A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.
A chronic communicable infection which is a principal or polar form of LEPROSY. This disorder is caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE and produces diffuse granulomatous skin lesions in the form of nodules, macules, or papules. The peripheral nerves are involved symmetrically and neural sequelae occur in the advanced stage.
A principal or polar form of LEPROSY in which the skin lesions are few and are sharply demarcated. Peripheral nerve involvement is pronounced and may be severe. Unlike lepromatous leprosy (LEPROSY, LEPROMATOUS), the lepromin test is positive. Tuberculoid leprosy is rarely a source of infection to others.
A form of LEPROSY in which there are clinical manifestations of both principal types (lepromatous and tuberculoid). The disease may shift toward one of these two polar or principal forms.
A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that causes LEPROSY in man. Its organisms are generally arranged in clumps, rounded masses, or in groups of bacilli side by side.
A form of LEPROSY classified by the World Health Organization for the purpose of treatment, based on clinical manifestations and skin smear results. Patients with multibacillary leprosy have six or more lesions with or without positive skin smear results for the causative agent MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. Multibacillary leprosy encompasses borderline lepromatous, midborderline, and lepromatous leprosy.
Substances that suppress Mycobacterium leprae, ameliorate the clinical manifestations of leprosy, and/or reduce the incidence and severity of leprous reactions.
A form of LEPROSY classified by the World Health Organization for the purpose of treatment, based on clinical manifestations and skin smear results. Patients with paucibacillary leprosy have fewer than six skin lesions with no causative agent MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE on any slit-skin smear testing. Paucibacillary leprosy encompasses indeterminate, borderline tuberculoid, and tuberculoid leprosy.
An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.
Lepromin is a sterile suspension of Mycobacterium leprae, utilized in intradermal tests to determine the type of immune response in leprosy patients, distinguishing between tuberculoid and lepromatous forms.
Burrowing, chiefly nocturnal mammals of the family Dasypodidae having bodies and heads encased in small bony plates. They are widely distributed in the warmer parts of the Americas.
A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619)
A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. Its mechanism of action is probably similar to that of the SULFONAMIDES which involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. It is also used with PYRIMETHAMINE in the treatment of malaria. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p157-8)
A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior.
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)
A cystic tumor of the ovary, containing thin, clear, yellow serous fluid and varying amounts of solid tissue, with a malignant potential several times greater than that of mucinous cystadenoma (CYSTADENOMA, MUCINOUS). It can be unilocular, parvilocular, or multilocular. It is often bilateral and papillary. The cysts may vary greatly in size. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972)
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.
A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)
The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or concept, it is a country located in South America, known officially as the Federative Republic of Brazil. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or science, I'd be happy to help answer those!
The etiologic agent of rat leprosy, also known as murine leprosy.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Behavior in which persons hurt or harm themselves without the motive of suicide or of sexual deviation.
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Residential treatment centers for individuals with leprosy.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
A republic of southeast Asia, northwest of Thailand, long familiar as Burma. Its capital is Yangon, formerly Rangoon. Inhabited by people of Mongolian stock and probably of Tibetan origin, by the 3d century A.D. it was settled by Hindus. The modern Burmese state was founded in the 18th century but was in conflict with the British during the 19th century. Made a crown colony of Great Britain in 1937, it was granted independence in 1947. In 1989 it became Myanmar. The name comes from myanma, meaning the strong, as applied to the Burmese people themselves. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p192 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p367)
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)
A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
The indelible marking of TISSUES, primarily SKIN, by pricking it with NEEDLES to imbed various COLORING AGENTS. Tattooing of the CORNEA is done to colorize LEUKOMA spots.
Abnormal responses to sunlight or artificial light due to extreme reactivity of light-absorbing molecules in tissues. It refers almost exclusively to skin photosensitivity, including sunburn, reactions due to repeated prolonged exposure in the absence of photosensitizing factors, and reactions requiring photosensitizing factors such as photosensitizing agents and certain diseases. With restricted reference to skin tissue, it does not include photosensitivity of the eye to light, as in photophobia or photosensitive epilepsy.
A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)

Antibodies to sulfatide in leprosy and leprosy reactions. (1/34)

Antibodies to sulfatide have been reported in various demyelinating peripheral polyneuropathies. We have investigated the diagnostic value of these antibodies in leprosy. Anti-sulfatide IgM in leprosy patients was not significantly elevated. High anti-sulfatide IgG titers were observed in individuals from endemic areas, irrespective of their leprosy status, while western European controls were negative. No significant correlation was found between IgM or IgG antibody titers and leprosy classification, although multibacillary patients had higher anti-sulfatide IgM titers than paucibacillary patients. In addition, 23 patients developing leprosy reactions were followed longitudinally. Antibody titers in these patients fluctuated slightly during the follow-up period. There was no association with the occurrence of leprosy reactions or treatment. Thus, IgG titers against sulfatides are high in both leprosy patients and healthy controls in endemic areas, whereas such antibodies are not found in western European controls, suggesting that these antibodies are induced by environmental factors, such as microorganisms.  (+info)

Production of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) by blood monocytes from patients with different clinical forms of leprosy. (2/34)

In the present study, the concentration of TGF-beta1 secreted by adherent cells isolated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and either stimulated with PGL-1 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or left unstimulated was determined by ELISA. The cells were isolated from untreated patients with different clinical forms of leprosy and healthy individuals. The adherent cells exhibited spontaneous release of TGF-beta1 in all clinical forms of leprosy and in healthy individuals; however, lepromatous leprosy/borderline leprosy (LL/BL) patients presenting erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) displayed significantly higher concentrations of TGF-beta1 than either the other patients studied or the controls. These high TGF-beta1 levels were consistently observed when LL/BL ENL cells were stimulated with phenolic glycolipid (PGL-1) or LPS, and even in the absence of a stimulus (P < 0.01). The most significant differences in TGF-beta1 levels were observed when comparing the results in the presence of PGL-1 from ENL with, in order of significance: tuberculoid leprosy (TT) patients (P < 0.001), LL/BL patients without ENL (P < 0.01), healthy individuals (P < 0.01) and borderline-borderline/borderline-tuberculoid (BB/BT) patients with reversal reaction (RR) (P < 0.01). The BB/BT patients produced equivalent levels of TGF-beta1 compared with LL/BL patients without ENL, for all types of stimuli (P > 0.05). In contrast, TT patients produced the lowest levels of TGF-beta1 among all the subjects studied (both patients and healthy controls), especially following PGL-1 stimulation (P < 0.001, and P < 0.05, respectively). In conjunction with our previous data regarding TGF-beta1 expression in dermal lesions, it appears that TGF-beta1 probably plays different roles in leprosy: (i) to mediate a suppressive action locally, associated with the presence of PGL-1, and (ii) to induce proinflammatory effects when secreted systemically by monocytes, thereby acting as a modulatory cytokine in the acute inflammatory reactions of ENL and associated with the Th2 immune response in multibacillary forms of leprosy.  (+info)

Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its endothelial cell receptor KDR in type 1 leprosy reaction. (3/34)

The sites of expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and of KDR, its endothelial cell receptor, were investigated in leprosy reaction Type 1, or reversal reaction (RR), by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. In comparison with nonreactional leprosy, overexpression of both VEGF and KDR was seen in granuloma cells, especially epithelioid and foreign body-type giant cells, the epithelium and the vascular endothelium of RR specimens. In granuloma cells, hybridization for VEGF was stronger than immunostaining, a finding that may reflect the rapid turnover of VEGF in an immunologically dynamic situation such as RR. In the epidermis, double immunohistochemistry revealed VEGF overexpression in CDla-positive dendritic cells. The VEGF may not only be relevant for hyperpermeability and mononuclear cell differentiation (the key morphologic features in the acute, clinically evident phase of RR), but it could also be implicated in RR onset, when dendritic cells are activated in response to antigen stimulation.  (+info)

The detection of Mycobacterium leprae protein and carbohydrate antigens in skin and nerve from leprosy patients with type 1 (reversal) reactions. (4/34)

Type 1 (reversal) reactions are the most common immunological complications of leprosy. These episodes of delayed hypersensitivity produce severe local immunopathology and ultimately nerve damage. To date, the Mycobacterium leprae antigens associated with type 1 reactions have not been identified. Using monoclonal antibodies to defined protein and carbohydrate M. leprae epitopes (65, 35 and 28 kd and lipoarabinomannan [LAM]) in a two-step immunoperoxidase staining technique, M. leprae antigens were demonstrated in skin and nerve biopsies from patients in reversal reaction. Antigen presence and staining patterns were similar in skin and nerve lesions, implying that the pathological processes are similar in the two sites. Antigens were present both in macrophages and Schwann cells but also as a diffuse extracellular infiltrate associated with the inflammatory infiltrate. The 28-kd antigen was present most strongly and may be a potential candidate antigen for initiating type 1 reactions. LAM also stained strongly and persisted after treatment. The possible roles of LAM and 65 kd in the cellular events of type 1 reactions are discussed.  (+info)

Ocular complications in newly diagnosed borderline lepromatous and lepromatous leprosy patients: baseline profile of the Indian cohort. (5/34)

AIM: To describe ocular manifestations in newly diagnosed borderline lepromatous (BL) and lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients in India. METHODS: Ocular complications, at enrolment, occurring in all new borderline lepromatous and lepromatous leprosy patients detected by active case finding within the geographically defined leprosy endemic area of the Gudiyattam Taluk in India from 1991 to 1997 who consented to ocular examinations every 6 months, during and 5 years after treatment with multidrug therapy (MDT), were studied. RESULTS: Orbicularis oculi weakness (4.62%), lagophthalmos (4.20%), ectropion (0.42%), trichiasis (0.84%), blocked nasolacrimal ducts (1.68%), pterygium (11.34%), impaired corneal sensation (53%), corneal opacity (10.5%), corneal nerve beading (1.68%), punctate keratitis (1.26%), keratic precipitates (4.62%), iris atrophy (1.68%), and cataract (12.6%) were ocular complications seen in the 301 lepromatous patients at enrolment. 4.6% had blind eyes. Increasing age was associated with ocular complications. 80% of patients were skin smear acid fast bacilli (AFB) positive. The LL/BL ratio was 1:6.4. 71% had some limb deformity. 44% had only leprosy related ocular complications (LROC), 28% had only general ocular complications (GOC) while 14% had both LROC and GOC. Ocular complications were significantly related to leg deformities. Corneal nerve beading was seen most in LL patients (100%) having high bacterial content. Lagophthalmos and muscle weakness were associated with reversal reactions. CONCLUSIONS: Corneal nerve beading occurs in LL patients with high bacillary count. Patients with reversal reaction are more likely to present with orbicularis oculi weakness and lagophthalmos. Leprosy related ocular complications and general ocular complications are significant problems in newly diagnosed lepromatous patients. Elderly, deformed, skin smear positive, lepromatous patients are associated with increased ocular morbidity and form a group that require acceptable and accessible eye care.  (+info)

Leprosy affects facial nerves in a scattered distribution from the main trunk to all peripheral branches and neurolysis improves muscle function of the face. (6/34)

Current literature rejects nerve release in leprous facial neuropathy and states that lesions are restricted to the peripheral zygomatic branches. Since there are approximately 500,000 patients with this disease throughout the world, we wanted to clarify the precise location of facial nerve's affection and the benefit of neurolysis. Our study showed that in patients with leprosy, the facial nerve's main trunk, the peripheral zygomatic branches, and all other branches were affected. Follow-up showed improvement in lagophthalmos and in misreinnervation, with no improvement in the control cohort. Nerve release improves muscle function in leprous facial neuropathy, provided surgery is performed on all affected segments. Intraoperative electroneurodiagnostics is an effective tool for detecting the most proximal site of lesion and ensuring effective surgery.  (+info)

Mast cell subsets and neuropeptides in leprosy reactions. (7/34)

The immunohistochemical identification of neuropeptides (calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and gamma-melanocyte stimulating hormone) quantification of mast cells and their subsets (tryptase/chymase-immunoreactive mast cells = TCMC and tryptase-immunoreactive mast cells = TMC) were determined in biopsies of six patients with leprosy reactions (three patients with type I reaction and three with type II). Biopsies were compared with those taken from the same body site in the remission stage of the same patient. We found a relative increase of TMC in the inflammatory infiltrate of the reactional biopsies compared to the post-reactional biopsy. Also, the total number of mast cells and the TMC/TCMC ratio in the inflammatory infiltrate was significantly higher than in the intervening dermis of the biopsies of both periods. No significant difference was found regarding neuroptide expression in the reactional and post-reactional biopsies. The relative increase of TMC in the reactional infiltrates could implicate this mast cell subset in the reported increase of the immune response in leprosy reactions.  (+info)

Novel responses of human skin to intradermal recombinant granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor: Langerhans cell recruitment, keratinocyte growth, and enhanced wound healing. (8/34)

Recombinant granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (rGM-CSF), prepared from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and Escherichia coli, was administered to 35 patients with the borderline and polar lepromatous forms of leprosy by the intradermal and subcutaneous routes at doses of 7.5-45.0 micrograms/d for 10 d. With each of these doses and routes, increases in the number of circulating eosinophils were noted. After the intradermal injection, the local skin sites demonstrated zones of roughening and micronodularity that appeared within 24-48 h and persisted for more than 6 d. Reinjection of sites led to enhanced areas of epidermal reaction. GM-CSF prepared from CHO cells was a more potent inducer of this effect. GM-CSF given by the subcutaneous route, at higher doses, failed to initiate these changes. At the microscopic level, the epidermis became thickened (+75%) with increased numbers and layers of enlarged keratinocytes. These contained increased numbers of ribosomes and prominent nucleoli, and were imbedded in a looser meshwork of the zona Pellucida. The modified keratinocytes remained MHC class II antigen negative throughout the course of the response. A major change in the dermis was the progressive accumulation of CD1+, Birbeck granule-positive cells. These Langerhans were recognizable at 48 h after intradermal injection and reached maximum numbers by 4 d. During this period the number of epidermal Langerhans cells remained relatively constant. No increment in dermal Langerhans cells occurred when GLM-CSF was injected by the subcutaneous route. No appreciable increase in the numbers of T cells and monocytes was noted, and granulocytes and eosinophils were largely present within the dermal microvasculature. 4-mm punch biopsies taken from injected sites and adjacent controls were compared in terms of the rapidity of wound healing. 22 of 26 sites demonstrated more rapid filling and hemostasis, whereas four were equivalent to controls. We conclude that rGM-CSF, when introduced into the skin, leads to enhanced keratinocyte growth, the selective recruitment of Langerhans cells into the dermis, and enhanced wound healing of the prepared site. There was no evidence of an enhanced cell-mediated response to Mycobacterium leprae, and bacillary numbers remained unchanged.  (+info)

Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract, and the eyes. The disease mainly spreads through droplets from the nose and mouth of infected people.

Leprosy is characterized by granulomatous inflammation, which leads to the formation of distinctive skin lesions and nerve damage. If left untreated, it can cause progressive and permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs, and eyes. However, with early diagnosis and multidrug therapy (MDT), the disease can be cured, and disability can be prevented or limited.

The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies leprosy into two types based on the number of skin lesions and bacteriological index: paucibacillary (one to five lesions) and multibacillary (more than five lesions). This classification helps determine the appropriate treatment regimen.

Although leprosy is curable, it remains a public health concern in many developing countries due to its stigmatizing nature and potential for social exclusion of affected individuals.

Lepromatous leprosy is a type of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. In this form of the disease, there is a widespread and diffuse involvement of the skin, mucous membranes, and peripheral nerves. The bacteria multiply slowly and spread to the skin, upper respiratory tract, and peripheral nerves.

In lepromatous leprosy, the immune response is weak, allowing for extensive bacterial multiplication and widespread tissue damage. The skin lesions are typically numerous, pale, and have a smooth surface. Nerve involvement can lead to loss of sensation, muscle weakness, and deformities, particularly in the hands and feet.

Lepromatous leprosy is a more severe form of the disease compared to tuberculoid leprosy, which has a stronger immune response and localized skin lesions. Both forms of the disease are treatable with multidrug therapy (MDT), recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for all leprosy patients. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent disability and reduce transmission.

Tuberculoid leprosy is a form of leprosy caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It is one of the two major forms of the disease, with the other being lepromatous leprosy.

Tuberculoid leprosy typically presents with fewer lesions (generally less than five) that are well-defined, asymmetric, and dry. The lesions can be hypopigmented or erythematous and may have a raised border. Nerve involvement is common in tuberculoid leprosy, leading to symptoms such as numbness, muscle weakness, and paralysis.

The disease primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosa of the upper respiratory tract. Tuberculoid leprosy is characterized by a strong cell-mediated immune response, which can lead to the destruction of mycobacteria but may also cause tissue damage. It is generally a milder form of the disease compared to lepromatous leprosy and responds well to treatment with multidrug therapy (MDT).

"Borderline leprosy," also known as "borderline tuberculoid leprosy (BT)," is a type of leprosy that falls in the middle of the clinical spectrum of the disease. It has features of both tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy, but they are not well-defined. The immune response in borderline leprosy is unstable, which means that the condition can either improve or deteriorate over time.

In borderline leprosy, there are usually a few well-defined lesions with some sensory loss. The bacteria are present in the skin and nerves, but they have not yet caused extensive damage. Treatment for borderline leprosy is similar to that of other forms of leprosy, which typically involves multidrug therapy (MDT) recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

It's important to note that leprosy is a curable disease, and early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications and reduce transmission.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a mental health disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, and mood, as well as marked impulsivity that begins by early adulthood and is present in various contexts.

Individuals with BPD often experience intense and fluctuating emotions, ranging from profound sadness, anxiety, and anger to feelings of happiness or calm. They may have difficulty managing these emotions, leading to impulsive behavior, self-harm, or suicidal ideation.

People with BPD also tend to have an unstable sense of self, which can lead to rapid changes in their goals, values, and career choices. They often struggle with feelings of emptiness and boredom, and may engage in risky behaviors such as substance abuse, reckless driving, or binge eating to alleviate these feelings.

Interpersonal relationships are often strained due to the individual's fear of abandonment, intense emotional reactions, and difficulty regulating their emotions. They may experience idealization and devaluation of others, leading to rapid shifts in how they view and treat people close to them.

Diagnosis of BPD is typically made by a mental health professional using criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is published by the American Psychiatric Association. Treatment for BPD may include psychotherapy, medication, and support groups to help individuals manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

"Mycobacterium leprae" is a slow-growing, rod-shaped, gram-positive bacterium that is the causative agent of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract. The bacterium was discovered in 1873 by Gerhard Armauer Hansen, a Norwegian physician, and is named after him as "Hansen's bacillus."

"Mycobacterium leprae" has a unique cell wall that contains high amounts of lipids, which makes it resistant to many common disinfectants and antibiotics. It can survive and multiply within host macrophages, allowing it to evade the immune system and establish a chronic infection.

Leprosy is a treatable disease with multidrug therapy (MDT), which combines several antibiotics such as dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent the progression of the disease and reduce its transmission to others.

Multibacillary (MB) leprosy, also known as lepromatous leprosy, is a type of leprosy that is characterized by the widespread dissemination of the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae throughout the body. It is one of two major forms of leprosy, with the other being paucibacillary (PB) leprosy.

In MB leprosy, there are typically numerous skin lesions that may be widespread and often have a symmetrical distribution. The lesions can appear as nodules, plaques, or macules and can be hypopigmented or erythematous. They may also have a characteristic appearance with loss of sensation due to nerve damage.

MB leprosy is characterized by the presence of large numbers of bacilli in the skin lesions and nasal mucosa, as well as involvement of multiple nerves leading to deformities and disabilities if left untreated. The diagnosis of MB leprosy is usually made based on clinical examination, skin smears, and/or biopsy.

MB leprosy is treated with a multidrug therapy (MDT) regimen recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), which includes rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine for at least 12 months. Early diagnosis and treatment of MB leprosy can prevent disability and reduce transmission.

Leprosstatic agents are substances or drugs that have a specific effect on the bacterium that causes leprosy, also known as Mycobacterium leprae. These agents are used in the treatment and prevention of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract.

The most common leprostatic agents are antibiotics, which target the bacterial cells and inhibit their growth or kill them. The two main antibiotics used to treat leprosy are dapsone and rifampicin, which are often given in combination with other drugs such as clofazimine to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains of the bacteria.

Leprosstatic agents are usually administered orally or by injection, and the duration of treatment can vary depending on the severity of the disease and the patient's response to therapy. It is important to note that early detection and treatment of leprosy can help prevent the progression of the disease and reduce the risk of transmission to others.

Paucibacillary leprosy is a type of leprosy that is characterized by the presence of fewer than 5 skin lesions and no bacterial growth in slit skin smears or biopsies. It is also known as tuberculoid leprosy and is caused by the Mycobacterium leprae bacteria. The condition primarily affects the nerves and skin, leading to numbness, muscle weakness, and disfigurement if left untreated. Paucibacillary leprosy tends to have a better prognosis compared to multibacillary leprosy, which is characterized by more numerous skin lesions and bacterial growth.

Erythema nodosum is a type of inflammation that occurs in the fatty layer of the skin, causing painful, red or purple bumps (nodules) to form. It is a type of panniculitis, which refers to any condition that causes inflammation of the fatty layer of tissue beneath the skin.

Erythema nodosum is often associated with a variety of underlying conditions, such as infections (e.g., streptococcus, tuberculosis), medications (e.g., sulfa drugs, oral contraceptives), inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), and pregnancy.

The bumps associated with erythema nodosum typically appear on the shins, ankles, knees, or other areas of the legs, although they can also occur on the arms, hands, or face. The bumps may be tender to the touch, warm, and swollen, and they may cause pain or discomfort when walking or standing for prolonged periods.

In most cases, erythema nodosum resolves on its own within a few weeks to several months, although symptoms can be managed with medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids. Treating the underlying condition is also important for resolving erythema nodosum and preventing recurrences.

Lepromin is not a medical condition but rather a diagnostic test used in the diagnosis and classification of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. The Lepromin test measures the cell-mediated immunity of an individual to the bacteria that causes leprosy.

The test involves injecting two types of antigens derived from M. leprae, one more soluble and the other less soluble, into the skin of the forearm. The response of the immune system to these antigens is then observed after 24 hours (for the soluble antigen) and 48 hours (for the less soluble antigen).

A positive reaction to the more soluble antigen indicates a strong cell-mediated immunity, which is associated with tuberculoid leprosy, a milder form of the disease. A positive reaction to the less soluble antigen suggests a weaker cell-mediated immunity and is associated with lepromatous leprosy, a more severe form of the disease.

It's important to note that the Lepromin test has limited availability and is not widely used in many parts of the world due to its complexity and the need for specialized laboratory facilities.

An armadillo is not a medical condition or term. It is a type of mammal that is native to the Americas, known for its distinctive armor-like shell. If you have any questions about a specific medical condition or topic, I would be happy to help if you could provide more information.

Clofazimine is an antimycobacterial medication used mainly in the treatment of leprosy (Hansen's disease) and also has some activity against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections. It is an oral riminophenazine dye that accumulates in macrophages and bacterial cells, where it inhibits mycobacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Its side effects include skin discoloration, gastrointestinal symptoms, and potential eye toxicity.

Dapsone is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called sulfones. It is primarily used to treat bacterial skin infections such as leprosy and dermatitis herpetiformis (a skin condition associated with coeliac disease). Dapsone works by killing the bacteria responsible for these infections.

In addition, dapsone has anti-inflammatory properties and is sometimes used off-label to manage inflammatory conditions such as vasculitis, bullous pemphigoid, and chronic urticaria. It is available in oral tablet form and topical cream or gel form.

Like all medications, dapsone can cause side effects, which may include nausea, loss of appetite, and headache. More serious side effects, such as methemoglobinemia (a blood disorder that affects the body's ability to transport oxygen), peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage that causes pain, numbness, or weakness in the hands and feet), and liver damage, can occur but are less common.

It is important for patients taking dapsone to be monitored by a healthcare provider to ensure safe and effective use of the medication.

Personality disorders are a class of mental health conditions characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that deviate significantly from the norms of their culture. These patterns often lead to distress for the individual and/or impairments in personal relationships, work, or social functioning.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), identifies ten specific personality disorders, which are grouped into three clusters based on descriptive similarities:

1. Cluster A (Odd or Eccentric) - characterized by odd, eccentric, or unusual behaviors:
* Paranoid Personality Disorder
* Schizoid Personality Disorder
* Schizotypal Personality Disorder
2. Cluster B (Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic) - marked by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors:
* Antisocial Personality Disorder
* Borderline Personality Disorder
* Histrionic Personality Disorder
* Narcissistic Personality Disorder
3. Cluster C (Anxious or Fearful) - featuring anxious, fearful behaviors:
* Avoidant Personality Disorder
* Dependent Personality Disorder
* Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

It is important to note that personality disorders can be challenging to diagnose and treat. They often require comprehensive assessments by mental health professionals, such as psychologists or psychiatrists, who specialize in personality disorders. Effective treatments typically involve long-term, specialized psychotherapies, with some cases potentially benefiting from medication management for co-occurring symptoms like anxiety or depression.

Ovarian neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the ovary, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can originate from various cell types within the ovary, including epithelial cells, germ cells, and stromal cells. Ovarian neoplasms are often classified based on their cell type of origin, histological features, and potential for invasive or metastatic behavior.

Epithelial ovarian neoplasms are the most common type and can be further categorized into several subtypes, such as serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, and Brenner tumors. Some of these epithelial tumors have a higher risk of becoming malignant and spreading to other parts of the body.

Germ cell ovarian neoplasms arise from the cells that give rise to eggs (oocytes) and can include teratomas, dysgerminomas, yolk sac tumors, and embryonal carcinomas. Stromal ovarian neoplasms develop from the connective tissue cells supporting the ovary and can include granulosa cell tumors, thecomas, and fibromas.

It is essential to diagnose and treat ovarian neoplasms promptly, as some malignant forms can be aggressive and potentially life-threatening if not managed appropriately. Regular gynecological exams, imaging studies, and tumor marker tests are often used for early detection and monitoring of ovarian neoplasms. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, depending on the type, stage, and patient's overall health condition.

Bacterial antigens are substances found on the surface or produced by bacteria that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system.

When a bacterial antigen is encountered by the host's immune system, it triggers a series of responses aimed at eliminating the bacteria and preventing infection. The host's immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign through the use of specialized receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.

Once a bacterial antigen is recognized by the host's immune system, it can stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response involves the activation of inflammatory pathways, the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and the production of antimicrobial peptides.

The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which are specific to the bacterial antigen. These cells can recognize and remember the antigen, allowing for a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposures.

Bacterial antigens are important in the development of vaccines, as they can be used to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. By identifying specific bacterial antigens that are associated with virulence or pathogenicity, researchers can develop vaccines that target these antigens and provide protection against infection.

Glycolipids are a type of lipid (fat) molecule that contain one or more sugar molecules attached to them. They are important components of cell membranes, where they play a role in cell recognition and signaling. Glycolipids are also found on the surface of some viruses and bacteria, where they can be recognized by the immune system as foreign invaders.

There are several different types of glycolipids, including cerebrosides, gangliosides, and globosides. These molecules differ in the number and type of sugar molecules they contain, as well as the structure of their lipid tails. Glycolipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of cells, and they are transported to the cell membrane through vesicles.

Abnormalities in glycolipid metabolism or structure have been implicated in a number of diseases, including certain types of cancer, neurological disorders, and autoimmune diseases. For example, mutations in genes involved in the synthesis of glycolipids can lead to conditions such as Tay-Sachs disease and Gaucher's disease, which are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal glycolipids in cells.

A serous cystadenoma is a type of benign tumor that arises from the epithelial cells lining the serous glands, which are glands that produce a watery, lubricating fluid. This type of tumor typically develops in the ovary or the pancreas.

Serous cystadenomas of the ovary are usually filled with a clear, watery fluid and have multiple loculations (compartments). They can vary in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. Although these tumors are benign, they can cause symptoms if they become large enough to press on surrounding organs or if they rupture and release their contents into the abdominal cavity.

Serous cystadenomas of the pancreas are less common than ovarian serous cystadenomas. They typically occur in the tail of the pancreas and can range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. These tumors are usually asymptomatic, but they can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain or discomfort if they become large enough to press on surrounding organs.

It is important to note that while serous cystadenomas are generally benign, there is a small risk that they may undergo malignant transformation and develop into a type of cancer known as a serous cystadenocarcinoma. For this reason, it is important for patients with these tumors to be followed closely by a healthcare provider and to have regular imaging studies and/or surgical excision to monitor for any changes in the tumor.

Neuritis is a general term that refers to inflammation of a nerve or nerves, often causing pain, loss of function, and/or sensory changes. It can affect any part of the nervous system, including the peripheral nerves (those outside the brain and spinal cord) or the cranial nerves (those that serve the head and neck). Neuritis may result from various causes, such as infections, autoimmune disorders, trauma, toxins, or metabolic conditions. The specific symptoms and treatment depend on the underlying cause and the affected nerve(s).

Cystadenocarcinoma, serous is a type of cystic tumor that arises from the lining of the abdominal or pelvic cavity (the peritoneum). It is called "serous" because the tumor cells produce a thin, watery fluid similar to serum.

Cystadenocarcinoma is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that can invade surrounding tissues and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. It typically affects women over the age of 50 and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel or bladder habits.

Serous cystadenocarcinoma is a subtype of ovarian cancer that arises from the surface of the ovary. It can also occur in other organs, including the fallopian tubes, peritoneum, and endometrium. This type of tumor tends to grow slowly but can spread widely throughout the abdominal cavity, making it difficult to treat.

Treatment for serous cystadenocarcinoma typically involves surgery to remove the tumor and any affected tissues, followed by chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for this type of cancer depends on several factors, including the stage of the disease at diagnosis, the patient's age and overall health, and the response to treatment.

In medical terms, the skin is the largest organ of the human body. It consists of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer), as well as accessory structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. The skin plays a crucial role in protecting us from external factors such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental hazards, while also regulating body temperature and enabling the sense of touch.

I apologize, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or condition. It is the largest country in both South America and Latin America by land area and population. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, please provide more information and I will do my best to help.

'Mycobacterium lepraemurium' is not typically associated with human leprosy or any medical conditions affecting humans. It is a species of mycobacteria that primarily infects rodents, particularly mice and rats. This bacterium is the causative agent of a form of leprosy-like disease in these animals, known as murine leprosy.

Human infections with 'Mycobacterium lepraemurium' are extremely rare and have only been reported in a handful of cases worldwide. When they do occur, they usually result from close contact with infected rodents or their excrement. The disease caused by this bacterium in humans is typically milder than human leprosy and often resolves on its own without specific treatment.

Therefore, 'Mycobacterium lepraemurium' should not be confused with the mycobacterial species that cause leprosy in humans, such as 'Mycobacterium leprae' or 'Mycobacterium lepromatosis'.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) refers to the intentional, direct injuring of one's own body without suicidal intentions. It is often repetitive and can take various forms such as cutting, burning, scratching, hitting, or bruising the skin. In some cases, individuals may also ingest harmful substances or objects.

SIB is not a mental disorder itself, but it is often associated with various psychiatric conditions, including borderline personality disorder, depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and eating disorders. It is also common in individuals with developmental disabilities, such as autism spectrum disorder.

The function of SIB can vary widely among individuals, but it often serves as a coping mechanism to deal with emotional distress, negative feelings, or traumatic experiences. It's essential to approach individuals who engage in SIB with compassion and understanding, focusing on treating the underlying causes rather than solely addressing the behavior itself. Professional mental health treatment and therapy can help individuals develop healthier coping strategies and improve their quality of life.

Adenocarcinoma, mucinous is a type of cancer that begins in the glandular cells that line certain organs and produce mucin, a substance that lubricates and protects tissues. This type of cancer is characterized by the presence of abundant pools of mucin within the tumor. It typically develops in organs such as the colon, rectum, lungs, pancreas, and ovaries.

Mucinous adenocarcinomas tend to have a distinct appearance under the microscope, with large pools of mucin pushing aside the cancer cells. They may also have a different clinical behavior compared to other types of adenocarcinomas, such as being more aggressive or having a worse prognosis in some cases.

It is important to note that while a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, mucinous can be serious, the prognosis and treatment options may vary depending on several factors, including the location of the cancer, the stage at which it was diagnosed, and the individual's overall health.

'Leper Colonies' are not a medical term per se, but rather a historical and sociological concept. They refer to communities that were established in many parts of the world, especially in the past, to isolate and care for individuals affected by leprosy or Hansen's disease. The intention was often to prevent the spread of the disease, which was not well understood at the time, and to provide a place for those afflicted to live. However, these colonies often led to social stigma, discrimination, and isolation of the individuals living there. It is important to note that leprosy is now well-controlled with multidrug therapy, and it is not as easily transmitted or as devastating a disease as it once was. The World Health Organization recommends that people affected by leprosy be treated in regular health facilities within their own communities to avoid stigma and promote early detection and treatment.

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Myanmar" is not a medical term or condition. It is the name of a country in Southeast Asia, also known as Burma. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

Carcinoma, basal cell is a type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, which are located in the lower part of the epidermis (the outermost layer of the skin). It is also known as basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and is the most common form of skin cancer.

BCC typically appears as a small, shiny, pearly bump or nodule on the skin, often in sun-exposed areas such as the face, ears, neck, hands, and arms. It may also appear as a scar-like area that is white, yellow, or waxy. BCCs are usually slow growing and rarely spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. However, they can be locally invasive and destroy surrounding tissue if left untreated.

The exact cause of BCC is not known, but it is thought to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. People with fair skin, light hair, and blue or green eyes are at increased risk of developing BCC.

Treatment for BCC typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, along with a margin of healthy tissue. Other treatment options may include radiation therapy, topical chemotherapy, or photodynamic therapy. Prevention measures include protecting your skin from UV radiation by wearing protective clothing, using sunscreen, and avoiding tanning beds.

Dermatology is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and conditions related to the skin, hair, nails, and mucous membranes. A dermatologist is a medical doctor who has completed specialized training in this field. They are qualified to treat a wide range of skin conditions, including acne, eczema, psoriasis, skin cancer, and many others. Dermatologists may also perform cosmetic procedures to improve the appearance of the skin or to treat signs of aging.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Skin neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the skin that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They result from uncontrolled multiplication of skin cells, which can form various types of lesions. These growths may appear as lumps, bumps, sores, patches, or discolored areas on the skin.

Benign skin neoplasms include conditions such as moles, warts, and seborrheic keratoses, while malignant skin neoplasms are primarily classified into melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. These three types of cancerous skin growths are collectively known as non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer, while NMSCs tend to be less invasive but more common.

It's essential to monitor any changes in existing skin lesions or the appearance of new growths and consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment if needed.

Tattooing is defined medically as the process of inserting pigment into the skin's dermis layer to change its color. This procedure creates a permanent design or image. The equipment used for tattooing includes an electrically powered tattoo machine, needles, and ink. Tattooing can carry potential risks such as infection, allergic reactions, and scarring. It is essential to ensure that all tattooing procedures are performed under sterile conditions and by a licensed professional to minimize these risks.

Photosensitivity disorders refer to conditions that cause an abnormal reaction to sunlight or artificial light. This reaction can take the form of various skin changes, such as rashes, inflammation, or pigmentation, and in some cases, it can also lead to systemic symptoms like fatigue, fever, or joint pain.

The two main types of photosensitivity disorders are:

1. Phototoxic reactions: These occur when a substance (such as certain medications, chemicals, or plants) absorbs light energy and transfers it to skin cells, causing damage and inflammation. The reaction typically appears within 24 hours of exposure to the light source and can resemble a sunburn.

2. Photoallergic reactions: These occur when the immune system responds to the combination of light and a particular substance, leading to an allergic response. The reaction may not appear until several days after initial exposure and can cause redness, itching, and blistering.

It is important for individuals with photosensitivity disorders to avoid excessive sun exposure, wear protective clothing, and use broad-spectrum sunscreens with a high SPF rating to minimize the risk of phototoxic or photoallergic reactions.

Aseptic meningitis is a type of meningitis (inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) that is not caused by bacterial infection. Instead, it can be due to viral infections, fungal infections, or non-infectious causes such as certain medications, chemical irritants, or underlying medical conditions. In aseptic meningitis, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis may show increased white blood cells, typically lymphocytes, but no bacterial growth on culture. Common viral causes include enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, and varicella-zoster virus. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, antiviral medications, or immunosuppressive therapy in some cases.

... is a cutaneous skin condition with numerous skin lesions that are red irregularly shaped plaques.: 345 ... Leprosy Skin lesion James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. ...
... is a cutaneous condition similar to tuberculoid leprosy except the skin lesions are smaller and ... more numerous.: 345 Leprosy Skin lesion James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: ...
... is a skin condition with numerous, symmetrical skin lesions.: 346 Leprosy Cutaneous conditions ...
"Pitfalls in the cytological classification of borderline leprosy in the Ridley-Jopling scale". Diagnostic Cytopathology. 30 (6 ... Accelerating towards a leprosy-free world". Elimination of leprosy is defined as "reducing the proportion of leprosy patients ... as not much about leprosy transmission was known at the time and stigma against those with leprosy was high (see Leprosy stigma ... Although Leprosy continues to be diagnosed in immigrants to the UK, the last known human case of leprosy arising in the UK was ...
Borderline lepromatous leprosy Borderline leprosy Borderline tuberculoid leprosy Buruli ulcer (Bairnsdale ulcer, Searl ulcer, ... Histoid leprosy Lepromatous leprosy Leprosy (Hansen's disease) Lichen scrofulosorum (tuberculosis cutis lichenoides) Lupus ... Tuberculoid leprosy Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions are caused by fungi or yeasts, and may present as either a superficial ...
... leprosy MeSH C01.252.410.040.552.386.110 - leprosy, borderline MeSH C01.252.410.040.552.386.500 - leprosy, lepromatous MeSH ... C01.252.410.040.552.386.700 - leprosy, tuberculoid MeSH C01.252.410.040.552.475 - mycobacterium infections, atypical MeSH ...
Diagnosis of Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy After 660 Years?", Arch Dermatol. 2009, 145(9):1047 Emblem 161 Flickr French ... seeking a cure for their leprosy and suggesting a similar lesson in co-operation to overcome disabilities. New life was given ...
... a disease Borderline lepromatous leprosy, a disease B − L (B minus L), in physics Backhoe loader, an engineering vehicle Black ...
Within these two extremes are the patients with an intermediate or borderline form of leprosy who show a variable lepromin ... Treatment of tuberculoid leprosy is continued for at least 1 to 2 years, while patients with lepromatous leprosy are generally ... Dapsone (Avlosulfon) is the most widely used sulfone for the long-term therapy of leprosy. Although the sulfones are highly ... It may prove useful in leprosy patients who cannot tolerate long-term oral dapsone therapy. The sulfones can produce non- ...
Hayashi, F (1933). "Mitsuda's Skin Reaction in Leprosy". Int J Leprosy. 1: 31-8. Lepromin at the U.S. National Library of ... There are three borderline diagnoses possible as well as the tuberculoid and lepromatous diagnoses in the Ridley-Jopling ... The lepromin skin test is used to determine what type of leprosy a person is infected with. It involves the injection of a ... People who don't have clinical leprosy (Hansen's disease, or HD) may have little or no skin reaction to the antigen, or may ...
... 's book "Die Nebenwirkungen der Arzneimittel" (1881) deals with the borderline between the pharmacological and the ... The treatment of leprosy (in "Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift", 1898) "Die Untersuchungen von Blutflecken" -- Analysis of ...
In Punjab, where the new border lines divided the Sikh regions in half, there was much bloodshed; in Bengal and Bihar, where ... Leprosy - Medical History of British India Archived 10 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, National Library of Scotland 2007 ... In 1881 there were around 120,000 leprosy patients. The central government passed the Lepers Act of 1898, which provided legal ... provision for forcible confinement of people with leprosy in India. Under the direction of Mountstuart Elphinstone a program ...
In November 1989, Diana visited a leprosy hospital in Indonesia. Following her visit, she became patron of the Leprosy Mission ... Psychiatrists had provided learned opinions that sadly (Diana) had suffered form Borderline Personality Disorder as well as ... "It has always been my concern to touch people with leprosy, trying to show in a simple action that they are not reviled, nor ... In March 1993, she went on her first solo trip after her separation from Charles, visiting a leprosy hospital in Nepal where ...
"Borderline intellectual functioning" is not currently defined, but the term may be used to apply to people with IQs in the 70s ... family and economic experiences of leprosy patients, Iran". Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 16 (18): 927-32. doi: ...
It is said that Chinese workers introduced leprosy by 1830, and as with the other new infectious diseases, it proved damaging ... Trask, Haunani-Kay (July 2016). "Lovely Hula Lands: Corporate Tourism and the Prostitution of Hawaiian Culture". Border/Lines. ... Trask, Haunani-Kay (1991). "Lovely Hula Lands: Corporate Tourism and the Prostitution of Hawaiian Culture". Border/Lines (23). ...
Borderline leprosy is a cutaneous skin condition with numerous skin lesions that are red irregularly shaped plaques.: 345 ... Leprosy Skin lesion James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. ...
Borderline tuberculoid leprosy is a cutaneous condition similar to tuberculoid leprosy except the skin lesions are smaller and ... more numerous.: 345 Leprosy Skin lesion James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews Diseases of the Skin: ...
ICD-9 030.3 is borderline leprosy [group b] (0303). This code is grouped under diagnosis codes for infectious and parasitic ... 030.3 BORDERLINE LEPROSY. Home > ICD-9 List > Infectious and parasitic diseases > Other bacterial diseases (030-041) > 030 ... Leprosy 030.9*borderline (group B) (infiltrated) (neuritic) 030.3. *dimorphous (group B) (infiltrated) (lepromatous) (neuritic ...
ICD-10 code A30.3 for Borderline leprosy online definition ...
Overview of leprosy, and how to treat it in a natural way. ... Mid-borderline leprosy. People enduring this form of leprosy ... This type of leprosy may continue, go back to tuberculoid leprosy or progress to any other classifications of leprosy. ... Borderline lepromatous leprosy. Patients with this form of Hansens disease will have several skin lesions in the midst of ... Borderline tuberculoid leprosy. Patients suffering from this type of Hansens disease have lesions similar to those enduring ...
Leprosy is caused by infection with Mycobacterium leprae. ... As with the other forms of borderline leprosy, the disease may ... Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease principally affecting the skin and peripheral nervous system. ... Unlike the other types of leprosy, lepromatous leprosy cannot convert back to the less severe borderline or tuberculoid types ... Reports of de novo histoid leprosy suggest that it may also possibly evolve from borderline or indeterminate leprosy. ...
In all patients with leprosy, the nerve tissue is involved. ... Background Leprosy is the most common treatable cause of ... Sensory cutaneous nerves running to the proximal edge of a skin lesion may be thickened in tuberculoid (TT) and borderline ... Leprosy is the most common treatable cause of neuropathy in the world. [1] In all patients with leprosy, the nerve tissue is ... Kazen R. Role of surgery of nerves in leprosy in the restoration of sensibility in hands and feet of leprosy patients. Indian J ...
BL, borderline lepromatous leprosy; DLL, diffuse lepromatous leprosy; LL, lepromatous leprosy.. Main Article ...
Multiple nerve abscesses: An unusual manifestation of lepra reaction in a patient with borderline leprosy. ...
Reversal Reaction in A Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy Patient after COVID-19 Vaccine: Prevention or Risks? Authors. * Odelia ... Reversal Reaction in A Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy Patient after COVID-19 Vaccine: Prevention or Risks?. J Pak Assoc ... Reversal reaction in leprosy is an immunologically mediated response due to alteration of cell-mediated immunity associated in ... According to guideline, vaccination should be given to leprosy patients. This case reported a 33-year-old male with reversal ...
Leprosy and Tuberculosis Co-Infection: Clinical and Immunological Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature ...
Categories: Leprosy, Borderline Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted ...
Leprosy, also called Hansen disease, is a disorder known since ancient times. Explore symptoms, inheritance, genetics of this ... Patterns of signs and symptoms intermediate between these forms are sometimes called borderline forms. ... Leprosy is not inherited, but people can inherit an increased risk of contracting leprosy if they are exposed to the ... Leprosy, also called Hansen disease, is a disorder known since ancient times. It is caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium ...
... to lepromatous leprosy (LL) with many AFB and poor cell-mediated immunity. Borderline tuberculoid (BT), borderline borderline ( ... Borderline tuberculoid (BT), borderline borderline (BB), and borderline lepromatous (BL) represent the unstable evolving stages ... Multibacillary leprosy according to the WHO classification. Borderline tuberculoid (BT) leprosy according to the Ridley-Jopling ... with wide areas of spared skin are compatible with borderline tuberculoid leprosy (BT). The early development of anesthetic ...
The "Reversal" reaction (Type 1) may occur in borderline or tuberculoid leprosy patients often soon after chemotherapy is ... LEPROSY REACTIONAL STATES Abrupt changes in clinical activity occur in leprosy with any effective treatment and are known as ... Leprosy: In order to reduce secondary Dapsone resistance, the WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy and the USPHS at Carville, LA, ... In leprosy this complication may be difficult to distinguish from a leprosy reactional state. ...
Mid-borderline category of Ridley-Jopling categorization scheme. BL. Borderline lepromatous category of Ridley-Jopling ... Mid-borderline (BB), borderline lepromatous (BL), and lepromatous (LL) *These Ridley-Jopling categories of Hansens disease ... Borderline tuberculoid category of Ridley-Jopling categorization scheme. CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ... Indeterminate (I), tuberculoid (TT), and borderline tuberculoid (BT) *These Ridley-Jopling categories of Hansens disease ...
Public Health, Communicable Diseases, Leprosy, Leprosy, Tuberculoid, Leprosy, Borderline, Health Education, Health Promotion, ... World Leprosy Day, on the last Sunday of January each year, aims to increase public awareness of leprosy, also known a.... See ... Leprosy, Health Promotion, Hanseníase, Janeiro Roxo Instituto de saúde promove ações de conscientização sobre a hanseníase em ... Leprosy, Health Promotion, Professional Training, Hanseníase Sociedade Brasileira de Hansenologia lança no Pará campanha ...
Leprosy - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... Borderline leprosy: Features of both tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy are present. Without treatment, borderline leprosy may ... Borderline: People with borderline leprosy have features of tuberculoid leprosy and lepromatous leprosy. ... Severe Effects of Leprosy Affecting the Hands. In this person, leprosy has caused part of the fingers of both hands to be lost. ...
Cervical canal stenosis masquerading as neuritis in a case of borderline tuberculoid leprosy. ...
Borderline personality disorder. *Opioid use. *Leprosy and mental health. *Community-based mental health ...
Childhood borderline lepromatous leprosy: a case report Grace Dumamawarni Hutahaean 1 ,Martin Susanto 1 ,Tiopan Napitupulu 1 , ... Case. We present a case of the borderline lepromatous type of leprosy in a 9-year-old Indonesian male patient with the chief ... In this case, there was a history of leprosy in his mother`s sister, who had died. Leprosy in the patient was suspected of ... Leprosy in children is a strong indicator of the recent failure of leprosy control and disease transmission programs. For ...
... on one end with least immunity and tuberculoid leprosy (TL) on the other with strong immunity. Borderline TL, borderline LL, ... Leprosy/Hansen disease is a bacterial infection caused by either Mycobacterium leprae or M. lepromatosis. The bacterium is an ... Leprosy has six clinical manifestations according to the Ridley-Jopling clinical classification, which includes two ends of a ... They cited one 1974 study of leprosy in 77 individuals, in which 94% reported an initial nasal symptom, "with 66% of them ...
Discover the potential of ICRC bacillus strain as a leprosy vaccine. Study reveals ICRC bacilli are coated with human IgG, ... of lepromatous leprosy (LL) and borderline lepromatous (BL) patients respectively. The above mentioned encouraging results led ... 1998) Comparative Leprosy Vaccine Trial in South India. Indian Journal of Leprosy, 70, 369-388. ... 1976) Early Serodiagnosis of Leprosy by Indirect Immonofluorescence. Indian Journal of Leprosy, 48, 272-276. ...
... its like a borderline for bacteria and leprosy.. They know that theres a red light coming up, so theyll start slowing down, ...
... therapy in the treatment of paucibacillary leprosy according to WHO guidelines.60 people with confirmed Borderline Tuberculoid ... A comparative study of homoeopathic medicine - Sulphur with the Multidrug therapy in the treatment of paucibacillary leprosy. ... BT) leprosy, aged 14 to 60 years, were enrolled in the trial. All patients were randomly and equally divided in two groups. One ... that standard pharmaceutical therapy and homeopathic medicine were found equally effective in relieving paucibacillary leprosy ...
It is found that skin and nerve biopsy are equally informative in borderline and lepromatour leprosy and is the only means to ... The evident possibility of having patients with multibacillary leprosy in peripheral leprosy with multiple drugs. ... Bombay Leprosy Project : The Trend-Setter. D.N Gangopadhyay. July-September 1997, 42(3):203-203. Full text not available [PDF] ... Principles Currently Governing Leprosy Elimination. R Ganapati, V V Pai. July-September 1997, 42(3):141-147. Full text not ...
Background: Childhood leprosy is an important marker of the status of the ongoing leprosy control programme, as it is an ... The most common histological subtype of Hansens disease was borderline tuberculoid (TT) (40/116). Seven cases were diagnosed ... Childhood leprosy: A retrospective descriptive study from Delhi. p. 455. Sneha Ghunawat, Vineet Relhan, Shankila Mittal, ... Introduction: Leprosy still remains a public health problem in India. Stigma and associated psychosocial problems are common in ...
  • From this stage of leprosy, most lesions evolve into the tuberculoid, borderline, or lepromatous types. (medscape.com)
  • More than five lesions with or without bacilli (borderline leprosies and lepromatous leprosy) is considered multibacillary disease. (medscape.com)
  • LL, lepromatous leprosy. (cdc.gov)
  • Reversal Reaction in A Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy Patient after COVID-19 Vaccine: Prevention or Risks? (com.pk)
  • Leprosy occurs on a spectrum, in which the most severe form is called multibacillary or lepromatous, and the least severe form is called paucibacillary or tuberculoid. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People with lepromatous leprosy typically have more skin areas affected (multibacillary), and the disease is more severe, common, and contagious. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We present a case of the borderline lepromatous type of leprosy in a 9-year-old Indonesian male patient with the chief complaint of three stiff fingers on his left hand that began four years ago and hypopigmented patches on the back and buttocks that began five years ago. (turkishjournalpediatrics.org)
  • Clinicians diagnosed the patient as having lepromatous leprosy (also known as Hansen disease). (medpagetoday.com)
  • Leprosy has six clinical manifestations according to the Ridley-Jopling clinical classification, which includes two ends of a spectrum "determined by immunologic status with lepromatous leprosy (LL) on one end with least immunity and tuberculoid leprosy (TL) on the other with strong immunity. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Intradermal inoculation of lepromatous patients with the C-44 vaccine strain of ICRC resulted in lepromin conversion from negativity to positivity in 57.7% and 91% of lepromatous leprosy (LL) and borderline lepromatous (BL) patients respectively. (scirp.org)
  • A total of 305 leprosy patients consisting of tuberculoid (TT), borderline tuberculoid (BT), borderline lepromatous (BL), lepromatous leprosy (LL), as well as 200 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Low resistance - Fairly wide spread (Borderline Lepromatous). (aarogya.com)
  • The mixed reaction, which has a lower occurrence and has been rarely described in the literature, occurs mainly in the borderline lepromatous (BL) clinical form and is characterized by concurrent symptoms common to type one and two reactions 4 . (rsbmt.org.br)
  • A regimen consisting of 600 mg of rifampin once a month, 100 mg of clofazimine on alternate days, and 100 mg of dapsone daily was used in 56 untreated, highly bacillated borderline lepromatous/lepromatous (BL/LL) patients with an average bacterial index (BI) of 4.45. (ilsl.br)
  • A30.4 is a billable diagnosis code used to specify a medical diagnosis of borderline lepromatous leprosy. (netlify.app)
  • At the extreme multibacillary (MB) pole, lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients demonstrate high titers of anti- M. leprae antibodies but an absence of specific cell-mediated immunity [5] . (internationaltextbookofleprosy.org)
  • This led us to establish the diagnosis of sub-polar lepromatous leprosy (LLsp) with a necrotizing erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) reaction (type-2 leprosy reaction) (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • According to immunity state of exposed human, leprosy may extend from polar tuberculoid to polar lepromatous leprosy [ 3 ]. (jotsrr.org)
  • multibacillary lepromatous leprosy develops as skin lesions and nodules, nasal congestion, and nosebleeds. (facty.com)
  • The reduction of contact rate between susceptible people and lepromatous type infected hosts is more effective to control prevention leprosy disease compared with tuberculoid and borderline types. (ui.ac.id)
  • Screening of the Mycobacterium leprae cosmid library with pooled sera from lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients by a colony immunoblot technique resulted in the identification of about 100 colonies that produced immunologically reactive proteins. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The main difference between tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy is based on their spread and immune response. (pediaa.com)
  • Tuberculoid leprosy is characterised by a restricted pathogenic growth and relatively high cell-mediated immunity whereas Lepromatous leprosy owns a poor cell mediated immunity which results in an extensive spreading of the infection all over the body. (pediaa.com)
  • However, it is important to know what is leprosy before looking more closely at the difference between tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy. (pediaa.com)
  • Most patients will have tender and thickened nerves which will ultimately make them lose their function with time, which can resolve spontaneously (with years) or progress to other rare types of leprosy such as borderline or Lepromatous leprosy. (pediaa.com)
  • Early symptoms of lepromatous leprosy can be nasal stuffiness associated with discharge, bleeding, swollen legs and ankles. (pediaa.com)
  • Diagnosis of both Tuberculoid leprosy and Lepromatous leprosy will require a skin biopsy which will show characteristic histological features with granulomas and nerve involvement. (pediaa.com)
  • In fact, smears made up of skin slits, obtained from ear lobes will show positive acid-fast bacilli in Lepromatous leprosy whereas the smear will be negative in ones with Tuberculoid leprosy. (pediaa.com)
  • Hansen's disease (HD), more commonly known as leprosy, is a chronic ailment attributed to bacteria Mycobacterium lepromatosis and Mycobacterium leprae. (herbs2000.com)
  • Leprosy is a granulomatous infection caused by infec- seven percent of the participants lived in Santander tion with Mycobacterium leprae or M. lepromatosis . (cdc.gov)
  • However, it is not highly transmissible, and approximately 95 percent of individuals who are exposed to Mycobacterium leprae never develop leprosy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Gene variations affecting the immune system also help determine the form of leprosy that individuals develop if the Mycobacterium leprae infection takes hold. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If this is followed by an immune system response specific to Mycobacterium leprae infection (adaptive immune response) that restricts the spread of the bacteria, an individual will probably develop the less severe paucibacillary form or not develop leprosy at all. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Leprosy is a chronic infection usually caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis . (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is estimated that most people who are infected with Mycobacterium leprae do not develop leprosy because their immune system fights off the infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Leprosy/Hansen disease is a bacterial infection caused by either Mycobacterium leprae or M. lepromatosis . (medpagetoday.com)
  • Histopathological Diagnosis of Leprosy, is a comprehensive guide to the medical pathology of Hansen's disease, which is a complex and clinically challenging infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. (benthambooks.com)
  • Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and mainly affects skin, peripheral nerves. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disorder caused by Mycobacterium leprae . (bmj.com)
  • The occurrence of leprosy reactions, a common event during treatment, may be mostly related to the action of multidrug therapy on Mycobacterium leprae . (rsbmt.org.br)
  • Leprosy, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (ML), causes immunological phenomena termed leprosy reactions that tend to increase following the initiation of multidrug therapy (MDT) and result primarily in neural damage 1 . (rsbmt.org.br)
  • leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae, oral health. (bvsalud.org)
  • Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease with interpersonal transmission caused by Mycobacterium leprae, a microorganism that has an affinity for the skin and peripheral nerves and, in more advanced stages affects internal organs and mucous membranes, with a high potential for causing physical disability 1-4 . (bvsalud.org)
  • La bacteremia fue aún detectable en 11 de 50 pacientes y en el 16% de los casos se delectaron niveles elevados de ATP en los Mycobacterium leprae del tejido de las biopsias de piel. (ilsl.br)
  • Leprosy, the chronic disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium leprae , is still a global health problem despite elimination efforts. (internationaltextbookofleprosy.org)
  • Pure Ulnar Nerve Leprosy Abscess-Palsy (UNLAP) is uncommon infectious disorder caused by Mycobacterium leprae . (jotsrr.org)
  • The bacterium Mycobacterium leprae spreads leprosy. (facty.com)
  • Leprosy disease is caused by infection of Mycobacterium leprae that affects the skin and nerve. (ui.ac.id)
  • Interestingly, Mycobacterium tuberculosis-stimulated T cells from M. leprae nonresponder (LL as well as borderline tuberculoid) patients were able to respond to the isolated recombinant M. leprae antigen, indicating that nonresponsiveness to M. leprae antigens can be reversible. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Caused by a rod-shaped bacteria known as Mycobacterium leprae , Leprosy is known to be transmitted through nasal discharges and skin sores, possibly affecting as little as 5% of exposed individuals. (pediaa.com)
  • Signs and symptoms of nueropathy vary, depending on the type of leprosy. (medscape.com)
  • To indicate the type of leprosy. (cdc.gov)
  • The sociodemographic profile of the patients, type of leprosy, previous treatment received, persisting disabilities were all recorded on a proforma. (org.pk)
  • This is a type of leprosy which can either cause a large single red patch with well-defined borders or a large hypo-pigmented spot which is asymmetrical in shape. (pediaa.com)
  • This is a type of leprosy which usually has a late presentation of signs and symptoms. (pediaa.com)
  • Moreover, other special staining methods of tissue samples will help to identify acid-fast bacilli, which is helpful in identifying the type of leprosy. (pediaa.com)
  • People with the more severe forms of leprosy can develop a type of reaction called erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Leprosy: All forms of leprosy except for cases of proven Dapsone resistance. (nih.gov)
  • Readers will find 8 chapters on key topics on the subject including general aspects of leprosy, different forms of leprosy (polar, borderline, etc.), reaction types and complications. (benthambooks.com)
  • Blood levels of vitamin D do not play any role in clinical manifestations of any forms of leprosy. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • However, this knowledge is crucial for whether M. lepromatosis can cause substantially dif- clinical management and to understand the trans- ferent disease severity from M. leprae manifested as mission network of leprosy-causing organisms. (cdc.gov)
  • Chinoy John George Chacko (7 September 1931 - 17 April 2014) was an Indian pathologist and researcher who made many important discoveries and contributions to the knowledge of the pathology of leprosy, most importantly demonstrating that the mucosal layer of the nasal passages were the primary portal of entry of M.leprae into the human body. (leprosyhistory.org)
  • Research activities at S.L.R. & T.C. which Dr. Chacko led, included pathological and histopathological changes in leprosy, mouse foot-pad cultivation of M.leprae to assess drug resistance, drug and immunology assays, laboratory collaboration for assessment of compliance, other drug resistance studies, genetic aspects of leprosy and response to treatment. (leprosyhistory.org)
  • From his long studies of the nasal mucosa in leprosy cases arose Dr. Chacko's main contribution to the understanding of the transmission of leprosy - the primary portal of entry into the human body of M.leprae being the nasal mucosa. (leprosyhistory.org)
  • Nearly 95 to 98% of the population have natural immunity and they will not get leprosy even if exposed to infection with M.leprae. (aarogya.com)
  • Leprosy disease is caused by Micobacterium Leprae discovered in 1873 by Armauer Hansen in Norway. (aarogya.com)
  • This study was conducted with 211 patients with leprosy reactions during treatment of M. leprae . (rsbmt.org.br)
  • Ninguno de los pacientes tuvo bacilcmia détectable y el 5% de los casos tuvo niveles medibles de ATP en los M. leprae de los tejidos de las biopsias. (ilsl.br)
  • Diagnosis was made through detailed history, physical examination and leprosy-specific investigations including skin, nasal and ulcer smears for Bacterial Index of M. leprae. (org.pk)
  • Leprosy, Borderline Tuberculoid Leprosy, M. Leprae. (org.pk)
  • In contradiction of the traditional stories, while leprosy or Hansen's disease does not result in the body falling off, the affected parts may become insensitive or ailing owing to secondary contagions. (herbs2000.com)
  • Depending on the highly sporadic occurrence of leprosy or Hansen's disease among young infants, the least time required for incubation of this bacterium is said to be only a few weeks. (herbs2000.com)
  • Hansen's disease or leprosy develops at a very sluggish pace, often taking six months to as many as 40 years! (herbs2000.com)
  • It is really unfortunate that the initial signs and symptoms of Hansen's disease or leprosy are extremely restrained and take place very sluggishly, often taking several years. (herbs2000.com)
  • Also known as Hansen's disease, leprosy has etched a long history as far back as modern civilization. (ceufast.com)
  • Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease , is a chronic condition which is mild to moderately infectious in nature. (pediaa.com)
  • Skin smears have high specificity but low sensitivity because 70% of all patients with leprosy have negative smear results. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] In all patients with leprosy, the nerve tissue is involved. (medscape.com)
  • 92 leprosy patients in Colombia by quantitative PCR. (cdc.gov)
  • According to guideline, vaccination should be given to leprosy patients. (com.pk)
  • In patients presenting like this with suspected leprosy, normally slit-skin smears should be taken first and if positive are sufficient for diagnosis. (uab.edu)
  • The bacillary index is useful in establishing the patients position on the leprosy spectrum. (uab.edu)
  • Daily administration (50 - 100 mg) in leprosy patients will provide blood levels in excess of the usual minimum inhibitory concentration even for patients with a short Dapsone half-life. (nih.gov)
  • Histopathological results were compared with emphasis on the role of nerve biopsies in detection of patients with multibacillary leprosy. (e-ijd.org)
  • The evident possibility of having patients with multibacillary leprosy in peripheral leprosy with multiple drugs. (e-ijd.org)
  • A retrospective analysis of 11 year records of leprosy patients aged less than 15 years in a tertiary care hospital of central Delhi was carried out from 2005-2015. (e-ijd.org)
  • He would often offer rides in his car to poor leprosy patients visiting the S.L.R. & T.C. hospital at Karigiri. (leprosyhistory.org)
  • The detailed presentation of the book is of great value to both healthcare professionals (pathologists, dermatologists, physicians) who are involved in the care of leprosy patients, and medical residents who are seeking information about the disease as part of their medical training. (benthambooks.com)
  • During the 5-year study period, 171 patients received treatment for leprosy from our center. (jsstd.org)
  • Nearly one-fifth of patients with leprosy required modifications in standard MDT. (jsstd.org)
  • The allelic frequency distribution of T and t allele (p = 0.0037), F and f allele (p = 0.0024) was significantly higher in leprosy patients and healthy controls. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Leprosy patients are significantly associated with t-F-a haplotype. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Paradoxically, we noted no difference in the levels of vitamin D between leprosy patients and healthy controls. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Present study was carried out to find out the association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism, mRNA gene expression of VDR gene and level of vitamin D with leprosy reactions and leprosy patients. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Surprisingly, level of vitamin D in leprosy patients was not found to be associated with the disease and its manifestations. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • VDR genotypes (Fok1 and Taq1) were found to be associated with leprosy patients. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Gene expression of vitamin D receptor was lower in leprosy patients in comparison to healthy controls. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Nitric oxide metabolites in leprosy patients with type 2 reactions. (icmr.nic.in)
  • Only a few healthy individuals develop signs of leprosy when they come in contact with patients who disseminate bacilli. (aarogya.com)
  • In patients with leprosy, the two cranial cutaneous nerves that commonly thicken are the greater auricular nerve and supraorbital nerve above the eyebrow ( figure 3 ). (bmj.com)
  • This study was performed on 56 patients with leprosy: 28 under treatment and 28 treated for the disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • There were no specific oral lesions among leprosy patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • Despite the oral examination being part of the comprehensive examination of a patient with leprosy, there are few studies describing the oral health and dental care of these patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the oral health status of patients with leprosy in relation to the presence of associated lesions, prevalence of caries and plaque accumulation. (bvsalud.org)
  • The sample consisted of 56 patients of both genders with a history of leprosy: 28 under treatment and 28 were already treated for the disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • To document clinical status and disabilities among live treated leprosy patients. (org.pk)
  • All leprosy patients of either gender and all ages presenting at the centre were included. (org.pk)
  • A significant number of treated leprosy patients continue to have disabling sequelae of the disease. (org.pk)
  • The present study was undertaken to document the clinical status and disabilities among live treated leprosy patients in district Diamer of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, and to collect evidence that could better guide management strategies for such patients. (org.pk)
  • All leprosy patients of either gender and all ages who were diagnosed by our study criteria were included. (org.pk)
  • A clinical, immunological, and histological study of neuritic leprosy patients. (ilsl.br)
  • An assessment has been made of 108 neuritic leprosy patients to find out if the number of affected nerves and the clinical presentations of these patients give any indication of the underlying severity (classification) of the disease. (ilsl.br)
  • The results show that neuritic leprosy patients also have a spectrum. (ilsl.br)
  • Since obtaining tissue to study the histology of the nerve is very often not feasible, many of these cases are simply considered to belong to the borderline tuberculoid (BT) group because several of these patients are lepromin positive and, on nerve biopsy, have shown a tuberculoid picture (5,10). (ilsl.br)
  • In marked contrast, paucibacillary (PB) leprosy patients, encompassing the borderline tuberculoid (BT) and true tuberculoid (TT) forms, are characterized as having one or few skin lesions and granulomatous dermatopathology with a low or absent BI. (internationaltextbookofleprosy.org)
  • Further support for this strategy is derived from the observation that many healthy contacts of leprosy patients exhibit antigen-specific inflammatory responses. (internationaltextbookofleprosy.org)
  • A co-infection must be seriously considered, especially in patients who are non-responsive to treatment or develop persistent leprosy reactions as those encountered in the patient reported here. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Patients with Borderline Tuberculoid (BT) form may be at high risk of nerve abscess, most commonly the ulnar nerve [ 4 ]. (jotsrr.org)
  • The A15 antigen also reacted with pooled sera from patients with tuberculoid leprosy from the United States and Brazil. (elsevierpure.com)
  • An important result was that the fusion protein was clearly recognized by T cells from leprosy patients. (elsevierpure.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: To show the epidemiological profile of leprosy patients with ulcerated and non-ulcerated lesions, seen at the Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto. (scielo.org)
  • METHODS: A cross-section study of the medical charts of 79 leprosy patients seen at the hospital in 2003/2004. (scielo.org)
  • Leprosy is not a fatal condition, but untreated patients can end up having permanent deformities and disfigurations of body parts, which will further be worsened due to inadvertent injury as a result of sensational loss following peripheral nerve damage. (pediaa.com)
  • Paucibacillary disease (indeterminate leprosy and tuberculoid leprosy) has five or fewer lesions and no bacilli on smear testing. (medscape.com)
  • Paucibacillary leprosy typically involves a small number of surface lesions on the skin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People with paucibacillary leprosy have 5 or fewer affected skin areas. (msdmanuals.com)
  • People with tuberculoid leprosy typically have few skin areas affected (paucibacillary), and the disease is milder, less common, and less contagious. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Skin biopsy showed perineurovascular chronic inflammatory infiltrate, consistent within paucibacillary leprosy ( figure 2 ). (bmj.com)
  • An alternative classification is the World Health Organization (WHO) classification which for purpose of treatment divides leprosy into the Paucibacillary (bacilli absent) group and the Multibacillary (bacilli present) group. (global-dermatology.com)
  • The diagnosis of leprosy is primarily a clinical one. (medscape.com)
  • The skin lesions with impairment of sensation in this patient are fully adequate to make a clinical diagnosis of leprosy even without the biopsy or AFB results. (uab.edu)
  • Skin and nerve biopsies were done in 33 cases of different clinical types of leprosy selected from Dermatology OPD of Medical College and Hospitals, Calcutta during 1994-95. (e-ijd.org)
  • Nerve biopsy appears to be more informative in the diagnosis of all clinical types of leprosy. (e-ijd.org)
  • In his time at S.L.R. & T.C. (which was one of the leading leprosy hospitals and research centres in India), Dr. Chacko was responsible for providing basic pathology support to the clinical leprosy services in the hospital, as well as the large leprosy control field area (covering a population of nearly 700,000). (leprosyhistory.org)
  • The clinical progress and nerve biopsy in one indicated leprosy. (bmj.com)
  • Outline the clinical presentation of leprosy at different stages. (ceufast.com)
  • The first case reports of leprosy with an express description of clinical presentation reportedly date from 600 B.C. to early 1400 B.C. in India. (ceufast.com)
  • Few studies have used the correlation between the number of reactions and clinical and laboratory data, as amounting leprosy reactions is not yet a routine practice in reference centers in Brazil or worldwide, and because there have been no surveys of health indicators related to leprosy reactions. (rsbmt.org.br)
  • A clinical form was prepared to include demographic and leprosy data. (bvsalud.org)
  • The clinical spectrum of leprosy varies from a single skin patch to widespread damage to nerves, bones, and the eyes. (org.pk)
  • Nerve affection, whether clinical or microscopic, is an important feature of leprosy and occurs in practically all types of disease in association with skin involvement. (ilsl.br)
  • This not only reveals deficiencies or limitations in leprosy control programs because of the dependency upon the emergence of clinical symptoms, but also serves to highlight opportunities for vaccines to positively impact leprosy. (internationaltextbookofleprosy.org)
  • It may mimic leprosy and its differentiation may be difficult, since both diseases may show hypo-pigmented macular lesions as clinical presentation and neural involvement in histopathological investigations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The authors report a co-infection case of leprosy and VL, which evolved into PKDL and discuss the clinical and the pathological aspects in the patient and review the literature on this disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Certain tests can be performed in the clinic to aid in the diagnosis of leprosy. (medscape.com)
  • A granulomatous infiltrate, in a linear pattern, involving the reticular dermis is consistent with a diagnosis of leprosy, closer to the tuberculoid pole of the spectrum and representing Borderline Tuberculoid disease (classification discussed below). (uab.edu)
  • World Leprosy Day, on the last Sunday of January each year, aims to increase public awareness of leprosy, also known a. (bvsalud.org)
  • The initial presentation of leprosy often involves development of lesions within the nasal mucosa in advance of skin manifestations, Shaver and co-authors noted. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The dermal nerves are infected in all skin lesions, including those due to indeterminate leprosy of childhood. (medscape.com)
  • In any form of leprosy, episodes called reactions can occur, and can lead to further nerve damage. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Describe type 1, 2, and 3 reactions of leprosy. (ceufast.com)
  • This research showed a positive correlation between bacillary load markers and the number of leprosy reactions. (rsbmt.org.br)
  • This study provided scientific support to future research aiming to elucidate the influence of antigenic load on the number of leprosy reactions during treatment. (rsbmt.org.br)
  • Leprosy reactions are divided into type one and type two reactions. (rsbmt.org.br)
  • However, the risk of developing reactions increases with the use of MDT due to the antimicrobial action of MDT, which causes the release of antigens that stimulate the occurrence of leprosy reactions by disrupting the mycobacterial cell wall 6 . (rsbmt.org.br)
  • Furthermore, it is clear that there is an absence of criteria to quantify the leprosy reactions and a lack of technology to support that procedure or to serve as a database for future research. (rsbmt.org.br)
  • We aim to show the relationship between the number of leprosy reactions and the bacterial load represented mainly by bacterial indices of skin biopsies and dermal smear detected during the diagnosis. (rsbmt.org.br)
  • It is important that the dentist be aware of the reactions caused by leprosy in the orofacial complex. (bvsalud.org)
  • Co-infection has been reported in countries where both leprosy and VL are endemic and should be considered when there is a poor response to treatment or when persistent leprosy reactions occur [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the United States, the prevalence of leprosy may increase with increasing immigration from regions in which the disease is endemic. (medscape.com)
  • Most leprosy-endemic countries do not con- ence in whole-genome sequences ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • For twenty-two years, leprosy has been declared `eliminated as a public health hazard,` yet new cases continue to emerge in endemic areas. (turkishjournalpediatrics.org)
  • In endemic regions, supraorbital neuralgia may be caused by leprosy sometimes without other neurocutaneous markers. (bmj.com)
  • In medieval times, despite measures to separate the infected individuals from the uninfected population, leprosy reportedly became endemic in Europe. (ceufast.com)
  • The co-infection of leprosy and VL has been reported in countries where both diseases are endemic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis is a rare dermal complication of VL that mimics leprosy and should be considered particularly in countries where both diseases are endemic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Multibacillary leprosy according to the WHO classification. (uab.edu)
  • Borderline tuberculoid (BT) leprosy according to the Ridley-Jopling classification. (uab.edu)
  • If the provider documents a "borderline" diagnosis at the time of discharge, the diagnosis is coded as confirmed, unless the classification provides a specific entry (e.g., borderline diabetes). (netlify.app)
  • Coding Clinic's Advice: "Borderline diagnoses" are coded as confirmed, unless the classification provides a specific entry (e.g., borderline diabetes). (netlify.app)
  • About 250,000 new cases of leprosy are diagnosed every year. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 9-11 The World Health Organization estimates that 685000 new cases of leprosy are diagnosed all over the world. (org.pk)
  • Systemic symptoms of leprosy are also possible. (medscape.com)
  • Prodromal symptoms are generally so slight that leprosy is not recognized until a cutaneous eruption is present. (medscape.com)
  • Patterns of signs and symptoms intermediate between these forms are sometimes called borderline forms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There is generally loss of sensation in these areas, but the other signs and symptoms that occur in multibacillary leprosy are less likely to develop in this form of the disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If little or no adaptive immune response occurs, the bacteria can spread widely on the body, traveling through the skin and into the peripheral nerves, and sometimes into deeper tissues, leading to the more severe signs and symptoms of multibacillary leprosy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What Are the Symptoms of Leprosy? (facty.com)
  • In effect, leprosy is basically a granulomatous (a seditious growth comprising of granulation tissue) ailment of the peripheral nerves as well as mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, wherein the lesions on the skin are the initial external signs of this disease . (herbs2000.com)
  • Leprosy is defines as a chronic granulomatous disease, which is akin to tuberculosis (TB) , since it generates inflammatory nodules, also known as granulomas, in the skin as well as the nerves over a period of time. (herbs2000.com)
  • They cited one 1974 study of leprosy in 77 individuals, in which 94% reported an initial nasal symptom, "with 66% of them specifically complaining of nasal obstruction due to granulomatous lesions developing within the nasal cavity. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Leprosy (Hansan's disease) is a non-fatal, slowly progressive chronic granulomatous infection which was 﫿rst described by ancient Indians from sixth century B.C.1. (jotsrr.org)
  • 1 Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agra, India . (scirp.org)
  • To a large extent, leprosy is largely considered one of the oldest diseases ever documented in human colonies. (ceufast.com)
  • The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) includes leprosy in the group of neglected diseases and other poverty-related infections, and considers it a public health problem6. (bvsalud.org)
  • Ultrastructural study of leprosy granuloma and blood vessels using immunoelectron-microscopy and molecular methods. (icmr.nic.in)
  • The Laboratories of S.L.R. & T.C. also conducted refresher and in-service training for doctors and technicians, in the microbiological and pathological aspects of leprosy. (leprosyhistory.org)
  • Dr. Chacko was able to persuade several research-oriented medical students - under-graduate, graduate and post-graduate - to take up research in different aspects of leprosy. (leprosyhistory.org)
  • Despite achievement of elimination status of leprosy in 2005, the reported prevalence of childhood cases continue to be high. (e-ijd.org)
  • To verify the orofacial and dental complex in individuals affected by leprosy concerning lesions, prevalence of dental caries and biofilm storage. (bvsalud.org)
  • With variable prevalence, India and Brazil are respectively the first and second countries with the highest number of leprosy cases 1,5 . (bvsalud.org)
  • The prevalence rate of leprosy in Brazil, an indicator that monitors the progress towards elimination of this disease as a public health problem, had a gradual reduction in recent years. (bvsalud.org)
  • The prevalence rate of leprosy in Brazil in 2012 was 1.51 cases per 10,000 inhabitants, which represents a decrease of 12% compared to the value of this coefficient in 2004. (bvsalud.org)
  • The WHO leprosy elimination programme aims at bringing the prevalence to 1 per 10,000. (org.pk)
  • Multiple nerve abscesses: An unusual manifestation of lepra reaction in a patient with borderline leprosy. (bvsalud.org)
  • Reversal reaction in leprosy is an immunologically mediated response due to alteration of cell-mediated immunity associated in leprosy spectrum. (com.pk)
  • Further, VDR gene expression was found to be lower in non-reaction group compared to that of reaction group of leprosy and healthy controls. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • She presented with leprosy and a necrotizing erythema nodosum, a type II leprosy reaction, about 3 month after finishing the treatment (MDT-MB) for leprosy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean organized a regional meeting of national leprosy programme managers in Beirut, Lebanon, from 15 to 16 December 2010. (who.int)
  • The Radda Barnen Laboratories of S.L.R. & T.C. were designated reference laboratories for histopathology of leprosy, by the World Health Organization. (leprosyhistory.org)
  • Since 1981, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended MDT for the treatment of leprosy, in order to fight bacterial infection 5 . (rsbmt.org.br)
  • The World Health Organization offers multiple classifications of leprosy. (facty.com)
  • People who develop leprosy may have genes that make them susceptible to the infection once they are exposed. (msdmanuals.com)
  • But even after contact with the bacteria, most people do not develop leprosy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A 5-year retrospective study was carried out in a tertiary care center by analyzing the data collected from national leprosy eradication program (NLEP) records. (jsstd.org)
  • Leprosy, also called Hansen disease, is a disorder known since ancient times. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Leprosy in children is a strong indicator of the recent failure of leprosy control and disease transmission programs. (turkishjournalpediatrics.org)
  • Borderline TL, borderline LL, mid-borderline, and indeterminate disease types constitute varying mixtures of both poles," the case authors wrote. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Childhood leprosy is an important marker of the status of the ongoing leprosy control programme, as it is an indicator of active disease transmission in the community. (e-ijd.org)
  • We observed that SNP of VDR gene (Fok1 and Taq1) are associated with the leprosy disease. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Moderate - Disease fairly localized (Borderline Tuberculoid). (aarogya.com)
  • Summarize the pathophysiology of leprosy in active disease stages. (ceufast.com)
  • Though leprosy may seem like a disease of the past, it is important to note that there are still leprosy cases today. (ceufast.com)
  • Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that predominantly affects the skin and peripheral nerves. (org.pk)
  • The study is the first reported series on leprosy from northern Pakistan, which is among those resource-limited developing countries that continue to have the highest burden of the disease. (org.pk)
  • Leprosy is an ancient disease, perhaps most famously noted in the Bible and experienced by ancient civilizations that, sadly, knew of no means to halt or cure this chronic condition. (facty.com)
  • The most common way to get the disease, however, is proximity to someone who has leprosy and coughs or sneezes. (facty.com)
  • In this article, a 6-d mathematical model for transmission of three types leprosy disease with treatment was constructed. (ui.ac.id)
  • BACKGROUND: Leprosy is a chronic disease and its complications include neural lesions, which may cause motor and sensitive changes, leading to deformities as well as skin ulcers. (scielo.org)
  • Leprosy is a unique disease that as it progresses goes into multi system involvement producing deformities. (jebmh.com)
  • Many of these cases occurred in people in southern states who had direct contact with nine-banded armadillos, which carry leprosy bacteria. (msdmanuals.com)
  • People with multibacillary leprosy have 6 or more affected skin areas and/or have bacteria detected in samples taken from an affected area. (msdmanuals.com)
  • They see the red light, they grab their precious phone, their slimy, greasy iPhone screen that's never clean, it's like a borderline for bacteria and leprosy. (davidwygant.com)
  • In COVID-19 pandemic era, leprosy patient is susceptible to the infection. (com.pk)
  • Older age is a risk factor for leprosy, but the infection appears to develop most often in people aged 5 to 15 years or over 30 years. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Leprosy cannot be contracted by simply touching someone with the infection, as is commonly believed. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Health care workers often work for many years with people who have leprosy without developing the infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Frequently asked questions about leprosy elimination. (bvsalud.org)
  • If leprosy is not treated timely, it may prove to be progressive, resulting in lasting harm to the skin, limbs, eyes as well as the nerves. (herbs2000.com)
  • Other parts of the body that might be affected by leprosy are the cool areas, which can include superficial peripheral nerves, the anterior chamber of the eyes, the testes, the chin, malar eminences, earlobes, and knees. (medscape.com)
  • Sensory cutaneous nerves running to the proximal edge of a skin lesion may be thickened in tuberculoid (TT) and borderline tuberculoid (BT) leprosy. (medscape.com)
  • Leprosy affects the skin and the peripheral nerves, which connect the brain and spinal cord to muscles and to sensory cells that detect sensations such as touch, pain, and heat. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Compounding the physical devastation from skin lesions, nerve damage, loss of muscle control, and blindness, leprosy often leads to significant social stigma and rejection by family and community. (internationaltextbookofleprosy.org)
  • Untreated leprosy can lead to eye damage and even blindness. (facty.com)
  • The nerve damage that occurs in multibacillary leprosy often results in a lack of sensation in the hands and feet. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Antibiotics can stop leprosy from progressing but cannot reverse any nerve damage or deformity. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Borderline leprosy is a cutaneous skin condition with numerous skin lesions that are red irregularly shaped plaques. (wikipedia.org)
  • 345 Leprosy Skin lesion James, William D. (wikipedia.org)
  • Borderline tuberculoid leprosy is a cutaneous condition similar to tuberculoid leprosy except the skin lesions are smaller and more numerous. (wikipedia.org)
  • Multibacillary leprosy usually involves a large number of cutaneous lesions, including both surface damage and lumps under the skin (nodules). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Leprosy ranges from mild (with one or a few skin areas affected) to severe (with many skin areas affected and damage to many organs). (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is found that skin and nerve biopsy are equally informative in borderline and lepromatour leprosy and is the only means to diagnose polyneuritic leprosy. (e-ijd.org)
  • These services included bacteriological (skin smear examination) as well as histopathological facilities, and were made use of by other leprosy hospitals in the region as well as in neighbouring countries. (leprosyhistory.org)
  • Six months later he developed ulnar nerve thickening with associated skin lesions, suggesting leprosy ( figure 1 ). (bmj.com)
  • However, in leprosy there can also be nerve involvement without any primary skin change whatsoever. (ilsl.br)
  • An early sign of leprosy is the appearance of a raised red spot or a spot that is either lighter or darker than the individual's normal skin tone. (facty.com)
  • A positive skin smear is the most effective means of leprosy diagnosis. (facty.com)
  • After examination, a skin biopsy was taken from site of lesion from the finger and result came as borderline tuberculoid leprosy with tenosynovitis and he was put on anti-leprosy treatment. (jebmh.com)
  • Leprosy Programme, then welcomed the participants. (who.int)
  • Abdul Salam Ghayas ( Provincial Leprosy/TB, Leprosy/TB Control Programme/CDC, Gilgit Baltistan. (org.pk)
  • 2019 icd 10 code for borderline diabetes 😲risk factors. (netlify.app)
  • A total of 113 (7.6%) cases of childhood leprosy were reported during the 11 year period from 2005-2015. (e-ijd.org)
  • The rate of childhood leprosy continues to be high. (e-ijd.org)
  • Indian Cancer Research Centre (ICRC) bacillus strain (C-44), a candidate vaccine against leprosy is cultured in vitro in Dubos medium enriched with amino acids and human serum. (scirp.org)
  • In the United States, most leprosy cases occur in people who worked in or emigrated from countries where leprosy is common. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Researches identify various strains of leprosy based on the geographic regions where they most often occur-or have historically occurred. (facty.com)
  • Where Does Leprosy Still Occur Today? (facty.com)
  • About 95 per cent of individuals are physically immune to leprosy and do not suffer from the infections after they undergo treatment for just two weeks. (herbs2000.com)
  • Specimen was taken for histopathological investigation which revealed positive special staining for leprosy. (jotsrr.org)
  • [ 1 ] The standard first line drugs used in leprosy are dapsone, clofazimine, and rifampicin. (jsstd.org)
  • Chez 56 malades atteints de lèpre l promateuse dimorphe ou de lèpre lépromateuse (BL/LL), hautement bacillifère, ayant un Index Bactériologique (BI) de 4,45, on a utilisé une posologie consistant en l'administration de 600 m g de rifampicine une fois par mois, de 100 mg de clofazimine tous les deux jours, et de 100 mg de dapsone quotidiennement. (ilsl.br)
  • Now it has been clear that leprosy is neither transmitted sexually nor extremely contagious when a person undergoes appropriate treatment. (herbs2000.com)
  • To study the scenarios warranting modified treatment regimens in leprosy. (jsstd.org)
  • The study comprised 186 diagnosed and treated cases of leprosy who had received MDT treatment for at least 12-24 months previously. (org.pk)
  • This article illustrates a case report of pure isolated ulnar nerve tubercloid leprosy abscess complicated by acute motor and sensory deficit, preoperative investigations done for possible diagnosis and the line of treatment performed. (jotsrr.org)
  • The treatment duration for leprosy takes 6 to 24 months with multi-drug therapy. (ui.ac.id)