the union of the left and right common iliac veins at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra. The inferior vena cava is a retroperitoneal structure, meaning it lies behind the peritoneum, the lining that covers the abdominal cavity. It ascends through the posterior abdominal wall and passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm to enter the thoracic cavity.

The inferior vena cava is composed of three parts:

1. The infrarenal portion, which lies below the renal veins
2. The renal portion, which receives blood from the renal veins
3. The suprahepatic portion, which lies above the liver and receives blood from the hepatic veins before draining into the right atrium of the heart.

The inferior vena cava plays a crucial role in maintaining venous return to the heart and contributing to cardiovascular function.

Thromboembolism is a medical condition that refers to the obstruction of a blood vessel by a thrombus (blood clot) that has formed elsewhere in the body and then been transported by the bloodstream to a narrower vessel, where it becomes lodged. This process can occur in various parts of the body, leading to different types of thromboembolisms:

1. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): A thrombus forms in the deep veins, usually in the legs or pelvis, and then breaks off and travels to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism.
2. Pulmonary Embolism (PE): A thrombus formed elsewhere, often in the deep veins of the legs, dislodges and travels to the lungs, blocking one or more pulmonary arteries. This can lead to shortness of breath, chest pain, and potentially life-threatening complications if not treated promptly.
3. Cerebral Embolism: A thrombus formed in another part of the body, such as the heart or carotid artery, dislodges and travels to the brain, causing a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).
4. Arterial Thromboembolism: A thrombus forms in an artery and breaks off, traveling to another part of the body and blocking blood flow to an organ or tissue, leading to potential damage or loss of function. Examples include mesenteric ischemia (intestinal damage due to blocked blood flow) and retinal artery occlusion (vision loss due to blocked blood flow in the eye).

Prevention, early detection, and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing thromboembolism and reducing the risk of severe complications.

Platelet aggregation inhibitors are a class of medications that prevent platelets (small blood cells involved in clotting) from sticking together and forming a clot. These drugs work by interfering with the ability of platelets to adhere to each other and to the damaged vessel wall, thereby reducing the risk of thrombosis (blood clot formation).

Platelet aggregation inhibitors are often prescribed for people who have an increased risk of developing blood clots due to various medical conditions such as atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, stroke, or a history of heart attack. They may also be used in patients undergoing certain medical procedures, such as angioplasty and stenting, to prevent blood clot formation in the stents.

Examples of platelet aggregation inhibitors include:

1. Aspirin: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that irreversibly inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in platelet activation and aggregation.
2. Clopidogrel (Plavix): A P2Y12 receptor antagonist that selectively blocks ADP-induced platelet activation and aggregation.
3. Prasugrel (Effient): A third-generation thienopyridine P2Y12 receptor antagonist, similar to clopidogrel but with faster onset and greater potency.
4. Ticagrelor (Brilinta): A direct-acting P2Y12 receptor antagonist that does not require metabolic activation and has a reversible binding profile.
5. Dipyridamole (Persantine): An antiplatelet agent that inhibits platelet aggregation by increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in platelets, which leads to decreased platelet reactivity.
6. Iloprost (Ventavis): A prostacyclin analogue that inhibits platelet aggregation and causes vasodilation, often used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
7. Cilostazol (Pletal): A phosphodiesterase III inhibitor that increases cAMP levels in platelets, leading to decreased platelet activation and aggregation, as well as vasodilation.
8. Ticlopidine (Ticlid): An older P2Y12 receptor antagonist with a slower onset of action and more frequent side effects compared to clopidogrel or prasugrel.

Lateral sinus thrombosis, also known as sigmoid sinus thrombosis, is a medical condition characterized by the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the lateral or sigmoid sinus, which are venous structures located in the skull that help drain blood from the brain.

The lateral sinuses are situated near the mastoid process of the temporal bone and can become thrombosed due to various reasons such as infection (often associated with ear or mastoid infections), trauma, tumors, or other underlying medical conditions that increase the risk of blood clot formation.

Symptoms of lateral sinus thrombosis may include headache, fever, neck stiffness, altered mental status, and signs of increased intracranial pressure such as papilledema (swelling of the optic nerve disc). Diagnosis is typically made with the help of imaging studies like CT or MRI scans, and treatment often involves anticoagulation therapy to prevent clot expansion and potential complications. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove the clot or manage any underlying conditions.

Bleeding time is a medical test that measures the time it takes for a small blood vessel to stop bleeding after being cut. It's used to evaluate platelet function and the effectiveness of blood clotting. The most common method used to measure bleeding time is the Ivy method, which involves making a standardized incision on the forearm and measuring the time it takes for the bleeding to stop. A normal bleeding time ranges from 2 to 9 minutes, but this can vary depending on the specific method used. Prolonged bleeding time may indicate an impairment in platelet function or clotting factor deficiency.

A thrombectomy is a medical procedure that involves the removal of a blood clot (thrombus) from a blood vessel. This is typically performed to restore blood flow in cases where the clot is causing significant blockage, which can lead to serious complications such as tissue damage or organ dysfunction.

During a thrombectomy, a surgeon makes an incision and accesses the affected blood vessel, often with the help of imaging guidance. Specialized tools are then used to extract the clot, after which the blood vessel is usually repaired. Thrombectomies can be performed on various blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the brain, heart, lungs, and limbs.

This procedure may be recommended for patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), or certain types of stroke, depending on the specific circumstances and the patient's overall health. It is generally considered when anticoagulation therapy or clot-dissolving medications are not sufficient or appropriate to treat the blood clot.

Fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDPs) are a group of proteins that result from the breakdown of fibrinogen and fibrin, which are key components of blood clots. This process occurs during the normal physiological process of fibrinolysis, where clots are dissolved to maintain blood flow.

FDPs can be measured in the blood as a marker for the activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. Elevated levels of FDPs may indicate the presence of a disorder that causes abnormal clotting or bleeding, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), or certain types of cancer.

It is important to note that FDPs are not specific to any particular disorder and their measurement should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory findings.

A stent is a small mesh tube that's used to treat narrow or weak arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from your heart to other parts of your body. A stent is placed in an artery as part of a procedure called angioplasty. Angioplasty restores blood flow through narrowed or blocked arteries by inflating a tiny balloon inside the blocked artery to widen it.

The stent is then inserted into the widened artery to keep it open. The stent is usually made of metal, but some are coated with medication that is slowly and continuously released to help prevent the formation of scar tissue in the artery. This can reduce the chance of the artery narrowing again.

Stents are also used in other parts of the body, such as the neck (carotid artery) and kidneys (renal artery), to help maintain blood flow and prevent blockages. They can also be used in the urinary system to treat conditions like ureteropelvic junction obstruction or narrowing of the urethra.

Protein S deficiency is a genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to coagulate blood properly. Protein S is a naturally occurring protein in the blood that helps regulate the clotting process by deactivating clotting factors when they are no longer needed. When Protein S levels are too low, it can lead to an increased risk of abnormal blood clots forming within blood vessels, a condition known as thrombophilia.

There are three types of Protein S deficiency: Type I (quantitative deficiency), Type II (qualitative deficiency), and Type III (dysfunctional protein). These types refer to the amount or function of Protein S in the blood. In Type I, there is a decrease in both free and total Protein S levels. In Type II, there is a decrease in functional Protein S despite normal total Protein S levels. In Type III, there is a decrease in free Protein S with normal total Protein S levels.

Protein S deficiency can be inherited or acquired. Inherited forms of the disorder are caused by genetic mutations and are usually present from birth. Acquired forms of Protein S deficiency can develop later in life due to certain medical conditions, such as liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, or the use of certain medications that affect blood clotting.

Symptoms of Protein S deficiency may include recurrent blood clots, usually in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or lungs (pulmonary embolism), skin discoloration, pain, and swelling in the affected area. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as chronic leg ulcers, pulmonary hypertension, or damage to the heart or lungs.

Diagnosis of Protein S deficiency typically involves blood tests to measure Protein S levels and function. Treatment may include anticoagulant medications to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger. Lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding smoking can also help reduce the risk of blood clots in people with Protein S deficiency.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Platelet aggregation is the clumping together of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood, which is an essential step in the process of hemostasis (the stopping of bleeding) after injury to a blood vessel. When the inner lining of a blood vessel is damaged, exposure of subendothelial collagen and tissue factor triggers platelet activation. Activated platelets change shape, become sticky, and release the contents of their granules, which include ADP (adenosine diphosphate).

ADP then acts as a chemical mediator to attract and bind additional platelets to the site of injury, leading to platelet aggregation. This forms a plug that seals the damaged vessel and prevents further blood loss. Platelet aggregation is also a crucial component in the formation of blood clots (thrombosis) within blood vessels, which can have pathological consequences such as heart attacks and strokes if they obstruct blood flow to vital organs.

The mesenteric veins are a set of blood vessels that are responsible for draining deoxygenated blood from the small and large intestines. There are two main mesenteric veins: the superior mesenteric vein and the inferior mesenteric vein. The superior mesenteric vein drains blood from the majority of the small intestine, as well as the ascending colon and proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon. The inferior mesenteric vein drains blood from the distal third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. These veins ultimately drain into the portal vein, which carries the blood to the liver for further processing.

The subclavian vein is a large venous structure that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper limb and part of the thorax back to the heart. It forms when the axillary vein passes through the narrow space between the first rib and the clavicle (collarbone), becoming the subclavian vein.

On the left side, the subclavian vein joins with the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein, while on the right side, the subclavian vein directly merges with the internal jugular vein to create the brachiocephalic vein. These brachiocephalic veins then unite to form the superior vena cava, which drains blood into the right atrium of the heart.

The subclavian vein is an essential structure for venous access in various medical procedures and interventions, such as placing central venous catheters or performing blood tests.

Drug-eluting stents (DES) are medical devices used in the treatment of coronary artery disease. They are small, flexible tubes that are coated with a medication that is slowly released (eluted) over time to prevent the formation of scar tissue and reduce the risk of renarrowing (restenosis) of the artery after it has been treated with angioplasty and stenting.

The stent is typically placed in a narrowed or blocked coronary artery during a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedure, such as angioplasty, to open up the blood vessel and improve blood flow to the heart muscle. The medication on the DES helps to prevent the growth of smooth muscle cells and the formation of scar tissue in the artery, which can cause restenosis and require additional treatments.

The most commonly used medications on DES are sirolimus, paclitaxel, zotarolimus, and everolimus. These drugs work by inhibiting the growth of smooth muscle cells and reducing inflammation in the artery. While DES have been shown to reduce the risk of restenosis compared to bare-metal stents, they also carry a small increased risk of late stent thrombosis (blood clots forming in the stent), which can lead to serious complications such as heart attack or stroke. Therefore, patients who receive DES are typically prescribed long-term antiplatelet therapy to reduce this risk.

Prothrombin is a protein present in blood plasma, and it's also known as coagulation factor II. It plays a crucial role in the coagulation cascade, which is a complex series of reactions that leads to the formation of a blood clot.

When an injury occurs, the coagulation cascade is initiated to prevent excessive blood loss. Prothrombin is converted into its active form, thrombin, by another factor called factor Xa in the presence of calcium ions, phospholipids, and factor Va. Thrombin then catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin, forming a stable clot.

Prothrombin levels can be measured through a blood test, which is often used to diagnose or monitor conditions related to bleeding or coagulation disorders, such as liver disease or vitamin K deficiency.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

The popliteal vein is the continuation of the tibial and fibular (or anterior and posterior tibial) veins, forming in the lower leg's back portion or popliteal fossa. It carries blood from the leg towards the heart. The popliteal vein is located deep within the body and is accompanied by the popliteal artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to the lower leg. This venous structure is a crucial part of the venous system in the lower extremities and is often assessed during physical examinations for signs of venous insufficiency or deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

The jugular veins are a pair of large, superficial veins that carry blood from the head and neck to the heart. They are located in the neck and are easily visible when looking at the side of a person's neck. The external jugular vein runs along the surface of the muscles in the neck, while the internal jugular vein runs within the carotid sheath along with the carotid artery and the vagus nerve.

The jugular veins are important in clinical examinations because they can provide information about a person's cardiovascular function and intracranial pressure. For example, distention of the jugular veins may indicate heart failure or increased intracranial pressure, while decreased venous pulsations may suggest a low blood pressure or shock.

It is important to note that medical conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) can also affect the jugular veins and can lead to serious complications if not treated promptly.

Blood platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that play an essential role in normal blood clotting. They are formed in the bone marrow from large cells called megakaryocytes and circulate in the blood in an inactive state until they are needed to help stop bleeding. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets become activated and change shape, releasing chemicals that attract more platelets to the site of injury. These activated platelets then stick together to form a plug, or clot, that seals the wound and prevents further blood loss. In addition to their role in clotting, platelets also help to promote healing by releasing growth factors that stimulate the growth of new tissue.

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) is a medical condition that includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT is a blood clot that forms in the deep veins, usually in the legs, while PE occurs when a clot breaks off and travels to the lungs, blocking a pulmonary artery or one of its branches. This condition can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated promptly.

The medical definition of Venous Thromboembolism is:

"The formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in a deep vein, most commonly in the legs, which can then dislodge and travel to the lungs, causing a potentially life-threatening blockage of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches (pulmonary embolism). VTE is a complex disorder resulting from an interplay of genetic and environmental factors that affect the balance between thrombosis and fibrinolysis."

Some common risk factors for VTE include immobility, surgery, trauma, cancer, hormonal therapy, pregnancy, advanced age, and inherited or acquired thrombophilia. Symptoms of DVT may include swelling, pain, warmth, and redness in the affected limb, while symptoms of PE can range from shortness of breath and chest pain to coughing up blood or even sudden death. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical assessment, imaging studies (such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI), and laboratory tests (such as D-dimer). Treatment usually includes anticoagulation therapy to prevent further clot formation and reduce the risk of recurrence.

Hemorrhage is defined in the medical context as an excessive loss of blood from the circulatory system, which can occur due to various reasons such as injury, surgery, or underlying health conditions that affect blood clotting or the integrity of blood vessels. The bleeding may be internal, external, visible, or concealed, and it can vary in severity from minor to life-threatening, depending on the location and extent of the bleeding. Hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment to prevent further blood loss, organ damage, and potential death.

Antiphospholipid antibodies are a type of autoantibody that targets and binds to certain proteins found in the blood that attach to phospholipids (a type of fat molecule). These antibodies are associated with an increased risk of developing antiphospholipid syndrome, a disorder characterized by abnormal blood clotting.

There are several types of antiphospholipid antibodies, including:

1. Lupus anticoagulant: This type of antiphospholipid antibody can interfere with blood clotting tests and may increase the risk of thrombosis (blood clots) in both arteries and veins.
2. Anticardiolipin antibodies: These antibodies target a specific phospholipid called cardiolipin, which is found in the inner membrane of mitochondria. High levels of anticardiolipin antibodies are associated with an increased risk of thrombosis and pregnancy complications such as recurrent miscarriage.
3. Anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies: These antibodies target a protein called β2 glycoprotein I, which binds to negatively charged phospholipids on the surface of cells. High levels of anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies are associated with an increased risk of thrombosis and pregnancy complications.

The exact mechanism by which antiphospholipid antibodies cause blood clotting is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve the activation of platelets, the inhibition of natural anticoagulants, and the promotion of inflammation. Antiphospholipid syndrome can be treated with medications that thin the blood or prevent clots from forming, such as aspirin, warfarin, or heparin.

Protein C deficiency is a genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to control blood clotting. Protein C is a protein in the blood that helps regulate the formation of blood clots. When blood clots form too easily or do not dissolve properly, they can block blood vessels and lead to serious medical conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE).

People with protein C deficiency have lower than normal levels of this protein in their blood, which can increase their risk of developing abnormal blood clots. The condition is usually inherited and present from birth, but it may not cause any symptoms until later in life, such as during pregnancy, after surgery, or due to other factors that increase the risk of blood clots.

Protein C deficiency can be classified into two types: type I and type II. Type I deficiency is characterized by lower than normal levels of both functional and immunoreactive protein C in the blood. Type II deficiency is characterized by normal or near-normal levels of immunoreactive protein C, but reduced functional activity.

Protein C deficiency can be diagnosed through blood tests that measure the level and function of protein C in the blood. Treatment may include anticoagulant medications to prevent blood clots from forming or dissolve existing ones. Regular monitoring of protein C levels and careful management of risk factors for blood clots are also important parts of managing this condition.

Cranial sinuses are a part of the venous system in the human head. They are air-filled spaces located within the skull and are named according to their location. The cranial sinuses include:

1. Superior sagittal sinus: It runs along the top of the brain, inside the skull, and drains blood from the scalp and the veins of the brain.
2. Inferior sagittal sinus: It runs along the bottom of the brain and drains into the straight sinus.
3. Straight sinus: It is located at the back of the brain and receives blood from the inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein.
4. Occipital sinuses: They are located at the back of the head and drain blood from the scalp and skull.
5. Cavernous sinuses: They are located on each side of the brain, near the temple, and receive blood from the eye and surrounding areas.
6. Sphenoparietal sinus: It is a small sinus that drains blood from the front part of the brain into the cavernous sinus.
7. Petrosquamosal sinuses: They are located near the ear and drain blood from the scalp and skull.

The cranial sinuses play an essential role in draining blood from the brain and protecting it from injury.

Activated Protein C (APC) resistance is a condition in which the body's natural anticoagulant system is impaired, leading to an increased risk of thrombosis or blood clot formation. APC is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in regulating blood coagulation by inactivating clotting factors Va and VIIIa.

APC resistance is most commonly caused by a genetic mutation in the Factor V gene, known as Factor V Leiden. This mutation results in the production of a variant form of Factor V called Factor V Leiden, which is resistant to APC-mediated inactivation. As a result, the body's ability to regulate blood clotting is impaired, leading to an increased risk of thrombosis.

APC resistance can be measured by performing a functional assay that compares the activity of APC in normal plasma versus plasma from a patient with suspected APC resistance. The assay measures the rate of inactivation of Factor Va by APC, and a reduced rate of inactivation indicates APC resistance.

It is important to note that not all individuals with APC resistance will develop thrombosis, and other factors such as age, obesity, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, and smoking can increase the risk of thrombosis in individuals with APC resistance.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor" is not a recognized medical term or concept in hematology or immunology.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), often referred to simply as lupus, is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. However, this does not result in a specific coagulation inhibitor.

If you're asking about lupus anticoagulants, these are antibodies that can interfere with clotting tests but paradoxically increase the risk of blood clots in vivo. They are sometimes seen in patients with SLE and other autoimmune diseases.

Please provide more context if you meant something else, so I can give a more accurate response.

Platelet activation is the process by which platelets (also known as thrombocytes) become biologically active and change from their inactive discoid shape to a spherical shape with pseudopodia, resulting in the release of chemical mediators that are involved in hemostasis and thrombosis. This process is initiated by various stimuli such as exposure to subendothelial collagen, von Willebrand factor, or thrombin during vascular injury, leading to platelet aggregation and the formation of a platelet plug to stop bleeding. Platelet activation also plays a role in inflammation, immune response, and wound healing.

Thromboplastin is a substance that activates the coagulation cascade, leading to the formation of a clot (thrombus). It's primarily found in damaged or injured tissues and blood vessels, as well as in platelets (thrombocytes). There are two types of thromboplastin:

1. Extrinsic thromboplastin (also known as tissue factor): This is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is primarily found in subendothelial cells and released upon injury to the blood vessels. It initiates the extrinsic pathway of coagulation by binding to and activating Factor VII, ultimately leading to the formation of thrombin and fibrin clots.
2. Intrinsic thromboplastin (also known as plasma thromboplastin or factor III): This term is used less frequently and refers to a labile phospholipid component present in platelet membranes, which plays a role in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation.

In clinical settings, the term "thromboplastin" often refers to reagents used in laboratory tests like the prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). These reagents contain a source of tissue factor and calcium ions to initiate and monitor the coagulation process.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Thrombolytic therapy, also known as thrombolysis, is a medical treatment that uses medications called thrombolytics or fibrinolytics to dissolve or break down blood clots (thrombi) in blood vessels. These clots can obstruct the flow of blood to vital organs such as the heart, lungs, or brain, leading to serious conditions like myocardial infarction (heart attack), pulmonary embolism, or ischemic stroke.

The goal of thrombolytic therapy is to restore blood flow as quickly and efficiently as possible to prevent further damage to the affected organ and potentially save lives. Commonly used thrombolytic drugs include alteplase (tPA), reteplase, and tenecteplase. It's essential to administer these medications as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms for optimal treatment outcomes. However, there are risks associated with thrombolytic therapy, such as an increased chance of bleeding complications, which must be carefully weighed against its benefits in each individual case.

Warfarin is a anticoagulant medication that works by inhibiting the vitamin K-dependent activation of several coagulation factors (factors II, VII, IX, and X). This results in prolonged clotting times and reduced thrombus formation. It is commonly used to prevent and treat blood clots in conditions such as atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. Warfarin is also known by its brand names Coumadin and Jantoven.

It's important to note that warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index, meaning that the difference between an effective dose and a toxic one is small. Therefore, it requires careful monitoring of the patient's coagulation status through regular blood tests (INR) to ensure that the dosage is appropriate and to minimize the risk of bleeding complications.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

The renal veins are a pair of large veins that carry oxygen-depleted blood and waste products from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava, which is the largest vein in the body that returns blood to the heart. The renal veins are formed by the union of several smaller veins that drain blood from different parts of the kidney.

In humans, the right renal vein is shorter and passes directly into the inferior vena cava, while the left renal vein is longer and passes in front of the aorta before entering the inferior vena cava. The left renal vein also receives blood from the gonadal (testicular or ovarian) veins, suprarenal (adrenal) veins, and the lumbar veins.

It is important to note that the renal veins are vulnerable to compression by surrounding structures, such as the overlying artery or a tumor, which can lead to renal vein thrombosis, a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention.

The splenic vein is a large, thin-walled vein that carries oxygenated blood from the spleen and pancreas to the liver. It is formed by the union of several smaller veins that drain the upper part of the stomach, the pancreas, and the left side of the colon (splenic flexure). The splenic vein runs along the top border of the pancreas and merges with the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein. This venous system allows for the filtration and detoxification of blood by the liver before it is distributed to the rest of the body.

"Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after intracranial venous thrombosis". The Cochrane ... MRI is generally a better imaging test except when intracranial bleeding is suspected. Imaging may be done at a later point in ... There is a lack of evidence for preventive anti-epileptic medications in the management of seizures related to intracranial ... cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, a rare type of stroke, is more likely to be accompanied by seizures than other types of ...
Foix's syndrome II, opthalmoplegic disease secondary to intracranial aneurysmas or thrombosis of the cavernous sinus. Foix- ... Foix' main contributions to the neurology was to relate thrombosis of specific arteries at autopsies with symptoms and signs ...
Lanska D J, Kryscio R J (2000) Risk factors for peripartum and postpartum stroke and intracranial venous thrombosis. Stroke 31 ... Kalbag R M, Woolf A L (1967) Cerebral Venous Thrombosis, with Special Reference to Primary Aseptic Thrombosis. Oxford, Oxford ... Puerperal women are liable to thrombosis, especially thrombophlebitis of the leg and pelvic veins; aseptic thrombi can also ... Srinavasan K (1988) Puerperal cerebral venous and arterial thrombosis. Seminars in Neurology 8:222-225. Jack T M (1982) Post- ...
CNS involvement in Behçet's disease may lead to intracranial hypertension most commonly due to dural venous sinus thrombosis ... Imaging including angiography may be indicated to identify dural venous sinus thrombosis as a cause of intracranial ... Neurological involvements range from aseptic meningitis to vascular thrombosis such as dural sinus thrombosis and organic brain ... Pulmonary artery thrombosis may occur. Arthritis is seen in up to half of people, and is usually a non-erosive poly or ...
Other significant side effects include a risk of thrombosis, benign intracranial hypertension in children, high lipids ( ...
Peripheral venous thrombosis Recurrent fever Chills intracranial hypertension: this is in relation with the vein thrombosis ... This causes coagulation, forming blood clots and begins the development of pulmonary aneurysms and thrombosis. The etiology or ... Hughes-Stovin Syndrome compromises of vein dysfunctions, formation of thrombosis and pulmonary aneurysms. The disease is noted ... Therefore, in the presence of multiple pulmonary artery aneurysms (PAA) and deep vein thrombosis, physicians differentiate ...
This type of headache may also be caused by cerebral venous thrombosis or different intracranial vascular disorders. Other ... intracranial neoplasm, epileptic seizure or other types of disorders or diseases that are intracranial but that are not ... obese women who have increased intracranial pressure), or other causes of increased intracranial pressure. In most cases, a CT ... HIV/AIDS, intracranial infections and systemic infections may also cause secondary headaches. The ICHD-2 system of ...
... abortion ectopic pregnancy molar pregnancy pregnancy childbirth and the puerperium coronary portal vein thrombosis intracranial ... Thrombosis prevention is also recommended during air travel. Thrombosis prophylaxis is effective in preventing the formation of ... Thrombosis prevention or thromboprophylaxis is medical treatment to prevent the development of thrombosis (blood clots inside ... Thrombosis prophylaxis is not only used for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis, but can be initiated for the prevention of ...
Cerebral aneurysm nonruptured 437.4 Cerebral arteritis 437.5 Moyamoya disease 437.6 Nonpyogenic thrombosis of intracranial ... 452 Portal vein thrombosis 453 Other venous embolism and thrombosis 453.4 Deep vein thrombosis, unspec. 453.41 Deep vein ... cerebral arteries 434.0 Cerebral thrombosis 434.00 Cerebral thrombosis without cerebral infarction 434.01 Cerebral thrombosis ... thrombosis, proximal 453.42 Deep vein thrombosis, distal 453.9 Venous embolism, unspec. site 454 Varicose veins of lower ...
Cranial ultrasound can identify intracranial hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, large cerebral sinus venous thrombosis ... Neonatal cerebral sinovenous ischemic stroke is a disease in the cerebral venous system caused by thrombosis. Thrombosis in ... Celkan, Tiraje; Dikme, Gurcan (4 May 2018). "Thrombosis in children: Which test to whom, when and how much necessary?". Türk ... This will lead to intracranial hypertension, cerebral ischemia or wide spreading hemorrhage which may result in a permanent ...
Dural venous sinus thrombosis (DVST) and cortical venous thrombosis (CVT) commonly presents with headache, increased ... Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), also known as intracranial bleed, is bleeding within the skull. Subtypes are intracerebral ... cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, cerebral vasculitis and mycotic aneurysm. More than half of all cases of intracranial ... Intracranial hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency because the buildup of blood within the skull can lead to increases in ...
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. "Intracranial venous thrombosis - Patient UK". UCH ... Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis or cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), is the ... Thrombosis of the sinuses is the main mechanism behind the increase in intracranial pressure due to decreased resorption of ... In cerebral venous thrombosis, blood clots usually form both in the veins of the brain and the venous sinuses. The thrombosis ...
If there is evidence of complications such as intracranial suppuration, 6-8 weeks of total therapy may be warranted.[citation ... This is a rare disorder and can be of two types-septic cavernous thrombosis and aseptic cavernous thrombosis. The most common ... "Guidelines Cavernous sinus thrombosis" (PDF). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis - NHS Choices". www.nhs.uk. NHS Choices. Retrieved 27 ... Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is the formation of a blood clot within the cavernous sinus, a cavity at the base of the brain ...
... and vomiting usually occur more often in hemorrhagic stroke than in thrombosis because of the increased intracranial pressure ... Two types of thrombosis can cause stroke: Large vessel disease involves the common and internal carotid arteries, the vertebral ... For example, in intracranial hemorrhage, the affected area may compress other structures. Most forms of stroke are not ... There are four reasons why this might happen: Thrombosis (obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot forming locally) ...
Spontaneous venous thromboses occurred in some patients, sometimes accompanied with spontaneous intracranial bleeding in the ...
"Thrombolytic therapy and posterior circulation extracranial-intracranial bypass for acute basilar artery thrombosis: Case ... "Giant intracranial aneurysm surgery: The role of microvascular reconstruction", Surgical Neurology, 34 (1): 8-15, doi:10.1016/ ...
Venous sinus thrombosis is the most frequent vascular manifestation in NBD followed by cortical cerebral veins thrombosis. On ... Some of the less common symptoms include intracranial hypertension and intracranial aneurysms. Because the cause of Behçet's ... The main clinical characteristic is the cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). If one experiences CVT, a clot in one of the blood ... Tunc R, Saip S, Siva A, Yazici H. Cerebral venous thrombosis is associated with major vessel disease in Behçet's syndrome. Ann ...
Other common sources include cavernous sinus thrombosis, bacterial meningitis, poor dental hygiene and intravenous drug use. ... An infectious intracranial aneurysm (IIA, also called mycotic aneurysm) is a cerebral aneurysm that is caused by infection of ... At the same time, we prefer the use of a more specific and accurate heading, namely, infected intracranial aneurysm, to include ... 87, pp1223-1259 Diagnosis of IIA is based on finding an intracranial aneurysm on vascular imaging in the presence of ...
... intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding into the brain), thrombosis (blood clots) in the brain Effects on the skin and mucous ...
... or in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, severe meningitis, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, intracranial ... subarachnoid hemorrhages because of underlying disease processes and decreased cerebral perfusion with elevated intracranial ...
... or in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, severe meningitis, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, intracranial ... International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators) (December 1998). "Unruptured intracranial aneurysms-- ... Deep vein thrombosis is prevented with compression stockings, intermittent pneumatic compression of the calves, or both. A ... Gibbs GF, Huston J, Qian Q, Kubly V, Harris PC, Brown RD, Torres VE (May 2004). "Follow-up of intracranial aneurysms in ...
Increase in venous pressure can be due to venous sinus thrombosis, heart failure, or obstruction of superior mediastinal or ... is an elevated intracranial pressure. ICP is very likely to cause severe harm if it rises too high. Very high intracranial ... Intracranial hypertension (IH), also called increased ICP (IICP) or raised intracranial pressure (RICP), is elevation of the ... Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure exerted by fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inside the skull and on the ...
... attributed to intracranial endovascular procedures Angiography headache Headache attributed to cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT ... to lymphocytic hypophysitis Headache attributed to intracranial neoplasm Headache attributed to increased intracranial pressure ... Headache attributed to intracranial hypertension secondary to metabolic, toxic or hormonal causes Headache attributed to ... Headache attributed to other non-vascular intracranial disorder Headache induced by acute substance use or exposure Nitric ...
... and require exclusion of venous sinus thrombosis as an underlying cause. Furthermore, they added the requirement that no other ... Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), previously known as pseudotumor cerebri and benign intracranial hypertension, is a ... The disease was renamed benign intracranial hypertension in 1955 to distinguish it from intracranial hypertension due to life- ... Intracranial pressure may be increased due to medications such as high-dose vitamin A derivatives (e.g., isotretinoin for acne ...
The cause of vein thrombosis is explained by venous drainage of the frontal sinus, which occurs through diploic veins, which ... Intracranial extension requires referral to the neurosurgery.[citation needed] Reddan, Tristan; Connor, Patricia (2018). "Not ... The infection can also spread inwards, leading to an intracranial abscess. Pott's puffy tumor can be associated with cortical ... can better appreciate the underlying cause and extent of possible intra-cranial extension/involvement. Frontal sinusitis, acute ...
Moreover, experienced groups in the use of ultrasound have not been able to show intracranial or extracranial reflux in MS ... thrombosis and nerve compression syndrome of cranial nerves XI and XII. One death case appeared in the scientific literature, ... Proposed consequences of CCSVI syndrome include intracranial hypoxia, delayed perfusion, reduced drainage of catabolites, ... severe complications related to the angioplasty and stenting that have been reported include intracranial hemorrhage, stent ...
... events precipitated by over-anticoagulation include bleeding problems such as gastrointestinal bleeding and intracranial ... "Management of Pump Thrombosis in Patients with LVADs". "Management of Pump Thrombosis in Patients with LVADs". Blitz, A (2014 ... The occurrence of elevated LDH levels within 3 months after implantation mirrored that of thrombosis. Thrombosis was presaged ... Pump thrombosis is defined as a specific case of a major device malfunction. In turn, device malfunction is as defined by ...
... angiopathy Intracranial neoplasm Coagulopathy Hemorrhagic transformation of an ischemic stroke Cerebral venous thrombosis ... Substantial displacement of brain parenchyma may cause elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) and potentially fatal ... cerebral venous sinus thrombosis). Nonpenetrating and penetrating cranial trauma can also be common causes of intracerebral ...
... idiopathic intracranial hypertension (also known as Pseudotumor Cerebri), cerebral venous sinus thrombosis or intracerebral ... An MRA and MRV may also be ordered to rule out the possibility of stenosis or thrombosis of the arterial or venous systems. The ... In intracranial hypertension, the optic disc swelling most commonly occurs bilaterally. When papilledema is found on fundoscopy ... Raised intracranial pressure as a result of one or more of the following: Smoking Brain tumor, ...
... may extend to the central nervous system, where it may cause cavernous sinus thrombosis, retrograde meningitis, and ... Clayman GL, Adams GL, Paugh DR, Koopmann CF (March 1991). "Intracranial complications of paranasal sinusitis: a combined ... Orbital symptoms frequently precede intracranial spread of the infection . Other complications include sinobronchitis, ... brain abscess and life-threatening cavernous sinus thrombosis. Infection of the eye socket is a rare complication of ethmoid ...
Percentage of patients aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke or intracranial hemorrhage who were ... Stroke and Stroke Rehabilitation: Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Prophylaxis for Ischemic Stroke or Intracranial Hemorrhage. ... Stroke and Stroke Rehabilitation: Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Prophylaxis for Ischemic Stroke or Intracranial Hemorrhage ... Percentage of patients aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke or intracranial hemorrhage who were ...
Cranial Sinus Thromboses): Read more about Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications, Causes and Prognosis. ... Nonpyogenic thrombosis of intracranial venous system See also : cerebral venous thrombosis 2 Epidemiology Sinus vein thrombosis ... Epidemiology Intracranial venous thrombosis appears to have become more common in recent years. However, this has occurred as ... The syndrome of latent cerebral venous thrombosis: its frequency and relation to age and congestive heart failure. Stroke. 1973 ...
Urgent re-angiography identified an acute intracranial in-stent thrombosis. This complication was immediately treated ... Our case suggests that obese patients undergoing intracranial stenting may also benefit from higher than conventional ... A morbidly obese, diabetic, hypertensive patient, with severe intracranial left middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis, suffered ... contributed to his in-stent thrombosis. Obese patients undergoing coronary artery stenting routinely receive larger loading and ...
Analyzing the effect of weekend and July admission on patient outcomes following non-pyogenic intracranial venous thrombosis. ... Analyzing the effect of weekend and July admission on patient outcomes following non-pyogenic intracranial venous thrombosis. ... Analyzing the effect of weekend and July admission on patient outcomes following non-pyogenic intracranial venous thrombosis. ... Analyzing the effect of weekend and July admission on patient outcomes following non-pyogenic intracranial venous thrombosis. ...
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Septic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a recognized complication of pediatric sinogenic and otogenic intracranial ... All patients 21 years of age or younger, who presented with an intracranial infection in the setting of sinusitis or otitis ... Ninety-six patients were treated for sinusitis-related and/or otitis media-related intracranial infections during the study ... for the treatment of septic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in the setting of pediatric sinogenic and otogenic intracranial ...
Controlled studies assessing the risk of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) in patients with cancer have not been performed. ... Background Cancer is an established risk factor for leg vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. ... Keywords: cerebral thrombosis; neoplasms; sinus thrombosis, intracranial; stroke; thrombosis. © 2017 International Society on ... Cancer and risk of cerebral venous thrombosis: a case-control study J Thromb Haemost. 2018 Jan;16(1):90-95. doi: 10.1111/jth. ...
Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial. Subject:. Sinus thrombosis. Other copies:. Look for editions of this book at your library, or ...
Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis / complications* * Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis / pathology * Ischemic Attack, ...
A quantitative model of thrombosis in intracranial aneurysms. (http://www.thrombus-vph.eu/). ...
... is currently the imaging modality of choice to aid in the diagnosis of intracranial venous thrombosis and intracranial abscess. ... Intracranial complications include lateral (transverse and sigmoid) sinus thrombosis; meningitis; extradural, subdural, or ... Intracranial spread of chronic middle ear suppuration. Am J Otolaryngol. 2009 Mar 31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... In a study of patients with chronic middle ear disease and cholesteatoma, 7.5% developed intracranial complications. A 2009 ...
Nonpyogenic thrombosis of intracranial venous system [Secondary intracranial hypertension with cerebro-venous sinus thrombosis] ... Pseudotumor cerebri (also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension) is a syndrome of increased intracranial pressure ... and secondary intracranial hypertension with cerebro-venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). The initial management revolves around ... Most treatments proposed for NAION are empirical and include a wide range of agents presumed to act on thrombosis, on the blood ...
Intracranial Hypertension:diagnosis, Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial:diagnosis, Thyroxine:therapeutic use,. Citation ... Lateral sinus thrombosis and intracranial hypertension associated with primary hypothyroidism: case report.. Chen Q, Yao Z, ... Chen Q, Yao Z, Zhou D, Zheng H, Shang H. Lateral sinus thrombosis and intracranial hypertension associated with primary ... Several cases of hypothyroidism have been reported to develop idiopathic intracranial hypertension not directly precisely ...
"Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after intracranial venous thrombosis". The Cochrane ... MRI is generally a better imaging test except when intracranial bleeding is suspected. Imaging may be done at a later point in ... There is a lack of evidence for preventive anti-epileptic medications in the management of seizures related to intracranial ... cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, a rare type of stroke, is more likely to be accompanied by seizures than other types of ...
Categories: Intracranial Thrombosis Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
... ophthalmic vein thrombosis and ischemic strokeexternal icon, and intracranial venous sinus thrombosisexternal icon after the ... Thrombocytopenia and intracranial venous sinus thrombosis after "COVID-19 vaccine AstraZeneca" exposureexternal icon. Journal ... signs and symptoms 7-17 days after their 1st vaccination with ChAdOx1 were found to have intracranial venous sinus thrombosis ( ... 23 patients (14 female, ages 21-77 years), presented with acute thrombocytopenia and thrombosis 6 to 24 days after ChAdOx1 nCoV ...
Methods Lateral carotid artery aneurysms with immediately induced thrombosis were created in 31 swine for a time-course study. ... Whittle IR, , Dorsch NW, & Besser M: Spontaneous thrombosis in giant intracranial aneurysms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 45: ... Sakaki T, , Kinugawa K, , Tanigake T, , Miyamoto S, , Kyoi K, & Utsumi S: Embolism from intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg 53: ... Spontaneous thrombosis in giant intracranial aneurysms. . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 45. :. 1040. -. 1047. , 1982. 10.1136/ ...
Venous congestion can lead to thrombosis of the intracranial venous sinuses.. Arterial stretching can result in subcortical ...
One study demonstrated that the risk of intracranial venous thrombosis was 11.66 cases per 100,000 deliveries. [73] Treatment ... Cerebral venous thrombosis. In the pregnant patient, cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is as common a cause of stroke as ... intracranial hemorrhage, temporal arteritis, internal carotid dissection, cerebral venous thrombosis [CVT], reversible ... Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) can cause symptoms of focal dysfunction that mimic those of ischemic stroke. Because of the ...
One study demonstrated that the risk of intracranial venous thrombosis was 11.66 cases per 100,000 deliveries. [73] Treatment ... Cerebral venous thrombosis. In the pregnant patient, cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is as common a cause of stroke as ... intracranial hemorrhage, temporal arteritis, internal carotid dissection, cerebral venous thrombosis [CVT], reversible ... Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) can cause symptoms of focal dysfunction that mimic those of ischemic stroke. Because of the ...
Intracranial Embolism And Thrombosis. *Myocardial Infarction. *Pulmonary Embolism. How long have you been taking it?. Choose ...
Spontaneous thrombosis in giant intracranial aneurysms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1982;45:1040-47. ... for the International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators. . Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: natural ... In contrast, clinical observations of aneurysms following spontaneous partial thrombosis do not suggest that thrombosis ... Intra-Aneurysmal Thrombosis as a Possible Cause of Delayed Aneurysm Rupture after Flow-Diversion Treatment. Z. Kulcsár, E. ...
Intracranial Hypertension due to Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis following Head Trauma: A Report of Two Cases. ... Reducing intracranial pressure may increase survival among patients with bacterial meningitis Clinical Infectious Diseases, ... Long-Term Follow-Up of Intracranial Aneurysms Treated With Endovascular Coiling: Experience From One Institution ... Considerations when handling common acute intracranial vascular anomalies: [Akuta vaskulära neurokirurgiska tillstånd kräver ...
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and valve replacement (VR) surgical patients underwent neuropsychological assessment 1-2 days prior to surgery; 7-10 days postsurgery; and 1 month following hospital discharge. A group of matched healthy controls was tested at identical intervals. Cerebral microemboli in both middle cerebral arteries were quantified during surgery using Doppler sonography. Neuropsychological testing results revealed that the CABG and VR groups did not differ from one another at any assessment point. However, surgical patients performed more poorly than healthy controls across all assessments. Surgical patients, as a group, demonstrated a mild decline in attentional functioning and learning efficiency at the 7-10 day follow-up, but these difficulties essentially returned to baseline by the 1-month follow-up. Intraoperative microemboli counts were not significantly associated with postsurgical neuropsychological functioning in either the CABG or VR group.. ...
Lanska DJ, Kryscio RJ (June 2000). "Risk factors for peripartum and postpartum stroke and intracranial venous thrombosis". ...
Cerebral vascular accident or a stroke is the destruction of brain substance, resulting from thrombosis, intracranial ... Intracranial aneurysms are more common in people with polycystic kidney disease; still, the majority of cases are sporadic. ... Ischemia is a formation by a blood clot that is inside of a blood vessel located in the circulatory system called thrombosis or ... Haemorrhaging directly damages brain tissue and raises intracranial pressure giving headaches, vomiting nausea and eventually ...
Subdural hematoma in a patient with spontaneous intracranial hypotension and cerebral venous thrombosis. ...
... intracranial mass, dural venous sinus thrombosis, and Lyme disease. The patients complete blood count and all chemistry ...
Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial -- surgery 58. A case of spinal caries followed by late suppuration, with discharge of the ... A case of sinus thrombosis Author(s): Baker, Albert Rufus, 1858- author Publication: [Cleveland?] : [publisher not identified ...
Intracranial Venous Thrombosis in the Parturient Anesthesiology (October 2007). Risk Factors for Clinically Relevant Pulmonary ... Dose Response of Intravenous Heparin on Markers of Thrombosis during Primary Total Hip Replacement Anesthesiology (April 1999) ... Role of the Hematocrit in a Rabbit Model of Arterial Thrombosis and Bleeding Anesthesiology (May 1999) ... Ketorolac and Enoxaparin Affect Arterial Thrombosis and Bleeding in the Rabbit Anesthesiology (May 1998) ...
  • 452 Portal vein thrombosis 453 Other venous embolism and thrombosis 453.4 Deep vein thrombosis, unspec. (wikipedia.org)
  • No article was found for Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis and PLAT[original query] . (cdc.gov)
  • Cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis in Portugal: 1980-1998. (symptoma.com)
  • Anticoagulation for the treatment of septic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in the setting of pediatric sinogenic and otogenic intracranial infections. (bvsalud.org)
  • Septic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a recognized complication of pediatric sinogenic and otogenic intracranial infections . (bvsalud.org)
  • Secondary intracranial hypertension with cerebrovenous sinus thrombosis. (aetna.com)
  • Lateral sinus thrombosis and intracranial hypertension associated with primary hypothyroidism: case report. (nel.edu)
  • Chen Q, Yao Z, Zhou D, Zheng H, Shang H. Lateral sinus thrombosis and intracranial hypertension associated with primary hypothyroidism: case report. (nel.edu)
  • These findings are consistent with other reports of pulmonary embolism and thrombocytopenia external icon , ophthalmic vein thrombosis and ischemic stroke external icon , and intracranial venous sinus thrombosis external icon after the administration of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and thrombotic thrombocytopenia external icon after administration of Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen) vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • Intracranial Hypertension due to Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis following Head Trauma: A Report of Two Cases. (umu.se)
  • The working differential diagnosis for the patient included multiple sclerosis, vascular insult, diabetic neuropathy, intracranial mass, dural venous sinus thrombosis, and Lyme disease. (hindawi.com)
  • Charts were identified by searching for ICD-9 codes for acute sinusitis, orbital cellulitis, orbital abscess, intracranial abscess, meningitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis, and thrombosis of intracranial sinuses. (news-medical.net)
  • Eighteen intracranial complications occurred in 14 patients and included seven epidural empyemas, six subdural empyemas, two intracerebral abscesses, two cases of meningitis, and one cavernous sinus thrombosis. (news-medical.net)
  • Segmentation on the basis of application: Ischemic Strokes, Cerebral Aneurysms, Arteriovenous Malformation and Fistulas, Others (cerebral artery stenosis, venous sinus thrombosis, and intracranial vascular disease). (pharmiweb.com)
  • Cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis (CVT) is a rare but important complication of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • SIH is rarely known to cause cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis (CVT). (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • These include loss of vision, abscess formation, venous sinus thrombosis and extension to intracranial infection with subdural empyema, and meningitis. (kingstonhospital.nhs.uk)
  • Magnetic resonance venography identifies a cerebral venous thrombosis -- an absent right parietal vein as well as a small filling defect where the vein entered the superior sagittal sinus. (medpagetoday.com)
  • 2 However, patients who develop a syndrome of raised ICP triggered by certain medications or who are found to have cerebral transverse venous sinus stenoses (not thrombosis) are still conventionally classified as having 'IIH' ( figure 1 ). (bmj.com)
  • Mechanism by which transverse sinus stenosis leads to increase intracranial pressure. (bmj.com)
  • Magnetic resonance venograms performed in 2 of the patients at diagnosis revealed no evidence of cerebral sinus thrombosis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Presentation Occlusion of the cerebral veins or dural venous sinuses may present as a stroke syndrome, subarachnoid haemorrhage or as isolated raised intracranial pressure. (symptoma.com)
  • The syndrome of latent cerebral venous thrombosis: its frequency and relation to age and congestive heart failure . (symptoma.com)
  • Cerebral venous thrombosis in adults. (symptoma.com)
  • A morbidly obese, diabetic, hypertensive patient, with severe intracranial left middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis, suffered recurrent stereotyped transient ischemic attacks over 2 months, despite taking daily antiplatelet agents, high dose statin, insulin and an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. (bmj.com)
  • Objective: To investigate the effect of weekend admission and July admission on the short-term outcome of patients following a non-pyogenic cerebral venous thrombosis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Patients who had a non-pyogenic cerebral venous thrombosis were identified. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Results: We identified 1116 patients who were admitted with a non-pyogenic cerebral venous thrombosis between 2013 and 2016. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Essentials The risk of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) in patients with cancer is not known. (nih.gov)
  • Controlled studies assessing the risk of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) in patients with cancer have not been performed. (nih.gov)
  • Cerebral vascular accident or a stroke is the destruction of brain substance, resulting from thrombosis, intracranial hemorrhage, or embolism, which causes vascular insufficiency. (bartleby.com)
  • However, during the procedure, the patient was diagnosed with low cerebrospinal fluid pressure and cerebral cortical vein thrombosis. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Clinicians rule out other causes of cerebral venous thrombosis, and order a noncontrast head computed tomography (CT) scan, which reveals a small acute cortical hemorrhage in the right parietal lobe, with a rim of surrounding vasogenic edema. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Clinicians presenting this case of a 48-year-old man who develops superficial cerebral venous thrombosis and intracerebral hematoma weeks after recovering from the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection note that it is important to consider the relatively uncommon development of thromboembolic complications, given their potential severity and diverse clinical presentations. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Vitamin A metabolism, adipose tissue as an actively secreting endocrine tissue and cerebral venous abnormalities are areas of active study regarding the pathophysiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. (bmj.com)
  • By definition, the term 'IIH' describes patients with isolated raised ICP-that is, not related to an intracranial disorder, a meningeal process or cerebral venous thrombosis. (bmj.com)
  • Therefore, although imperfect, the term 'IIH' is currently the preferred designation for this disorder in the English literature, to the exclusion of 'pseudotumour cerebri' (often including patients with other causes of raised ICP such as cerebral venous thrombosis) and 'benign intracranial hypertension' (erroneously reassuring considering that a number of IIH patients irreversibly lose vision). (bmj.com)
  • Normal neuroimaging adequate to exclude cerebral venous thrombosis-that is, MRI of the brain, often with additional sequences (CT or MR venography). (bmj.com)
  • Using data from 46 million people, we wanted to find out how commonly people had thromboses in the cerebral veins after COVID-19 vaccination. (plos.org)
  • We did find in people under 70 years old that there was a very small increase in the risk of hospitalisation because of clots in the cerebral veins (intracranial venous thrombosis) or hospitalisation because of low platelets with the ChAdOx1-S vaccine. (plos.org)
  • Time to recanalization in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis undergoing anticoagulation therapy. (umaryland.edu)
  • Pseudotumor cerebri (also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension) is a syndrome of increased intracranial pressure without a discernable cause. (aetna.com)
  • Several cases of hypothyroidism have been reported to develop idiopathic intracranial hypertension not directly precisely linked with ce. (nel.edu)
  • Long-lasting increased intracranial pressure (such as with idiopathic intracranial hypertension) can result in permanent vision loss. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a disease of unknown aetiology, typically affecting young obese women, producing a syndrome of increased intracranial pressure without identifiable cause. (bmj.com)
  • Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a syndrome characterised by increased intracranial pressure (ICP) of unknown cause ( box 1 ). (bmj.com)
  • Although common in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), these radiological findings are not specific to IIH and are also found in patients with other causes of raised intracranial pressure (ICP). (bmj.com)
  • ACP does not support measure NQF 0240: "Stroke and Stroke Rehabilitation: Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Prophylaxis for Ischemic Stroke or Intracranial Hemorrhage" because it includes all stroke patients despite the fact that some may not be appropriate candidates for DVT prophylaxis. (acponline.org)
  • High-resolution CT scanning has allowed better detection of acute otomastoiditis, while gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is currently the imaging modality of choice to aid in the diagnosis of intracranial venous thrombosis and intracranial abscess. (medscape.com)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with con- trast media confirmed skull base osteomyelitis, evidenced by bone lysis and marrow enhancement of the clivus (Fig- ure, panels A-C). Both MRI and CT showed a right jugular vein thrombosis and cellulitis and abscess in the carotid and perivertebral spaces. (cdc.gov)
  • Here, the authors investigated the diagnosis , management, and outcomes of pediatric patients with sinogenic or otogenic intracranial infections and a septic CVST. (bvsalud.org)
  • We confirmed low CSF pressure and thrombosis of the cortical vein during the craniotomy procedure and made a final diagnosis. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • An MRI or CT scan of the head can usually determine the cause of increased intracranial pressure and confirm the diagnosis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Admittedly, all cases of CSOM, including those described above as safe, can be associated with serious intracranial complications. (medscape.com)
  • Five patients were diagnosed with both intraorbital and intracranial complications. (news-medical.net)
  • The mean age of patients with intracranial complications (6.5) was significantly less than patients with orbital complications (12.3). (news-medical.net)
  • the ethmoid sinuses present at birth and are more commonly associated with orbital complications and the frontal sinuses develop later in childhood and are associated with intracranial complications. (news-medical.net)
  • In the 14 patients with intracranial complications, four patients presented with seizures and seven patients presented with neurological deficits including loss of cranial nerve function and hemiparesis. (news-medical.net)
  • Decrease intracranial pressure (e.g. post-lumbar puncture headache, dural tear after trauma, etc. (oklahoma.gov)
  • 453.41 Deep vein thrombosis, proximal 453.42 Deep vein thrombosis, distal 453.9 Venous embolism, unspec. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lateral carotid artery aneurysms with immediately induced thrombosis were created in 31 swine for a time-course study. (thejns.org)
  • FD technology enables reconstructive repair of otherwise difficult-to-treat intracranial aneurysms. (ajnr.org)
  • Urgent re-angiography identified an acute intracranial in-stent thrombosis. (bmj.com)
  • If a tumor, hemorrhage, or other problem has caused the increase in intracranial pressure, these problems will be treated. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Background Cancer is an established risk factor for leg vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. (nih.gov)
  • We treated the right jugular vein thrombosis with Jugular Thrombosis enoxaparin. (cdc.gov)
  • We report a case of malignant otitis externa with jugular ing (bioMérieux, https://www.biomerieux.com) showed vein thrombosis caused by Aspergillus flavus . (cdc.gov)
  • history of high blood pressure, treated with perindopril and Jugular vein thrombosis (JVT) was previously reported nicardipine, and diabetes mellitus, inadequately controlled in MOE ( 5 ) and other conditions such as Lemierre syndrome, (hemoglobin A1c 7.7%) with metformin and sitagliptin. (cdc.gov)
  • Venous congestion can lead to thrombosis of the intracranial venous sinuses. (medscape.com)
  • Conclusions: Patients admitted on the weekend with a nonpyogenic intracranial venous thrombosis have significantly worse outcomes compared to those admitted on a weekday. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Streptococcus milleri group was the most common cultured pathogen, (11/34 patients, 32.4 percent), present in 7/23 of positive orbital complication cultures and 4/11 intracranial cultures. (news-medical.net)
  • No aneurysm rupture or PED thrombosis was encountered. (ajnr.org)
  • Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is an unusual neurological situation caused by low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume, and the symptoms are characterized by an orthostatic headache. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Suspicion of intracranial involvement (meningism, confusion, altered conscious level, severe headache) Please consider transfer via 999 ambulance. (kingstonhospital.nhs.uk)
  • Primary care providers may sometimes spot early symptoms of increased intracranial pressure such as headache, seizures, or other nervous system problems. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 23 patients (14 female, ages 21-77 years), presented with acute thrombocytopenia and thrombosis 6 to 24 days after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients with suspected vaccine-induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia in the UK underwent antibody assays, including those for PF4 and functional heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinicians should avoid platelet transfusions in suspected vaccine-induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia and should consider administering a non-heparin anticoagulant and intravenous immune globulin. (cdc.gov)
  • All patients 21 years of age or younger, who presented with an intracranial infection in the setting of sinusitis or otitis media and who underwent neurosurgical treatment at Connecticut Children 's, Rady Children 's Hospital -San Diego, or Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children 's Hospital of Chicago from March 2015 to March 2023, were retrospectively reviewed. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our case suggests that obese patients undergoing intracranial stenting may also benefit from higher than conventional clopidogrel doses prior to intracranial stenting, to decrease risk of acute in-stent occlusion. (bmj.com)
  • Ninety-six patients were treated for sinusitis -related and/or otitis media -related intracranial infections during the study period, 15 (15.6%) of whom were diagnosed with a CVST. (bvsalud.org)
  • Septic CVST is frequently identified among pediatric patients undergoing neurosurgical intervention for sinogenic and/or otogenic intracranial infections and may have become more prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic. (bvsalud.org)
  • We assessed consecutive adult patients with CVT from three academic hospitals from 1987 to 2015, and control subjects from the Dutch MEGA study (Multiple Environmental and Genetic Assessment of risk factors for venous thrombosis). (nih.gov)
  • 5-7 In a recent study 5 based on duplex sonographic and venographic assessment of extracranial and intracranial veins of 65 MS patients and 235 controls, Zamboni et al claimed a perfect coincidence of MS and venous stenoses in various locations. (bmj.com)
  • Increased intracranial pressure is a rise in the pressure inside the skull that can result from or cause brain injury. (medlineplus.gov)
  • An increase in intracranial pressure can also be due to a rise in pressure within the brain itself. (medlineplus.gov)
  • After the first reports were made of thromboses in uncommon areas of the body after COVID-19 vaccination, we pivoted quickly to examine this question. (plos.org)
  • Extra- and intracranial venous flow direction was assessed by colour-coded duplex sonography, and extracranial venous cross-sectional area (VCSA) of the internal jugular and vertebral veins (IJV/VV) was measured in B-mode to assess the five previously proposed CCSVI criteria. (bmj.com)
  • Results No participant showed retrograde flow of cervical or intracranial veins. (bmj.com)
  • The patient was subsequently found to have incomplete inhibition of platelet activity despite being on clopidogrel 150 mg and aspirin 81 mg daily and having a normal CYP-2C19 genotype, suggesting that suboptimal antiplatelet inhibition, secondary to morbid obesity, contributed to his in-stent thrombosis. (bmj.com)
  • Increased intracranial pressure can be due to a rise in the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. (medlineplus.gov)
  • An increase in intracranial pressure is a serious and life-threatening medical problem. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Intracranial pressure may be measured during a spinal tap (lumbar puncture). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Sudden increased intracranial pressure is an emergency. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Sudden increased intracranial pressure is a serious and often life-threatening condition. (medlineplus.gov)
  • ICP, intracranial pressure. (bmj.com)