Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute
Mast Cells
Leukemia
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
Cell Degranulation
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Histamine Release
Leukemia, Experimental
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Tryptases
Receptors, IgE
Chymases
Leukemia Virus, Murine
p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine
Immunoglobulin E
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 production, a newly identified function of mast cell progenitors, is downregulated by c-kit receptor activation. (1/29)
Mast cell precursors invade from the peripheral blood into local tissues where they differentiate to their mature phenotypes. However, the mechanism of this migration process has been unclear. We clearly demonstrated here the production and release of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a matrix-degrading enzyme necessary for leukocyte transmigration, by interleukin-3-dependent mouse mast cell progenitors: bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells and IC-2 mast cells. Because several interleukin-3-independent mast cell lines with active mutations in the c-kit gene did not release MMP-9, the possible involvement of c-kit receptor activation in downregulation of MMP-9 production was predicted. c-kit receptor activation by stem cell factor led to a significant decrease in MMP-9 production of cultured mast cells and IC-2 mast cells transfected with the c-kit gene. Thus, the present results suggest that mast cell precursors are able to produce MMP-9, which may be essential for mast cell migration into tissues, and that stem cell factor may downregulate the MMP-9 production, resulting in engagement of mast cells to matrix components. (+info)Connective tissue-type mast cell leukemia in a dog. (2/29)
An unusual case diagnosed as connective tissue-type mast cell leukemia with marked mastocyte infiltration into visceral organs in a seven-year-old female Curly-Coated retriever is presented. Acute circulatory collapse, emesis, diarrhea, abdominal enlargement, icterus, cyanosis, dyspnea, pulmonary edema, hepatomegary, ascites, and right ventricular enlargement were observed. Hematologic and biochemical examinations revealed mast cell leukemia, mature neutrophilia, monocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia, hyperhistaminemia, renal and hepatic injuries. Mast cells were distributed systemically, but predominantly in the diaphragm and liver with a large mass among the serosa of ileum, cecum and colon. Mast cells were stained intensely by both safranin and berberine sulfate. (+info)Voltage-dependent and calcium-activated ion channels in the human mast cell line HMC-1. (3/29)
The mechanisms underlying the recruitment, differentiation, and sustained activation of mast cells in disease are likely to include modulation of ion channels. Specific Ca(2+), K(+), and Cl(-) conductances have been identified in rodent mast cells, but there are no equivalent data on human mast cells. We have used the whole-cell patch-clamp technique to characterize macroscopic ion currents in both the human mast cell line HMC-1 and human skin mast cells (HSMCs) at rest and in HMC-1 after activation with calcium ionophore. HSMCs were electrically silent at rest. In contrast, HMC-1 expressed a strong outwardly rectifying voltage-dependent Cl(-) conductance characteristic of ClC-4 or ClC-5 and a small inwardly rectifying K(+) current not carried by the classical Kir family of K(+) channels. Calcium ionophore induced the appearance of outwardly rectifying Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) and K(+) currents, while hypotonicity induced another outwardly rectifying conductance typical of ClC-3. Reverse transcription-PCRs confirmed that mRNAs for the voltage-dependent Cl(-) channels ClC-3 and -5 were expressed. This is the first definitive description of a ClC-4/5-like current in a native leukocyte. We suggest that this current may contribute to the malignant phenotype while the Ca(2+)-activated K(+) and Cl(-) currents may be involved in cell activation. (+info)Expression, epitope analysis, and functional role of the LFA-2 antigen detectable on neoplastic mast cells. (4/29)
Recent data suggest that mast cells (MCs) in patients with systemic mastocytosis or mast cell leukemia express a CD2-reactive antigen. To explore the biochemical nature and function of this antigen, primary MCs as well as the MC line HMC-1 derived from a patient with mast cell leukemia were examined. Northern blot experiments revealed expression of CD2 messenger RNA in HMC-1, whereas primary nonneoplastic MCs did not express transcripts for CD2. In cell surface staining experiments, bone marrow (BM) MCs in systemic mastocytosis (n = 12) as well as HMC-1 cells (30%-80%) were found to express the T11-1 and T11-2 (but not T11-3) epitopes of CD2. By contrast, BM MCs in myelodysplastic syndromes and nonhematologic disorders (bronchiogenic carcinoma, foreskin phimosis, uterine myeomata ) were consistently CD2(-). All MC species analyzed including HMC-1 were found to express LFA-3 (CD58), the natural ligand of CD2. To study the functional role of CD2 on neoplastic MCs, CD2(+) and CD2(-) HMC-1 cells were separated by cell sorting. CD2(+) HMC-1 cells were found to form spontaneous aggregates and rosettes with sheep erythrocytes in excess over CD2(-) cells, and a T11-1 antibody inhibited both the aggregation and rosette formation. Moreover, exposure of CD2(+) HMC-1 cells to T11-1 or T11-2 antibody was followed by expression of T11-3. In addition, stimulation of neoplastic MCs through T11-3 and a second CD2 epitope resulted in histamine release. These data show that neoplastic MCs express functionally active CD2. It is hypothesized that expression of CD2 is associated with pathologic accumulation and function of MCs in systemic mastocytosis. (+info)RasGRP4, a new mast cell-restricted Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing protein with calcium- and diacylglycerol-binding motifs. Identification of defective variants of this signaling protein in asthma, mastocytosis, and mast cell leukemia patients and demonstration of the importance of RasGRP4 in mast cell development and function. (5/29)
A cDNA was isolated from interleukin 3-developed, mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (MCs) that contained an insert (designated mRasGRP4) that had not been identified in any species at the gene, mRNA, or protein level. By using a homology-based cloning approach, the approximately 2.6-kb hRasGRP4 transcript was also isolated from the mononuclear progenitors residing in the peripheral blood of normal individuals. This transcript information was then used to locate the RasGRP4 gene in the mouse and human genomes, to deduce its exon/intron organization, and then to identify 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human gene that result in 5 amino acid differences. The >15-kb hRasGRP4 gene consists of 18 exons and resides on a region of chromosome 19q13.1 that had not been sequenced by the Human Genome Project. Human and mouse MCs and their progenitors selectively express RasGRP4, and this new intracellular protein contains all of the domains present in the RasGRP family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors even though it is <50% identical to its closest homolog. Recombinant RasGRP4 can activate H-Ras in a cation-dependent manner. Transfection experiments also suggest that RasGRP4 is a diacylglycerol/phorbol ester receptor. Transcript analysis of an asthma patient, a mastocytosis patient, and the HMC-1 cell line derived from a MC leukemia patient revealed the presence of substantial amounts of non-functional forms of hRasGRP4 due to an inability to remove intron 5 in the precursor transcript. Because only abnormal forms of hRasGRP4 were identified in the HMC-1 cell line, this immature MC progenitor was used to address the function of RasGRP4 in MCs. HMC-1 leukemia cells differentiated and underwent granule maturation when induced to express a normal form of RasGRP4. Thus, RasGRP4 plays an important role in the final stages of MC development. (+info)Chemotherapy for teratoma with malignant transformation. (6/29)
PURPOSE: Teratoma with malignant transformation (MT) is a well-described entity that refers to the MT of a somatic teratomatous component in a germ cell tumor (GCT) to a histology that is identical to a somatic malignancy (eg, rhabdomyosarcoma [RMS]). Surgical resection has been the mainstay of therapy for localized transformed disease because these tumors are thought to be resistant to standard treatment. We report that chemotherapy has a role in selected patients with MT, determined by cell type. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Chemotherapy was administered to 12 patients with MT of GCT limited to a single cell type (two patients with primitive neuroectodermal tumors, five with undifferentiated RMS, one with anaplastic small-cell tumor, two with adenocarcinoma, and two with leukemia); 10 patients had measurable disease. GCT origin was confirmed by molecular cytogenetics in five patients. Each patient received chemotherapy regimens based on the specific malignant cell observed in the transformed histology. RESULTS: Seven patients with measurable disease achieved a partial response, with the duration of response ranging between 1 month and 7 years. Three of those patients are alive. Three patients did not respond to treatment, and all of those patients died as a result of their disease. CONCLUSION: Chemotherapy for MT limited to a single cell type may result in major responses and long-term survival in selected patients. Local therapy after chemotherapy is an important component of treatment to achieve maximum response. (+info)Monomeric IgE stimulates NFAT translocation into the nucleus, a rise in cytosol Ca2+, degranulation, and membrane ruffling in the cultured rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 mast cell line. (7/29)
Mast cells are key regulators in allergy and inflammation, and release histamine, cytokines, and other proinflammatory mediators. In the classical view, IgE acts merely to prime mast cells, attaching to FcepsilonRs but not evoking any cell signaling response until cross-linked by the presence of a multivalent allergen. However, several recent studies have reported that IgE alone can promote cell survival and cytokine production in the absence of cross-linking by allergen. In this study we demonstrate that acute addition of monomeric IgE elicits a wide spectrum of responses in the rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 mast cell line, including activation of phospholipases Cgamma and D, a rise in cytosol Ca(2+), NFAT translocation, degranulation, and membrane ruffling within minutes. Calcium transients persist for hours as long as IgE is present resulting in the maintained translocation of the transcription factor NFAT to the nucleus. Removal of IgE reverses the signaling processes. Our results indicate that, far from simply preparing the cells for a response to allergen, monomeric IgE can stimulate signaling pathways that lead to degranulation, membrane ruffling, and NFAT translocation. The mechanism of activation is likely to be via aggregation of the FcepsilonR1 because activation by IgE can be inhibited with monovalent hapten. (+info)Dexamethasone suppresses antigen-induced activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and downstream responses in mast cells. (8/29)
Dexamethasone and other glucocorticoids suppress FcepsilonRI-mediated release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells. Suppression of cytokine production is attributed to repression of cytokine gene transcription but no mechanism has been described for the suppression of degranulation. We show that therapeutic concentrations of dexamethasone inhibit intermediate signaling events, in particular the activation of phosphatidylinositol (PI)3-kinase and downstream signaling events that lead to degranulation in rat basophilic leukemia 2H3 cells. This inhibitory action is mediated via the glucocorticoid receptor and is not apparent when cells are stimulated via Kit in a mouse bone marrow-derived mast cell line. The primary perturbation appears to be the failure of the regulatory p85 subunit of PI3-kinase to engage with the adaptor protein Grb2-associated binder 2 leading to suppression of phosphorylation of phospholipase Cgamma2, the calcium signal, and degranulation. Suppression of PI3-kinase activation by dexamethasone may also contribute to reduced cytokine production because the PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002, like dexamethasone, inhibits Ag-induced transcription of cytokine genes as well as degranulation. (+info)Acute basophilic leukemia (ABL) is a rare and aggressive subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. In ABL, the malignancy originates from the transformation of hematopoietic stem cells into abnormal blast cells, specifically basophils, in the bone marrow. These blasts proliferate rapidly and disrupt normal blood cell production, leading to a significant decrease in functional red and white blood cells and platelets.
The medical definition of acute basophilic leukemia is:
A malignant neoplasm of hematopoietic stem cells characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation and accumulation of immature basophils (basophilic blasts) in the bone marrow, blood, and occasionally other tissues. This rapidly progressing disorder is accompanied by a decline in the production of normal blood cells, resulting in symptoms such as anemia, fatigue, infection, easy bruising, and bleeding. The diagnosis of ABL typically involves bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, cytogenetic analysis, immunophenotyping, and molecular genetic testing to confirm the presence of leukemic blasts and identify specific genetic abnormalities that can inform prognosis and treatment decisions.
Mast cells are a type of white blood cell that are found in connective tissues throughout the body, including the skin, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. They play an important role in the immune system and help to defend the body against pathogens by releasing chemicals such as histamine, heparin, and leukotrienes, which help to attract other immune cells to the site of infection or injury. Mast cells also play a role in allergic reactions, as they release histamine and other chemicals in response to exposure to an allergen, leading to symptoms such as itching, swelling, and redness. They are derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and mature in the tissues where they reside.
Leukemia is a type of cancer that originates from the bone marrow - the soft, inner part of certain bones where new blood cells are made. It is characterized by an abnormal production of white blood cells, known as leukocytes or blasts. These abnormal cells accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells, leading to a decrease in red blood cells (anemia), platelets (thrombocytopenia), and healthy white blood cells (leukopenia).
There are several types of leukemia, classified based on the specific type of white blood cell affected and the speed at which the disease progresses:
1. Acute Leukemias - These types of leukemia progress rapidly, with symptoms developing over a few weeks or months. They involve the rapid growth and accumulation of immature, nonfunctional white blood cells (blasts) in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The two main categories are:
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) - Originates from lymphoid progenitor cells, primarily affecting children but can also occur in adults.
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) - Develops from myeloid progenitor cells and is more common in older adults.
2. Chronic Leukemias - These types of leukemia progress slowly, with symptoms developing over a period of months to years. They involve the production of relatively mature, but still abnormal, white blood cells that can accumulate in large numbers in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The two main categories are:
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) - Affects B-lymphocytes and is more common in older adults.
- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) - Originates from myeloid progenitor cells, characterized by the presence of a specific genetic abnormality called the Philadelphia chromosome. It can occur at any age but is more common in middle-aged and older adults.
Treatment options for leukemia depend on the type, stage, and individual patient factors. Treatments may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these approaches.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer that originates in the bone marrow, the soft inner part of certain bones where new blood cells are made. In AML, the immature cells, called blasts, in the bone marrow fail to mature into normal blood cells. Instead, these blasts accumulate and interfere with the production of normal blood cells, leading to a shortage of red blood cells (anemia), platelets (thrombocytopenia), and normal white blood cells (leukopenia).
AML is called "acute" because it can progress quickly and become severe within days or weeks without treatment. It is a type of myeloid leukemia, which means that it affects the myeloid cells in the bone marrow. Myeloid cells are a type of white blood cell that includes monocytes and granulocytes, which help fight infection and defend the body against foreign invaders.
In AML, the blasts can build up in the bone marrow and spread to other parts of the body, including the blood, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and brain. This can cause a variety of symptoms, such as fatigue, fever, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, and weight loss.
AML is typically treated with a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or stem cell transplantation. The specific treatment plan will depend on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health, and the type and stage of the leukemia.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer that starts from cells that become certain white blood cells (called lymphocytes) in the bone marrow. The cancer (leukemia) cells start in the bone marrow but then go into the blood.
In CLL, the leukemia cells often build up slowly. Many people don't have any symptoms for at least a few years. But over time, the cells can spread to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen.
The "B-cell" part of the name refers to the fact that the cancer starts in a type of white blood cell called a B lymphocyte or B cell. The "chronic" part means that this leukemia usually progresses more slowly than other types of leukemia.
It's important to note that chronic lymphocytic leukemia is different from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Although both are cancers of the white blood cells, they start in different types of white blood cells and progress differently.
Cell degranulation is the process by which cells, particularly immune cells like mast cells and basophils, release granules containing inflammatory mediators in response to various stimuli. These mediators include histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and other chemicals that play a role in allergic reactions, inflammation, and immune responses. The activation of cell surface receptors triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the exocytosis of these granules, resulting in degranulation. This process is important for the immune system's response to foreign invaders and for the development of allergic reactions.
Leukemia, lymphoid is a type of cancer that affects the lymphoid cells, which are a vital part of the body's immune system. It is characterized by the uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells (leukocytes or WBCs) in the bone marrow, specifically the lymphocytes. These abnormal lymphocytes accumulate and interfere with the production of normal blood cells, leading to a decrease in red blood cells (anemia), platelets (thrombocytopenia), and healthy white blood cells (leukopenia).
There are two main types of lymphoid leukemia: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia progresses rapidly, while chronic lymphocytic leukemia has a slower onset and progression.
Symptoms of lymphoid leukemia may include fatigue, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, and bone pain. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and individual patient factors but often involve chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or stem cell transplantation.
Histamine release is the process by which mast cells and basophils (types of white blood cells) release histamine, a type of chemical messenger or mediator, into the surrounding tissue fluid in response to an antigen-antibody reaction. This process is a key part of the body's immune response to foreign substances, such as allergens, and helps to initiate local inflammation, increase blood flow, and recruit other immune cells to the site of the reaction.
Histamine release can also occur in response to certain medications, physical trauma, or other stimuli. When histamine is released in large amounts, it can cause symptoms such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes, and hives. In severe cases, it can lead to anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic reaction that requires immediate medical attention.
Experimental leukemia refers to the stage of research or clinical trials where new therapies, treatments, or diagnostic methods are being studied for leukemia. Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.
In the experimental stage, researchers investigate various aspects of leukemia, such as its causes, progression, and potential treatments. They may conduct laboratory studies using cell cultures or animal models to understand the disease better and test new therapeutic approaches. Additionally, clinical trials may be conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of novel treatments in human patients with leukemia.
Experimental research in leukemia is crucial for advancing our understanding of the disease and developing more effective treatment strategies. It involves a rigorous and systematic process that adheres to ethical guidelines and scientific standards to ensure the validity and reliability of the findings.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), BCR-ABL positive is a specific subtype of leukemia that originates in the bone marrow and involves the excessive production of mature granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. It is characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome, which is formed by a genetic translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, resulting in the formation of the BCR-ABL fusion gene. This gene encodes for an abnormal protein with increased tyrosine kinase activity, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and division. The presence of this genetic abnormality is used to confirm the diagnosis and guide treatment decisions.
Tryptase is a type of enzyme that is found in the cells called mast cells, which are a part of the immune system. Specifically, tryptase is a serine protease, which means it helps to break down other proteins in the body. Tryptase is often released during an allergic reaction or as part of an inflammatory response. It can be measured in the blood and is sometimes used as a marker for mast cell activation or degranulation. High levels of tryptase may indicate the presence of certain medical conditions, such as systemic mastocytosis or anaphylaxis.
IgE receptors, also known as Fc epsilon RI receptors, are membrane-bound proteins found on the surface of mast cells and basophils. They play a crucial role in the immune response to parasitic infections and allergies. IgE receptors bind to the Fc region of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, which are produced by B cells in response to certain antigens. When an allergen cross-links two adjacent IgE molecules bound to the same IgE receptor, it triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the release of mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins. These mediators cause the symptoms associated with allergic reactions, including inflammation, itching, and vasodilation. IgE receptors are also involved in the activation of the adaptive immune response by promoting the presentation of antigens to T cells.
Chymases are a type of enzyme that belong to the family of serine proteases. They are found in various tissues and organs, including the heart, lungs, and immune cells called mast cells. Chymases play a role in several physiological and pathological processes, such as inflammation, tissue remodeling, and blood pressure regulation.
One of the most well-known chymases is found in the mast cells and is often referred to as "mast cell chymase." This enzyme can cleave and activate various proteins, including angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor that increases blood pressure. Chymases have also been implicated in the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and heart failure, as well as respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
In summary, chymases are a group of serine protease enzymes that play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes, particularly in inflammation, tissue remodeling, and blood pressure regulation.
Medical Definition:
Murine leukemia virus (MLV) is a type of retrovirus that primarily infects and causes various types of malignancies such as leukemias and lymphomas in mice. It is a complex genus of viruses, with many strains showing different pathogenic properties.
MLV contains two identical single-stranded RNA genomes and has the ability to reverse transcribe its RNA into DNA upon infection, integrating this proviral DNA into the host cell's genome. This is facilitated by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase, which MLV carries within its viral particle.
The virus can be horizontally transmitted between mice through close contact with infected saliva, urine, or milk. Vertical transmission from mother to offspring can also occur either in-utero or through the ingestion of infected breast milk.
MLV has been extensively studied as a model system for retroviral pathogenesis and tumorigenesis, contributing significantly to our understanding of oncogenes and their role in cancer development. It's important to note that Murine Leukemia Virus does not infect humans.
4-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (also known as 4-MeO-N-MEPEA or 4-MeO-PMA) is a synthetic psychoactive substance that belongs to the phenethylamine class. It is a designer drug, which means it is manufactured and distributed for recreational use as an alternative to illegal drugs.
It acts as a stimulant and entactogen, producing effects similar to those of MDMA (ecstasy) but with less potency. The compound has been linked to several cases of severe intoxication, including fatalities, due to its ability to increase heart rate and blood pressure, cause dehydration, hyperthermia, and serotonin syndrome.
It is important to note that the use of 4-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine and other designer drugs can be dangerous and illegal in many jurisdictions. Always consult a medical professional for accurate information regarding specific substances.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody that plays a key role in the immune response to parasitic infections and allergies. It is produced by B cells in response to stimulation by antigens, such as pollen, pet dander, or certain foods. Once produced, IgE binds to receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils, which are immune cells found in tissues and blood respectively. When an individual with IgE antibodies encounters the allergen again, the cross-linking of IgE molecules bound to the FcεRI receptor triggers the release of mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and various cytokines from these cells. These mediators cause the symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as itching, swelling, and redness. IgE also plays a role in protecting against certain parasitic infections by activating eosinophils, which can kill the parasites.
In summary, Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune response to allergens and parasitic infections, it binds to receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils, when an individual with IgE antibodies encounters the allergen again, it triggers the release of mediators from these cells causing the symptoms of an allergic reaction.
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma (previously known as Precursor T-lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma) is a type of cancer that affects the early stages of T-cell development. It is a subtype of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which is characterized by the overproduction of immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts in the bone marrow, blood, and other organs.
In Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma, these abnormal lymphoblasts accumulate primarily in the lymphoid tissues such as the thymus and lymph nodes, leading to the enlargement of these organs. This subtype is more aggressive than other forms of ALL and has a higher risk of spreading to the central nervous system (CNS).
The medical definition of Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma includes:
1. A malignant neoplasm of immature T-cell precursors, also known as lymphoblasts.
2. Characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of these abnormal cells in the bone marrow, blood, and lymphoid tissues such as the thymus and lymph nodes.
3. Often associated with chromosomal abnormalities, genetic mutations, or aberrant gene expression that contribute to its aggressive behavior and poor prognosis.
4. Typically presents with symptoms related to bone marrow failure (anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia), lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes), hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen), and potential CNS involvement.
5. Diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests, including bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, immunophenotyping, cytogenetic analysis, and molecular genetic testing.
6. Treated with intensive multi-agent chemotherapy regimens, often combined with radiation therapy and/or stem cell transplantation to achieve remission and improve survival outcomes.
Mastocytosis is a group of rare disorders caused by the accumulation of abnormal number of mast cells in various tissues of the body, particularly the skin and internal organs such as the bone marrow, liver, spleen, and gastrointestinal tract. Mast cells are types of white blood cells that play an important role in the immune system, releasing chemicals like histamine, heparin, and leukotrienes during allergic reactions or injury to help protect the body. However, excessive accumulation of mast cells can lead to chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and various symptoms.
There are two main types of mastocytosis: cutaneous mastocytosis (CM) and systemic mastocytosis (SM). CM primarily affects the skin, causing redness, itching, hives, and other skin abnormalities. SM, on the other hand, involves internal organs and can be more severe, with symptoms such as diarrhea, stomach pain, fatigue, bone pain, and anaphylaxis (a life-threatening allergic reaction).
Mastocytosis is typically caused by genetic mutations that lead to the overproduction of mast cells. The diagnosis of mastocytosis usually involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, skin biopsy, and bone marrow aspiration. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the disease and may include antihistamines, corticosteroids, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and in severe cases, stem cell transplantation.
Mast cell leukemia
Acute basophilic leukemia
Immunohistochemistry
Mast cell sarcoma
Mast cell
SYT1
KIT (gene)
Avapritinib
Asparaginase
Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues
Bob Turner (Canadian politician)
Murine respirovirus
White blood cell differential
RASGRP4
Midostaurin
SIGLEC8
Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif
List of ICD-9 codes 140-239: neoplasms
Thelma Brumfield Dunn
MCL
RBL cells
Lck
TEC (gene)
P110δ
FIP1L1
Peter Valent
Mastocytosis
Clonal hypereosinophilia
Tryptase
Interleukin 9
Mast cell leukemia - Wikipedia
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Acute22
- Mast cell leukemia is an extremely aggressive subtype of acute myeloid leukemia that usually occurs de novo but can, rarely, evolve from transformation of chronic myeloid leukemia into the more aggressive acute myeloid leukemia. (wikipedia.org)
- In a small proportion of cases, acute mast cell leukemia may evolve from a more progressive form of systemic mastocytosis. (wikipedia.org)
- The diagnosis of acute mast cell leukemia by the WHO criteria includes the requirement for a prevalence of 20% neoplastic mast cells in marrow and 10% in blood. (wikipedia.org)
- Acute mast cell leukemia is a rapidly progressive disorder with leukemic mast cells in blood and in large numbers in marrow. (wikipedia.org)
- Symptoms include abdominal pain, bone pain, and peptic ulcer which are more prevalent than in other subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia. (wikipedia.org)
- Chemotherapy with combination of cytosine arabinoside and either idarubicin, daunomycin, or mitoxantrone as for acute myeloid leukemia has been used. (wikipedia.org)
- Acute mast cell leukemia is extremely aggressive and has a grave prognosis. (wikipedia.org)
- Acute mast-cell leukemia. (wikipedia.org)
- I have expertise in novel therapies for acute myeloid leukemia, stem cell mobilization and homing, as well as stem cell transplantation. (rochester.edu)
- Role of signal transduction inhibition in treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia/myelodysplasia. (rochester.edu)
- This is a multicenter, open-label, Phase 1/2a dose escalation and expansion study of orally administered emavusertib (CA-4948) monotherapy in adult patients with Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) or high risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS). (rochester.edu)
- Two staging systems are commonly used for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). (medscape.com)
- Mutations in this gene are associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumors, mast cell disease, acute myelogenous leukemia, and piebaldism. (nih.gov)
- Occasionally, people with PDGFRA -associated chronic eosinophilic leukemia develop other blood cell cancers, such as acute myeloid leukemia or B-cell or T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic lymphoma. (medlineplus.gov)
- The agency approved Rydapt ( midostaurin ) to treat newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML). (rxwiki.com)
- In functional experiments, this antibody was found to inhibit acute myeloid leukemia cell proliferation, basophil histamine release, endothelial cell-mediated IL-8 secretion, and neutrophil transmigration. (bdbiosciences.com)
- The therapeutic approach to the patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) currently evolves toward new frontiers. (ashpublications.org)
- In Section III, Dr. Martin Tallman describes the evaluation and management of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia, a notable example of therapeutic progress in a molecularly defined entity of leukemia. (ashpublications.org)
- The term acute myeloid leukemia (AML) collectively refers to a mixture of distinct diseases that differ with regard to their pathogenetic evolution, genetic abnormalities, clinical features, response to therapy, and prognosis. (ashpublications.org)
- The 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) classification system considers five broad categories of myeloid malignancies: acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), MDS/MPN overlap, and molecularly characterized MPN with eosinophilia 1 ( Table 78-1 ). (mhmedical.com)
- AML is defined by the presence of either 20 percent or more bone marrow/peripheral blood myeloblasts (or promyelocytes in case of acute promyelocytic leukemia) or AML-specific cytogenetic abnormalities such as t(8;21)(q22;q22), t(15;17)(q22;q12) and inv(16)(p13q22). (mhmedical.com)
- Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) is often used to treat acute leukemia or defects of hematopoiesis. (uky.edu)
Mastocytosis17
- To clarify the nature (reactive or neoplastic) of lesional, perifocally aggregated lymphocytes in bone marrow infiltrates of systemic mastocytosis (SM), the histopathology of which can resemble malignant lymphoma with focal bone marrow involvement, particularly low grade malignant B cell lymphoma of lymphoplasmacytic immunocytoma subtype, which frequently exhibits increased mast cell (MC) numbers. (bmj.com)
- Mastocytosis (mast cell disease) is a relatively uncommon haematological tumour of bone marrow origin. (bmj.com)
- 16 had aggressive systemic mastocytosis, 57 had systemic mastocytosis with an associated hematologic neoplasm, and 16 had mast-cell leukemia. (uni-koeln.de)
- CONCLUSIONS In this open-label study, midostaurin showed efficacy in patients with advanced systemic mastocytosis, including the highly fatal variant mast-cell leukemia. (uni-koeln.de)
- Midostaurin was also approved to treat adults with aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM), systemic mastocytosis with associated hematological neoplasm (SM-AHN) and mast cell leukemia (MCL). (rxwiki.com)
- Mastocytosis is a diverse group of disorders characterised by the expansion and accumulation of mast cells in one or more organ systems. (dermnetnz.org)
- Mastocytosis is a term broadly referring to tissue mast cell hyperplasia. (logicalimages.com)
- WHO classified four major subtypes of extracutaneous systemic mastocytosis: (1) indolent systemic mastocytosis, (2) systemic mastocytosis with associated clonal hematologic non-mast cell lineage disease (SM-AHNMD), (3) aggressive systemic mastocytosis, and (4) mast cell leukemia . (logicalimages.com)
- Aggressive systemic mastocytosis, in which there is organ destruction from a mast cell infiltrate, is rare and should promote investigation for mast cell leukemia or other hematologic disorders such as myelodysplastic syndromes, myeloproliferative or myelodysplastic disorders, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic myeloproliferative neoplasia. (logicalimages.com)
- Mast cell leukemia is seen in two-thirds of patients with aggressive systemic mastocytosis and portends rapid progression that could potentially result in multi-organ failure. (logicalimages.com)
- Mast cell activation syndrome - The more recently termed mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) describes patients who have multiple mast cell mediator-induced symptoms that do not meet the WHO criteria (see Best Tests) for diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis when other underlying diseases have been excluded. (logicalimages.com)
- Mastocytosis is mast cell proliferation with infiltration of skin or other tissues and organs. (msdmanuals.com)
- Mastocytosis is a group of disorders characterized by proliferation of mast cells and infiltration of the skin, other organs, or both. (msdmanuals.com)
- Etiology in many cases of mastocytosis involves an activating mutation (D816V) in the gene coding for the stem cell factor receptor c-kit, which is present on mast cells. (msdmanuals.com)
- Less common are diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis, which is skin infiltration without discrete lesions, and mastocytoma, which is a large (1 to 5 cm) solitary collection of mast cells. (msdmanuals.com)
- The Apex clinical trial is evaluating an investigational medication for the treatment of adults, 18 years of age and older, with Advanced Systemic Mastocytosis (AdvSM), a rare, aggressive, life-threatening disease caused by the abnormal accumulation of mast cells in different organs, primarily in skin and bone marrow. (mastocytosistrials.com)
- Tryptase levels of 11.5 ng/mL or greater are indicative of either mast cell activation (as in anaphylaxis) or increased total mast cell levels (as in mastocytosis). (medscape.com)
Tumors5
- Synergistic roles of granzymes A and B in mediating target cell death by rat basophilic leukemia mast cell tumors also expressing cytolysin/perforin. (rupress.org)
- Mast cell tumors are the most common in dogs. (oncolink.org)
- Since actively dividing cells are more sensitive to DNA damage and damage to cellular processes, chemotherapy is more effective in rapidly growing tumors. (dvm360.com)
- Consequently, larger tumors are more likely to contain resistant tumor cells so we should use multiple effective drugs when the smallest about of disease is present to kill cells before resistance develops. (dvm360.com)
- Mast cell tumors. (unavets.com)
Histamine9
- These former symptoms are due to release of a substance called histamine from neoplastic mast cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Plasma and urinary histamine levels are frequently elevated in mast cell leukemia. (wikipedia.org)
- Stabilize mast cell release of histamine with quercetin and vitamin C. (hoffmancentre.com)
- Stress can activate your mast cells and cause them to release mediators like histamine. (hoffmancentre.com)
- Another great resource for dealing with histamine and MCAS using a mast cell activation syndrome diet and exercise is through Yasmina Ykelestam at Healing Histamine . (hoffmancentre.com)
- Brain "fog" may be due to inflammatory molecules, including adipocytokines and histamine released from mast cells (MCs) further stimulating microglia activation, and causing focal brain inflammation (3). (aad.org)
- By focusing on mast cells, which Siracusa called 'buckets of histamine' that are the body's main driver of allergic inflammation, a theoretically therapeutic, at-home remedy could cut off allergy and asthma symptoms at their source. (wobm.com)
- Pathology results mainly from release of mast cell mediators, including histamine, heparin , leukotrienes, and various inflammatory cytokines. (msdmanuals.com)
- Darier's sign is caused by direct release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from the excessive collection of mast cells within the affected skin. (pediagenosis.com)
Myeloid5
- Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a type of blood cancer that arises from malignant changes in blood-forming cells of the bone marrow. (myscience.org)
- These cells can turn into either a myeloid stem cell or a lymphoid stem cell. (healthline.com)
- Myeloid stem cells mature into red blood cells, platelets, or one of many types of white blood cell called granulocytes. (healthline.com)
- Leukemias affecting these cells are called myeloid leukemias. (healthline.com)
- The classic myeloproliferative neoplasms, including chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), are a phenotypically diverse category of malignancies that are derived from stem cells in the myeloid lineage. (mhmedical.com)
Lymphoma4
- The most common cancers in cats are leukemia and lymphoma. (oncolink.org)
- Another useful antimetabolite is L-asparaginase, an enzyme that inhibits lymphoma cells with an absolute requirement for the pre-formed amino acid asparagine. (vin.com)
- L-asparaginase starves cancer cells without affecting normal cells, which are capable of making asparagine from other amino acids, whereas the lymphoma cells generally cannot. (vin.com)
- Leukemia and Lymphoma. (mssm.edu)
Clonal2
- The somatic mutation occurs initially in a single cell, which continues to grow and divide, producing a group of cells with the same mutation (a clonal population). (medlineplus.gov)
- Mast cell activation syndrome is increased and inappropriate activation of mast cells without clonal proliferation. (msdmanuals.com)
Less than 102
- If the mast cells represent less than 10% of blood cells, the tumor is called "aleukemic" mast cell leukemia. (wikipedia.org)
- Pancytopenia can occur and may explain instances in which peripheral mast cells comprise less than 10% of the differential. (logicalimages.com)
Tryptase11
- Mast cell tryptase is an enzyme contained in mast cell granules. (wikipedia.org)
- Mast cell numbers are best estimated by tryptase immunostaining because very poorly granulated cells may stain very weakly if at all for alpha-naphthol chloroacetate esterase. (wikipedia.org)
- Total serum tryptase is elevated in mast cell leukemia. (wikipedia.org)
- Normal total (alpha + beta) serum tryptase is approximately 6 micro g/L (range 0 to 11 micro g/L). Values of several hundred micro g/L are characteristic of mast cell leukemia. (wikipedia.org)
- On the other hand, patients with increased concentrations of tryptase, a lead enzyme of mast cells, also had increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in their blood. (myscience.org)
- People with PDGFRA -associated chronic eosinophilic leukemia can also have an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) and elevated levels of certain chemicals called vitamin B12 and tryptase in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
- The median best percentage changes in bone marrow mast-cell burden and serum tryptase level were -59% and -58%, respectively. (uni-koeln.de)
- As such, determinations of tryptase levels are contingent on both the size and activation status of an individual's mast cell population but is not informative of the specific contribution of either of these factors. (medscape.com)
- Tryptase is a trypsin-like proteinase that is found most abundantly in mast cells and basophils, with the former containing almost 300 times more tryptase. (medscape.com)
- 8] As such, tryptase is specific to mast cell granules and can provide information about mast cell number, distribution, and activation depending on the clinical context. (medscape.com)
- Of the four isoenzymes, beta tryptase is the predominant form stored in the mast cell granule where it is complexed as a tetramer stabilized by proteoglycans namely heparin. (medscape.com)
Mediators1
- Upon activation, mast cells release these mediators , resulting in localised itching, swelling, redness and sometimes blistering of the skin. (dermnetnz.org)
Chronic12
- HCL-V affects B cells, so it's classified as a chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). (healthline.com)
- It's a chronic form of leukemia, meaning it's typically a more slowly developing form of the disease. (healthline.com)
- However, these circumstances do not account for the increased number of eosinophils in PDGFRA -associated chronic eosinophilic leukemia. (medlineplus.gov)
- Another characteristic feature of PDGFRA -associated chronic eosinophilic leukemia is organ damage caused by the excess eosinophils. (medlineplus.gov)
- Some people with PDGFRA -associated chronic eosinophilic leukemia have an increased number of other types of white blood cells, such as neutrophils or mast cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- PDGFRA -associated chronic eosinophilic leukemia is often grouped with a related condition called hypereosinophilic syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
- PDGFRA -associated chronic eosinophilic leukemia is caused by mutations in the PDGFRA gene. (medlineplus.gov)
- The most common genetic abnormality in PDGFRA -associated chronic eosinophilic leukemia results from a deletion of genetic material from chromosome 4 , which brings together part of the PDGFRA gene and part of the FIP1L1 gene, creating the FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion gene. (medlineplus.gov)
- When the FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion gene mutation or point mutations in the PDGFRA gene occur in blood cell precursors, the growth of eosinophils (and occasionally other blood cells, such as neutrophils and mast cells) is poorly controlled, leading to PDGFRA -associated chronic eosinophilic leukemia. (medlineplus.gov)
- the former constitutes the topic of this chapter and includes chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). (mhmedical.com)
- A pathobiological role of the insulin receptor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (southernbiotech.com)
- Sustained signaling through the B-cell receptor induces Mcl-1 and promotes survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. (southernbiotech.com)
Disease10
- Cancer is a disease that results from the uncontrolled growth of cells in the body. (oncolink.org)
- Healthy white blood cells come in many types that all work together to help fight infections and disease. (healthline.com)
- Mast cell disease is an uncommon condition that has many clinical variants and subtypes. (pediagenosis.com)
- Most mast cell disease is caused by an abnormality in the c-kit gene (KIT) . (pediagenosis.com)
- The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a simplified classification system for mast cell disease (see box to right ). (pediagenosis.com)
- Solitary mastocytoma is one of the most common of all the mast cell disease types. (pediagenosis.com)
- it has been reported to be the most common variant of mast cell disease. (pediagenosis.com)
- Telangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans is a less commonly seen variant of mast cell disease. (pediagenosis.com)
- The histological features depend on the form of mast cell disease. (pediagenosis.com)
- Mast cell disease is caused by a mutation in the KIT gene. (pediagenosis.com)
Proliferation of mast cells2
- SM is a rare, genetic condition characterized by the frenzied and uncontrollable activation and proliferation of mast cells, a type of white blood cell. (biospace.com)
- In this way, Ayvakit suppresses the proliferation of mast cells bearing the D816V mutation. (biospace.com)
Urticaria pigmentosa2
- The typical cutaneous mast cell infiltrates of urticaria pigmentosa are usually not present before, during, or after diagnosis in patients who have mast cell leukemia. (wikipedia.org)
- Most patients present with urticaria pigmentosa, a local or diffusely distributed salmon or brown maculopapular rash caused by multiple small mast cell collections. (msdmanuals.com)
Infiltrate1
- 2 To make the diagnosis of SM, bone marrow histology must show, by definition, at least one compact or dense mast cell (MC) infiltrate. (bmj.com)
Diagnosis1
- This sign, called Darier's sign, can be used in any of the cutaneous mast cell diseases to help make the diagnosis. (pediagenosis.com)
Lymphocytic1
- The lymphocytic clusters in SM contained nearly equal numbers of mature T and B cells, the latter with no coexpression of aberrant antigens, such as CD5 or CD23. (bmj.com)
Spleen1
- Moreover, these animals did not develop splenomegaly, a pathological enlargement of the spleen frequently observed in leukemias. (myscience.org)
Bone9
- First, the researchers found an unusually high number of mast cells in the bone marrow of mice showing leukemia symptoms. (myscience.org)
- With the help of the partners, the findings from the animal model could finally be supported by clinical data from CML patients: On the one hand, it was shown that patients with severe splenomegaly often have an increased number of mast cells in their bone marrow. (myscience.org)
- However, it is often not possible to eliminate all maligant cells with these drugs, especially the leukemia stem cells in the bone marrow, which is why lifelong treatment is necessary. (myscience.org)
- Leukemia is a form of cancer that affects your blood cells, bone marrow, and other related tissues. (healthline.com)
- Your bone marrow contains blood stem cells. (healthline.com)
- White blood cells form in the bone marrow and help your body fight infection. (rxwiki.com)
- In leukemia, the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells. (rxwiki.com)
- It is defined as greater than or equal to 20% mast cells in bone marrow smears and by circulating mast cells, often greater than or equal to 10% in peripheral smears. (logicalimages.com)
- It is important to recall that mast cells are derived from the bone marrow and share certain things in common with other hematopoietic cells. (pediagenosis.com)
Symptoms3
- What are the symptoms of hairy cell leukemia-variant? (healthline.com)
- Living with Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS) usually results in widespread mast cell activation syndrome symptoms that are seemingly unrelated. (hoffmancentre.com)
- In a majority of cases, the pathophysiology of these symptoms is not known but could be linked to mast cell infiltration, mast cell mediator release, or both. (aad.org)
20231
- ABL1 induced splenomegaly and cytokine elevation in a CML mouse model, Leukemia (2023). (myscience.org)
Cytokine3
- Effects of hematopoietic stem cell adhesion on marrow stromal cell cytokine p. (rochester.edu)
- Upon activation by its cytokine ligand, stem cell factor (SCF), this protein phosphorylates multiple intracellular proteins that play a role in in the proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis of many cell types and thereby plays an important role in hematopoiesis, stem cell maintenance, gametogenesis, melanogenesis, and in mast cell development, migration and function. (nih.gov)
- IL9 was originally identified as a cytokine found in the conditioned medium of a human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLVI) transformed T-cell line. (goldbio.com)
Neoplasms1
- Ayvakit is already approved for advanced SM, SM with associated hematological neoplasms, aggressive SM, mast cell leukemia and unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. (biospace.com)
Human mast cells2
- Our results suggest that human mast cells may be a source of multiple chemokines, that glucocorticoids may inhibit the expression of only a subset of these chemokines, and that mast cells and T-cell chemokine expression may occur via distinct regulatory pathways. (duke.edu)
- Human endothelial cells regulate survival and proliferation of human mast cells. (southernbiotech.com)
Sarcoma1
- Other systemic forms have been reported, such as mast cell sarcoma, and carry a poor prognosis. (pediagenosis.com)
Malignant1
- Malignant mast cells overexpress the anti-apoptosis gene, bcl-2. (wikipedia.org)
Activation2
- In Section II, Dr. James Griffin reviews the mechanisms that lead to activation of tyrosine kinases by mutations in AML, the consequences of that activation for the cell, and the opportunities for targeted therapy and discusses some examples of developing novel drugs (tyrosine kinase inhibitors) and their effectiveness in AML (FLT3). (ashpublications.org)
- M cell maturation and cDC activation determine the onset of adaptive immune priming in the neonatal Peyer's patch. (costalab.org)
Receptor4
- The PDGFRA gene provides instructions for making a receptor protein that is found in the cell membrane of certain cell types. (medlineplus.gov)
- The result is autophosphorylation of the receptor, which causes uncontrolled mast cell proliferation. (msdmanuals.com)
- KIT is a protooncogene that encodes a protein called stem cell factor receptor (SCFR). (pediagenosis.com)
- This receptor is prominent in two skin cell types, mast cells and melanocytes. (pediagenosis.com)
Granules3
- Cytochemical properties of the leukemic cells must be typical of mast cell derivation (presence of metachromatic granules staining with alpha-naphthyl chloroacetate esterase, but not with peroxidase). (wikipedia.org)
- On direct stimulation such as scratching or rubbing, the mast cells automatically release the contents of their granules. (pediagenosis.com)
- Main storage form found in mast cell granules. (medscape.com)
Tumor7
- With tumor targets, RBL cells expressing cytolysin alone were weakly cytotoxic, but both cytolytic and nucleolytic activity were enhanced by coexpression of granzyme B. RBL cells expressing all three CTL granule components showed still higher cytotoxic activities, with apoptotic target death. (rupress.org)
- As the tumor becomes larger, the growth fraction (percentage of cells that are actively dividing) decreases. (dvm360.com)
- A tumor is detectable (1 cm diameter) at about 109 cells. (dvm360.com)
- As a tumor grows, these mutations can make the cells resistant to chemotherapy, even without exposure to chemotherapy. (dvm360.com)
- Each dose of chemotherapy kills a constant fraction of the tumor cells. (dvm360.com)
- This hypothesis suggests that it is impossible for chemotherapy to eradicate all tumor cells and that we should treat with the highest tolerated doses (that are safe) given as frequently as is safe for the patient. (dvm360.com)
- In other cases, chemotherapy is used to fight the remaining cancer cells when a tumor cannot be completely removed with surgery. (unavets.com)
Stem cell7
- Stem cell transplantation is an option, although no experience exists concerning responses and outcome. (wikipedia.org)
- Effects of oxygen metabolites/chemokines on hematopoietic stem cell expansion and preservation. (rochester.edu)
- GCNA is a histone binding protein required for spermatogonial stem cell maintenance. (axonmedchem.com)
- The related coactivator complexes SAGA and ATAC control embryonic stem cell self-renewal through acetyltransferase-independent mechanisms. (axonmedchem.com)
- A Prospective, Multicenter Study on Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Mobilization with Cyclophosphamide Plus Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and 'On-Demand' Plerixafor in Multiple Myeloma Patients Treated with Novel. (stemcellsciencenews.com)
- EMBO Journal] The authors provide an in-depth review of the metabolic and epigenetic interplay regulating hematopoietic stem cell fate, and discuss the influence of metabolic stress stimuli, as well as alterations occurring during leukemic development. (stemcellsciencenews.com)
- These CD proteins bind to a factor called stem cell factor, thus, enabling certain cells to grow. (flebo.in)
Progenitor cell2
- IL-3Rα is expressed on hematopoietic progenitors and plays an important role in hematopoietic progenitor cell growth and differentiation. (bdbiosciences.com)
- What we're looking at is actually targeting a specific molecule in a progenitor cell that turns into a mast cell, which we believe we can do with just essentially an oral tablet,' Siracusa said. (wobm.com)
Solitary1
- These solitary mast cell collections almost always spontaneously resolve with no sequelae. (pediagenosis.com)
Inflammation3
- In this context, mast cells release inflammation inducing messenger molecules, so-called proinflammatory cytokines, which are crucial for the immune response. (myscience.org)
- These cells help fight infections by certain parasites and are involved in the inflammation associated with allergic reactions. (medlineplus.gov)
- It plays important roles in cell growth and differentiation, angiogenesis, inflammation and immunity, and cytoskeletal regulation. (umbc.edu)
Differentiation3
- Stability of Imprinting and Differentiation Capacity in Naïve Human Cells Induced by Chemical Inhibition of CDK8 and CDK19. (axonmedchem.com)
- A lncRNA identifies Irf8 enhancer element in negative feedback control of dendritic cell differentiation. (costalab.org)
- 1. Harriman GR, Kunimoto DY, Elliott JF, Paetkau V, Strober W. The role of IL-5 in IgA B cell differentiation. (southernbiotech.com)
Feline2
- No notable abnormalities were present on thoracic radiograph, abdominal ultrasonograph, urinalysis, and tests for feline leukemia and immunodeficiency virus. (cdc.gov)
- Cellular segregation of feline leukemia provirus and viral RNA in leukocyte subsets of long-term experimentally infected cats. (southernbiotech.com)
Basophilic1
- We have studied the cytotoxic activity of rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells transfected with cDNAs for the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) granule components, cytolysin (perforin), granzyme A, and granzyme B. With red cell targets, cytolysin expression conferred potent hemolytic activity, which was not influenced by coexpression of granzymes. (rupress.org)
Neutrophils1
- Histopathologic findings demonstrated ulcers and dermal granulation tissue with linearly arranged eosinophils, mast cells, neutrophils, and plasma cells between dense, homogeneous collagen bundles (sclerosing dermatitis). (cdc.gov)
Dermal1
- In a murine model of cGVHD after allo-HSCT, C57BL/6J recipients of allogeneic LP/J donor cells develop sclerodermatous dermal cGVHD which is significantly decreased in mast cell-deficient B6.Cg-Kit W−sh/ HNihrJaeBsmGlliJ recipients. (uky.edu)
Gene3
- Genetic rearrangements and point mutations affecting the PDGFRA gene are somatic mutations, which are mutations acquired during a person's lifetime that are present only in certain cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- scMEGA: single-cell multi-omic enhancer-based gene regulatory network inference. (costalab.org)
- Interleukin-9 (IL9) is encoded by the IL9 gene and is produced by T-cells and specifically by CD4+ helper cells. (goldbio.com)
CD1172
- CD117 is a protein that is found on the surface of certain cells. (flebo.in)
- CD117 immunostaining also stains mast cells. (pediagenosis.com)
Clinical1
- Leukemia Society of America, Clinical Scholar Award. (rochester.edu)
Liver1
- Regular blood tests are required to check your blood cells along with kidney, liver and heart function during treatment with this medicine. (fedeltyhealth.com)
Neoplastic1
- In contrast, B cells from immunocytomas showed light chain restriction and monoclonal rearrangement for IgH, confirming their neoplastic nature. (bmj.com)
Eosinophils1
- characterized by an elevated number of cells called eosinophils in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
Perivascular1
- Using confocal intravital microscopy, investigators observed directed abluminal neutrophil motility along pericyte processes towards perivascular mast cells, a response that created neutrophil extravasation hotspots. (stemcellsciencenews.com)
Signal transduction1
- For the study, the team collaborated with Tilman Brummer , Professor for Signal Transduction and Medical Cell Research at the University of Freiburg, Dr. Khalid Shoumariyeh and Heiko Becker from the University Medical Center Freiburg, and Dr. Mirle Schemionek-Reinders and Michael Huber from the University Medical Center Aachen. (myscience.org)
Macrophages2
- It is also expressed by mast cells, macrophages and a CD5+ B cell subset. (bdbiosciences.com)
- 14. Zizzo G, Hilliard BA, Monestier M, Cohen PL. Efficient clearance of early apoptotic cells by human macrophages requires M2c polarization and MerTK induction. (southernbiotech.com)