Labial Frenum
The labial frenum, also known as the frenulum of the lip, is a mucous membrane fold that attaches the inner surface of the upper or lower lip to the corresponding gum region, containing muscle fibers and blood vessels, which can vary in length and thickness, and may sometimes cause dental issues if it's too tight or short, referred to as a maxillary labial frenum or mandibular labial frenum respectively.
Neurogenic vasodilatation of canine isolated small labial arteries. (1/18)
Mechanisms underlying vasodilatation to nerve stimulation by electrical pulses and nicotine were analyzed in isolated canine small labial arteries. Transmural electrical stimulation (5 and 20 Hz) produced a contraction followed by a relaxation in labial arterial strips denuded of the endothelium, partially contracted with prostaglandin F2alpha. The contraction was abolished by prazosin or combined treatment with alpha, beta-methylene ATP. In the treated strips, neurogenic relaxation was abolished by NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA), a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, and restored by L-arginine. The D-enantiomers were without effect. Nicotine (10(-4) M) also relaxed the arteries, in which the contractile response was abolished by prazosin and alpha, beta-methylene ATP. The relaxant response was attenuated but not abolished by L-NA; the inhibition was reversed by L-arginine. The remaining relaxation by nicotine was abolished by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-[8 to 37], a CGRP1 receptor antagonist. Relaxations elicited by a lower concentration of nicotine (2 x 10(-5) M) sufficient to produce similar magnitudes of response to those induced by 5-Hz electrical nerve stimulation were also inhibited partially by L-NA. Histochemical study with the NADPH-diaphorase method demonstrated positively stained nerve fibers and bundles in the arterial wall, suggesting the presence of neuronal NO synthase. It is concluded that the relaxation induced by electrical nerve stimulation of small labial arteries is mediated exclusively by NO synthesized from L-arginine in nerve terminals, whereas nicotine in the concentrations used evokes relaxations by a mediation of nerve-derived NO and also CGRP, possibly from sensory nerves. The reason why nicotine but not electrical pulses stimulates sensory nerves and elicits vasorelaxation remains unsolved. (+info)Face, palate, and craniofacial morphology in patients with a solitary median maxillary central incisor. (2/18)
The occurrence of a solitary median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI) is a very rare condition and might be a sign of a mild degree of holoprosencephaly. In this investigation, material from 10 patients, nine girls and one boy with a SMMCI (8-17 years of age) registered in orthodontic clinics was examined. The purpose was to evaluate the clinical characteristics and craniofacial morphology in this group of patients. Oral photographs, study casts, profile radiographs, and orthopantomograms were analysed. The study showed that this group of SMMCI patients were characterized by an indistinct philtrum, an arch-shaped upper lip, absence of the fraenulum of the upper lip, a complete or incomplete mid-palatal ridge, a SMMCI, and nasal obstruction or septum deviation. The craniofacial morphology of the nine girls, compared with normal standards for girls showed a short anterior cranial base, a short, retrognathic and posteriorly inclined maxilla, and a retrognathic and posteriorly inclined mandible. Furthermore, the sella turcica had a deviant morphology in five of the 10 subjects. The results indicate that the presence of a SMMCI should not be considered as a simple dental anomaly, since it may be associated with other clinical characteristics and more complex craniofacial malformations. It is therefore suggested that the SMMCI condition in future studies is classified according to clinical symptoms and craniofacial morphology. (+info)Best evidence topic report. Torn frenulum and non-accidental injury in children. (3/18)
A short cut review was carried out to establish whether a torn frenulum in a child is indicative of non-accidental injury. Altogether 104 papers were found using the reported search, of which none presented any evidence to answer the clinical question. It is concluded that there is no evidence available to answer this question. Further research is needed. (+info)A comparison of postoperative pain scales in neonates. (4/18)
BACKGROUND: Practical, valid and reliable pain measuring tools in neonates are required in clinical practice for effective pain management and prevention of the evaluator bias. METHODS: This prospective study was designed to cross-validate three pain scales: CRIES (cry, requires O(2), increased vital signs, expression, sleeplessness), CHIPPS (children's and infants' postoperative pain scale) and NIPS (neonatal infant pain scale) in terms of validity, reliability and practicality. The pain scales were translated. Concurrent validity, predictive validity and interrater reliability in postoperative pain were studied in 22 neonates after major surgery. Construct validity and concurrent validity in procedural pain were determined in 24 neonates before and during frenulectomy under topical anaesthesia. RESULTS: All scales had excellent interrater reliability (intraclass correlation >0.9). Construct validity was determined for all pain scales by the ability to differentiate the group with low pain scores before surgery and high scores during surgery (P<0.001). The positive correlations among all scales, ranging between r=0.30 and r=0.91, supported concurrent validity. CRIES showed the lowest correlation with other scales with correlation coefficients of r=0.30 and r=0.35. All scales yielded very good agreement (K>0.9) with routine decisions to treat postoperative pain. High sensitivity and specificity (>90%) for postoperative pain from all scales were achieved with the same cut-off point of 4. In terms of practicality, NIPS was the most acceptable (65%). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, we recommended NIPS as a valid, reliable and practical tool. (+info)Spontaneous closure of midline diastema following frenectomy. (5/18)
Maxillary midline diastema is a common aesthetic problem in mixed and early permanent dentitions. The space can occur either as a transient malocclusion or created by developmental, pathological or iatrogenical factors. Many innovative therapies varying from restorative procedures such as composite build-up to surgery (frenectomies) and orthodontics are available. Although literature says every frenectomy procedure should be preceded by orthodontic treatment, we opted for frenectomy technique without any orthodontic intervention. Presented herewith is a case report of a 9-year-old girl with a high frenal attachment that had caused spacing of the maxillary central incisors. A spontaneous closure of the midline diastema was noted within 2 months following frenectomy. The patient was followed up for 4 months after which the space remained closed and there was no necessity for an orthodontic treatment at a later stage. (+info)Diagnosing abuse: a systematic review of torn frenum and other intra-oral injuries. (6/18)
INTRODUCTION: A torn labial frenum is widely regarded as pathognomonic of abuse. METHODS: We systematically reviewed the evidence for this, and to define other intra-oral injuries found in physical abuse. Nine studies documented abusive torn labial frena in 27 children and 24 [corrected] were fatally abused: 22 were less than 5 years old. Only a direct blow to the face was substantiated as a mechanism of injury. RESULTS: Two studies noted accidentally torn labial frena, both from intubation. Abusive intra-oral injuries were widely distributed to the lips, gums, tongue and palate and included fractures, intrusion and extraction of the dentition, bites and contusions. CONCLUSIONS: Current literature does not support the diagnosis of abuse based on a torn labial frenum in isolation. The intra-oral hard and soft tissue should be examined in all suspected abuse cases, and a dental opinion sought where abnormalities are found. (+info)Root coverage technique with enamel matrix derivative. (7/18)
Various periodontal plastic surgical techniques are employed in obtaining root coverage. Recently, the use of an enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been reported in such treatment. We report 2 cases of root coverage surgery with a coronally positioned flap in combination with EMD (CPF+EMD) and connective tissue graft in combination with EMD (CTG+EMD). Case 1: The patient was a 25-year-old woman referred to Suidobashi Hospital, Tokyo Dental College for root coverage surgery on the lower right first premolar. Gingival recession was classified as Miller Class II, as no alveolar bone loss or loss of attachment was observed in the interdental area, although recession had progressed to the mucogingival junction. The patient was diagnosed with local gingival recession caused by excessive tooth brushing. Primary conservative treatment failed to reduce the gingival recession. Subsequently, root coverage surgery with CPF+EMD was carried out. As observation at the 1-year follow-up revealed complete root coverage and no recurrence of root exposure or subjective symptoms, the postoperative course was considered to be favorable. Case 2: The patient was a 39-year-old woman referred to Suidobashi Hospital, Tokyo Dental College for root coverage surgery on the lower left canine. Gingival recession was classified as Miller Class II. Root coverage surgery with CTG+EMD was carried out. As observation at the 2-month follow-up revealed complete root coverage and no recurrence of root exposure, the postoperative course was considered to be favorable. These 2 cases indicate the effectiveness of root coverage surgery with CPF+EMD and CTG+EMD. (+info)980 nm diode lasers in oral and facial practice: current state of the science and art. (8/18)
AIM: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a 980 nm diode laser for the treatment of benign facial pigmented and vascular lesions, and in oral surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 20 patients were treated with a 980 nm diode laser. Oral surgery: 5 patients (5 upper and lower frenulectomy). Fluence levels were 5-15 J/cm(2); pulse lengths were 20-60 ms; spot size was 1 mm. Vascular lesions: 10 patients (5 small angiomas, 5 telangiectases). Fluences were 6-10 J/cm(2); pulse lengths were 10-50 ms; spot size was 2 mm. In all cases the areas surrounding the lesions were cooled. Pigmented lesions: 5 patients (5 keratoses). All the lesions were evaluated by dermatoscopy before the treatment. Fluence levels were 7-15 J/cm(2); pulse lengths were 20-50 ms; spot size was 1 mm. All the patients were followed at 1, 4 and 8 weeks after the procedure. RESULTS: Healing in oral surgery was within 10 days. The melanoses healed completely within four weeks. All the vascular lesions healed after 15 days without any residual scarring. CONCLUSIONS: The end results for the use of the 980 nm diode laser in oral and facial surgery appears to be justified on the grounds of efficacy and safety of the device, and good degree of acceptance by the patients, without compromising their health and function. (+info)The labial frenum, also known as the frenulum of the lip, is a mucous membrane fold that attaches the inner surface of the upper or lower lip to the corresponding gum region, containing muscle fibers and blood vessels, which can vary in length and thickness, and may sometimes cause dental issues if it's too tight or short, referred to as a maxillary labial frenum or mandibular labial frenum respectively.
A labial frenum, also known as the frenulum of the lip, is a small fold of mucous membrane that attaches the inner surface of the upper or lower lip to the gums. The maxillary labial frenum connects the upper lip to the gums behind the upper front teeth, while the mandibular labial frenum connects the lower lip to the gums between the lower front teeth. In some cases, a thick or tight labial frenum can cause dental issues such as gaps between the front teeth or recession of the gums, and may require surgical intervention.
The lingual frenum is the mucous membrane band that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth at its midpoint, ranging in flexibility and restrictiveness among individuals.
The lingual frenum is a small fold of mucous membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth. It contains muscle fibers and can vary in length, thickness, and attachment level. In some individuals, the lingual frenum may be too short or tight, restricting tongue movement, which is known as being "tongue-tied" or having ankyloglossia. This condition can potentially impact speech, feeding, and oral hygiene, although in many cases, it does not cause any significant problems.
A lip is the fleshy, muscular tissue that surrounds the oral cavity, consisting of an upper and lower part, and forms the opening for the mouth, playing a crucial role in functions such as eating, speaking, and expressing emotions.
In medical terms, a "lip" refers to the thin edge or border of an organ or other biological structure. However, when people commonly refer to "the lip," they are usually talking about the lips on the face, which are part of the oral cavity. The lips are a pair of soft, fleshy tissues that surround the mouth and play a crucial role in various functions such as speaking, eating, drinking, and expressing emotions.
The lips are made up of several layers, including skin, muscle, blood vessels, nerves, and mucous membrane. The outer surface of the lips is covered by skin, while the inner surface is lined with a moist mucous membrane. The muscles that make up the lips allow for movements such as pursing, puckering, and smiling.
The lips also contain numerous sensory receptors that help detect touch, temperature, pain, and other stimuli. Additionally, they play a vital role in protecting the oral cavity from external irritants and pathogens, helping to keep the mouth clean and healthy.