Cells forming a framework supporting the sensory AUDITORY HAIR CELLS in the organ of Corti. Lateral to the medial inner hair cells, there are inner pillar cells, outer pillar cells, Deiters cells, Hensens cells, Claudius cells, Boettchers cells, and others.
The essential part of the hearing organ consists of two labyrinthine compartments: the bony labyrinthine and the membranous labyrinth. The bony labyrinth is a complex of three interconnecting cavities or spaces (COCHLEA; VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH; and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS) in the TEMPORAL BONE. Within the bony labyrinth lies the membranous labyrinth which is a complex of sacs and tubules (COCHLEAR DUCT; SACCULE AND UTRICLE; and SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS) forming a continuous space enclosed by EPITHELIUM and connective tissue. These spaces are filled with LABYRINTHINE FLUIDS of various compositions.
An oval, bony chamber of the inner ear, part of the bony labyrinth. It is continuous with bony COCHLEA anteriorly, and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS posteriorly. The vestibule contains two communicating sacs (utricle and saccule) of the balancing apparatus. The oval window on its lateral wall is occupied by the base of the STAPES of the MIDDLE EAR.
Sensory cells in the organ of Corti, characterized by their apical stereocilia (hair-like projections). The inner and outer hair cells, as defined by their proximity to the core of spongy bone (the modiolus), change morphologically along the COCHLEA. Towards the cochlear apex, the length of hair cell bodies and their apical STEREOCILIA increase, allowing differential responses to various frequencies of sound.
The spiral EPITHELIUM containing sensory AUDITORY HAIR CELLS and supporting cells in the cochlea. Organ of Corti, situated on the BASILAR MEMBRANE and overlaid by a gelatinous TECTORIAL MEMBRANE, converts sound-induced mechanical waves to neural impulses to the brain.
Two membranous sacs within the vestibular labyrinth of the INNER EAR. The saccule communicates with COCHLEAR DUCT through the ductus reuniens, and communicates with utricle through the utriculosaccular duct from which the ENDOLYMPHATIC DUCT arises. The utricle and saccule have sensory areas (acoustic maculae) which are innervated by the VESTIBULAR NERVE.
The part of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, as a snail-like structure that is situated almost horizontally anterior to the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH.
Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).
Sensory cells in the acoustic maculae with their apical STEREOCILIA embedded in a gelatinous OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE. These hair cells are stimulated by the movement of otolithic membrane, and impulses are transmitted via the VESTIBULAR NERVE to the BRAIN STEM. Hair cells in the saccule and those in the utricle sense linear acceleration in vertical and horizontal directions, respectively.
Three long canals (anterior, posterior, and lateral) of the bony labyrinth. They are set at right angles to each other and are situated posterosuperior to the vestibule of the bony labyrinth (VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH). The semicircular canals have five openings into the vestibule with one shared by the anterior and the posterior canals. Within the canals are the SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS.
A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
Auditory sensory cells of organ of Corti, usually placed in one row medially to the core of spongy bone (the modiolus). Inner hair cells are in fewer numbers than the OUTER AUDITORY HAIR CELLS, and their STEREOCILIA are approximately twice as thick as those of the outer hair cells.
That portion of the nasal mucosa containing the sensory nerve endings for SMELL, located at the dome of each NASAL CAVITY. The yellow-brownish olfactory epithelium consists of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS; brush cells; STEM CELLS; and the associated olfactory glands.
The sensory areas on the vertical wall of the saccule and in the floor of the utricle. The hair cells in the maculae are innervated by fibers of the VESTIBULAR NERVE.
The development of the PLACENTA, a highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products between mother and FETUS. The process begins at FERTILIZATION, through the development of CYTOTROPHOBLASTS and SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLASTS, the formation of CHORIONIC VILLI, to the progressive increase in BLOOD VESSELS to support the growing fetus.
The sensory ganglion of the COCHLEAR NERVE. The cells of the spiral ganglion send fibers peripherally to the cochlear hair cells and centrally to the COCHLEAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM.
The part of the membranous labyrinth that traverses the bony vestibular aqueduct and emerges through the bone of posterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR) where it expands into a blind pouch called the endolymphatic sac.
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.
A spiral tube that is firmly suspended in the bony shell-shaped part of the cochlea. This ENDOLYMPH-filled cochlear duct begins at the vestibule and makes 2.5 turns around a core of spongy bone (the modiolus) thus dividing the PERILYMPH-filled spiral canal into two channels, the SCALA VESTIBULI and the SCALA TYMPANI.
A gelatinous membrane overlying the acoustic maculae of SACCULE AND UTRICLE. It contains minute crystalline particles (otoliths) of CALCIUM CARBONATE and protein on its outer surface. In response to head movement, the otoliths shift causing distortion of the vestibular hair cells which transduce nerve signals to the BRAIN for interpretation of equilibrium.
Sensory cells of organ of Corti. In mammals, they are usually arranged in three or four rows, and away from the core of spongy bone (the modiolus), lateral to the INNER AUDITORY HAIR CELLS and other supporting structures. Their cell bodies and STEREOCILIA increase in length from the cochlear base toward the apex and laterally across the rows, allowing differential responses to various frequencies of sound.
The physiological renewal, repair, or replacement of tissue.
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.
Vestibular nucleus lying immediately superior to the inferior vestibular nucleus and composed of large multipolar nerve cells. Its upper end becomes continuous with the superior vestibular nucleus.
The four cellular masses in the floor of the fourth ventricle giving rise to a widely dispersed special sensory system. Included is the superior, medial, inferior, and LATERAL VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
The dense rock-like part of temporal bone that contains the INNER EAR. Petrous bone is located at the base of the skull. Sometimes it is combined with the MASTOID PROCESS and called petromastoid part of temporal bone.
Elicitation of a rotatory nystagmus by stimulating the semicircular canals with water or air which is above or below body temperature. In warm caloric stimulation a rotatory nystagmus is developed toward the side of the stimulated ear; in cold, away from the stimulated side. Absence of nystagmus indicates the labyrinth is not functioning.
The vestibular part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The vestibular nerve fibers arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project peripherally to vestibular hair cells and centrally to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM. These fibers mediate the sense of balance and head position.

Ultrastructure indicative of ion transport in tectal, Deiters, and tunnel cells: differences between gerbil and chinchilla basal and apical cochlea. (1/53)

Ultrastructural examination revealed an epithelium of about five tectal cells (TCs) roofing the outer tunnel (OT) in the mid to upper, but not the basal, region of gerbil and chinchilla cochlea. Structures in TCs that are apparently specialized for retrieval of K(+) released into tunnel fluid from outer hair cells (OHCs) include surface fimbriae in the gerbil and canalicular reticulum in the chinchilla. A tunnel roof of organelle-rich TCs appeared to be better equipped for ion resorption than a roof composed of organelle-poor Hensen cells (HCs). Fimbriae, filopodia, and the cell body of TCs descended to contact the third Deiters cell (DC3) in the gerbil, and the hypertrophied DC3 phalanx rose to contact TCs in the chinchilla, which suggests a solute exchange between TCs and DCs. Previously unrecognized structures that are speculated to provide ATP ligand for cochlear purinoreceptors occurred in the chinchilla DC and gerbil TC. The observation of a microtubule stalk in DCs indicated that they also function in cochlear mechanics. A newly delineated lateral tunnel cell (LTC) intervened between the DC3 and HC in both species. The apicomedial plasmalemma of all DCs fitted closely to the base of OHCs and enveloped afferent nerves. The morphologic specializations reported here provide further support for the proposed transcellular lateral flow route for K(+) currents generated by sound exposure and neural activity. The previously demonstrated expansion of Boettcher cells, outer sulcus cell roots, type Il and IV fibrocytes, and apical microvilli on HCs and Claudius cells (CCs) in the base of the cochlea is postulated here to mediate a basal parallel current that could supply the increased K(+) transport required for the basally elevated electric potential (EP).  (+info)

Expression of glutamate transporter GLAST in the developing mouse cochlea. (2/53)

The immunohistochemical localization of glutamate transporter GLAST in the developing mouse cochlea was studied at different ages between 0 and 30 days after birth (DAB). In the adult mouse cochlea, intense GLAST-like immunoreactivity was found in the supporting cells adjacent to the inner hair cells of the organ of Corti, the type II and suprastrial fibrocytes of the cochlear lateral wall, the fibrocytes of the spiral limbus and the satellite cells surrounding the spiral ganglion cells. At 0 DAB, weak GLAST-like immunoreactivity was found in the supporting cells around the immature inner hair cells. Immature fibrocytes in the cochlea were also positively immunostained. At 3 DAB, weak immunostaining of GLAST appeared in the immature satellite cells in the spiral ganglion. The GLAST-like immunoreactivity in the supporting cells around the inner hair cells, in the fiborocytes in the spiral ligament and the spiral limbus and in the satellite cells in the spiral ganglion increased progressively during the second postnatal week, and reached the adult level at 15 DAB. This time course correlates with the electrophysiological onset and maturation of the mouse auditory function, which is mediated by glutamatergic neurotransmission. These results suggest that the expression of GLAST may be needed for the efficient removal and metabolism of the released glutamate in the cochlea and may play important roles in the onset and maturation of the auditory system.  (+info)

Cell type-specific reduction of beta tubulin isotypes synthesized in the developing gerbil organ of Corti. (3/53)

There are seven isotypic forms of the microtubule protein beta tubulin in mammals, but not all isotypes are synthesized in every cell type. In the adult organ of Corti, each of the five major cell types synthesizes a different subset of isotypes. Inner hair cells synthesize only betaI and betaII tubulin, while outer hair cells make betaI and betaIV tubulin. Only betaII and betaIV tubulin are found in inner and outer pillar cells, while betaI, betaII, and betaIV tubulin are present in Deiters cells, and betaI, betaII and betaIII tubulin are found in organ of Corti dendrites. During post-natal organ of Corti development in the gerbil, microtubules are elaborated in an orderly temporal sequence beginning with hair cells, followed by pillar cells and Deiters cells. Using beta tubulin isotype-specific antibodies, we show that, in the gerbil cochlea, the same three isotypes are present in each cell type at birth, and that a cell type-specific reduction in the isotypes synthesized occurs in hair cells and pillar cells at an unusually late stage in development. No beta tubulin isotypes were detected in mature afferent dendrites, but we show that this is because few microtubules are present in mature dendrites. In addition, we show that primary cilia in inner hair cells, a feature of early development, persist much later than previously reported. The findings represent the first description of developmental cell type-specific reductions in tubulin isotypes in any system.  (+info)

Identification and characterization of choline transporter-like protein 2, an inner ear glycoprotein of 68 and 72 kDa that is the target of antibody-induced hearing loss. (4/53)

The Kresge Hearing Research Institute-3 (KHRI-3) antibody binds to a guinea pig inner ear supporting cell antigen (IESCA) and causes hearing loss. To gain insight into the mechanism of antibody-induced hearing loss, we used antibody immunoaffinity purification to isolate the IESCA, which was then sequenced by mass spectroscopy, revealing 10 guinea pig peptides identical to sequences in human choline transporter-like protein 2 (CTL2). Full-length CTL2 cDNA sequenced from guinea pig inner ear has 85.9% identity with the human cDNA. Consistent with its expression on the surface of supporting cells in the inner ear, CTL2 contains 10 predicted membrane-spanning regions with multiple N-glycosylation sites. The 68 and 72 kDa molecular forms of inner ear CTL2 are distinguished by sialic acid modification of the carbohydrate. The KHRI-3 antibody binds to an N-linked carbohydrate on CTL2 and presumably damages the organ of Corti by blocking the transporter function of this molecule. CTL2 mRNA and protein are abundantly expressed in human inner ear. Sera from patients with autoimmune hearing loss bind to guinea pig inner ear with the same pattern as CTL2 antibodies. Thus, CTL2 is a possible target of autoimmune hearing loss in humans.  (+info)

Survival of adult spiral ganglion neurons requires erbB receptor signaling in the inner ear. (5/53)

Degeneration of cochlear sensory neurons is an important cause of hearing loss, but the mechanisms that maintain the survival of adult cochlear sensory neurons are not clearly defined. We now provide evidence implicating the neuregulin (NRG)-erbB receptor signaling pathway in this process. We found that NRG1 is expressed by spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), whereas erbB2 and erbB3 are expressed by supporting cells of the organ of Corti, suggesting that these molecules mediate interactions between these cells. Transgenic mice in which erbB signaling in adult supporting cells is disrupted by expression of a dominant-negative erbB receptor show severe hearing loss and 80% postnatal loss of type-I SGNs without concomitant loss of the sensory cells that they contact. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of neurotrophic factor expression shows a specific downregulation in expression of neurotrophin-3 (NT3) in the transgenic cochleas before the onset of neuronal death. Because NT3 is critical for survival of type I SGNs during development, these results suggest that it plays similar roles in the adult. Together, the data indicate that adult cochlear supporting cells provide critical trophic support to the neurons, that survival of postnatal cochlear sensory neurons depends on reciprocal interactions between neurons and supporting cells, and that these interactions are mediated by NRG and neurotrophins.  (+info)

Electrical coupling in sustentacular cells of the mouse olfactory epithelium. (6/53)

Sustentacular cells (SCs) line the apical surface of the olfactory epithelium (OE) and provide trophic, metabolic, and mechanical support for olfactory receptor neurons. Morphological studies have suggested that SCs possess gap junctions, although physiological evidence for gap junctional communication in mammalian SCs is lacking. In the present study we investigated whether coupling exists between SCs situated in tissue slices of OE from neonatal (P0-P4) mice. Using whole cell and cell-attached patch recordings from SCs, we demonstrate that SCs are electrically coupled by junctional resistances on the order of 300 M(omega). Under whole cell recording conditions, Alexa 488 added to the pipette solution failed to reveal dye coupling between SCs. Electrical coupling was deduced from the biexponential decay of capacitive currents recorded from SCs and from the bell-shaped voltage dependency of a P2Y-receptor-activated current, both of which were abolished by 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (20-50 microM), a blocker of gap junctions. These data provide strong evidence for functional coupling between SCs, the physiological importance of which is discussed.  (+info)

Influence of supporting cells on neuronal degeneration after hair cell loss. (7/53)

In sensorineural hearing loss, hair cell loss is often followed by loss of cochlear nerve fibers, which can continue for years after the insult. The degree and time course of neuronal loss varies, but the reasons for this variation are unclear. The present study addresses this issue with a quantitative analysis of hair cell, supporting cell, and neuronal survival in animals with long-term survival of up to 5.5 years from two types of drug-induced hair cell loss: aminoglycoside antibiotics and platinum-containing chemotherapeutics. To complement the analysis of the effects of organ of Corti damage on neuronal survival, cases of primary neuronal degeneration, via auditory nerve section, are also assessed. Analysis shows that (1) long-term neuronal survival is enhanced when supporting cells in the inner hair cell (IHC) area remain intact; (2) after hair cell loss, the time course of neuronal loss is slower in the apex than in the base; (3) primary loss of cochlear nerve fibers does not lead to secondary degeneration of sensory cells or supporting cells in the organ of Corti; and (4) after auditory nerve section, there can be a massive reinnervation of the IHC region, especially in the apex. Results are consistent with the idea that supporting cells participate in the regulation of neuronal survival and neuronal sprouting in the organ of Corti.  (+info)

Distinct and gradient distributions of connexin26 and connexin30 in the cochlear sensory epithelium of guinea pigs. (8/53)

Connexin26 (Cx26) and Cx30 are predominant isoforms of gap junction channels in the cochlea and play a critical role in hearing. In this study, the cellular distributions of Cx26 and Cx30 in the cochlear sensory epithelium of guinea pigs were examined by immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy in whole mounts of the cochlear sensory epithelium and dissociated cell preparations. The expression of Cx26 and Cx30 demonstrated a longitudinal gradient distribution in the epithelium and was reduced threefold from the cochlear apex to base. The reduction was more pronounced in the Deiters cells and pillar cells than in the Hensen cells. Cx26 was expressed in all types of supporting cells, but little Cx30 labeling was seen in the Hensen cells. Cx26 expression in the Hensen cells was concentrated mainly in the second and third rows, forming a distinct band along the sensory epithelium at its outer region. In the dissociated Deiters cells and pillar cells, Cx30 showed dense labeling at the cell bodies and processes in the reticular lamina. Cx26 labeling largely overlapped that of Cx30 in these regions. Cx26 and Cx30 were also coexpressed in the gap junctional plaques between Claudius cells. Neither Cx26 nor Cx30 labeling was seen in the hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons. These observations demonstrate that Cx26 and Cx30 have a longitudinal gradient distribution and distinct cellular expression in the auditory sensory epithelium. This further supports our previous reports that Cx26 and Cx30 can solely and concertedly perform different functions in the cochlea.  (+info)

Labyrinth supporting cells are specialized cells that are located in the inner ear and provide structural and functional support to the sensory hair cells within the labyrinth, which is the complex system of tubes and sacs responsible for maintaining balance and hearing. These supporting cells form a crucial part of the architecture of the inner ear and help to maintain the proper functioning of the sensory hair cells by providing mechanical support, contributing to the development and maintenance of the extracellular matrix, and playing a role in the recycling of neurotransmitters. Additionally, labyrinth supporting cells can also transform into new hair cells in certain circumstances, which has implications for potential regenerative therapies aimed at treating hearing loss and balance disorders.

The inner ear is the innermost part of the ear that contains the sensory organs for hearing and balance. It consists of a complex system of fluid-filled tubes and sacs called the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation, and the cochlea, a spiral-shaped organ that converts sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The inner ear is located deep within the temporal bone of the skull and is protected by a bony labyrinth. The vestibular system includes the semicircular canals, which detect rotational movements of the head, and the otolith organs (the saccule and utricle), which detect linear acceleration and gravity.

Damage to the inner ear can result in hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (a spinning sensation), and balance problems.

The vestibular system is a part of the inner ear that contributes to our sense of balance and spatial orientation. It is made up of two main components: the vestibule and the labyrinth.

The vestibule is a bony chamber in the inner ear that contains two important structures called the utricle and saccule. These structures contain hair cells and fluid-filled sacs that help detect changes in head position and movement, allowing us to maintain our balance and orientation in space.

The labyrinth, on the other hand, is a more complex structure that includes the vestibule as well as three semicircular canals. These canals are also filled with fluid and contain hair cells that detect rotational movements of the head. Together, the vestibule and labyrinth work together to provide us with information about our body's position and movement in space.

Overall, the vestibular system plays a crucial role in maintaining our balance, coordinating our movements, and helping us navigate through our environment.

Auditory hair cells are specialized sensory receptor cells located in the inner ear, more specifically in the organ of Corti within the cochlea. They play a crucial role in hearing by converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain.

These hair cells have hair-like projections called stereocilia on their apical surface, which are embedded in a gelatinous matrix. When sound waves reach the inner ear, they cause the fluid within the cochlea to move, which in turn causes the stereocilia to bend. This bending motion opens ion channels at the tips of the stereocilia, allowing positively charged ions (such as potassium) to flow into the hair cells and trigger a receptor potential.

The receptor potential then leads to the release of neurotransmitters at the base of the hair cells, which activate afferent nerve fibers that synapse with these cells. The electrical signals generated by this process are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve, where they are interpreted as sound.

There are two types of auditory hair cells: inner hair cells and outer hair cells. Inner hair cells are the primary sensory receptors responsible for transmitting information about sound to the brain. They make direct contact with afferent nerve fibers and are more sensitive to mechanical stimulation than outer hair cells.

Outer hair cells, on the other hand, are involved in amplifying and fine-tuning the mechanical response of the inner ear to sound. They have a unique ability to contract and relax in response to electrical signals, which allows them to adjust the stiffness of their stereocilia and enhance the sensitivity of the cochlea to different frequencies.

Damage or loss of auditory hair cells can lead to hearing impairment or deafness, as these cells cannot regenerate spontaneously in mammals. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of hair cells is essential for developing therapies aimed at treating hearing disorders.

The Organ of Corti is the sensory organ of hearing within the cochlea of the inner ear. It is a structure in the inner spiral sulcus of the cochlear duct and is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

The Organ of Corti consists of hair cells, which are sensory receptors with hair-like projections called stereocilia on their apical surfaces. These stereocilia are embedded in a gelatinous matrix and are arranged in rows of different heights. When sound vibrations cause the fluid in the cochlea to move, the stereocilia bend, which opens ion channels and triggers nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.

Damage or loss of hair cells in the Organ of Corti can result in hearing loss, making it a critical structure for maintaining normal auditory function.

The saccule and utricle are components of the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation within the inner ear. Here are the medical definitions:

1. Saccule: A small sac-like structure located in the vestibular labyrinth of the inner ear. It is one of the two otolith organs (the other being the utricle) that detect linear acceleration and gravity. The saccule contains hair cells with stereocilia, which are embedded in a gelatinous matrix containing calcium carbonate crystals called otoconia. When the head changes position or moves linearly, the movement of these otoconia stimulates the hair cells, sending signals to the brain about the direction and speed of the motion.

2. Utricle: Another sac-like structure in the vestibular labyrinth, similar to the saccule but slightly larger. The utricle is also an otolith organ that detects linear acceleration and head tilts. It contains hair cells with stereocilia embedded in a gelatinous matrix filled with otoconia. When the head tilts or moves linearly, the movement of the otoconia stimulates the hair cells, providing information about the position and motion of the head to the brain.

In summary, both the saccule and utricle are essential for maintaining balance and spatial orientation by detecting linear acceleration and gravity through the movement of otoconia on their hair cell receptors.

The cochlea is a part of the inner ear that is responsible for hearing. It is a spiral-shaped structure that looks like a snail shell and is filled with fluid. The cochlea contains hair cells, which are specialized sensory cells that convert sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The cochlea has three main parts: the vestibular canal, the tympanic canal, and the cochlear duct. Sound waves enter the inner ear and cause the fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn causes the hair cells to bend. This bending motion stimulates the hair cells to generate electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

The brain then interprets these signals as sound, allowing us to hear and understand speech, music, and other sounds in our environment. Damage to the hair cells or other structures in the cochlea can lead to hearing loss or deafness.

Labyrinth diseases refer to conditions that affect the inner ear's labyrinth, which is the complex system of fluid-filled channels and sacs responsible for maintaining balance and hearing. These diseases can cause symptoms such as vertigo (a spinning sensation), dizziness, nausea, hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears). Examples of labyrinth diseases include Meniere's disease, labyrinthitis, vestibular neuronitis, and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the specific diagnosis but may include medications, physical therapy, or surgery.

Vestibular hair cells are specialized sensory receptor cells located in the vestibular system of the inner ear. They play a crucial role in detecting and mediating our sense of balance and spatial orientation by converting mechanical stimuli, such as head movements and gravity, into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The hair cells are shaped like a tuft of hair, with stereocilia projecting from their tops. These stereocilia are arranged in rows of graded height, and they are embedded in a gel-like structure within the vestibular organ. When the head moves or changes position, the movement causes deflection of the stereocilia, which opens ion channels at their tips and triggers nerve impulses that are sent to the brain via the vestibular nerve.

There are two types of vestibular hair cells: type I and type II. Type I hair cells have a large, spherical shape and are more sensitive to changes in head position, while type II hair cells are more cylindrical in shape and respond to both linear and angular acceleration. Together, these hair cells help us maintain our balance, coordinate our movements, and keep our eyes focused during head movements.

The semicircular canals are part of the vestibular system in the inner ear that contributes to the sense of balance and spatial orientation. They are composed of three fluid-filled tubes, each located in a different plane (anterior, posterior, and horizontal) and arranged at approximately right angles to each other. The semicircular canals detect rotational movements of the head, enabling us to maintain our equilibrium during movement.

When the head moves, the fluid within the semicircular canals moves in response to that motion. At the end of each canal is a structure called the ampulla, which contains hair cells with hair-like projections (stereocilia) embedded in a gelatinous substance. As the fluid moves, it bends the stereocilia, stimulating the hair cells and sending signals to the brain via the vestibular nerve. The brain then interprets these signals to determine the direction and speed of head movement, allowing us to maintain our balance and orientation in space.

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's side of the placenta contains many tiny blood vessels that connect to the baby's circulatory system. This allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother's and baby's blood. After the baby is born, the placenta is usually expelled from the uterus in a process called afterbirth.

Auditory inner hair cells are specialized sensory receptor cells located in the inner ear, more specifically in the organ of Corti within the cochlea. They play a crucial role in hearing by converting mechanical sound energy into electrical signals that can be processed and interpreted by the brain.

Human ears have about 3,500 inner hair cells arranged in one row along the length of the basilar membrane in each cochlea. These hair cells are characterized by their stereocilia, which are hair-like projections on the apical surface that are embedded in a gelatinous matrix called the tectorial membrane.

When sound waves cause the basilar membrane to vibrate, the stereocilia of inner hair cells bend and deflect. This deflection triggers a cascade of biochemical events leading to the release of neurotransmitters at the base of the hair cell. These neurotransmitters then stimulate the afferent auditory nerve fibers (type I fibers) that synapse with the inner hair cells, transmitting the electrical signals to the brain for further processing and interpretation as sound.

Damage or loss of these inner hair cells can lead to significant hearing impairment or deafness, as they are essential for normal auditory function. Currently, there is no effective way to regenerate damaged inner hair cells in humans, making hearing loss due to their damage permanent.

The olfactory mucosa is a specialized mucous membrane that is located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, near the septum and the superior turbinate. It contains the olfactory receptor neurons, which are responsible for the sense of smell. These neurons have hair-like projections called cilia that are covered in a mucus layer, which helps to trap and identify odor molecules present in the air we breathe. The olfactory mucosa also contains supporting cells, blood vessels, and nerve fibers that help to maintain the health and function of the olfactory receptor neurons. Damage to the olfactory mucosa can result in a loss of smell or anosmia.

The acoustic maculae, also known as the vestibularocochlear nerve or cranial nerve VIII, are a part of the human body's auditory and vestibular system. The acoustic maculae consist of two main structures: the cochlea and the vestibule.

The cochlea is responsible for hearing and converts sound waves into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. It contains the organ of Corti, which has hair cells that are stimulated by sound vibrations and convert them into nerve impulses.

The vestibule, on the other hand, is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation. It contains two sac-like structures called the utricle and saccule, which contain sensory hair cells that respond to gravity and linear acceleration.

Damage to the acoustic maculae can result in hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), or balance disorders.

Placentation is the process by which the placenta, an organ that provides nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus and removes waste products, is formed and develops during pregnancy. It involves the attachment of the fertilized egg (embryo) to the uterine wall and the development of specialized structures that facilitate the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between the mother and the fetus.

In humans, placentation begins when the embryo implants into the endometrium, or the lining of the uterus, about 6-10 days after fertilization. The outer layer of the embryo, called the trophoblast, invades the endometrial tissue and forms a structure called the placenta.

The placenta consists of both maternal and fetal tissues. The fetal portion of the placenta is derived from the chorionic villi, which are finger-like projections that develop on the surface of the embryo and increase the surface area for exchange. The maternal portion of the placenta is made up of modified endometrial tissue called decidua.

The placenta grows and develops throughout pregnancy, providing a vital connection between the mother and fetus. Proper placentation is essential for a healthy pregnancy and fetal development. Abnormalities in placentation can lead to complications such as preeclampsia, preterm labor, and intrauterine growth restriction.

The spiral ganglion is a structure located in the inner ear, specifically within the cochlea. It consists of nerve cell bodies that form the sensory component of the auditory nervous system. The spiral ganglion's neurons are bipolar and have peripheral processes that form synapses with hair cells in the organ of Corti, which is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals.

The central processes of these neurons then coalesce to form the cochlear nerve, which transmits these electrical signals to the brainstem and ultimately to the auditory cortex for processing and interpretation as sound. Damage to the spiral ganglion or its associated neural structures can lead to hearing loss or deafness.

The endolymphatic duct is a narrow canal in the inner ear that is part of the membranous labyrinth. It connects the utricle and saccule (two sensory structures in the vestibular system responsible for detecting changes in head position and movement) to the endolymphatic sac (a dilated portion of the duct that helps regulate the volume and pressure of endolymph, a fluid found within the membranous labyrinth).

The endolymphatic duct plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance and homeostasis of the inner ear by allowing the absorption and circulation of endolymph. Disorders or abnormalities in this region can lead to various vestibular and hearing dysfunctions, such as Meniere's disease, endolymphatic hydrops, and other inner ear disorders.

Hearing loss is a partial or total inability to hear sounds in one or both ears. It can occur due to damage to the structures of the ear, including the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, or nerve pathways that transmit sound to the brain. The degree of hearing loss can vary from mild (difficulty hearing soft sounds) to severe (inability to hear even loud sounds). Hearing loss can be temporary or permanent and may be caused by factors such as exposure to loud noises, genetics, aging, infections, trauma, or certain medical conditions. It is important to note that hearing loss can have significant impacts on a person's communication abilities, social interactions, and overall quality of life.

The cochlear duct, also known as the scala media, is a membranous duct located within the cochlea of the inner ear. It is one of three fluid-filled compartments in the cochlea, along with the vestibular duct (scala vestibuli) and the tympanic duct (scala tympani).

The cochlear duct contains endolymph, a specialized fluid that carries electrical signals to the auditory nerve. The organ of Corti, which is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals, is located within the cochlear duct.

The cochlear duct runs along the length of the cochlea and is separated from the vestibular duct by Reissner's membrane and from the tympanic duct by the basilar membrane. These membranes help to create a highly sensitive and selective environment for sound perception, allowing us to hear and distinguish different frequencies and intensities of sound.

The otolithic membrane is a part of the inner ear's vestibular system, which contributes to our sense of balance and spatial orientation. It is composed of a gelatinous material containing tiny calcium carbonate crystals called otoconia or otoliths. These crystals provide weight to the membrane, allowing it to detect linear acceleration and gravity-induced head movements.

There are two otolithic membranes in each inner ear, located within the utricle and saccule, two of the three main vestibular organs. The utricle is primarily responsible for detecting horizontal movement and head tilts, while the saccule senses vertical motion and linear acceleration.

Damage to the otolithic membrane can result in balance disorders, vertigo, or dizziness.

Auditory outer hair cells are specialized sensory receptor cells located in the cochlea of the inner ear. They are part of the organ of Corti and play a crucial role in hearing by converting sound energy into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain.

Unlike the more numerous and simpler auditory inner hair cells, outer hair cells are equipped with unique actin-based molecular motors called "motile" or "piezoelectric" properties. These motors enable the outer hair cells to change their shape and length in response to electrical signals, which in turn amplifies the mechanical vibrations of the basilar membrane where they are located. This amplification increases the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of hearing, allowing us to detect and discriminate sounds over a wide range of intensities and frequencies.

Damage or loss of outer hair cells is a common cause of sensorineural hearing loss, which can result from exposure to loud noises, aging, genetics, ototoxic drugs, and other factors. Currently, there are no effective treatments to regenerate or replace damaged outer hair cells, making hearing loss an irreversible condition in most cases.

Regeneration in a medical context refers to the process of renewal, restoration, and growth that replaces damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, or even whole limbs in some organisms. This complex biological process involves various cellular and molecular mechanisms, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, which work together to restore the structural and functional integrity of the affected area.

In human medicine, regeneration has attracted significant interest due to its potential therapeutic applications in treating various conditions, including degenerative diseases, trauma, and congenital disorders. Researchers are actively studying the underlying mechanisms of regeneration in various model organisms to develop novel strategies for promoting tissue repair and regeneration in humans.

Examples of regeneration in human medicine include liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, where the remaining liver lobes can grow back to their original size within weeks, and skin wound healing, where keratinocytes migrate and proliferate to close the wound and restore the epidermal layer. However, the regenerative capacity of humans is limited compared to some other organisms, such as planarians and axolotls, which can regenerate entire body parts or even their central nervous system.

Vestibular diseases are a group of disorders that affect the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation. The vestibular system includes the inner ear and parts of the brain that process sensory information related to movement and position.

These diseases can cause symptoms such as vertigo (a spinning sensation), dizziness, imbalance, nausea, and visual disturbances. Examples of vestibular diseases include:

1. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV): a condition in which small crystals in the inner ear become dislodged and cause brief episodes of vertigo triggered by changes in head position.
2. Labyrinthitis: an inner ear infection that can cause sudden onset of vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears).
3. Vestibular neuronitis: inflammation of the vestibular nerve that causes severe vertigo, nausea, and imbalance but typically spares hearing.
4. Meniere's disease: a disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness in the affected ear.
5. Vestibular migraine: a type of migraine that includes vestibular symptoms such as dizziness, imbalance, and disorientation.
6. Superior canal dehiscence syndrome: a condition in which there is a thinning or absence of bone over the superior semicircular canal in the inner ear, leading to vertigo, sound- or pressure-induced dizziness, and hearing loss.
7. Bilateral vestibular hypofunction: reduced function of both vestibular systems, causing chronic imbalance, unsteadiness, and visual disturbances.

Treatment for vestibular diseases varies depending on the specific diagnosis but may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

The vestibular nucleus, lateral, is a part of the vestibular nuclei complex located in the medulla oblongata region of the brainstem. It plays a crucial role in the processing and integration of vestibular information related to balance, posture, and eye movements. The lateral vestibular nucleus is primarily involved in the regulation of muscle tone and coordinating head and eye movements during changes in body position or movement. Damage to this area can result in various vestibular disorders, such as vertigo, oscillopsia, and balance difficulties.

The vestibular nuclei are clusters of neurons located in the brainstem that receive and process information from the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation. The vestibular nuclei help to coordinate movements of the eyes, head, and body in response to changes in position or movement. They also play a role in reflexes that help to maintain posture and stabilize vision during head movement. There are four main vestibular nuclei: the medial, lateral, superior, and inferior vestibular nuclei.

The petrous bone is a part of the temporal bone, one of the 22 bones in the human skull. It is a thick and irregularly shaped bone located at the base of the skull and forms part of the ear and the cranial cavity. The petrous bone contains the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals of the inner ear, which are responsible for hearing and balance. It also helps protect the brain from injury by forming part of the bony structure surrounding the brain.

The term "petrous" comes from the Latin word "petrosus," meaning "stony" or "rock-like," which describes the hard and dense nature of this bone. The petrous bone is one of the densest bones in the human body, making it highly resistant to fractures and other forms of damage.

In medical terminology, the term "petrous" may also be used to describe any structure that resembles a rock or is hard and dense, such as the petrous apex, which refers to the portion of the petrous bone that points towards the sphenoid bone.

Caloric tests are a type of diagnostic test used in otology and neurotology to evaluate the function of the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and eye movements. The tests involve stimulating the vestibular system with warm or cool air or water, and then observing and measuring the resulting eye movements.

During the test, the patient sits in a chair with their head tilted back at a 30-degree angle. A special goggles device is placed over their eyes to measure and record eye movements. Then, warm or cool air or water is introduced into each ear canal, alternately, for about 20-30 seconds.

The stimulation of the inner ear with warm or cold temperatures creates a difference in temperature between the inner ear and the brain, which activates the vestibular system and causes eye movements called nystagmus. The direction and intensity of the nystagmus are then analyzed to determine if there is any damage or dysfunction in the vestibular system.

Caloric tests can help identify lesions in the vestibular system, such as vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis, and can also help differentiate between peripheral and central vestibular disorders.

The vestibular nerve, also known as the vestibulocochlear nerve or cranial nerve VIII, is a pair of nerves that transmit sensory information from the balance-sensing structures in the inner ear (the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals) to the brain. This information helps the brain maintain balance and orientation of the head in space. The vestibular nerve also plays a role in hearing by transmitting sound signals from the cochlea to the brain.

... hair cells, inner MeSH A09.246.631.246.577.325.380 - hair cells, outer MeSH A09.246.631.246.577.543 - labyrinth supporting ... retinal bipolar cells MeSH A09.371.729.765 - retinal ganglion cells MeSH A09.371.729.775 - retinal horizontal cells MeSH ... hair cells, vestibular MeSH A09.246.631.909 - vestibule of the ear MeSH A09.246.631.909.551 - oval window MeSH A09.246.631.909. ... amacrine cells MeSH A09.371.729.055 - blood-retinal barrier MeSH A09.371.729.313 - fundus oculi MeSH A09.371.729.522 - macula ...
It forms a labyrinth-like stroma (literally, "bed or "mattress"), or internal framework, that can support many free blood cells ... The fibers form a soft skeleton (stroma) to support the lymphoid organs (lymph node stromal cells, red bone marrow, and spleen ... Deiters cells Reticular membrane of the inner ear Notes "reticular tissue" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary Strum, Judy M.; ... Reticular fibers are synthesized by special fibroblasts called reticular cells. The fibers are thin branching structures. ...
Takumida, M (1999). "Vestibular Dark Cells and Supporting Cells". Science Links Japan. Archived from the original on 2013-08-08 ... Kimura RS (June 1969). "Distribution, structure, and function of dark cells in the vestibular labyrinth". Ann. Otol. Rhinol. ... List of distinct cell types in the adult human body Ciuman, R. R. (2009). "Stria vascularis and vestibular dark cells: ... Dark cells are specialized nonsensory epithelial cells found on either side of the vestibular organs (the utricle and the ...
Another set was designed at Cardington as an "underground prison", a rough-hewn labyrinth of stone cells in a vast abyss with a ... We're going to get wildly different interpretations of what the film is supporting and not supporting, but it's not doing any ... In order to make the Bat "fly", it was variously supported by wires, suspended from cranes and helicopters, and mounted on a ... a notion supported by Ledger's co-star Aaron Eckhart, who portrayed Two-Face in that film. A deleted subplot from The Dark ...
The canopy was roofed with photovoltaic cells embedded in glass. The cells were spaced 4mm apart with a 60mm space round the ... known as a labyrinth. Air supplied to the building was drawn through the labyrinth, actively cooling the supply air in the ... The elaborate geometry created by the trapezoidal frame and the almost random supporting posts formed a dynamic contrast with ... The Solar Canopy, which boasted the biggest array of photovoltaic cells in the UK, connected the restaurant building with the ...
Many games support multiplayer mode with automatic saves, which allowed resuming the game in case of a connection loss. Some of ... A first-person shooter engine was written, on which the game Lost in Labyrinth is built, similar in gameplay to Wolfenstein 3D ... game Blazing Boards is based on the racing engine which was later used as the basis for Tony Hawk's Pro Skater for cell phones ... it can support a maximum size of 64 MB. The player has built-in controls. Xtreme MP3 Player: The MP3 player plugs into the rear ...
Cell phones were used by characters in The Mist, but the military police in the film did not dress in modern attire. While an ... were cast in supporting roles. Sadler had previously played Jane's role, David Drayton, in a 1986 audiobook version of "The ... and Guillermo del Toro's Pan's Labyrinth. Struzan went on to produce a poster for The Mist, but this image was not used in the ... and a win for Best Supporting Actress for Harden. The film was commercially released in the United States and Canada on ...
The membranous labyrinth contains endolymph, and is surrounded by perilymph. The perilymph in the bony labyrinth serves as ... Wangemann, Philine (2006-10-01). "Supporting sensory transduction: cochlear fluid homeostasis and the endocochlear potential". ... and endolymph have unique ionic compositions suited to their functions in regulating electrochemical impulses of hair cells ... Perilymph is the fluid contained within the bony labyrinth, surrounding and protecting the membranous labyrinth; perilymph ...
Like Boettcher's cells, they are considered supporting cells for the auditory hair cells in the organ of Corti. They contain a ... The labyrinth can be divided by layer or by region. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with ... hair cells, pillar cells, Boettcher's cells, Claudius' cells, spiral ganglion neurons, and Deiters' cells (phalangeal cells). ... Inner and outer pillar cells in the organ of Corti support hair cells. Outer pillar cells are unique because they are free ...
From 2004, with European funding, several regional actors set up an "Interpretive Centre of the River" cell within the tourist ... In 2008, the Interpretive Centre of the River continued to develop with an ongoing project for fishing tourism supported by ... labyrinth, renaissance and contemporary). http://www.riveo.be/en/ References Ourthe : http://www.desmoulinsetdeshommes.be/ ... thanks to the support of the City and the Region. ...
Prosensory sub-domain eventually gives rise to the support cells and hair cells while the neurogenic sub-domain gives rise to ... It is part of the neural ectoderm, which will develop into the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. This labyrinth is a ... Lateral views of membranous labyrinth and acoustic complex. X 25 dia. Median views of membranous labyrinth and acoustic complex ... Neural crest cells will migrate rostral and caudal to the placode. The general sequence in formation of the otic vesicle is ...
Sub-micrometre and nano-sized channels, DNA labyrinths, single cell detection and analysis, and nano-sensors, might become ... A big boost in research support also came from the military, especially from DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ... Pawell Ryan S (2013). "Manufacturing and wetting low-cost microfluidic cell separation devices". Biomicrofluidics. 7 (5): ... Biology portal Technology portal Biochemical assays Dielectrophoresis: detection of cancer cells and bacteria. Immunoassay: ...
Importantly, gap junction channels are found between cochlear supporting cells, but not auditory hair cells. In 2009, engineers ... Right osseous labyrinth. Lateral view. Interior of right osseous labyrinth. The cochlea and vestibule, viewed from above. Cross ... For one, the tall hair cell is very similar in function to that of the inner hair cell, and the short hair cell, lacking ... Three rows consist of outer hair cells (OHCs) and one row consists of inner hair cells (IHCs). The inner hair cells provide the ...
Associated monk cells have also been identified. In 1243 Henry III granted a charter for a six-day fair at the site. St ... A labyrinth would very likely place the terraces in the Neolithic era, but given the amount of occupation since then, there may ... had three concentric rings of banks and ditches supporting an 44-acre (18 ha) enclosure. By contrast, the Tor has seven rings ... In a more recent book, Hutton writes that "the labyrinth does not seem to be an ancient sacred structure". Some Neolithic flint ...
... as well as French Intelligence Services for unraveling a labyrinth of Islamic radical and fundamentalist cells and movements in ... Instead, the organization in the West became widely known as a source of training, funding, and supporting revolutionary groups ...
Due to her support role and idol status in the series canon, her moveset was based around range and song-based magic. Atlus ... Adachi then returns to his prison cell and is visited by his old friend Dojima the next day. Persona 4 Arena Ultimax was co- ... The online lobby avatars used the chibi-style character models from Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth, which was then in ... The release was supported by downloadable content featuring characters and accessories. Selling over 280,000 units worldwide, ...
Within the ampulla is a mound of hair cells and supporting cells called crista ampullaris. These hair cells have many ... Transverse section through head of fetal sheep, in the region of the labyrinth. X 30. Position of the right bony labyrinth of ... As with macular hair cells, hair cells of the crista ampullaris will depolarise when the stereocilia deflect towards the ... The semicircular canals are a component of the bony labyrinth that are at right angles from each other. At one end of each of ...
They function to move, support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store ... The labyrinth organ of Anabantoidei and Clariidae is used to allow the fish to extract oxygen from the air. Gill rakers are ... The tubules are lined with a layer of cells (germ cells) that from puberty into old age, develop into sperm cells (also known ... Mauthner cells are not the only identified neurons in fish-there are about 20 more types, including pairs of "Mauthner cell ...
Each chapter is narrated by one of the occupants of the cell. "Istanbul was a city of a million cells and every cell was an ... Labyrinth, bringing to mind Albert Camus and Patrick Modiano." Publishers Weekly "A thoughtful novel. Labyrinth is a mind- ... with the support of the Freedom from Torture.) Even though he was interested in poetry and won awards in two national poetry ... Labyrinth was published in 2018. It is the story of Boratin, a blues singer, who attempts suicide by jumping off the Bosphorus ...
There are two types of hair cells specific to the auditory system; inner and outer hair cells. Inner hair cells are the ... The cochlea has three fluid-filled sections (i.e. the scala media, scala tympani and scala vestibuli), and supports a fluid ... These are located within the bony labyrinth, which is filled with fluid called perilymph, similar in composition to ... which is what elicits the hair cells' electrical responses. Inner hair cells, like the photoreceptor cells of the eye, show a ...
The vestibular system is able to respond correctly by recording sensory information from hairs cells in the labyrinth of the ... Unlike the lateral vestibulospinal tract, the medial vestibulospinal tract innervates muscles that support the head. As a ... This is seen in anterior (ventral) horn cells or certain cranial nerve nuclei. Whereas the extrapyramidal system centers around ... and change the position of the limbs and head with the goal of supporting posture and maintaining balance of the body and head ...
In the Kasbah, there are also labyrinths of lanes and houses that are very picturesque, and if one gets lost there, it is ... As of 2008[update], it is speculated that the attack was carried out by the Al Qaida cell within the city. Indigenous terrorist ... It rests on a series of arcades supported by white marble columns. Several of these columns belonged to the original mosque. In ... In the 1992 elections for the Algerian National Assembly, the Islamists garnered a large amount of support in the first round. ...
... due to the interlocking labyrinth of the basal lamina creating a crosscurrent activity similar to the mitochondrial-rich cells ... chlorine and calcium similar to that of the salt water supporting the idea that O. vulgaris does not osmoregulate, but conforms ... The two kinds of cells are the lacuna-forming cells and the epithelial cells that are typical to kidney tubules. The epithelia ... The lacuna-forming cells are characterized by contact to the basal lamina, but not reaching the apical rim of the associated ...
The design of the political prisoners' cell, which I entered along with others the second time, was very similar to al-Aqrab ... El-Masry has been organizing peaceful protests and supports activities for political prisoners, using social media to denounce ... and locating missing persons through the security labyrinth. Mahienour would rush to defend the victim's rights-regardless of ... She narrated that: "The prison cell was small, ranging between 4 to 6 meters [13-20 feet], accommodating 18 female prisoners. ...
... or that living things are not made of cells (cell theory), that matter is not composed of atoms, or that the surface of the ... Such fact-supported theories are not "guesses" but reliable accounts of the real world. The theory of biological evolution is ... one is wandering around in a dark labyrinth. The book metaphor could also be applied in the following passage, by the ... Theories are supported by evidence from many different sources, and may contain one or several laws. A common misconception is ...
Cell. 179 (3): 729-735.e10. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 6800651. PMID 31495572. Joseph, Tony (13 ... Dhiman, Kuldip (3 July 2016). "Engulfed in the labyrinths of time". The Tribune. Shinde, Vasant; Green, Adam; Parmar, Narender ... "Scientists Part of Studies Supporting Aryan Migration Endorse Party Line Instead". The Wire. Retrieved 7 December 2019. Das, ... Results announced in September 2018, and a paper published in Cell Magazine in 2019, show that the DNA did not include any ...
"Nintendo Support: What Is the Nintendo 3DS Ambassador Program?". Nintendo Support. Retrieved 30 July 2023. "Nintendo Support: ... Kirby of the Stars: The Great Mirror Labyrinth) Flagship Co., Ltd.; Dimps Corporation; HAL Laboratory, Inc. (18 October 2004). ... and the player can call other players or CPU-controlled Kirbys to the location with an in-game cell phone. There are several ... There are also three minigames accessible from the menu, which support single player and multiplayer: Speed Eaters- A game in ...
"The Flux-Labyrinth was essentially a giant Fluxbox. Because when we did it we were trying to engage all these aspects of ... Larry Miller's work has been supported by the New York State Foundation for the Arts, Creative Artists Program and the National ... each with a vial of his own blood or other cells, and offers to license, for a price and one-time-only use, the genes that ... "The fundamental idea behind the Flux-Labyrinth is Maciunas was taking that essential idea of the puzzle of consciousness... and ...
The utricle contains a patch of hair cells and supporting cells called a macula. Similarly, the saccule contains a patch of ... Together with the cochlea, a part of the auditory system, it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear in most mammals. As ... Dark cell Migraine-associated vertigo Statocyst List of distinct cell types in the adult human body Boulpaep, Emile L.; Boron, ... Each hair cell of a macula has forty to seventy stereocilia and one true cilium called a kinocilium. The tips of these cilia ...
... expression has been reported multiple breast cancer cell lines and prostate cancer cell lines. The prostate cancer cell ... In rodents, TRPV6 mRNA is expressed in the labyrinth and spongy zone as well as placenta-unattached areas of the uterus. The ... Zakharian E, Cao C, Rohacs T (November 2011). "Intracellular ATP supports TRPV6 activity via lipid kinases and the generation ... Silencing of TRPV6 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in pancreatic cancer cells and inhibits their invasion, ...
... hair cells, inner MeSH A09.246.631.246.577.325.380 - hair cells, outer MeSH A09.246.631.246.577.543 - labyrinth supporting ... retinal bipolar cells MeSH A09.371.729.765 - retinal ganglion cells MeSH A09.371.729.775 - retinal horizontal cells MeSH ... hair cells, vestibular MeSH A09.246.631.909 - vestibule of the ear MeSH A09.246.631.909.551 - oval window MeSH A09.246.631.909. ... amacrine cells MeSH A09.371.729.055 - blood-retinal barrier MeSH A09.371.729.313 - fundus oculi MeSH A09.371.729.522 - macula ...
The peripheral vestibular system is an integral part of the labyrinth that lies in the otic capsule in the petrous portion of ... Supporting cells. Supporting cells that extend from the basement membrane to the apical surface surround hair cells. Their ... The sensory cells are surrounded by supporting cells; therefore, they do not come into direct contact with the bony base of the ... They appear to be produced by the supporting cells of the sensory epithelium and to be resorbed by the dark cell region. The ...
LABYRINTH SUPPORTING CELLS] 56. ԼԱՈՒՐԱՏՆԵՐ [LAURATES] 7. ԼԱԲԻՐԻՆԹՈՍԻ ՀԵՂՈՒԿՆԵՐ [LABYRINTHINE FLUIDS] 57. ԼԱՈՒՐԵՆՍԻՈՒՄ [ ... LABYRINTH] 54. ԼԱՈՍ [LAOS] 5. ԼԱԲԻՐԻՆԹՈՍԱՅԻՆ ՀԻՎԱՆԴՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐ [LABYRINTH DISEASES] 55. ԼԱՈՒՆ-ԳԱՆՈՆ-ԼԵՎԻ ՀԱՄԱԽՏԱՆԻՇ [LOWN-GANONG ... LANGERHANS CELLS] 99. ԼԵՂԱԾՈՐԱՆՆԵՐ [BILE DUCTS] 50. ԼԱՆԳԵՐՀԱՆՍԻ ԿՂԶՅԱԿՆԵՐԻ ԲՋԻՋՆԵՐԻ ՈՒՌՈՒՑՔ [ISLET CELL TUMOR] 100. ...
Cell, Labyrinth Supporting Cells, Labyrinth Supporting Labyrinth Supporting Cell Supporting Cell, Labyrinth Supporting Cells, ... Cell, Labyrinth Supporting. Cells, Labyrinth Supporting. Labyrinth Supporting Cell. Supporting Cell, Labyrinth. Supporting ... Labyrinth Supporting Cells - Preferred Concept UI. M0012126. Scope note. Cells forming a framework supporting the sensory ... there are inner pillar cells, outer pillar cells, Deiters cells, Hensens cells, Claudius cells, Boettchers cells, and others. ...
Labyrinth Supporting Cells. *Lactic Acid. *Larva. *Laryngeal Muscles. *Larynx. *Laser Coagulation. *Laser Therapy ...
Labyrinth Device Sorts Cancer Cells from Healthy Blood. This Awesome Blood Labyrinth Is the Newest Method for Catching Cancer ... Labyrinth also supports a series configuration of multiple chips. While testing two chips in series, researchers noted "a two- ... Labyrinth Chip Could Help Monitor Aggressive Cancer Stem Cells. High-throughput Microfluidic Labyrinth for the Label-free ... "Bigger cells, like most cancer cells, focus pretty fast due to the curvature. But the smaller the cell is, the longer it takes ...
The peripheral vestibular system is an integral part of the labyrinth that lies in the otic capsule in the petrous portion of ... Supporting cells. Supporting cells that extend from the basement membrane to the apical surface surround hair cells. Their ... The sensory cells are surrounded by supporting cells; therefore, they do not come into direct contact with the bony base of the ... They appear to be produced by the supporting cells of the sensory epithelium and to be resorbed by the dark cell region. The ...
The peripheral vestibular system is an integral part of the labyrinth that lies in the otic capsule in the petrous portion of ... Supporting cells. Supporting cells that extend from the basement membrane to the apical surface surround hair cells. Their ... The sensory cells are surrounded by supporting cells; therefore, they do not come into direct contact with the bony base of the ... They appear to be produced by the supporting cells of the sensory epithelium and to be resorbed by the dark cell region. The ...
Labyrinth Supporting Cells. *Lactotrophs. *Leydig Cells. *LLC-PK1 Cells. *Luteal Cells. *Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ... Human colonic ADENOCARCINOMA cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells ... Differential roles of RIPK1 and RIPK3 in TNF-induced necroptosis and chemotherapeutic agent-induced cell death. Cell Death Dis ... demethylnobiletin and atorvastatin synergistically inhibits human colon cancer cell growth by inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest ...
Labyrinth Supporting Cells. *Lactotrophs. *Leydig Cells. *LLC-PK1 Cells. *Luteal Cells. *Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ... Key factors in the regulation of fetal and postnatal Leydig cell development. J Cell Physiol. 2007 Nov; 213(2):429-33. ... Steroid-producing cells in the interstitial tissue of the TESTIS. They are under the regulation of PITUITARY HORMONES; ... "Leydig Cells" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ...
The vestibular sensory areas contain sensory (hair) cells and supporting cells. Hair cells have a bundle of elongated ... the membranous labyrinth, that is housed within the bony labyrinth (otic capsule). The membranous labyrinth spirals around a ... Disadvantages: 1) The hair cells and supporting cells in the organ of Corti are very small. The small size makes it difficult ... Each canal has one enlarged or ampullated end that contains the crista, a crest of sensory and supporting cells that is ...
Labyrinth Supporting Cells. *Lactotrophs. *Leydig Cells. *LLC-PK1 Cells. *Luteal Cells. *Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ... A glandular epithelial cell or a unicellular gland. Goblet cells secrete MUCUS. They are scattered in the epithelial linings of ... "Goblet Cells" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Goblet Cells" by people in this website by year, and whether " ...
Links to H2 Thunderspire Labyrinth[edit]. The following plot points link to H2 Thunderspire Labyrinth. ... Your information will help support the Border League.. Total Party Kill[edit]. Should the entire party be defeated by humanoids ... The character awaken bound, and usually in a large cell with a single minion guard. The characters may attempt to escape where ... Most likely, they have been transported to the Thunderspire Labyrinth.. *The knowledge that these humanoids sell captured ...
Labyrinth Supporting Cells. *Lactotrophs. *Leydig Cells. *LLC-PK1 Cells. *Luteal Cells. *Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ... Rounded or pyramidal cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS. They secrete HYDROCHLORIC ACID and produce gastric intrinsic factor, a ... "Parietal Cells, Gastric" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Parietal Cells, Gastric" by people in this website by year, ...
People sometimes ask if there are the foods that support good ear health. Could what you eat truly impact what you hear? ... The inner ear is where youll find the cochlea, a bony labyrinth that is filled with fluid. As sound enters your ear, the fluid ... Those vibrations are what move the hair cells so they send electrical messages the brain can translate into sound. ... Can You Better Support Hearing Health By Being Particular About Your Plate?. by Maico Audiological Services , Jan 11, 2018 , ...
Labyrinth Supporting Cell use Labyrinth Supporting Cells Labyrinth Supporting Cells Labyrinth Vestibule use Vestibule, ... Large-Cell Lymphoma, Anaplastic use Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma, Diffuse use Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, ... Large-Cell Lymphomas, Anaplastic use Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphomas, Diffuse use Lymphoma, Large B-Cell ... Large Cell Immunoblastic Lymphoma use Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Immunoblastic Large Cell Lymphoma, Diffuse use Lymphoma, Large B- ...
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Everybodys a newscaster now with their cell phone. So whats gotten exponentially greater is actually peoples first reaction ... Ep107: Navigating the Labyrinth of Information: Past, Present, and Future. 8/16/2023 ... AI transcript provided as supporting material and may contain errors) Dean: Mr Sullivan. Dan: Never gonna leave you. Never ... AI transcript provided as supporting material and may contain errors) Dean Jackson Mr. Sullivan. Dan Sullivan Mr Jackson, are ...
We paid attention to the development of the lobulated arrangement of the placenta, the growth of the labyrinth in the course of ... and proliferating cell nuclear antigen as well as transmission electron microscopy. ... Additional proliferation was demonstrated for cellular trophoblast within the labyrinth.Already at the limb bud stage, there ... By 70 days, the placenta comprised areas of labyrinth (lobes) separated by interlobular areas. Placental growth resulted ...
Bones protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support ... composed of ethmoidal air cells; the inner surfaces of the labyrinths form the middle nasal conchae, while the lateral surfaces ... These cells are the most common cell found in mature bone and responsible for maintaining bone growth and density. Medical ... It is named for Atlas of Greek mythology because, just as Atlas supported the globe, it supports the entire head. Beneath the ...
Small stands for poster making, childrens activities, cell phone charging and petition signing also filled the labyrinth of ... Morrello read a letter of support from protesters in Egypt, directed at us in Wisconsin, which excited the crowd quite a bit. ...
Each cell includes infomration of an amount of the two substances, and interacts with neighbor cells (in terms of von Neumann ... by a modern browser supporting HTML5. You can use the mouse cursor to place drops into the Petri dish interactively. ... and labyrinths. ... Each amount in cells near to the point included in the file, ... The definitions specifies the initial amount of the two substances u and v. All cells have (u0, v0). by default. ...
... giving you the ability to check parts IRA Hydraulic Pump Technical support and service 0.0 Inventory availability, Hitachi ... New Wanner Hydraulic Valve Plate For Hydra-Cell Industrial Pump. Category:Mounted Units & Inserts; Inventory:0.0; Minimum Buy ... Teflon Labyrinth; ... IRA Hydraulic Pump Technical support and service IRA Hydraulic ... IRA Hydraulic Pump Technical support and service. Rexroth Hydraulic Pump Bosch Hydraulic Pump Komatsu Hydraulic Pump English ...
Step into the labyrinth. Let yourself be changed.. Need some support on this journey through transformation? Registration is ... In the transformation from caterpillar to butterfly, there are a few cells, called imaginal cells, that hold the dream of the ... The labyrinth teaches us much about the journey through transition. When we enter the labyrinth, we are invited to release. We ... In my work, I am blessed to be in connection with many imaginal cells - people who sense the end of Story A has come and who ...
Fungi have long supported and enriched life on our planet. They must be protected as fiercely as animals and plants. ... Support SAND with a donation Science and Nonduality is a nonprofit organization. Your donation goes. directly towards ... Today, more than 90% of plants depend on symbiotic fungi, which weave themselves between plant cells in an intimate brocade, ... By ceaselessly remodelling themselves they can navigate labyrinths, solve complex routing problems and expertly explore their ...
Labyrinth Supporting Cells [A11.436.495] Labyrinth Supporting Cells * Lactotrophs [A11.436.507] Lactotrophs ... Paneth Cells - Preferred Concept UI. M0029518. Scope note. Differentiated epithelial cells of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA, found in ... Differentiated epithelial cells of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA, found in the basal part of the intestinal crypts of Lieberkuhn. ... Paneth cells secrete GROWTH FACTORS, digestive enzymes such as LYSOZYME and antimicrobial peptides such as cryptdins (ALPHA- ...
Sexy video-puzzle on the labyrinth: The floor and roof of labyrinth display the video. To solve the video-puzzle you have to ... Find their natural cells and place them all to correct places, to see the whole image of girls lesbian action ... Save the Ass from hungry Tentacles - lead her to the exit of the labyrinth. And the Ass may reward you... ... Each video has only 3 video-cells. Assemble all video pieces on their natural places ...
Traveling, transitioning cells need nutritional support. Metastasizing cells must form their own vasculature to deliver ... Through a series of mutations, metastatic cells become able to navigate a labyrinth of connective tissue surrounding their ... Traveling, transitioning cells need nutritional support. Metastasizing cells must form their own vasculature to deliver ... One cell in 10,000. Most cancer cells cant spread. Find those that can, and the disease could be a lot less deadly. ...
  • The membranous labyrinth is surrounded by perilymph and suspended by fine connective tissue strands from the bony labyrinth. (medscape.com)
  • The cochlea, which houses the sensory organ for hearing, consists of a triangular-shaped, fluid-filled channel, the membranous labyrinth, that is housed within the bony labyrinth (otic capsule). (cdc.gov)
  • The membranous labyrinth spirals around a central bony canal, the modiolus, that contains the auditory division of the vestibulocochlear nerve (i.e., 8th cranial) and blood vessels to the cochlea. (cdc.gov)
  • The membranous labyrinth is anchored to the bony labyrinth at the spiral ligament, the lateral edge of the triangle, and at the lip of the osseous spiral lamina medially. (cdc.gov)
  • Except for its attachments laterally and medially, the membranous labyrinth is separated from the bony labyrinth by fluid-filled channels (i.e., perilymph). (cdc.gov)
  • 2) The bony labyrinth is joined to the rest of the skull by fibrous tissue only. (cdc.gov)
  • The inner ear is where you'll find the cochlea, a bony labyrinth that is filled with fluid. (maicoaudio.com)
  • and (3) an intervening layer of gelatinous tissue, which is ultimately absorbed, leaving the perilymphatic space between the bony and membranous labyrinths. (co.ma)
  • The peripheral vestibular system is an integral part of the labyrinth that lies in the otic capsule in the petrous portion of the temporal bone . (medscape.com)
  • Placental transcriptomes, at day 19 of gestation, were determined using bulk RNA-seq from whole placentas of exposed (n = 4) and control (n = 4) animals and scRNAseq of three distinct placental layers, followed by flow cytometry analysis of the placental immune cell landscape. (nature.com)
  • Our results indicate a reduction in vascular placental cells, especially cells responsible for structural integrity, and increase in trophoblast proliferation in animals exposed to particulate matter. (nature.com)
  • Taken together, these studies suggest that higher levels of choline intake during pregnancy may be beneficial for the mother and fetus, and provide support for further research on the use of choline for improving placental function and mitigating placental insufficiency. (cornell.edu)
  • Within the utricle and saccule, the sensory cells are arranged in a flat plate of cells called a macula. (cdc.gov)
  • The epithelial lining is at first columnar, but becomes cubical throughout the whole labyrinth, except opposite the terminations of the acoustic nerve, where it forms the columnar epithelium of the macula of the utricle and saccule, of the crista ampullæ, and of the organon spirale. (co.ma)
  • We paid attention to the development of the lobulated arrangement of the placenta, the growth of the labyrinth in the course of gestation, the differentiation of the subplacenta, and the pattern of invasion by extraplacental trophoblast. (nih.gov)
  • Additional proliferation was demonstrated for cellular trophoblast within the labyrinth.Already at the limb bud stage, there was a prominent subplacenta comprising cellular and syncytial trophoblast with mesenchyme and associated blood vessels. (nih.gov)
  • The essential nutrient choline may mitigate some of these impairments, as suggested by data in humans and trophoblast cell culture. (cornell.edu)
  • Cells forming a framework supporting the sensory AUDITORY HAIR CELLS in the organ of Corti. (bvsalud.org)
  • Tissues, including the placenta, are comprised of diverse cell types with distinguishable developmental or functional origin that form a complex niche 1 . (nature.com)
  • These data demonstrate that BDNF signaling is required not only to support survival of cranial sensory neurons, but also to regulate local growth of afferent fibers into target tissues and, in some cells, transmitter phenotypic expression is required. (nih.gov)
  • As damaging free radicals infiltrate cells and tissues, our health declines. (fibrofix.com)
  • In a 2014 paper published in BMC Biology, American scientists showed that many cancer cells specifically choose glucose as their food and consume glucose 50 to 100 times faster than normal tissues. (ktfnews.com)
  • Synonym: Hard connective tissue consisting of cells embedded in a matrix of mineralized ground substance and collagen fibers. (flyinggiraffeteas.com)
  • Methods included latex casts, standard histology, immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin, vimentin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen as well as transmission electron microscopy. (nih.gov)
  • On the diabetic group, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunolabeling intensities decreased and TUNEL positive cells in the placenta of rats was found to increased. (perinataljournal.com)
  • The various cells in the organ of Corti can be examined by 'optically sectioning' or using the z-axis (fine focus) of a microscope to focus at successively deeper layers within the epithelium. (cdc.gov)
  • By 70 days, the placenta comprised areas of labyrinth (lobes) separated by interlobular areas. (nih.gov)
  • The placenta is a heterogeneous organ whose development involves complex interactions of trophoblasts with decidual, vascular, and immune cells at the fetal-maternal interface. (nature.com)
  • Demand for one-carbon (methyl) nutrients, including choline, folate, and vitamin B-12, is high during pregnancy when cells of the placenta and fetus undergo rapid division. (cornell.edu)
  • And while standard spiral chips are already a common method for conducting size-based sorting, the purity of results is less than ideal with thousands of other cells remaining in the sample. (darkdaily.com)
  • The vestibular sensory areas contain sensory (hair) cells and supporting cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Hair cells have a bundle of elongated microvilli called stereocilia that project from the apical membrane into an extracellular gelatinous material that overlies the sensory area in each vestibular organ. (cdc.gov)
  • The stereocilia on the hair cells project into the overlying gelatinous material called the cupula. (cdc.gov)
  • 4) The mouse organ of Corti averages about 6 mm in length and contains about 700 inner hair cells and 2400 outer hair cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Disadvantages: 1) The hair cells and supporting cells in the organ of Corti are very small. (cdc.gov)
  • Those vibrations are what move the hair cells so they send electrical messages the brain can translate into sound. (maicoaudio.com)
  • On the floor of the ductus cochlearis two ridges appear, of which the inner forms the limbus lamine spiralis, whilst the cells of the outer become modified to form the rods of Corti, the hair cells, and the supporting cells of Deiters and Hensen. (co.ma)
  • My research focuses on characterizing the biophysics of synaptic transmission between hair cells and primary afferents in the vestibular system. (aro.org)
  • In collaboration with Dr. Art, I overcame the technical challenges of simultaneously recording from type I hair cells and their enveloping calyx afferent to investigate this question. (aro.org)
  • Many research teams are pursuing the goal of creating assays that detect circulating tumor cells (CTCs) that would allow earlier and more accurate diagnosis of cancer. (darkdaily.com)
  • Células epiteliales que se encuentran en la parte basal de las glándulas intestinales (criptas de Lieberkuhn). (bvsalud.org)
  • Differentiated epithelial cells of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA, found in the basal part of the intestinal crypts of Lieberkuhn. (bvsalud.org)
  • Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. (bvsalud.org)
  • Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. (bvsalud.org)
  • By ceaselessly remodelling themselves they can navigate labyrinths, solve complex routing problems and expertly explore their surroundings. (scienceandnonduality.com)
  • Goblet cells secrete MUCUS. (childrensmercy.org)
  • Paneth cells secrete GROWTH FACTORS, digestive enzymes such as LYSOZYME and antimicrobial peptides such as cryptdins (ALPHA-DEFENSINS) into the crypt lumen. (bvsalud.org)
  • Wu X, Zhang N, Lee MM. Mullerian inhibiting substance recruits ALK3 to regulate Leydig cell differentiation. (umassmed.edu)
  • Human colonic ADENOCARCINOMA cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells such as the GOBLET CELLS. (umassmed.edu)
  • To investigate the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in differentiation of cranial sensory neurons in vivo, we analyzed development of nodose (NG), petrosal (PG), and vestibular (VG) ganglion cells in genetically engineered mice carrying null mutations in the genes encoding BDNF and the proapoptotic Bcl-2 homolog Bax. (nih.gov)
  • Leydig Cells" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
  • Each canal has one enlarged or ampullated end that contains the crista, a crest of sensory and supporting cells that is oriented perpendicular to the axis of its canal. (cdc.gov)
  • The field consists of 128 x 128 cells. (ioccc.org)
  • The peripheral gustatory organ consists of groups of modified epithelial cells, termed calyculi gustatorii or taste buds, found on the tongue and in its immediate neighbourhood. (co.ma)
  • In bax(-/-) mutants, ganglion cell numbers were increased significantly compared to wild-type animals, indicating that naturally occurring cell death in these ganglia is regulated by Bax signaling. (nih.gov)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Goblet Cells" by people in this website by year, and whether "Goblet Cells" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (childrensmercy.org)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Goblet Cells" by people in Profiles. (childrensmercy.org)
  • It is a series of genetic or metabolic diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction of cells. (ktfnews.com)
  • Acid secretion by parietal cells: relative roles for [Ca2+]i and protein kinase C. Gastroenterology. (uchicago.edu)
  • The labyrinth teaches us much about the journey through transition. (heatherplett.com)
  • After dicing, spinning, and mixing the metastatic tumors, he used traditional techniques to isolate single cells for analysis. (rockefeller.edu)
  • Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis with downregulation of Hsp90 client proteins and histone modification by 4? (umassmed.edu)
  • Sugar can produce carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, which to cells are like bricks, cement, and insulating materials with which to build homes. (ktfnews.com)
  • The graphic above, taken from the University of Michigan study, demonstrates the "High-throughput and label-free Labyrinth device that enables single CTC isolation and gene expression characterization. (darkdaily.com)
  • Balasinor NH, D'Souza R, Nanaware P, Idicula-Thomas S, Kedia-Mokashi N, He Z, Dym M. Effect of high intratesticular estrogen on global gene expression and testicular cell number in rats. (umassmed.edu)
  • Moreover, vestibular afferents failed to selectively innervate their hair cell targets within the cristae organs in the double mutants. (nih.gov)
  • Salva A, Hardy MP, Wu XF, Sottas CM, MacLaughlin DT, Donahoe PK, Lee MM. M?llerian-inhibiting substance inhibits rat Leydig cell regeneration after ethylene dimethanesulphonate ablation. (umassmed.edu)
  • Wu X, Song M, Qiu P, Li F, Wang M, Zheng J, Wang Q, Xu F, Xiao H. A metabolite of nobiletin, 4'-demethylnobiletin and atorvastatin synergistically inhibits human colon cancer cell growth by inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (umassmed.edu)
  • Wu X, Arumugam R, Zhang N, Lee MM. Androgen profiles during pubertal Leydig cell development in mice. (umassmed.edu)
  • Wu X, Arumugam R, Baker SP, Lee MM. Pubertal and adult Leydig cell function in Mullerian inhibiting substance-deficient mice. (umassmed.edu)
  • To do this, Tavazoie injected cancer cells into mice and then removed the tumors that formed outside of the initial injection site. (rockefeller.edu)
  • A comprehensive assessment of cellular heterogeneity is traditionally performed by immunophenotyping which can be biased and relies on a small set of pre-selected markers, limiting the cell types that can be inspected 13 . (nature.com)
  • This kind of set-up - a pattern in which cells update their colour at each time step depending on the colour of their neighbours at a previous time step - is called a cellular automaton . (maths.org)
  • Overall, our results support that stronger and faster midgut responses at the cellular and transcriptional levels are induced by the synergistic toxicity of Cry9A and Vip3A in C. suppressalis. (bvsalud.org)
  • They consist of two kinds of epithelial cells (a) supporting cells, and (b) gustatory cells (Fig. 732). (co.ma)
  • interior of the bud, amongst the gustatory cells. (co.ma)
  • Each cell includes infomration of an amount of the two substances, and interacts with neighbor cells (in terms of von Neumann neighborhood) in each frame. (ioccc.org)
  • This method of progressive development from the simpler to the more complex, through the utilisation of building units (globules or cells) is called epigenesis. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • traps that should not be touched and a complex labyrinth path. (cellgames.com)
  • The metabolic way cancer cells use sugar as an energy source is called glycolytic metabolism. (ktfnews.com)
  • The metabolism and growth rate of cancer cells are much faster than normal cells, and their consumption of sugar is also faster than we can imagine. (ktfnews.com)
  • Since cancer cells prefer glycolytic metabolism as their energy source, high consumption of sugar can lead to faster growth and spread of cancer. (ktfnews.com)
  • Wu X, Wan S, Lee MM. Key factors in the regulation of fetal and postnatal Leydig cell development. (umassmed.edu)
  • Through a repetitive development process, and patient support for treatment adherence ( 7 ), such we suggest essential patient- and treatment-related as patient-centered directly observed therapy (DOT), characteristics that should be collected by prospective also varies by program. (cdc.gov)
  • President-Select George W. Bush's recent decision to support federal funding for stem cell research has drawn some interesting responses from conservatives in America. (whosoever.org)
  • The negative electrons absorbed from the earth quenches the free radicals, supports the immune system, and puts out the fires. (fibrofix.com)
  • They created "Labyrinth," a "label-free microfluidic device" that condenses 637mm of channels-including 11 loops and 56 corners-onto a 500μm-wide chip that uses inertia and Dean flow to separate white blood cells and CTCs from venipuncture samples at rates as high as 2.5ml per minute. (darkdaily.com)
  • The Labyrinth device enabled high yields of CTCs without the bias induced by antibody-based selection, allowing the identification of true biological tumor heterogeneity. (darkdaily.com)
  • The researchers noted, "Issues encountered with these approaches include pore clogging, high-pressure drop, pre-fixation to prevent CTC loss, low throughput, and excessive non-specific cell retention. (darkdaily.com)
  • The unit uses active labyrinth carbons with low pressure drops and high performance. (acsventilationgroup.com)
  • The researchers further clarified that a major factor separating the Labyrinth chip from other methods is the ability to identify CTC subpopulations without the need for manual selection based on positive or negative protein expression. (darkdaily.com)
  • B, Left labyrinth of a human embryo of about five weeks (from W. His, jun. (co.ma)
  • These cells are the most common cell found in mature bone and responsible for maintaining bone growth and density. (flyinggiraffeteas.com)
  • cells or their nuclei) lacking in any arrangement, i.e., these globules do not reveal any resemblance with the form or structure of the future embryo. (biologydiscussion.com)