Leprosy, Tuberculoid
Leprosy
Leprosy, Lepromatous
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy, Borderline
Lepromin
Erythema Nodosum
Leprostatic Agents
Leprosy, Multibacillary
Armadillos
Leprosy, Paucibacillary
Dapsone
Skin
Tuberculosis, Cutaneous
Granuloma
Glycolipids
BCG Vaccine
T-Lymphocytes
Lymphocyte Activation
Mycobacterium bovis
Immunity, Cellular
Mycobacterium
Clofazimine
Hypersensitivity, Delayed
HLA-DR Antigens
Immunoglobulin G
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Interferon-gamma
Infectious keratitis in leprosy. (1/89)
AIM: To describe leprosy characteristics, ocular features, and type of organisms that produce infective corneal ulcers in leprosy patients. METHOD: The records of all leprosy patients admitted for treatment of corneal ulcers between 1992 and 1997 were reviewed. RESULTS: 63 leprosy patients, 53 males and 10 females, are described. 16 were tuberculoid and 47 lepromatous. 25 patients had completed multidrug therapy. 10 patients had face patches, eight had type I reaction, and 10 had type II reaction. 43 (68%) patients had hand deformities. In 54% of patients pain was absent as a presenting symptom. 19 patients gave a history of trauma. In 15 patients ulcers had also occurred on the other eye, five of them having occurred during the study period and the rest before 1992. Of the 68 eyes with corneal ulcers, 28 had madarosis, 34 had lagophthalmos, nine had ectropion, three had trichiasis, six had blocked nasolacrimal ducts, and 39 decreased corneal sensation. In 14 eyes, a previous lagophthalmos surgery had been done. 16 patients were blind at presentation. 32% of ulcers were located centrally. After treatment only 18% of the eyes showed visual improvement. Five types of fungus were cultured, two of them rare ocular pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: Corneal ulcers occur more in males and in the lepromatous group of patients. Decreased corneal sensation, lagophthalmos and hand deformity are closely associated. Indigenous treatment and late presentations were notable in many patients. Visual outcome is not good. There is increased risk of developing an ulcer in the other eye. Fungal corneal ulcers are not uncommon. (+info)Inhibition of apoptosis by ionomycin and zinc in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of leprosy patients. (2/89)
PBMC from tuberculoid (BT/TT) and lepromatous leprosy (BL/LL) leprosy patients showed spontaneous apoptosis when cultured in the absence of mitogen for 24 h, which was inhibited by anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) antibodies. Apoptosis was also inhibited by ionomycin and zinc, which also increased IL-2 and decreased TNF-alpha production. The increase in IL-2 production suggests a mechanism whereby dietary supplements with zinc might alter the cell-mediated immunity response in leprosy patients. (+info)Antibodies to sulfatide in leprosy and leprosy reactions. (3/89)
Antibodies to sulfatide have been reported in various demyelinating peripheral polyneuropathies. We have investigated the diagnostic value of these antibodies in leprosy. Anti-sulfatide IgM in leprosy patients was not significantly elevated. High anti-sulfatide IgG titers were observed in individuals from endemic areas, irrespective of their leprosy status, while western European controls were negative. No significant correlation was found between IgM or IgG antibody titers and leprosy classification, although multibacillary patients had higher anti-sulfatide IgM titers than paucibacillary patients. In addition, 23 patients developing leprosy reactions were followed longitudinally. Antibody titers in these patients fluctuated slightly during the follow-up period. There was no association with the occurrence of leprosy reactions or treatment. Thus, IgG titers against sulfatides are high in both leprosy patients and healthy controls in endemic areas, whereas such antibodies are not found in western European controls, suggesting that these antibodies are induced by environmental factors, such as microorganisms. (+info)Differential representations of memory T cell subsets are characteristic of polarized immunity in leprosy and atopic diseases. (4/89)
We identified functionally polarized subsets of CD4 memory T cells on the basis of the expression of CD11a, CD45RA and CD62L. Within the several phenotypically distinct subsets of CD4 memory cells are two that, upon stimulation, produce primarily IL-4 (MT(2), CD45RA(-)CD62L(+)CD11a(dim)) or primarily IFN-gamma (MT(1), CD45RA(-)CD62L(-)CD11a(bright)). In addition, four other phenotypically distinct subsets of CD4 cells have unique cytokine profiles. To determine the clinical relevance of the representation of these cell types, we analyzed blood from patients with the chronic diseases leprosy and atopy. These diseases are characterized as immunologically polarized, since T cell responses in affected individuals are often strongly biased towards T(h)1 (dominated by IFN-gamma production) or T(h)2 (IL-4 production). We show here that this polarization reflects homeostatic or differentiation mechanisms affecting the representation of the functionally distinct subsets of memory CD4 T cells, MT(1) and MT(2). Significantly, the representation of the MT(1) and MT(2) subsets differs dramatically between subjects with tuberculoid leprosy (a T(h)1 disease), or lepromatous leprosy or atopic disease (T(h)2 diseases). However, there was no difference in the cytokine profiles of these or any of the other finely resolved CD4 subsets, when compared between individuals across all disease states. Thus, it is the representation of these subsets in peripheral blood that is diagnostic of the polarized state of the immune system. (+info)Granulomatous reaction to intradermal injection of lepromin (Mitsuda reaction) is linked to the human NRAMP1 gene in Vietnamese leprosy sibships. (5/89)
The Mitsuda test, which measures the specific immune response against intradermally injected lepromin, has a high prognostic value for susceptibility or resistance to the lepromatous form of leprosy. A sib-pair linkage analysis between the Mitsuda response and the NRAMP1 gene was done among 20 nuclear families with leprosy (totaling 118 sibs) from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. All family subjects were genotyped for several intragenic and flanking NRAMP1 markers, leading to the definition of a fully informative NRAMP1 haplotype. Significant linkage was observed between NRAMP1 and Mitsuda reaction when considered either as a quantitative (P<.002) or as a categorical (P=.001) trait. Separate analyses among healthy and affected sibs showed evidence for linkage in both subsamples, indicating that linkage between the Mitsuda reaction and NRAMP1 is independent of leprosy status. These results support the view that NRAMP1 plays a regulatory role for the development of acquired antimycobacterial immune responses as determined by in vivo Mitsuda test reaction. (+info)A role for CD40-CD40 ligand interactions in the generation of type 1 cytokine responses in human leprosy. (6/89)
The interaction of CD40 ligand (CD40L) expressed by activated T cells with CD40 on macrophages has been shown to be a potent stimulus for the production of IL-12, an obligate signal for generation of Th1 cytokine responses. The expression and interaction of CD40 and CD40L were investigated in human infectious disease using leprosy as a model. CD40 and CD40L mRNA and surface protein expression were predominant in skin lesions of resistant tuberculoid patients compared with the highly susceptible lepromatous group. IL-12 release from PBMC of tuberculoid patients stimulated with Mycobacterium leprae was partially inhibited by mAbs to CD40 or CD40L, correlating with Ag-induced up-regulation of CD40L on T cells. Cognate recognition of M. leprae Ag by a T cell clone derived from a tuberculoid lesion in the context of monocyte APC resulted in CD40L-CD40-dependent production of IL-12. In contrast, M. leprae-induced IL-12 production by PBMC from lepromatous patients was not dependent on CD40L-CD40 ligation, nor was CD40L up-regulated by M. leprae. Furthermore, IL-10, a cytokine predominant in lepromatous lesions, blocked the IFN-gamma up-regulation of CD40 on monocytes. These data suggest that T cell activation in situ by M. leprae in tuberculoid leprosy leads to local up-regulation of CD40L, which stimulates CD40-dependent induction of IL-12 in monocytes. The CD40-CD40L interaction, which is not evident in lepromatous leprosy, probably participates in the cell-mediated immune response to microbial pathogens. (+info)Novel mechanisms in the immunopathogenesis of leprosy nerve damage: the role of Schwann cells, T cells and Mycobacterium leprae. (7/89)
The major complication of reversal (or type 1) reactions in leprosy is peripheral nerve damage. The pathogenesis of nerve damage remains largely unresolved. In situ analyses suggest an important role for type 1 T cells. Mycobacterium leprae is known to have a remarkable tropism for Schwann cells that surround peripheral axons. Reversal reactions in leprosy are often accompanied by severe and irreversible nerve destruction and are associated with increased cellular immune reactivity against M. leprae. Thus, a likely immunopathogenic mechanism of Schwann cell and nerve damage in leprosy is that infected Schwann cells process and present antigens of M. Leprae to antigen-specific, inflammatory type 1 T cells and that these T cells subsequently damage and lyse infected Schwann cells. Previous studies using rodent CD8+ T cells and Schwann cells have revealed evidence for the existence of such a mechanism. Recently, a similar role has been suggested for human CD4+ T cells. These cells may be more important in causing leprosy nerve damage in vivo, given the predilection of M. leprae for Schwann cells and the dominant role of CD4+ serine esterase+ Th1 cells in leprosy lesions. Antagonism of molecular interactions between M. leprae, Schwann cells and inflammatory T cells may therefore provide a rational strategy to prevent Schwann cell and nerve damage in leprosy. (+info)A postgenomic approach to identification of Mycobacterium leprae-specific peptides as T-cell reagents. (8/89)
To identify Mycobacterium leprae-specific human T-cell epitopes, which could be used to distinguish exposure to M. leprae from exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or to environmental mycobacteria or from immune responses following Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination, 15-mer synthetic peptides were synthesized based on data from the M. leprae genome, each peptide containing three or more predicted HLA-DR binding motifs. Eighty-one peptides from 33 genes were tested for their ability to induce T-cell responses, using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from tuberculoid leprosy patients (n = 59) and healthy leprosy contacts (n = 53) from Brazil, Ethiopia, Nepal, and Pakistan and 20 United Kingdom blood bank donors. Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) secretion proved more sensitive for detection of PBMC responses to peptides than did lymphocyte proliferation. Many of the peptides giving the strongest responses in leprosy donors compared to subjects from the United Kingdom, where leprosy is not endemic, have identical, or almost identical, sequences in M. leprae and M. tuberculosis and would not be suitable as diagnostic tools. Most of the peptides recognized by United Kingdom donors showed promiscuous recognition by subjects expressing differing HLA-DR types. The majority of the novel T-cell epitopes identified came from proteins not previously recognized as immune targets, many of which are cytosolic enzymes. Fifteen of the tested peptides had > or =5 of 15 amino acid mismatches between the equivalent M. leprae and M. tuberculosis sequences; of these, eight gave specificities of > or =90% (percentage of United Kingdom donors who were nonresponders for IFN-gamma secretion), with sensitivities (percentage of responders) ranging from 19 to 47% for tuberculoid leprosy patients and 21 to 64% for healthy leprosy contacts. A pool of such peptides, formulated as a skin test reagent, could be used to monitor exposure to leprosy or as an aid to early diagnosis. (+info)Tuberculoid leprosy is a form of leprosy caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It is one of the two major forms of the disease, with the other being lepromatous leprosy.
Tuberculoid leprosy typically presents with fewer lesions (generally less than five) that are well-defined, asymmetric, and dry. The lesions can be hypopigmented or erythematous and may have a raised border. Nerve involvement is common in tuberculoid leprosy, leading to symptoms such as numbness, muscle weakness, and paralysis.
The disease primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosa of the upper respiratory tract. Tuberculoid leprosy is characterized by a strong cell-mediated immune response, which can lead to the destruction of mycobacteria but may also cause tissue damage. It is generally a milder form of the disease compared to lepromatous leprosy and responds well to treatment with multidrug therapy (MDT).
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract, and the eyes. The disease mainly spreads through droplets from the nose and mouth of infected people.
Leprosy is characterized by granulomatous inflammation, which leads to the formation of distinctive skin lesions and nerve damage. If left untreated, it can cause progressive and permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs, and eyes. However, with early diagnosis and multidrug therapy (MDT), the disease can be cured, and disability can be prevented or limited.
The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies leprosy into two types based on the number of skin lesions and bacteriological index: paucibacillary (one to five lesions) and multibacillary (more than five lesions). This classification helps determine the appropriate treatment regimen.
Although leprosy is curable, it remains a public health concern in many developing countries due to its stigmatizing nature and potential for social exclusion of affected individuals.
Lepromatous leprosy is a type of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. In this form of the disease, there is a widespread and diffuse involvement of the skin, mucous membranes, and peripheral nerves. The bacteria multiply slowly and spread to the skin, upper respiratory tract, and peripheral nerves.
In lepromatous leprosy, the immune response is weak, allowing for extensive bacterial multiplication and widespread tissue damage. The skin lesions are typically numerous, pale, and have a smooth surface. Nerve involvement can lead to loss of sensation, muscle weakness, and deformities, particularly in the hands and feet.
Lepromatous leprosy is a more severe form of the disease compared to tuberculoid leprosy, which has a stronger immune response and localized skin lesions. Both forms of the disease are treatable with multidrug therapy (MDT), recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for all leprosy patients. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent disability and reduce transmission.
"Mycobacterium leprae" is a slow-growing, rod-shaped, gram-positive bacterium that is the causative agent of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract. The bacterium was discovered in 1873 by Gerhard Armauer Hansen, a Norwegian physician, and is named after him as "Hansen's bacillus."
"Mycobacterium leprae" has a unique cell wall that contains high amounts of lipids, which makes it resistant to many common disinfectants and antibiotics. It can survive and multiply within host macrophages, allowing it to evade the immune system and establish a chronic infection.
Leprosy is a treatable disease with multidrug therapy (MDT), which combines several antibiotics such as dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent the progression of the disease and reduce its transmission to others.
"Borderline leprosy," also known as "borderline tuberculoid leprosy (BT)," is a type of leprosy that falls in the middle of the clinical spectrum of the disease. It has features of both tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy, but they are not well-defined. The immune response in borderline leprosy is unstable, which means that the condition can either improve or deteriorate over time.
In borderline leprosy, there are usually a few well-defined lesions with some sensory loss. The bacteria are present in the skin and nerves, but they have not yet caused extensive damage. Treatment for borderline leprosy is similar to that of other forms of leprosy, which typically involves multidrug therapy (MDT) recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).
It's important to note that leprosy is a curable disease, and early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications and reduce transmission.
Lepromin is not a medical condition but rather a diagnostic test used in the diagnosis and classification of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. The Lepromin test measures the cell-mediated immunity of an individual to the bacteria that causes leprosy.
The test involves injecting two types of antigens derived from M. leprae, one more soluble and the other less soluble, into the skin of the forearm. The response of the immune system to these antigens is then observed after 24 hours (for the soluble antigen) and 48 hours (for the less soluble antigen).
A positive reaction to the more soluble antigen indicates a strong cell-mediated immunity, which is associated with tuberculoid leprosy, a milder form of the disease. A positive reaction to the less soluble antigen suggests a weaker cell-mediated immunity and is associated with lepromatous leprosy, a more severe form of the disease.
It's important to note that the Lepromin test has limited availability and is not widely used in many parts of the world due to its complexity and the need for specialized laboratory facilities.
Erythema nodosum is a type of inflammation that occurs in the fatty layer of the skin, causing painful, red or purple bumps (nodules) to form. It is a type of panniculitis, which refers to any condition that causes inflammation of the fatty layer of tissue beneath the skin.
Erythema nodosum is often associated with a variety of underlying conditions, such as infections (e.g., streptococcus, tuberculosis), medications (e.g., sulfa drugs, oral contraceptives), inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), and pregnancy.
The bumps associated with erythema nodosum typically appear on the shins, ankles, knees, or other areas of the legs, although they can also occur on the arms, hands, or face. The bumps may be tender to the touch, warm, and swollen, and they may cause pain or discomfort when walking or standing for prolonged periods.
In most cases, erythema nodosum resolves on its own within a few weeks to several months, although symptoms can be managed with medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids. Treating the underlying condition is also important for resolving erythema nodosum and preventing recurrences.
Leprosstatic agents are substances or drugs that have a specific effect on the bacterium that causes leprosy, also known as Mycobacterium leprae. These agents are used in the treatment and prevention of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract.
The most common leprostatic agents are antibiotics, which target the bacterial cells and inhibit their growth or kill them. The two main antibiotics used to treat leprosy are dapsone and rifampicin, which are often given in combination with other drugs such as clofazimine to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains of the bacteria.
Leprosstatic agents are usually administered orally or by injection, and the duration of treatment can vary depending on the severity of the disease and the patient's response to therapy. It is important to note that early detection and treatment of leprosy can help prevent the progression of the disease and reduce the risk of transmission to others.
Multibacillary (MB) leprosy, also known as lepromatous leprosy, is a type of leprosy that is characterized by the widespread dissemination of the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae throughout the body. It is one of two major forms of leprosy, with the other being paucibacillary (PB) leprosy.
In MB leprosy, there are typically numerous skin lesions that may be widespread and often have a symmetrical distribution. The lesions can appear as nodules, plaques, or macules and can be hypopigmented or erythematous. They may also have a characteristic appearance with loss of sensation due to nerve damage.
MB leprosy is characterized by the presence of large numbers of bacilli in the skin lesions and nasal mucosa, as well as involvement of multiple nerves leading to deformities and disabilities if left untreated. The diagnosis of MB leprosy is usually made based on clinical examination, skin smears, and/or biopsy.
MB leprosy is treated with a multidrug therapy (MDT) regimen recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), which includes rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine for at least 12 months. Early diagnosis and treatment of MB leprosy can prevent disability and reduce transmission.
Bacterial antigens are substances found on the surface or produced by bacteria that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system.
When a bacterial antigen is encountered by the host's immune system, it triggers a series of responses aimed at eliminating the bacteria and preventing infection. The host's immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign through the use of specialized receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.
Once a bacterial antigen is recognized by the host's immune system, it can stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response involves the activation of inflammatory pathways, the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and the production of antimicrobial peptides.
The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which are specific to the bacterial antigen. These cells can recognize and remember the antigen, allowing for a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposures.
Bacterial antigens are important in the development of vaccines, as they can be used to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. By identifying specific bacterial antigens that are associated with virulence or pathogenicity, researchers can develop vaccines that target these antigens and provide protection against infection.
A tuberculoma is a granulomatous lesion in the brain caused by the infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It typically consists of caseating necrosis surrounded by a layer of epithelioid histiocytes, Langhans' giant cells, and lymphocytes. Tuberculomas can be single or multiple and may cause various neurological symptoms depending on their size and location. They are often associated with tuberculous meningitis but can also occur in immunocompromised individuals without obvious systemic infection.
An armadillo is not a medical condition or term. It is a type of mammal that is native to the Americas, known for its distinctive armor-like shell. If you have any questions about a specific medical condition or topic, I would be happy to help if you could provide more information.
Paucibacillary leprosy is a type of leprosy that is characterized by the presence of fewer than 5 skin lesions and no bacterial growth in slit skin smears or biopsies. It is also known as tuberculoid leprosy and is caused by the Mycobacterium leprae bacteria. The condition primarily affects the nerves and skin, leading to numbness, muscle weakness, and disfigurement if left untreated. Paucibacillary leprosy tends to have a better prognosis compared to multibacillary leprosy, which is characterized by more numerous skin lesions and bacterial growth.
Dapsone is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called sulfones. It is primarily used to treat bacterial skin infections such as leprosy and dermatitis herpetiformis (a skin condition associated with coeliac disease). Dapsone works by killing the bacteria responsible for these infections.
In addition, dapsone has anti-inflammatory properties and is sometimes used off-label to manage inflammatory conditions such as vasculitis, bullous pemphigoid, and chronic urticaria. It is available in oral tablet form and topical cream or gel form.
Like all medications, dapsone can cause side effects, which may include nausea, loss of appetite, and headache. More serious side effects, such as methemoglobinemia (a blood disorder that affects the body's ability to transport oxygen), peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage that causes pain, numbness, or weakness in the hands and feet), and liver damage, can occur but are less common.
It is important for patients taking dapsone to be monitored by a healthcare provider to ensure safe and effective use of the medication.
In medical terms, the skin is the largest organ of the human body. It consists of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer), as well as accessory structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. The skin plays a crucial role in protecting us from external factors such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental hazards, while also regulating body temperature and enabling the sense of touch.
Cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) is a rare form of tuberculosis that affects the skin. It is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, including M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and M. africanum. CTB can occur as a primary infection after direct inoculation of the skin with the bacteria, or it can be secondary to a distant focus of infection such as lung or lymph node TB.
The clinical presentation of CTB is varied and can include papules, nodules, pustules, ulcers, plaques, or scaly lesions. The lesions may be painless or painful, and they can be associated with systemic symptoms such as fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
CTB can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical examination, skin biopsy, culture, and PCR testing. Treatment typically involves a prolonged course of multiple antibiotics, often for six to nine months or more. The most commonly used drugs are isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. Surgical excision may be necessary in some cases.
Prevention measures include early detection and treatment of pulmonary TB, BCG vaccination, and avoiding contact with people with active TB.
A granuloma is a small, nodular inflammatory lesion that occurs in various tissues in response to chronic infection, foreign body reaction, or autoimmune conditions. Histologically, it is characterized by the presence of epithelioid macrophages, which are specialized immune cells with enlarged nuclei and abundant cytoplasm, often arranged in a palisading pattern around a central area containing necrotic debris, microorganisms, or foreign material.
Granulomas can be found in various medical conditions such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, fungal infections, and certain autoimmune disorders like Crohn's disease. The formation of granulomas is a complex process involving both innate and adaptive immune responses, which aim to contain and eliminate the offending agent while minimizing tissue damage.
Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.
Glycolipids are a type of lipid (fat) molecule that contain one or more sugar molecules attached to them. They are important components of cell membranes, where they play a role in cell recognition and signaling. Glycolipids are also found on the surface of some viruses and bacteria, where they can be recognized by the immune system as foreign invaders.
There are several different types of glycolipids, including cerebrosides, gangliosides, and globosides. These molecules differ in the number and type of sugar molecules they contain, as well as the structure of their lipid tails. Glycolipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of cells, and they are transported to the cell membrane through vesicles.
Abnormalities in glycolipid metabolism or structure have been implicated in a number of diseases, including certain types of cancer, neurological disorders, and autoimmune diseases. For example, mutations in genes involved in the synthesis of glycolipids can lead to conditions such as Tay-Sachs disease and Gaucher's disease, which are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal glycolipids in cells.
BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine is a type of immunization used primarily to prevent tuberculosis (TB). It contains a live but weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis, which is related to the bacterium that causes TB in humans (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
The BCG vaccine works by stimulating an immune response in the body, enabling it to better resist infection with TB bacteria if exposed in the future. It is often given to infants and children in countries where TB is common, and its use varies depending on the national immunization policies. The protection offered by the BCG vaccine is moderate and may not last for a very long time.
In addition to its use against TB, the BCG vaccine has also been investigated for its potential therapeutic role in treating bladder cancer and some other types of cancer. The mechanism of action in these cases is thought to be related to the vaccine's ability to stimulate an immune response against abnormal cells.
T-lymphocytes, also known as T-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the adaptive immune system's response to infection. They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. There are several different types of T-cells, including CD4+ helper T-cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, and regulatory T-cells (Tregs).
CD4+ helper T-cells assist in activating other immune cells, such as B-lymphocytes and macrophages. They also produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help coordinate the immune response. CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells directly kill infected cells by releasing toxic substances. Regulatory T-cells help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases by suppressing the activity of other immune cells.
T-lymphocytes are important in the immune response to viral infections, cancer, and other diseases. Dysfunction or depletion of T-cells can lead to immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to infections. On the other hand, an overactive T-cell response can contribute to autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation.
Lymphocyte activation is the process by which B-cells and T-cells (types of lymphocytes) become activated to perform effector functions in an immune response. This process involves the recognition of specific antigens presented on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells or macrophages.
The activation of B-cells leads to their differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies, while the activation of T-cells results in the production of cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+ T-cells) that can directly kill infected cells or helper T-cells (CD4+ T-cells) that assist other immune cells.
Lymphocyte activation involves a series of intracellular signaling events, including the binding of co-stimulatory molecules and the release of cytokines, which ultimately result in the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and effector functions. The activation process is tightly regulated to prevent excessive or inappropriate immune responses that can lead to autoimmunity or chronic inflammation.
"Mycobacterium bovis" is a species of slow-growing, aerobic, gram-positive bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae. It is the causative agent of tuberculosis in cattle and other animals, and can also cause tuberculosis in humans, particularly in those who come into contact with infected animals or consume unpasteurized dairy products from infected cows. The bacteria are resistant to many common disinfectants and survive for long periods in a dormant state, making them difficult to eradicate from the environment. "Mycobacterium bovis" is closely related to "Mycobacterium tuberculosis," the bacterium that causes tuberculosis in humans, and both species share many genetic and biochemical characteristics.
Cellular immunity, also known as cell-mediated immunity, is a type of immune response that involves the activation of immune cells, such as T lymphocytes (T cells), to protect the body against infected or damaged cells. This form of immunity is important for fighting off infections caused by viruses and intracellular bacteria, as well as for recognizing and destroying cancer cells.
Cellular immunity involves a complex series of interactions between various immune cells and molecules. When a pathogen infects a cell, the infected cell displays pieces of the pathogen on its surface in a process called antigen presentation. This attracts T cells, which recognize the antigens and become activated. Activated T cells then release cytokines, chemicals that help coordinate the immune response, and can directly attack and kill infected cells or help activate other immune cells to do so.
Cellular immunity is an important component of the adaptive immune system, which is able to learn and remember specific pathogens in order to mount a faster and more effective response upon subsequent exposure. This form of immunity is also critical for the rejection of transplanted organs, as the immune system recognizes the transplanted tissue as foreign and attacks it.
"Mycobacterium" is a genus of gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are characterized by their complex cell walls containing large amounts of lipids. This genus includes several species that are significant in human and animal health, most notably Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, and Mycobacterium leprae, which causes leprosy. Other species of Mycobacterium can cause various diseases in humans, including skin and soft tissue infections, lung infections, and disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals. These bacteria are often resistant to common disinfectants and antibiotics, making them difficult to treat.
Clofazimine is an antimycobacterial medication used mainly in the treatment of leprosy (Hansen's disease) and also has some activity against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections. It is an oral riminophenazine dye that accumulates in macrophages and bacterial cells, where it inhibits mycobacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Its side effects include skin discoloration, gastrointestinal symptoms, and potential eye toxicity.
Delayed hypersensitivity, also known as type IV hypersensitivity, is a type of immune response that takes place several hours to days after exposure to an antigen. It is characterized by the activation of T cells (a type of white blood cell) and the release of various chemical mediators, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. This reaction is typically associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, such as contact dermatitis, granulomatous disorders (e.g. tuberculosis), and certain autoimmune diseases.
The reaction process involves the following steps:
1. Sensitization: The first time an individual is exposed to an antigen, T cells are activated and become sensitized to it. This process can take several days.
2. Memory: Some of the activated T cells differentiate into memory T cells, which remain in the body and are ready to respond quickly if the same antigen is encountered again.
3. Effector phase: Upon subsequent exposure to the antigen, the memory T cells become activated and release cytokines, which recruit other immune cells (e.g. macrophages) to the site of inflammation. These cells cause tissue damage through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, degranulation, and the release of reactive oxygen species.
4. Chronic inflammation: The ongoing immune response can lead to chronic inflammation, which may result in tissue destruction and fibrosis (scarring).
Examples of conditions associated with delayed hypersensitivity include:
* Contact dermatitis (e.g. poison ivy, nickel allergy)
* Tuberculosis
* Leprosy
* Sarcoidosis
* Rheumatoid arthritis
* Type 1 diabetes mellitus
* Multiple sclerosis
* Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g. Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)
HLA-DR antigens are a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecule that plays a crucial role in the immune system. They are found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes. HLA-DR molecules present peptide antigens to CD4+ T cells, also known as helper T cells, thereby initiating an immune response.
HLA-DR antigens are highly polymorphic, meaning that there are many different variants of these molecules in the human population. This diversity allows for a wide range of potential peptide antigens to be presented and recognized by the immune system. HLA-DR antigens are encoded by genes located on chromosome 6 in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region.
In transplantation, HLA-DR compatibility between donor and recipient is an important factor in determining the success of the transplant. Incompatibility can lead to a heightened immune response against the transplanted organ or tissue, resulting in rejection. Additionally, certain HLA-DR types have been associated with increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
IgG has several important functions:
1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.
IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.
'Mycobacterium tuberculosis' is a species of slow-growing, aerobic, gram-positive bacteria that demonstrates acid-fastness. It is the primary causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) in humans. This bacterium has a complex cell wall rich in lipids, including mycolic acids, which provides a hydrophobic barrier and makes it resistant to many conventional antibiotics. The ability of M. tuberculosis to survive within host macrophages and resist the immune response contributes to its pathogenicity and the difficulty in treating TB infections.
M. tuberculosis is typically transmitted through inhalation of infectious droplets containing the bacteria, which primarily targets the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body (extrapulmonary TB). The infection may result in a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from latent TB infection (LTBI) to active disease. LTBI represents a dormant state where individuals are infected with M. tuberculosis but do not show symptoms and cannot transmit the bacteria. However, they remain at risk of developing active TB throughout their lifetime, especially if their immune system becomes compromised.
Effective prevention and control strategies for TB rely on early detection, treatment, and public health interventions to limit transmission. The current first-line treatments for drug-susceptible TB include a combination of isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for at least six months. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of M. tuberculosis present significant challenges in TB control and require more complex treatment regimens.
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a soluble cytokine that is primarily produced by the activation of natural killer (NK) cells and T lymphocytes, especially CD4+ Th1 cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of the immune response against viral and intracellular bacterial infections, as well as tumor cells. IFN-γ has several functions, including activating macrophages to enhance their microbicidal activity, increasing the presentation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules on antigen-presenting cells, stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of T cells and NK cells, and inducing the production of other cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, IFN-γ has direct antiproliferative effects on certain types of tumor cells and can enhance the cytotoxic activity of immune cells against infected or malignant cells.
Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that are part of the immune system. They are large cells with a round or oval shape and a nucleus that is typically indented or horseshoe-shaped. Monocytes are produced in the bone marrow and then circulate in the bloodstream, where they can differentiate into other types of immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells.
Monocytes play an important role in the body's defense against infection and tissue damage. They are able to engulf and digest foreign particles, microorganisms, and dead or damaged cells, which helps to clear them from the body. Monocytes also produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help to coordinate the immune response.
Elevated levels of monocytes in the bloodstream can be a sign of an ongoing infection, inflammation, or other medical conditions such as cancer or autoimmune disorders.
Tuberculoid leprosy
Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
HLA-DR2
Dharmendra antigen
Lepromatous leprosy
Granuloma multiforme
Neuritis
Leprosy
Leprostatic agent
Fernandez reaction
Madarosis
Mycobacterium leprae
List of skin conditions
List of MeSH codes (C01)
Vitiligo
Giuseppe Mariani (doctor)
Lupus vulgaris
Wayne M. Meyers
Zanvil A. Cohn
Lepromin
Sarcoidosis
Tuberculoid leprosy - Wikipedia
Borderline tuberculoid leprosy - Wikipedia
Leprosy Neuropathy: Overview, History, Physical Examination
Difference Between Tuberculoid and Lepromatous Leprosy | Leprosy Cause, Types, Diagnosis, Management
Leprosy by 17fouladir
Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)
Dermatologic Manifestations of Leprosy Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications
Table 2 - Systematic Review of Hansen Disease Attributed to Mycobacterium lepromatosis - Volume 29, Number 7-July 2023 -...
Leprosy
Second-harmonic generation imaging analysis can help distinguish sarcoidosis from tuberculoid leprosy. | J Biomed Opt;23(12):...
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Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
2015 Cases of the Week - Gorgas Course | UAB
Adjudication of the Alleged Role of Vitamin D in the Antimicrobial Pathway
Nutrients | Free Full-Text | Vitamin D: Nutrient, Hormone, and Immunomodulator
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1997-63-5 - Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
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Chinoy John George Chacko | International Leprosy Association - History of Leprosy
July 18 Update on Research in Homeopathy - Robert Medhurst
Lepromatous leprosy17
- The main difference between tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy is based on their spread and immune response. (pediaa.com)
- Tuberculoid leprosy is characterised by a restricted pathogenic growth and relatively high cell-mediated immunity whereas Lepromatous leprosy owns a poor cell mediated immunity which results in an extensive spreading of the infection all over the body. (pediaa.com)
- However, it is important to know what is leprosy before looking more closely at the difference between tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy. (pediaa.com)
- Most patients will have tender and thickened nerves which will ultimately make them lose their function with time, which can resolve spontaneously (with years) or progress to other rare types of leprosy such as borderline or Lepromatous leprosy. (pediaa.com)
- Early symptoms of lepromatous leprosy can be nasal stuffiness associated with discharge, bleeding, swollen legs and ankles. (pediaa.com)
- Diagnosis of both Tuberculoid leprosy and Lepromatous leprosy will require a skin biopsy which will show characteristic histological features with granulomas and nerve involvement. (pediaa.com)
- In fact, smears made up of skin slits, obtained from ear lobes will show positive acid-fast bacilli in Lepromatous leprosy whereas the smear will be negative in ones with Tuberculoid leprosy. (pediaa.com)
- More than five lesions with or without bacilli (borderline leprosies and lepromatous leprosy) is considered multibacillary disease. (medscape.com)
- A new Mycobacterium species causing diffuse lepromatous leprosy. (cdc.gov)
- People with lepromatous leprosy typically have more skin areas affected (multibacillary), and the disease is more severe, common, and contagious. (msdmanuals.com)
- In contrast, intraneural injection of 10(9) cobalt-irradiated Mycobacterium leprae organisms induces a macrophage granuloma in 5 weeks, similar to that found in lepromatous leprosy patients. (nih.gov)
- Clinicians diagnosed the patient as having lepromatous leprosy (also known as Hansen disease). (medpagetoday.com)
- Leprosy has six clinical manifestations according to the Ridley-Jopling clinical classification, which includes two ends of a spectrum "determined by immunologic status with lepromatous leprosy (LL) on one end with least immunity and tuberculoid leprosy (TL) on the other with strong immunity. (medpagetoday.com)
- This notion was further suggested by finding low levels in tuberculoid leprosy and higher levels in lepromatous leprosy which is consistent with increased Th1 and Th2 type immunity in these conditions. (soton.ac.uk)
- A total of 305 leprosy patients consisting of tuberculoid (TT), borderline tuberculoid (BT), borderline lepromatous (BL), lepromatous leprosy (LL), as well as 200 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. (vitamindwiki.com)
- According to immunity state of exposed human, leprosy may extend from polar tuberculoid to polar lepromatous leprosy [ 3 ]. (jotsrr.org)
- This led us to establish the diagnosis of sub-polar lepromatous leprosy (LLsp) with a necrotizing erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) reaction (type-2 leprosy reaction) (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Mycobacterium16
- In this form of leprosy Mycobacterium leprae are either absent from the lesion or occur in very small numbers. (wikipedia.org)
- Caused by a rod-shaped bacteria known as Mycobacterium leprae , Leprosy is known to be transmitted through nasal discharges and skin sores, possibly affecting as little as 5% of exposed individuals. (pediaa.com)
- Hansen's disease (HD), more commonly known as leprosy, is a chronic ailment attributed to bacteria Mycobacterium lepromatosis and Mycobacterium leprae. (herbs2000.com)
- However, it is not highly transmissible, and approximately 95 percent of individuals who are exposed to Mycobacterium leprae never develop leprosy. (medlineplus.gov)
- Gene variations affecting the immune system also help determine the form of leprosy that individuals develop if the Mycobacterium leprae infection takes hold. (medlineplus.gov)
- If this is followed by an immune system response specific to Mycobacterium leprae infection (adaptive immune response) that restricts the spread of the bacteria, an individual will probably develop the less severe paucibacillary form or not develop leprosy at all. (medlineplus.gov)
- Leprosy is a chronic infection usually caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis . (msdmanuals.com)
- It is estimated that most people who are infected with Mycobacterium leprae do not develop leprosy because their immune system fights off the infection. (msdmanuals.com)
- Leprosy/Hansen disease is a bacterial infection caused by either Mycobacterium leprae or M. lepromatosis . (medpagetoday.com)
- The modern term denoting leprosy is 'Hansen's disease,' named after G. Armauer Hansen, who in 1879 first observed the micro-organism Mycobacterium leprae in the tissues of patients. (studylight.org)
- The occurrence of leprosy reactions, a common event during treatment, may be mostly related to the action of multidrug therapy on Mycobacterium leprae . (rsbmt.org.br)
- Leprosy, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (ML), causes immunological phenomena termed leprosy reactions that tend to increase following the initiation of multidrug therapy (MDT) and result primarily in neural damage 1 . (rsbmt.org.br)
- Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and mainly affects skin, peripheral nerves. (vitamindwiki.com)
- Pure Ulnar Nerve Leprosy Abscess-Palsy (UNLAP) is uncommon infectious disorder caused by Mycobacterium leprae . (jotsrr.org)
- leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae, oral health. (bvsalud.org)
- Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease with interpersonal transmission caused by Mycobacterium leprae, a microorganism that has an affinity for the skin and peripheral nerves and, in more advanced stages affects internal organs and mucous membranes, with a high potential for causing physical disability 1-4 . (bvsalud.org)
Forms of leprosy3
- Leprosy: All forms of leprosy except for cases of proven Dapsone resistance. (nih.gov)
- People with the more severe forms of leprosy can develop a type of reaction called erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). (medlineplus.gov)
- Blood levels of vitamin D do not play any role in clinical manifestations of any forms of leprosy. (vitamindwiki.com)
Type of leprosy6
- This type of leprosy is the most benign and the least contagious. (wikipedia.org)
- Signs and symptoms of nueropathy vary, depending on the type of leprosy. (medscape.com)
- This is a type of leprosy which can either cause a large single red patch with well-defined borders or a large hypo-pigmented spot which is asymmetrical in shape. (pediaa.com)
- This is a type of leprosy which usually has a late presentation of signs and symptoms. (pediaa.com)
- Moreover, other special staining methods of tissue samples will help to identify acid-fast bacilli, which is helpful in identifying the type of leprosy. (pediaa.com)
- The sociodemographic profile of the patients, type of leprosy, previous treatment received, persisting disabilities were all recorded on a proforma. (org.pk)
Transmission of leprosy4
- Explain the transmission of leprosy. (ceufast.com)
- From his long studies of the nasal mucosa in leprosy cases arose Dr. Chacko's main contribution to the understanding of the transmission of leprosy - the primary portal of entry into the human body of M.leprae being the nasal mucosa. (leprosyhistory.org)
- The means of the transmission of leprosy from person to person is uncertain. (studylight.org)
- 23. KINNEAR BROWN, J. A. Factors influencing the transmission of leprosy. (sp.gov.br)
Lesions18
- Tuberculoid leprosy is a form of leprosy characterized by solitary skin lesions that are asymmetrically distributed with few lesions and well demarcated edges. (wikipedia.org)
- Borderline tuberculoid leprosy is a cutaneous condition similar to tuberculoid leprosy except the skin lesions are smaller and more numerous. (wikipedia.org)
- The dermal nerves are infected in all skin lesions, including those due to indeterminate leprosy of childhood. (medscape.com)
- Most affected sites of leprosy lesions include nerve extremities, mucosal lining of the nose and upper respiratory tract, which can later progress into muscles too. (pediaa.com)
- In effect, leprosy is basically a granulomatous (a seditious growth comprising of granulation tissue) ailment of the peripheral nerves as well as mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, wherein the lesions on the skin are the initial external signs of this disease . (herbs2000.com)
- From this stage of leprosy, most lesions evolve into the tuberculoid, borderline, or lepromatous types. (medscape.com)
- Paucibacillary disease (indeterminate leprosy and tuberculoid leprosy) has five or fewer lesions and no bacilli on smear testing. (medscape.com)
- The skin lesions with impairment of sensation in this patient are fully adequate to make a clinical diagnosis of leprosy even without the biopsy or AFB results. (uab.edu)
- Multibacillary leprosy usually involves a large number of cutaneous lesions, including both surface damage and lumps under the skin (nodules). (medlineplus.gov)
- Paucibacillary leprosy typically involves a small number of surface lesions on the skin. (medlineplus.gov)
- Histological, immunohistochemical, electron microscopical and electrophysiological studies have demonstrated that the lesions induced in the experimental animals show many of the features documented in studies of nerve damage in leprosy patients. (nih.gov)
- The initial presentation of leprosy often involves development of lesions within the nasal mucosa in advance of skin manifestations, Shaver and co-authors noted. (medpagetoday.com)
- They cited one 1974 study of leprosy in 77 individuals, in which 94% reported an initial nasal symptom, "with 66% of them specifically complaining of nasal obstruction due to granulomatous lesions developing within the nasal cavity. (medpagetoday.com)
- To verify the orofacial and dental complex in individuals affected by leprosy concerning lesions, prevalence of dental caries and biofilm storage. (bvsalud.org)
- There were no specific oral lesions among leprosy patients. (bvsalud.org)
- Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the oral health status of patients with leprosy in relation to the presence of associated lesions, prevalence of caries and plaque accumulation. (bvsalud.org)
- It may mimic leprosy and its differentiation may be difficult, since both diseases may show hypo-pigmented macular lesions as clinical presentation and neural involvement in histopathological investigations. (biomedcentral.com)
- It may mimic leprosy clinically with hypo-pigmented macular lesions usually on the face. (biomedcentral.com)
Hansen's9
- What is Leprosy (Hansen's disease)? (pediaa.com)
- Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease , is a chronic condition which is mild to moderately infectious in nature. (pediaa.com)
- Although Leprosy is more commonly used than Hansen's disease. (haikudeck.com)
- The name Hansen's disease comes from Dr. Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen of Norway who was the first person to identify the germ that causes leprosy under a microscope. (haikudeck.com)
- In contradiction of the traditional stories, while leprosy or Hansen's disease does not result in the body falling off, the affected parts may become insensitive or ailing owing to secondary contagions. (herbs2000.com)
- Depending on the highly sporadic occurrence of leprosy or Hansen's disease among young infants, the least time required for incubation of this bacterium is said to be only a few weeks. (herbs2000.com)
- Hansen's disease or leprosy develops at a very sluggish pace, often taking six months to as many as 40 years! (herbs2000.com)
- It is really unfortunate that the initial signs and symptoms of Hansen's disease or leprosy are extremely restrained and take place very sluggishly, often taking several years. (herbs2000.com)
- Also known as Hansen's disease, leprosy has etched a long history as far back as modern civilization. (ceufast.com)
Called Hansen disease1
- Leprosy, also called Hansen disease, is a disorder known since ancient times. (medlineplus.gov)
Indeterminate1
- lower levels of anti-LAM IgG were observed in two mangabeys that developed indeterminate leprosy and tuberculoid/neuritic leprosy, respectively, and in a mangabey that was leprosy resistant. (unboundmedicine.com)
Leprae9
- IgM anti-LAM levels were near zero before M. leprae inoculation in all eight animals, rose significantly in only three LL-leprosy-susceptible animals after inoculation, and returned to near zero in all animals within 3 years. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Anti-LAM antibody levels appear to be potentially valuable as an indicator of leprosy susceptibility, and when measured longitudinally together with antibody levels to M. leprae-specific phenolic glycolipid-I antigen, as a means to detect preclinical M. leprae infections in high-risk individuals. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Chinoy John George Chacko (7 September 1931 - 17 April 2014) was an Indian pathologist and researcher who made many important discoveries and contributions to the knowledge of the pathology of leprosy, most importantly demonstrating that the mucosal layer of the nasal passages were the primary portal of entry of M.leprae into the human body. (leprosyhistory.org)
- Research activities at S.L.R. & T.C. which Dr. Chacko led, included pathological and histopathological changes in leprosy, mouse foot-pad cultivation of M.leprae to assess drug resistance, drug and immunology assays, laboratory collaboration for assessment of compliance, other drug resistance studies, genetic aspects of leprosy and response to treatment. (leprosyhistory.org)
- This study was conducted with 211 patients with leprosy reactions during treatment of M. leprae . (rsbmt.org.br)
- Nearly 95 to 98% of the population have natural immunity and they will not get leprosy even if exposed to infection with M.leprae. (aarogya.com)
- Leprosy disease is caused by Micobacterium Leprae discovered in 1873 by Armauer Hansen in Norway. (aarogya.com)
- Diagnosis was made through detailed history, physical examination and leprosy-specific investigations including skin, nasal and ulcer smears for Bacterial Index of M. leprae. (org.pk)
- Leprosy, Borderline Tuberculoid Leprosy, M. Leprae. (org.pk)
Patients36
- [ 1 ] In all patients with leprosy, the nerve tissue is involved. (medscape.com)
- Leprosy is not a fatal condition, but untreated patients can end up having permanent deformities and disfigurations of body parts, which will further be worsened due to inadvertent injury as a result of sensational loss following peripheral nerve damage. (pediaa.com)
- Skin smears have high specificity but low sensitivity because 70% of all patients with leprosy have negative smear results. (medscape.com)
- In patients presenting like this with suspected leprosy, normally slit-skin smears should be taken first and if positive are sufficient for diagnosis. (uab.edu)
- The bacillary index is useful in establishing the patients position on the leprosy spectrum. (uab.edu)
- Daily administration (50 - 100 mg) in leprosy patients will provide blood levels in excess of the usual minimum inhibitory concentration even for patients with a short Dapsone half-life. (nih.gov)
- Intraneural injection of 10(7) BCG organisms into an unsensitized animal induces an epithelioid cell granuloma in 2 weeks similar to that found in tuberculoid leprosy patients. (nih.gov)
- He would often offer rides in his car to poor leprosy patients visiting the S.L.R. & T.C. hospital at Karigiri. (leprosyhistory.org)
- Patients in the borderline forms move between these two ends as the immune status shifts, and leprosy reactions are a characteristic feature of this state. (familymednews.com)
- Treated patients become more tuberculoid in their manifestations, due to reduction in the number of bacilli. (familymednews.com)
- A retrospective analysis of 11 year records of leprosy patients aged less than 15 years in a tertiary care hospital of central Delhi was carried out from 2005-2015. (e-ijd.org)
- During the 5-year study period, 171 patients received treatment for leprosy from our center. (jsstd.org)
- Nearly one-fifth of patients with leprosy required modifications in standard MDT. (jsstd.org)
- The allelic frequency distribution of T and t allele (p = 0.0037), F and f allele (p = 0.0024) was significantly higher in leprosy patients and healthy controls. (vitamindwiki.com)
- Leprosy patients are significantly associated with t-F-a haplotype. (vitamindwiki.com)
- Paradoxically, we noted no difference in the levels of vitamin D between leprosy patients and healthy controls. (vitamindwiki.com)
- Present study was carried out to find out the association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism, mRNA gene expression of VDR gene and level of vitamin D with leprosy reactions and leprosy patients. (vitamindwiki.com)
- Surprisingly, level of vitamin D in leprosy patients was not found to be associated with the disease and its manifestations. (vitamindwiki.com)
- VDR genotypes (Fok1 and Taq1) were found to be associated with leprosy patients. (vitamindwiki.com)
- Gene expression of vitamin D receptor was lower in leprosy patients in comparison to healthy controls. (vitamindwiki.com)
- Only a few healthy individuals develop signs of leprosy when they come in contact with patients who disseminate bacilli. (aarogya.com)
- Patients with Borderline Tuberculoid (BT) form may be at high risk of nerve abscess, most commonly the ulnar nerve [ 4 ]. (jotsrr.org)
- This study was performed on 56 patients with leprosy: 28 under treatment and 28 treated for the disease. (bvsalud.org)
- Despite the oral examination being part of the comprehensive examination of a patient with leprosy, there are few studies describing the oral health and dental care of these patients. (bvsalud.org)
- The sample consisted of 56 patients of both genders with a history of leprosy: 28 under treatment and 28 were already treated for the disease. (bvsalud.org)
- A co-infection must be seriously considered, especially in patients who are non-responsive to treatment or develop persistent leprosy reactions as those encountered in the patient reported here. (biomedcentral.com)
- A clinical, immunological, and histological study of neuritic leprosy patients. (ilsl.br)
- An assessment has been made of 108 neuritic leprosy patients to find out if the number of affected nerves and the clinical presentations of these patients give any indication of the underlying severity (classification) of the disease. (ilsl.br)
- The results show that neuritic leprosy patients also have a spectrum. (ilsl.br)
- Since obtaining tissue to study the histology of the nerve is very often not feasible, many of these cases are simply considered to belong to the borderline tuberculoid (BT) group because several of these patients are lepromin positive and, on nerve biopsy, have shown a tuberculoid picture (5,10). (ilsl.br)
- To document clinical status and disabilities among live treated leprosy patients. (org.pk)
- All leprosy patients of either gender and all ages presenting at the centre were included. (org.pk)
- A significant number of treated leprosy patients continue to have disabling sequelae of the disease. (org.pk)
- The present study was undertaken to document the clinical status and disabilities among live treated leprosy patients in district Diamer of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, and to collect evidence that could better guide management strategies for such patients. (org.pk)
- All leprosy patients of either gender and all ages who were diagnosed by our study criteria were included. (org.pk)
- The aim was to compare the level of physical disability of the affected body sites, the deficiencies and disabilities present in affected nerves in the diagnosis and discharge of leprosy patients. (bvsalud.org)
Reactions13
- Describe type 1, 2, and 3 reactions of leprosy. (ceufast.com)
- In any form of leprosy, episodes called reactions can occur, and can lead to further nerve damage. (medlineplus.gov)
- Leprosy reactions are changes in the leprous status as a result of altered balance between the host and the bacilli. (familymednews.com)
- This research showed a positive correlation between bacillary load markers and the number of leprosy reactions. (rsbmt.org.br)
- This study provided scientific support to future research aiming to elucidate the influence of antigenic load on the number of leprosy reactions during treatment. (rsbmt.org.br)
- Leprosy reactions are divided into type one and type two reactions. (rsbmt.org.br)
- However, the risk of developing reactions increases with the use of MDT due to the antimicrobial action of MDT, which causes the release of antigens that stimulate the occurrence of leprosy reactions by disrupting the mycobacterial cell wall 6 . (rsbmt.org.br)
- Few studies have used the correlation between the number of reactions and clinical and laboratory data, as amounting leprosy reactions is not yet a routine practice in reference centers in Brazil or worldwide, and because there have been no surveys of health indicators related to leprosy reactions. (rsbmt.org.br)
- Furthermore, it is clear that there is an absence of criteria to quantify the leprosy reactions and a lack of technology to support that procedure or to serve as a database for future research. (rsbmt.org.br)
- We aim to show the relationship between the number of leprosy reactions and the bacterial load represented mainly by bacterial indices of skin biopsies and dermal smear detected during the diagnosis. (rsbmt.org.br)
- It is important that the dentist be aware of the reactions caused by leprosy in the orofacial complex. (bvsalud.org)
- Co-infection has been reported in countries where both leprosy and VL are endemic and should be considered when there is a poor response to treatment or when persistent leprosy reactions occur [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- 1. Lepra reactions are not a feature of tuberculoid leprosy. (damsdelhi.com)
Nerves9
- Sensory cutaneous nerves running to the proximal edge of a skin lesion may be thickened in tuberculoid (TT) and borderline tuberculoid (BT) leprosy. (medscape.com)
- If leprosy is not treated timely, it may prove to be progressive, resulting in lasting harm to the skin, limbs, eyes as well as the nerves. (herbs2000.com)
- Leprosy is defines as a chronic granulomatous disease, which is akin to tuberculosis (TB) , since it generates inflammatory nodules, also known as granulomas, in the skin as well as the nerves over a period of time. (herbs2000.com)
- Other parts of the body that might be affected by leprosy are the cool areas, which can include superficial peripheral nerves, the anterior chamber of the eyes, the testes, the chin, malar eminences, earlobes, and knees. (medscape.com)
- Leprosy affects the skin and the peripheral nerves, which connect the brain and spinal cord to muscles and to sensory cells that detect sensations such as touch, pain, and heat. (medlineplus.gov)
- If little or no adaptive immune response occurs, the bacteria can spread widely on the body, traveling through the skin and into the peripheral nerves, and sometimes into deeper tissues, leading to the more severe signs and symptoms of multibacillary leprosy. (medlineplus.gov)
- Leprosy - A chronic granulomatous infection caused by a bacillus (bacterium) that affects various areas of the body, particularly the skin and nerves. (en-academic.com)
- Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that predominantly affects the skin and peripheral nerves. (org.pk)
- The clinical spectrum of leprosy varies from a single skin patch to widespread damage to nerves, bones, and the eyes. (org.pk)
Cases of leprosy are diagnosed2
- About 250,000 new cases of leprosy are diagnosed every year. (medlineplus.gov)
- 9-11 The World Health Organization estimates that 685000 new cases of leprosy are diagnosed all over the world. (org.pk)
Cutaneous1
- Prodromal symptoms are generally so slight that leprosy is not recognized until a cutaneous eruption is present. (medscape.com)
International Leprosy Association1
- International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association, vol. 58, no. 1, 1990, pp. 65-72. (unboundmedicine.com)
Disease19
- In the United States, the prevalence of leprosy may increase with increasing immigration from regions in which the disease is endemic. (medscape.com)
- Summarize the pathophysiology of leprosy in active disease stages. (ceufast.com)
- Though leprosy may seem like a disease of the past, it is important to note that there are still leprosy cases today. (ceufast.com)
- A granulomatous infiltrate, in a linear pattern, involving the reticular dermis is consistent with a diagnosis of leprosy, closer to the tuberculoid pole of the spectrum and representing Borderline Tuberculoid disease (classification discussed below). (uab.edu)
- People with tuberculoid leprosy typically have few skin areas affected (paucibacillary), and the disease is milder, less common, and less contagious. (msdmanuals.com)
- The disease spectrum ranges from tuberculoid to lepromatous, corresponding to a high and low cellular immunity (Th1 and Th2 response) respectively. (familymednews.com)
- Cytokines released in tuberculoid disease include interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-2 and lymphotoxin-α with high phagocytic activity and granuloma formation due to macrophage and T-cell aggregation. (familymednews.com)
- Childhood leprosy is an important marker of the status of the ongoing leprosy control programme, as it is an indicator of active disease transmission in the community. (e-ijd.org)
- This chapter does not deal with the advanced cases of leprosy, but with the early diagnosis of this dreadful disease. (studylight.org)
- There was a disease similar to leprosy. (studylight.org)
- We observed that SNP of VDR gene (Fok1 and Taq1) are associated with the leprosy disease. (vitamindwiki.com)
- High resistance - Localized disease (Tuberculoid). (aarogya.com)
- Moderate - Disease fairly localized (Borderline Tuberculoid). (aarogya.com)
- Leprosy (Hansan's disease) is a non-fatal, slowly progressive chronic granulomatous infection which was ï«¿rst described by ancient Indians from sixth century B.C.1. (jotsrr.org)
- The prevalence rate of leprosy in Brazil, an indicator that monitors the progress towards elimination of this disease as a public health problem, had a gradual reduction in recent years. (bvsalud.org)
- The authors report a co-infection case of leprosy and VL, which evolved into PKDL and discuss the clinical and the pathological aspects in the patient and review the literature on this disease. (biomedcentral.com)
- Nerve affection, whether clinical or microscopic, is an important feature of leprosy and occurs in practically all types of disease in association with skin involvement. (ilsl.br)
- The study is the first reported series on leprosy from northern Pakistan, which is among those resource-limited developing countries that continue to have the highest burden of the disease. (org.pk)
- Leprosy is an infectious disease of high disability power that has different forms of clinical presentation. (bvsalud.org)
Hansen1
- The scientific term of leprosy has been derived from the name of the Norwegian physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen. (herbs2000.com)
Paucibacillary leprosy1
- People with paucibacillary leprosy have 5 or fewer affected skin areas. (msdmanuals.com)
Smear1
- These services included bacteriological (skin smear examination) as well as histopathological facilities, and were made use of by other leprosy hospitals in the region as well as in neighbouring countries. (leprosyhistory.org)
Endemic3
- In medieval times, despite measures to separate the infected individuals from the uninfected population, leprosy reportedly became endemic in Europe. (ceufast.com)
- The co-infection of leprosy and VL has been reported in countries where both diseases are endemic. (biomedcentral.com)
- Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis is a rare dermal complication of VL that mimics leprosy and should be considered particularly in countries where both diseases are endemic. (biomedcentral.com)
Diseases4
- To a large extent, leprosy is largely considered one of the oldest diseases ever documented in human colonies. (ceufast.com)
- Sarcoidosis and tuberculoid leprosy (TL) are prototypes of granulomatous inflammation in dermatology , which embody one of the histopathology limitations in distinguishing some diseases . (bvsalud.org)
- Apparently, various other diseases fell under the category labeled 'leprosy' in the Old Testament, which are similar but not identical to this malady. (studylight.org)
- The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) includes leprosy in the group of neglected diseases and other poverty-related infections, and considers it a public health problem6. (bvsalud.org)
Erythema1
- She presented with leprosy and a necrotizing erythema nodosum, a type II leprosy reaction, about 3 month after finishing the treatment (MDT-MB) for leprosy. (biomedcentral.com)
Case of leprosy1
- The text gives the rule for dealing with an unmistakable case of leprosy. (studylight.org)
Symptoms of leprosy1
- Systemic symptoms of leprosy are also possible. (medscape.com)
Pathology of leprosy1
- Pathogenesis and pathology of leprosy. (cdc.gov)
Diagnosis of leprosy2
- Certain tests can be performed in the clinic to aid in the diagnosis of leprosy. (medscape.com)
- The diagnosis of leprosy is primarily a clinical one. (medscape.com)
Presentation of leprosy1
- Outline the clinical presentation of leprosy at different stages. (ceufast.com)
Prevalence4
- Despite achievement of elimination status of leprosy in 2005, the reported prevalence of childhood cases continue to be high. (e-ijd.org)
- With variable prevalence, India and Brazil are respectively the first and second countries with the highest number of leprosy cases 1,5 . (bvsalud.org)
- The prevalence rate of leprosy in Brazil in 2012 was 1.51 cases per 10,000 inhabitants, which represents a decrease of 12% compared to the value of this coefficient in 2004. (bvsalud.org)
- The WHO leprosy elimination programme aims at bringing the prevalence to 1 per 10,000. (org.pk)
Occur4
- There is generally loss of sensation in these areas, but the other signs and symptoms that occur in multibacillary leprosy are less likely to develop in this form of the disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
- In the United States, most leprosy cases occur in people who worked in or emigrated from countries where leprosy is common. (msdmanuals.com)
- His work and compassion caused progress to occur at Kalaupapa for those afflicted with leprosy. (rdhmag.com)
- Basical y, the causing mechanisms of deficiencies and disabilities in leprosy can occur from the neurogenic and inflammatory pathways. (bvsalud.org)
Develop leprosy2
- People who develop leprosy may have genes that make them susceptible to the infection once they are exposed. (msdmanuals.com)
- But even after contact with the bacteria, most people do not develop leprosy. (msdmanuals.com)
Multibacillary leprosy3
- Multibacillary leprosy according to the WHO classification. (uab.edu)
- The nerve damage that occurs in multibacillary leprosy often results in a lack of sensation in the hands and feet. (medlineplus.gov)
- People with multibacillary leprosy have 6 or more affected skin areas and/or have bacteria detected in samples taken from an affected area. (msdmanuals.com)
Nerve damage2
- Antibiotics can stop leprosy from progressing but cannot reverse any nerve damage or deformity. (msdmanuals.com)
- A possible model for nerve damage in leprosy has been developed in the sciatic nerve of the guinea pig. (nih.gov)
Immune3
- About 95 per cent of individuals are physically immune to leprosy and do not suffer from the infections after they undergo treatment for just two weeks. (herbs2000.com)
- Children are deemed more susceptible to leprosy because of their immature immune systems. (rdhmag.com)
- Leprosy has a wide range of clinical manifestations, which depend upon the host immune response more than the virulence or multiplication rate of the bacillus. (familymednews.com)
Granulomas1
- 345 Tuberculoid leprosy is characterized by the formation of epithelioid cell granulomas with a large number of epithelioid cells. (wikipedia.org)
Classification3
- Borderline tuberculoid (BT) leprosy according to the Ridley-Jopling classification. (uab.edu)
- In the leprosy clinic, 2100 new cases attended, of which 567 were PB and 1533 MB as per WHO classification. (e-ijd.org)
- Leprosy Classification and external resources A 24 year old man infected with leprosy. (en-academic.com)
Spectrum1
- Leprosy occurs on a spectrum, in which the most severe form is called multibacillary or lepromatous, and the least severe form is called paucibacillary or tuberculoid. (medlineplus.gov)
Granulomatous infection1
- Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infection. (familymednews.com)
Skin5
- Leprosy Skin lesion James, William D. (wikipedia.org)
- 345 Leprosy Skin lesion James, William D. (wikipedia.org)
- Leprosy ranges from mild (with one or a few skin areas affected) to severe (with many skin areas affected and damage to many organs). (msdmanuals.com)
- If the ulcer exhibit the characteristics of leprosy, the 'bright' or raw flesh in the area sunken below the level of the skin, and having colorless and thinning hairs around the infected area, it was regarded as leprosy. (studylight.org)
- However, in leprosy there can also be nerve involvement without any primary skin change whatsoever. (ilsl.br)
Infection5
- Older age is a risk factor for leprosy, but the infection appears to develop most often in people aged 5 to 15 years or over 30 years. (msdmanuals.com)
- Leprosy cannot be contracted by simply touching someone with the infection, as is commonly believed. (msdmanuals.com)
- Health care workers often work for many years with people who have leprosy without developing the infection. (msdmanuals.com)
- However, if the color were still 'bright' or light, and if the infection had spread, the priest pronounced it to be leprosy. (studylight.org)
- Since 1981, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended MDT for the treatment of leprosy, in order to fight bacterial infection 5 . (rsbmt.org.br)
Control programme1
- Abdul Salam Ghayas ( Provincial Leprosy/TB, Leprosy/TB Control Programme/CDC, Gilgit Baltistan. (org.pk)
Immunity1
- 20. IMMUNITY in leprosy. (sp.gov.br)
Contagious2
- Now it has been clear that leprosy is neither transmitted sexually nor extremely contagious when a person undergoes appropriate treatment. (herbs2000.com)
- Although leprosy is not highly contagious, rarely causes death, and can be effectively treated with antibiotics, it still has considerable social stigma attached to it. (msdmanuals.com)
Reaction1
- Further, VDR gene expression was found to be lower in non-reaction group compared to that of reaction group of leprosy and healthy controls. (vitamindwiki.com)
Dapsone1
- [ 1 ] The standard first line drugs used in leprosy are dapsone, clofazimine, and rifampicin. (jsstd.org)
Armadillos1
- Many of these cases occurred in people in southern states who had direct contact with nine-banded armadillos, which carry leprosy bacteria. (msdmanuals.com)
Histopathological1
- Specimen was taken for histopathological investigation which revealed positive special staining for leprosy. (jotsrr.org)
