Lauraceae
Persea
Cinnamomum
Cryptocarya
Lindera
Laurus
Oils, Volatile
Plant Extracts
A chloroplastic RNA polymerase resistant to tagetitoxin is involved in replication of avocado sunblotch viroid. (1/55)
Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), the type species of the family Avsunviroidae, replicates and accumulates in the chloroplast. Two main chloroplastic RNA polymerases have been described: the plastid-encoded polymerase (PEP) with a multisubunit structure similar to the Escherichia coli enzyme and a single-unit nuclear-encoded polymerase (NEP) resembling phage RNA polymerases. On a different basis, sensitivity to tagetitoxin, two major RNA polymerase activities, tagetitoxin sensitive (TS) and resistant (TR), have been found in plastids. The most plausible candidates for the TS and TR RNA polymerases are PEP and NEP, respectively. To gain an insight into the enzymology of the polymerization of ASBVd strands, purified chloroplast preparations from ASBVd-infected leaves were assayed for their in vitro ability to transcribe ASBVd RNAs together with some representative genes (psbA, 16SrDNA, accD, and rpoB) of the three classes of chloroplastic genes according to their promoter structure. High concentrations of alpha-amanitin had no effect on gene or on viroid transcription, but tagetitoxin (5-10 microM) prevented transcription of all these genes without affecting synthesis of ASBVd strands; only at higher tagetitoxin concentrations (50-100 microM) was a 25% inhibition observed. These results suggest that NEP is the RNA polymerase required in ASBVd replication, although the participation of another TR RNA polymerase from the chloroplast cannot be excluded. (+info)pH regulation of pectate lyase secretion modulates the attack of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on avocado fruits. (2/55)
Growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in pectolytic enzyme-inducing medium (PEIM) increased the pH of the medium from 3. 8 to 6.5. Pectate lyase (PL) secretion was detected when the pH reached 5.8, and the level of secretion increased up to pH 6.5. PL gene (pel) transcript production began at pH 5.0 and increased up to pH 5.7. PL secretion was never detected when the pH of the inducing medium was lower than 5.8 or when C. gloeosporioides hyphae were transferred from PL-secreting conditions at pH 6.5 to pH 3.8. This behavior differed from that of polygalacturonase (PG), where pg transcripts and protein secretion were detected at pH 5.0 and continued up to 5.7. Under in vivo conditions, the pH of unripe pericarp of freshly harvested avocado (Persea americana cv. Fuerte) fruits, resistant to C. gloeosporioides attack, was 5.2, whereas in ripe fruits, when decay symptoms were expressed, the pericarp pH had increased to 6.3. Two avocado cultivars, Ardit and Ettinger, which are resistant to C. gloeosporioides attack, had pericarp pHs of less than 5.5, which did not increase during ripening. The present results suggest that host pH regulates the secretion of PL and may affect C. gloeosporioides pathogenicity. The mechanism found in avocado may have equivalents in other post-harvest pathosystems and suggests new approaches for breeding against and controlling post-harvest diseases. (+info)Characterization of the initiation sites of both polarity strands of a viroid RNA reveals a motif conserved in sequence and structure. (3/55)
Viroids replicate through a rolling-circle mechanism in which the infecting circular RNA and its complementary (-) strand are transcribed. The precise site at which transcription starts was investigated for the avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), the type species of the family of viroids with hammerhead ribozymes. Linear ASBVd (+) and (-) RNAs begin with a UAAAA sequence that maps to similar A+U-rich terminal loops in their predicted quasi-rod-like secondary structures. The sequences around the initiation sites of ASBVd, which replicates and accumulates in the chloroplast, are similar to the promoters of a nuclear-encoded chloroplastic RNA polymerase (NEP), supporting the involvement of an NEP-like activity in ASBVd replication. Since RNA folding appears to be kinetically determined, the specific location of both ASBVd initiation sites provides a mechanistic insight into how the nascent ASBVd strands may fold in vivo. The approach used here, in vitro capping and RNase protection assays, may be useful for investigating the initiation sites of other small circular RNA replicons. (+info)A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase required for induction of cytokinesis and appressorium formation by host signals in the conidia of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. (4/55)
Differentiation of fungal conidia of phytopathogens into the infection structure, appressorium, requires contact with a hard surface and host signals. The molecular signaling involved in the induction of this differentiation is poorly understood. We report the cloning of a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), CgMEK, from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and its role in the induction of these developmental processes involved in pathogenesis. Disruption of CgMEK1 resulted in the loss of its ability to form appressoria in response to the host's signals and a loss of virulence. Results of confocal microscopic examination of germinating conidia of the gene-disrupted mutants were similar to those for wild-type conidia treated with an MEK inhibitor, suggesting that CgMEK1 is involved in two developmental processes in the differentiation into appressorium: (1) polarized cell division, with the preferential increase in F-actin in one of the daughter nuclei after nuclear division and the formation of septum; and (2) differentiation of the germ tube into an appressorium. CgMEK1 is required for the differentiation. (+info)Characterization of the 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene family and the regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis in avocado. (5/55)
Avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv Lula) is a climacteric fruit that exhibits a rise in ethylene as the fruit ripens. This rise in ethylene is followed by an increase in abscisic acid (ABA), with the highest level occurring just after the peak in ethylene production. ABA is synthesized from the cleavage of carotenoid precursors. The cleavage of carotenoid precursors produces xanthoxin, which can subsequently be converted into ABA via ABA-aldehyde. Indirect evidence indicates that the cleavage reaction, catalyzed by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), is the regulatory step in ABA synthesis. Three genes encoding NCED cleavage-like enzymes were cloned from avocado fruit. Two genes, PaNCED1 and PaNCED3, were strongly induced as the fruit ripened. The other gene, PaNCED2, was constitutively expressed during fruit ripening, as well as in leaves. This gene lacks a predicted chloroplast transit peptide. It is therefore unlikely to be involved in ABA biosynthesis. PaNCED1 was induced by water stress, but expression of PaNCED3 was not detectable in dehydrated leaves. Recombinant PaNCED1 and PaNCED3 were capable of in vitro cleavage of 9-cis-xanthophylls into xanthoxin and C(25)-apocarotenoids, but PaNCED2 was not. Taken together, the results indicate that ABA biosynthesis in avocado is regulated at the level of carotenoid cleavage. (+info)Modification of articular cartilage and subchondral bone pathology in an ovine meniscectomy model of osteoarthritis by avocado and soya unsaponifiables (ASU). (6/55)
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of an oral preparation of avocado and soya unsaponifiables (ASU) on the development of joint pathology in an ovine model of osteoarthritis (OA), using computer-assisted histomorphometric methods. DESIGN: OA was induced in ovine knee joints by bilateral lateral meniscectomy (N=32). ASU (900 mg/weekday) was given orally to half the group (MenX+ASU), the remainder receiving placebo (MenX). Sixteen animals were used as non-operated controls (NOC). At 3 and 6 months post-meniscectomy, histological sections from the medial and lateral femoral condyles (MFC, LFC), tibial plateaux (MTP, LTP) and trochlear groove (TG) were prepared from all joints. Sections were scored using traditional histopathological scales, and computerized image analysis, measuring total cartilage area, uncalcified cartilage (UCC) and subchondral bone plate (SCP) thickness, and intensity of articular cartilage toluidine blue staining (mean greyscale intensity, black=255) as an index of proteoglycan (PG) content. RESULTS: Computerized image analysis showed significant histological differences not detectable by traditional scoring methods. ASU-treated animals at 6 months showed reduced loss of toluidine blue stain in the MTP (P=0.015) and LTP (P=0.001), and significantly greater staining in the TG than either placebo or NOC groups (P=0.011). UCC thickness increased after meniscectomy, but tended to be highest in ASU-treated animals, significantly so in the middle zone of the LFC (MenX+ASU: 1.03+/-0.21mm vs MenX: 0.79+/-0.14 mm, P=0.018; NOC: 0.77+/-0.17 mm). Lateral compartment SCP thickness increased post-meniscectomy but was increased significantly less in the inner zone of the LTP in ASU-treated sheep (MenX+ASU: 1.37+/-0. 23 mm vs MenX: 1.68+/-0.28 mm, P=0.033; NOC=1.22+/-0.33 mm). CONCLUSIONS: In this model ASU treatment following meniscectomy appeared to confer a subtle but statistically significant protective effect on articular cartilage. Although the drug failed to prevent focal cartilage lesions, characteristic of this model, histomorphometric analysis demonstrated greater PG content and UCC thickness in adjacent joint regions of ASU-treated animals. In addition, a statistically significant reduction of subchondral bone sclerosis was noted in the LTP region of the drug-treated group. An anabolic effect on chondrocytes, resulting in the stimulation of matrix production in regions distant to the insult, was also suggested by the data. These findings support other studies which have proposed that ASU may exhibit disease-modifying anti-OA activity. (+info)Hydrogel control of xylem hydraulic resistance in plants. (7/55)
Increasing concentrations of ions flowing through the xylem of plants produce rapid, substantial, and reversible decreases in hydraulic resistance. Changes in hydraulic resistance in response to solution ion concentration, pH, and nonpolar solvents are consistent with this process being mediated by hydrogels. The effect is localized to intervessel bordered pits, suggesting that microchannels in the pit membranes are altered by the swelling and deswelling of pectins, which are known hydrogels. The existence of an ion-mediated response breaks the long-held paradigm of the xylem as a system of inert pipes and suggests a mechanism by which plants may regulate their internal flow regime. (+info)Inhibition by (+)-persenone [corrected] A-related compounds of nitric oxide and superoxide generation from inflammatory leukocytes. (8/55)
We have previously reported that persenone A, isolated from avocado fruit, is an effective inhibitor of both nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O2-) generation in cell culture systems. In this study, we have prepared four persenone A-related compounds and examined their inhibition of NO and O2- generation from inflammatory leukocytes. Some structural importance in persenone A to attenuate free radical generation is discussed. (+info)I apologize for any confusion, but "Lauraceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in botany, referring to the Laurel family of plants, which includes several genera and species of trees and shrubs. Some well-known members of this family include laurels, cinnamon, bay leaves, and avocados.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health sciences, I would be happy to help. Please provide me with the necessary details so I can offer an accurate response.
"Persea" is a botanical term that refers to a genus of plants in the family Lauraceae, which includes over 150 species. The most well-known member of this genus is Persea americana, which is commonly known as the avocado tree. The fruit of this tree, also called an avocado, is widely consumed for its rich, creamy texture and high nutritional value. Avocados are a good source of healthy fats, fiber, vitamins, and minerals, and have been linked to various health benefits.
Therefore, in a medical or nutritional context, "Persea" may refer specifically to the avocado fruit or its extracts, which have been used in traditional medicine for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hypolipidemic properties. However, it is important to note that not all species of Persea have similar medicinal or nutritional benefits, so any medical or health claims should be specific to the particular species or extract being used.
'Cinnamomum' is a genus name in the plant family Lauraceae, which includes several species of trees that are sources of cinnamon, a popular spice. The bark of these trees is dried and ground into a powder or rolled into quills, which are used to flavor food and drinks.
Two common species of Cinnamomum that are used for their aromatic bark are:
1. Cinnamomum verum (also known as Ceylon cinnamon or "true" cinnamon) - This species is native to Sri Lanka and southern India, and its bark has a sweet, delicate flavor and aroma. It contains less coumarin, a compound that can be harmful in large amounts, compared to other cinnamon species.
2. Cinnamomum cassia (also known as Chinese cinnamon or "cassia") - This species is native to southern China and Southeast Asia, and its bark has a stronger, more pungent flavor and aroma than Ceylon cinnamon. It contains higher levels of coumarin, which may pose health concerns if consumed in large quantities.
It's important to note that 'Cinnamomum' is a plant genus name and not a medical term or diagnosis. However, the spice derived from these trees, cinnamon, has been studied for its potential medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and blood sugar regulation effects. More research is needed to confirm these benefits and determine safe and effective dosages.
"Cryptocarya" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lauraceae, which includes trees and shrubs that are native to tropical regions of the world. These plants have simple, alternate leaves and small flowers with both male and female reproductive structures. The fruits of many species are fleshy and drupel-like, containing a single seed.
The name "Cryptocarya" comes from the Greek words "kryptos," meaning hidden, and "karpos," meaning fruit, which refers to the fact that the fruits of some species are enclosed within fleshy structures or bracts.
It is important to note that "Cryptocarya" is not a medical term, but rather a taxonomic name used in botany to classify and describe a particular group of plants. While some species of Cryptocarya may have medicinal uses, the genus itself does not have a specific medical definition or application.
"Lindera" is not a medical term itself, but rather it refers to a genus of flowering plants in the family Lauraceae, commonly known as spicebush or narrow-leafed berry. Some species of Lindera have been used in traditional medicine in various cultures. For example, Lindera aggregata has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for treating gastrointestinal disorders and rheumatism. However, it's important to note that the use of these plants as medicines should be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have side effects or interact with other medications.
"Litsea" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a genus of plants in the family Lauraceae, which includes over 300 species of trees and shrubs found primarily in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Australia, and America. Some Litsea species have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating digestive disorders, skin conditions, and inflammation. However, the medicinal properties and uses of Litsea are not well-studied or widely recognized in modern Western medicine.
Aporphine is a type of chemical compound called alkaloids, which are found in certain plants. Aporphines have a specific chemical structure and can have various pharmacological effects. They have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and antiasthmatic activities. Some aporphine alkaloids have also been found to have psychoactive effects and are used in traditional medicine in some cultures. However, more research is needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential and safety of aporphines.
The medical definition of "Cinnamomum camphora" refers to the Camphor Laurel tree, a large evergreen tree native to East Asia. The tree's wood is a source of camphor, a waxy, flammable solid with a strong aroma and medicinal properties.
Camphor has been used historically in traditional medicine to treat various conditions such as respiratory infections, skin diseases, and inflammation. However, its use in modern medicine is limited due to potential toxicity and side effects. It is still used topically in some over-the-counter products like creams, ointments, and vapor rubs for temporary relief of minor aches and pains, as well as for cough suppression and nasal decongestion.
It's important to note that the use of camphor should be done with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as high concentrations or improper use can lead to serious adverse effects such as seizures, liver damage, and even death.
"Laurus" is a genus name in botany, which includes the bay tree or bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). The leaves of this tree have been used historically for medicinal purposes, such as to treat digestive complaints and skin conditions. However, "Laurus" itself is not a medical term and does not have a specific medical definition. It's important to note that the use of botanical preparations in medicine should be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can interact with other medications and have potential side effects.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Plant Bark" is not a term with a specific medical definition. In general, the bark refers to the outermost covering of a tree or other plant, which serves as protection and provides a barrier against external threats. It is composed of layers including the inner bark (phloem), which transports nutrients throughout the plant, and the outer bark (periderm), which is made up of dead cells that form a protective layer.
While some plants or plant parts do have medicinal properties and are used in various forms of traditional or alternative medicine, "Plant Bark" by itself does not have any specific medical connotations. If you're referring to a specific type of plant bark with potential medicinal uses, please provide more details so I can give a more accurate response.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are a type of organic compound that are naturally produced in plants. They are called "volatile" because they evaporate quickly at room temperature due to their high vapor pressure. These oils are composed of complex mixtures of various compounds, including terpenes, terpenoids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and alcohols. They are responsible for the characteristic aroma and flavor of many plants and are often used in perfumes, flavors, and aromatherapy. In a medical context, volatile oils may have therapeutic properties and be used in certain medications or treatments, but it's important to note that they can also cause adverse reactions if not used properly.
A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.
I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.
Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.
Lauraceae
Eclipta lauraceae
Neolitsea sericea
Lindera praecox
Beilschmiedia ambigua
Phoebe hainesiana
Cinnamomum osmophloeum
Leucoma ochripes
Neolitsea parvigemma
Magnoliids
Sassafras randaiense
Apollonias
Neolitsea aciculata
Eurya rengechiensis
Cryptocarya chinensis
List of early-diverging flowering plant families
Orthaga aenescens
Cinnamomum malabatrum
Neolitsea daibuensis
Black titi monkey
2015 in paleobotany
Lula (avocado)
Argiles d'lignite du Soissonnais
Manuherikia Group
Huitrera Formation
APG IV system
Endlicheria
Camphora (plant)
Wasatch Formation
Cinnamomum kanehirae
Lauraceae - Wikipedia
Anti-ulcer activity of aqueous leaf extract of |i|Persea americana|/i| (family-Lauraceae) | Nigerian Journal of...
LAURACEAE Beilschmiedia zeylanica - Insidewood Images
Lauraceae - Vicipaedia
Contact | Lauraceae
Beilschmiedia tawa LAURACEAE
User:Tintazul/Plantae - Wikimedia Commons
Sassafras albidum (Lauraceae) image 15085 at
Perseanthus crossmanensis (Lauraceae) image 19571 at
New York Metropolitan Flora | Family: Lauraceae
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin
Information on a chosen botanical family Lauraceae
Family: Lauraceae - Genus: Machilus - Taxon: breviflora (High Resolution image - Identification Key)
List of 130 Essential Oil Profiles (Monographs) Categorized by Plant Family | AromaWeb
Lauraceae no Morro dos Perdidos (Floresta Atlântica), Paraná, Brasil
Persea americana 'Jim Bacon' - Avocado - [Fall Citrus Pre-Order] - Lauraceae (The Olive Family)
Parisitisme des Loranthaceae sur lavocatier (Persea americana, Lauraceae) dans la region de Yaounde (Cameroun)
Plastome structure, phylogenomics, and divergence times of tribe Cinnamomeae (Lauraceae) | BMC Genomics | Full Text
Naturalis Institutional Repository: Studies in South American Malpighiaceae, Lauraceae and Hernandiaceae, especially of...
Litsea glutinosa (Lauraceae): Evaluation of its Foliar Phytochemical Constituents for Antimicrobial Activity | Notulae...
Numerical intraspecific morphometric study of actinodaphne hookeri meisn. (magnoliopsida: laurales: lauraceae) from...
Integrative taxonomy of the Lauraceae-feeding species of the genus Stephanitis (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Tingidae) from Japan
Lindera2
Taxonomy4
- Although the taxonomy of the Lauraceae is still not settled, conservative estimates suggest some 52 genera worldwide, including 3,000 to 3,500 species. (wikipedia.org)
- Compared to other plant families, the taxonomy of Lauraceae still is poorly understood. (wikipedia.org)
- The use of cuticular features in the taxonomy of the Lauraceae. (bbg.org)
- The difficulties in morphology-based taxonomy and the development of molecular phylogenetics have promoted the transition from traditional to phylogeny-based classification of Lauraceae [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Genera2
- Recent monographs on small and medium-sized genera of Lauraceae (up to about 100 species) have revealed many new species. (wikipedia.org)
- Classification within the Lauraceae remains unresolved Most are aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs, but Sassafras and one or two other genera are deciduous, and Cassytha is a genus of parasitic vines. (woodsoftheworld.org)
Genus1
- The genus Cassytha is unique in the Lauraceae in that its members are parasitic vines. (wikipedia.org)
Sassafras2
Family2
- Lauraceae, or the laurels, is a plant family that includes the true laurel and its closest relatives. (wikipedia.org)
- Laurus nobilis L., popularly known as laurel, is a tree belonging to the Lauraceae family, native to Asia. (researchgate.net)
Species1
- In several forested regions, Lauraceae are among the top five families in terms of the number of species present. (wikipedia.org)
Habitats1
- The Lauraceae give their name to habitats known as laurel forests, which have many trees that superficially resemble the Lauraceae, though they may belong to other plant families such as Magnoliaceae or Myrtaceae. (wikipedia.org)
Evergreen1
- Most of the Lauraceae are evergreen trees in habit. (wikipedia.org)
Persea1
- Tree: The avocado tree ( Persea americana ) is in the family Lauraceae. (uwsp.edu)
Litsea3
- Litsea , a non-monophyletic group of the tribe Laureae (Lauraceae), plays important roles in the tropical and subtropical forests of Asia, Australia, Central and North America, and the islands of the Pacific. (kib.ac.cn)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Systematic relationships within the Litsea complex (Lauraceae) / by Jie Li. (edu.au)
- Taxonomy and distribution of genus Litsea Lam (Lauraceae) in Western Ghats of Karnataka, India Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 95: 169-182. (wikimedia.org)
Phylogeny1
- In addition to diversity, the distribution, phylogeny and evolution of the Indian Lauraceae is associated with the origin of Indian plants dating back to several millions of years. (atree.org)
Laureae2
- We use morphological studies in combination with phylogenetic tools of Indian Lauraceae plants (Perseae and Laureae groups) to unravel the evolutionary relationship with rest of the world. (atree.org)
- Plastid genome evolution of a monophyletic group in the subtribe Lauriineae (Laureae, Lauraceae)[J]. Plant Diversity, 2022, 44(04): 377-388. (kib.ac.cn)
Habit1
- Most of the Lauraceae are evergreen trees in habit. (wikipedia.org)
Laurel1
- The Lauraceae give their name to habitats known as laurel forests, which have many trees that superficially resemble the Lauraceae, though they may belong to other plant families such as Magnoliaceae or Myrtaceae. (wikipedia.org)
India1
- Lauraceae, with their wider ecological amplitude and biogeographical antiquity, could be model plant taxa to demonstrate the importance of integrative approaches in taxonomy and their contribution towards biodiversity conservation in India. (atree.org)
Fruits1
- The fruits of Lauraceae are drupes, one-seeded fleshy fruit with a hard layer, the endocarp, surrounding the seed. (wikipedia.org)
Forests1
- The Lauraceae are important components of tropical forests ranging from low-lying to montane. (wikipedia.org)
Publication1
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Lauraceae" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Lauraceae" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
System1
- Lauraceae flowers are protogynous, often with a complex flowering system to prevent inbreeding. (wikipedia.org)