Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.
Single or multiple areas of PUS due to infection by any ameboid protozoa (AMEBIASIS). A common form is caused by the ingestion of ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA.
Single or multiple areas of PUS due to bacterial infection within the hepatic parenchyma. It can be caused by a variety of BACTERIA, local or disseminated from infections elsewhere such as in APPENDICITIS; CHOLECYSTITIS; PERITONITIS; and after LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)
A species of parasitic protozoa causing ENTAMOEBIASIS and amebic dysentery (DYSENTERY, AMEBIC). Characteristics include a single nucleus containing a small central karyosome and peripheral chromatin that is finely and regularly beaded.
An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A species of gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacteria isolated from the natural cavities of man and other animals and from necrotic lesions, abscesses, and blood.
Infection with amoebae of the genus ENTAMOEBA. Infection with E. histolytica causes DYSENTERY, AMEBIC and LIVER ABSCESS, AMEBIC.
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.
The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.
Infection of the LIVER with species of MYCOBACTERIUM, most often MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS. It is characterized by localized small tuberculous miliary lesions or tumor-like mass (TUBERCULOMA), and abnormalities in liver function tests.
A pathologic process consisting in the formation of pus.
Circumscribed collections of suppurative material occurring in the spinal or intracranial EPIDURAL SPACE. The majority of epidural abscesses occur in the spinal canal and are associated with OSTEOMYELITIS of a vertebral body; ANALGESIA, EPIDURAL; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include local and radicular pain, weakness, sensory loss, URINARY INCONTINENCE, and FECAL INCONTINENCE. Cranial epidural abscesses are usually associated with OSTEOMYELITIS of a cranial bone, SINUSITIS, or OTITIS MEDIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p710 and pp1240-1; J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 Aug;65(2):209-12)
Gram-negative, non-motile, capsulated, gas-producing rods found widely in nature and associated with urinary and respiratory infections in humans.
Abscess of the PSOAS MUSCLES resulting usually from disease of the lumbar vertebrae, with the pus descending into the muscle sheath. The infection is most commonly tuberculous or staphylococcal.
Infections with bacteria of the genus FUSOBACTERIUM.
Pathological processes of the LIVER.
DYSENTERY caused by intestinal amebic infection, chiefly with ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA. This condition may be associated with amebic infection of the LIVER and other distant sites.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.
The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.
Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.
Macrolide antibiotic obtained from cultures of Streptomyces fradiae. The drug is effective against many microorganisms in animals but not in humans.
Agents which are destructive to amebae, especially the parasitic species causing AMEBIASIS in man and animal.
Acute or chronic inflammation of tissues surrounding the apical portion of a tooth, associated with the collection of pus, resulting from infection following pulp infection through a carious lesion or as a result of an injury causing pulp necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
An accumulation of purulent material in the space between the PHARYNX and the CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. This usually results from SUPPURATION of retropharyngeal LYMPH NODES in patients with UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS, perforation of the pharynx, or head and neck injuries.
Accumulation of purulent EXUDATES beneath the DIAPHRAGM, also known as upper abdominal abscess. It is usually associated with PERITONITIS or postoperative infections.
A species of EDWARDSIELLA distinguished by its hydrogen sulfide production. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed).
Closed vesicles of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum created when liver cells or tissue are disrupted by homogenization. They may be smooth or rough.
Repair or renewal of hepatic tissue.
An accumulation of purulent material in the area between the PALATINE TONSIL and its capsule.
Radiographic visualization of the body between the thorax and the pelvis, i.e., within the peritoneal cavity.
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.
Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.
A genus of ameboid protozoa characterized by the presence of beaded chromatin on the inner surface of the nuclear membrane. Its organisms are parasitic in invertebrates and vertebrates, including humans.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.
A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in cavities of humans and other animals. No endospores are formed. Some species are pathogenic and occur in various purulent or gangrenous infections.
Cells or feeding stage in the life cycle of sporozoan protozoa. In the malarial parasite, the trophozoite develops from the MEROZOITE and then splits into the SCHIZONT. Trophozoites that are left over from cell division can go on to form gametocytes.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOMYCES.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Taiwan" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is a country located in East Asia. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medical terms, I would be happy to help with those!
Localized circumscribed purulent area of inflammation in the periodontal tissue. It is a derivative of marginal periodontitis and commonly associated with suprabony and infrabony pockets and interradicular involvements, in contrast to periapical abscess which is attributable to pulp necrosis.
A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.
Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.
Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
A disease of the horny parts and of the adjacent soft structures of the feet of cattle, swine, and sheep. It is usually caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes or Bacteroides nodosus (see DICHELOBACTER NODOSUS). It is also known as interdigital necrobacillosis. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 18th ed)
Substances that are destructive to protozoans.
The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure.
Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.
Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.
One of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names world-wide.
Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.

Amebic liver abscess: epidemiology, clinical features, and outcome. (1/176)

Amebic liver abscess (ALA) is a serious, but readily treatable form of hepatic infection. In order to understand the clinical features of this condition in the United States, we reviewed the medical histories of 56 patients with ALA at two large San Francisco Hospitals from 1979 to 1994. Patients were divided into the following groups based on the presumed manner in which they had acquired ALA: those born or raised in the United States, with a history of travel to an endemic area (Tr-ALA); those from an endemic area, but living in the United States for less than one year (En-ALA); and those neither from nor having traveled to an endemic area (N-ALA). We found distinct clinical patterns in patients from different epidemiological groups. Patients with Tr-ALA were a decade older than those from endemic regions, were more likely to be male, and tended to have an insidious onset. Furthermore, compared to patients with En-ALA, those with Tr-ALA were more likely to have hepatomegaly (P < 0.0001) and large abscesses (ALA > 10 cm; P < 0.01). One third of the patients studied had no associated travel history or endemic origin as risk factors. Of these, 63% had a condition consistent with severe immunosuppression, such as infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malnourishment with severe hypoalbuminemia, or chronic infection. In patients with N-ALA, the presence of a presumed immunosuppressed state increased significantly, as compared to patients with endemic or travel risk factors for ALA. During the last five years of the study, one third of all patients diagnosed with ALA were HIV positive (including 2 with a new diagnosis of AIDS), many of whom were discovered to be HIV-infected only after presentation with ALA. We conclude that travel to and origin in an endemic area are important risk factors for the development of ALA, and patients in these different epidemiological groups appear to have distinct clinical features. Further, in the absence of recognized risk factors, the development of ALA may suggest an immunocompromised host.  (+info)

Characterization of YS-27, an axenic Korean strain of Entamoeba histolytica. (2/176)

Characterization of YS-27, an axenic Entamoeba strain, was performed by three different laboratory methods. Zymodeme analysis using starch gel electrophoresis and PCR with species-specific primers showed that YS-27 is a pathogenic Entamoeba which belongs to the group II zymodeme. Pathogenicity of YS-27 was further confirmed by observing the formation of liver abscess in Mongolian gerbils. These results showed that YS-27 is E. hisolytica.  (+info)

Preparation of recombinant human monoclonal antibody Fab fragments specific for Entamoeba histolytica. (3/176)

Genes coding for human antibody Fab fragments specific for Entamoeba histolytica were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Lymphocytes were separated from the peripheral blood of a patient with an amebic liver abscess. Poly(A)+ RNA was isolated from the lymphocytes, and then genes coding for the light chain and Fd region of the heavy chain were amplified by a reverse transcriptase PCR. The amplified DNA fragments were ligated with a plasmid vector and were introduced into Escherichia coli. Three thousand colonies were screened for the production of antibodies to E. histolytica HM-1:IMSS by an indirect fluorescence-antibody (IFA) test. Lysates from five Escherichia coli clones were positive. Analysis of the DNA sequences of the five clones showed that three of the five heavy-chain sequences and four of the five light-chain sequences differed from each other. When the reactivities of the Escherichia coli lysates to nine reference strains of E. histolytica were examined by the IFA test, three Fab fragments with different DNA sequences were found to react with all nine strains and another Fab fragment was found to react with seven strains. None of the four human monoclonal antibody Fab fragments reacted with Entamoeba dispar reference strains or with other enteric protozoan parasites. These results indicate that the bacterial expression system reported here is effective for the production of human monoclonal antibodies specific for E. histolytica. The recombinant human monoclonal antibody Fab fragments may be applicable for distinguishing E. histolytica from E. dispar and for use in the serodiagnosis of amebiasis.  (+info)

Serum from Entamoeba histolytica-infected gerbils selectively suppresses T cell proliferation by inhibiting interleukin-2 production. (4/176)

Suppression of T and B cell responses during invasive amebiasis may be serum mediated. The mechanism of serum-mediated suppression of spleen cell lymphoproliferation from gerbils with amebic liver abscess was examined. Compared with uninfected gerbil serum (10%), serum samples collected at days 10, 30, and 60, but not at day 20 after infection, augmented both concanavalin A (Con A; T cell mitogen)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS; B cell mitogen)-induced proliferation of homologous spleen cells. Only day 20 serum (>5%) inhibited Con A- but not LPS-induced proliferation of spleen cells from uninfected gerbils. The suppressive mechanism was independent of nitric oxide and prostaglandin but involved reduced interleukin (IL)-2 production. Addition of exogenous IL-2 reversed the suppressive effect of day 20 serum on Con A-stimulated proliferation. These results identify a mechanism whereby serum may contribute to transient suppression of T cell responses during Entamoeba histolytica infections.  (+info)

Co-agglutination test for the detection of circulating antigen in amebic liver abscess. (5/176)

We report here a simple and economical slide agglutination test, the co-agglutination (Co-A) test, for the detection of circulating amebic antigen in sera for the diagnosis of amebic liver abscess. Fifty serum specimens from cases of amebic liver abscess, 25 from other individuals with parasitic and miscellaneous infections, and 25 from healthy controls were tested for the presence of serum antigen by the Co-A test. Forty-five (90%) amebic liver abscess sera were found to be amebic-antigen positive by the Co-A test. None of 25 sera from healthy controls were positive for the antigen. However, false-positive results were seen with two sera from those with other parasitic and miscellaneous infection controls. These results show that the Co-A test can be used as a sensitive and specific rapid slide agglutination test for the detection of amebic antigen in the sera for diagnosis of cases of amebic liver abscess in a routine parasitology laboratory.  (+info)

Innate immunity to amebic liver abscess is dependent on gamma interferon and nitric oxide in a murine model of disease. (6/176)

Evidence from in vitro studies suggests that gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and nitric oxide (NO) are important in host defense against the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. We used SCID mice with targeted disruption of the IFN-gamma receptor gene and mice with targeted disruption of the gene encoding inducible NO synthase to show that IFN-gamma plays a role in the innate immunity to amebic liver abscess seen in SCID mice while NO is required for control of amebic liver abscess in immunocompetent mice.  (+info)

Diagnosis of invasive amebiasis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of saliva to detect amebic lectin antigen and anti-lectin immunoglobulin G antibodies. (7/176)

Saliva from subjects with amebic liver abscess (ALA), acute amebic colitis, asymptomatic infection with Entamoeba histolytica or Entamoeba dispar, and uninfected controls was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of E. histolytica galactose-inhibitable lectin antigen and salivary immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies to a recombinant cysteine-rich lectin-derived protein (LC3). Salivary lectin antigen was found in 65.8% of subjects with acute colitis, compared to 22.2% of those convalescent from ALA, 10.0% with asymptomatic E. histolytica infection, 9.8% with E. dispar infection, and 2.6% of controls (subjects from the United States and study patients with nonamebic diarrhea) (P < 0.001 for each compared to values for subjects with colitis). Salivary anti-LC3 IgG antibodies were found in 92% of ALA patients regardless of duration of illness and in 83.3% of colitis patients who were symptomatic for at least 7 days (P < 0.001 compared to other study groups). Serum anti-LC3 IgG antibodies were detected in 56.3% of subjects with acute colitis, 100% of subjects with ALA or prolonged colitis, 45% of subjects with asymptomatic E. histolytica infection, 32.3% of subjects with E. dispar infection, and 23.4% of diarrhea controls. In comparison to ELISA for serum anti-LC3 IgG antibodies, the salivary lectin antigen assay is a more sensitive and specific test for acute amebic colitis. Detection of salivary anti-LC3 IgG antibodies by ELISA is an effective means for the diagnosis of ALA and prolonged cases of amebic colitis.  (+info)

Protection of gerbils from amebic liver abscess by vaccination with a 25-mer peptide derived from the cysteine-rich region of Entamoeba histolytica galactose-specific adherence lectin. (8/176)

The protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica causes extensive morbidity and mortality through intestinal infection and amebic liver abscess. Here we show that immunization of gerbils with a single keyhole limpet hemocyanin-coupled 25-mer peptide derived from the 170-kDa subunit of the E. histolytica galactose-binding adhesin is sufficient to confer substantial protection against experimentally induced amebic liver abscesses. Vaccination provided total protection in 5 of 15 immunized gerbils, and abscesses were significantly smaller (P < 0.01) in the remaining vaccinated animals. The degree of protection correlated with the titer of antibodies to the peptide, and results of passive transfer experiments performed with SCID mice were consistent with a role for antibodies in protection. In addition, parenteral or oral vaccination of gerbils with 13-amino-acid subfragments of the peptide N-terminally fused to the B subunit of cholera toxin also significantly inhibited liver abscess formation (P < 0.05). These data indicate that small peptides derived from the galactose-binding adhesin administered by the parenteral or oral route can provide protection against amebic liver abscess and should be considered as components of a subunit vaccine against invasive amoebiasis.  (+info)

A liver abscess is a localized collection of pus within the liver tissue caused by an infection. It can result from various sources such as bacterial or amebic infections that spread through the bloodstream, bile ducts, or directly from nearby organs. The abscess may cause symptoms like fever, pain in the upper right abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. If left untreated, a liver abscess can lead to serious complications, including sepsis and organ failure. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests like ultrasound or CT scan, followed by drainage of the pus and antibiotic treatment.

Amebic liver abscess is a medical condition characterized by the presence of a pus-filled cavity (abscess) in the liver caused by the infection of the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica. This parasite typically enters the body through contaminated food or water and makes its way to the liver, where it can cause tissue damage and abscess formation. The abscess is usually solitary and contains necrotic debris and inflammatory cells, primarily composed of neutrophils. Symptoms may include fever, right upper quadrant pain, and tender hepatomegaly (enlarged liver). If left untreated, amebic liver abscess can lead to serious complications such as perforation of the liver, bacterial superinfection, or spread of the infection to other organs.

A pyogenic liver abscess is a localized collection of pus within the liver parenchyma caused by an infectious process. It's typically characterized by the presence of a purulent material, which can be composed of white blood cells (neutrophils), necrotic debris, and microorganisms. The infection usually spreads to the liver through the hepatic blood vessels from a primary focus of infection elsewhere in the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, or dental sources.

The most common causative organisms are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus species; however, anaerobes and fungi can also be responsible in certain populations. The clinical presentation of pyogenic liver abscess may include fever, chills, right upper quadrant abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and signs of systemic infection. Diagnosis is usually confirmed with imaging techniques such as ultrasound or CT scan, followed by aspiration and culture of the pus for identification of the causative organism(s) and antibiogram-guided antimicrobial therapy. Drainage of the abscess, either percutaneously or surgically, might be required in specific cases to ensure resolution and prevent recurrence.

An abscess is a localized collection of pus caused by an infection. It is typically characterized by inflammation, redness, warmth, pain, and swelling in the affected area. Abscesses can form in various parts of the body, including the skin, teeth, lungs, brain, and abdominal organs. They are usually treated with antibiotics to eliminate the infection and may require drainage if they are large or located in a critical area. If left untreated, an abscess can lead to serious complications such as sepsis or organ failure.

A brain abscess is a localized collection of pus in the brain that is caused by an infection. It can develop as a result of a bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection that spreads to the brain from another part of the body or from an infection that starts in the brain itself (such as from a head injury or surgery).

The symptoms of a brain abscess may include headache, fever, confusion, seizures, weakness or numbness on one side of the body, and changes in vision, speech, or behavior. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to treat the infection, as well as surgical drainage of the abscess to relieve pressure on the brain.

It is a serious medical condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent potentially life-threatening complications such as brain herniation or permanent neurological damage.

'Entamoeba histolytica' is a species of microscopic, single-celled protozoan parasites that can cause a range of human health problems, primarily in the form of intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. The medical definition of 'Entamoeba histolytica' is as follows:

Entamoeba histolytica: A species of pathogenic protozoan parasites belonging to the family Entamoebidae, order Amoebida, and phylum Sarcomastigophora. These microorganisms are typically found in the form of cysts or trophozoites and can infect humans through the ingestion of contaminated food, water, or feces.

Once inside the human body, 'Entamoeba histolytica' parasites can colonize the large intestine, where they may cause a range of symptoms, from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery, depending on the individual's immune response and the location of the infection. In some cases, these parasites can also invade other organs, such as the liver, lungs, or brain, leading to more serious health complications.

The life cycle of 'Entamoeba histolytica' involves two main stages: the cyst stage and the trophozoite stage. The cysts are the infective form, which can be transmitted from person to person through fecal-oral contact or by ingesting contaminated food or water. Once inside the human body, these cysts excyst in the small intestine, releasing the motile and feeding trophozoites.

The trophozoites then migrate to the large intestine, where they can multiply by binary fission and cause tissue damage through their ability to phagocytize host cells and release cytotoxic substances. Some of these trophozoites may transform back into cysts, which are excreted in feces and can then infect other individuals.

Diagnosis of 'Entamoeba histolytica' infection typically involves the examination of stool samples for the presence of cysts or trophozoites, as well as serological tests to detect antibodies against the parasite. Treatment usually involves the use of antiparasitic drugs such as metronidazole or tinidazole, which can kill the trophozoites and help to control the infection. However, it is important to note that these drugs do not affect the cysts, so proper sanitation and hygiene measures are crucial to prevent the spread of the parasite.

An abdominal abscess is a localized collection of pus in the abdominal cavity, caused by an infection. It can occur as a result of complications from surgery, trauma, or inflammatory conditions such as appendicitis or diverticulitis. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, fever, and tenderness at the site of the abscess. Abdominal abscesses can be serious and require medical treatment, which may include antibiotics, drainage of the abscess, or surgery.

Fusobacterium necrophorum is a gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore forming rod-shaped bacterium. It is a normal inhabitant of the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract and urogenital tract of humans and animals. However, it can cause various infections in humans, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems.

Fusobacterium necrophorum is well known for its association with severe clinical conditions such as Lemierre's syndrome, which is a rare but life-threatening condition characterized by septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and metastatic infections. It can also cause other suppurative infections including bronchitis, pneumonia, meningitis, brain abscesses, and septicemia. In addition, Fusobacterium necrophorum has been implicated in the pathogenesis of certain types of periodontal disease and is a significant cause of bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients.

Entamoebiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. It can affect various organs, but the most common site of infection is the large intestine (colon), leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, stomach pain, and cramping. In severe cases, it may cause invasive disease, including amoebic dysentery or extraintestinal infections like liver abscesses.

The life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica involves two stages: the infective cyst stage and the proliferative trophozoite stage. Transmission occurs through ingestion of contaminated food, water, or hands containing cysts. Once inside the human body, these cysts excyst in the small intestine, releasing trophozoites that colonize the large intestine and cause disease.

Entamoebiasis is more prevalent in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. Preventive measures include proper handwashing, safe food handling, and access to clean water. Treatment typically involves antiparasitic medications such as metronidazole or tinidazole.

A lung abscess is a localized collection of pus in the lung parenchyma caused by an infectious process, often due to bacterial infection. It's characterized by necrosis and liquefaction of pulmonary tissue, resulting in a cavity filled with purulent material. The condition can develop as a complication of community-acquired or nosocomial pneumonia, aspiration of oral secretions containing anaerobic bacteria, septic embolism, or contiguous spread from a nearby infected site.

Symptoms may include cough with foul-smelling sputum, chest pain, fever, weight loss, and fatigue. Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques such as chest X-ray or CT scan, along with microbiological examination of the sputum to identify the causative organism(s). Treatment often includes antibiotic therapy tailored to the identified pathogen(s), as well as supportive care such as bronchoscopy, drainage, or surgery in severe cases.

Klebsiella infections are caused by bacteria called Klebsiella spp., with the most common species being Klebsiella pneumoniae. These gram-negative, encapsulated bacilli are normal inhabitants of the human gastrointestinal tract and upper respiratory tract but can cause various types of infections when they spread to other body sites.

Commonly, Klebsiella infections include:

1. Pneumonia: This is a lung infection that can lead to symptoms like cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, and fever. It often affects people with weakened immune systems, chronic lung diseases, or those who are hospitalized.

2. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): Klebsiella can cause UTIs, particularly in individuals with compromised urinary tracts, such as catheterized patients or those with structural abnormalities. Symptoms may include pain, burning during urination, frequent urges to urinate, and lower abdominal or back pain.

3. Bloodstream infections (bacteremia/septicemia): When Klebsiella enters the bloodstream, it can cause bacteremia or septicemia, which can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening condition characterized by an overwhelming immune response to infection. Symptoms may include fever, chills, rapid heart rate, and rapid breathing.

4. Wound infections: Klebsiella can infect wounds, particularly in patients with open surgical wounds or traumatic injuries. Infected wounds may display redness, swelling, pain, pus discharge, and warmth.

5. Soft tissue infections: These include infections of the skin and underlying soft tissues, such as cellulitis and abscesses. Symptoms can range from localized redness, swelling, and pain to systemic symptoms like fever and malaise.

Klebsiella infections are increasingly becoming difficult to treat due to their resistance to multiple antibiotics, including carbapenems, which has led to the term "carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae" (CRE) or "carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae" (CRKP). These infections often require the use of last-resort antibiotics like colistin and tigecycline. Infection prevention measures, such as contact precautions, hand hygiene, and environmental cleaning, are crucial to controlling the spread of Klebsiella in healthcare settings.

Drainage, in medical terms, refers to the removal of excess fluid or accumulated collections of fluids from various body parts or spaces. This is typically accomplished through the use of medical devices such as catheters, tubes, or drains. The purpose of drainage can be to prevent the buildup of fluids that may cause discomfort, infection, or other complications, or to treat existing collections of fluid such as abscesses, hematomas, or pleural effusions. Drainage may also be used as a diagnostic tool to analyze the type and composition of the fluid being removed.

Hepatic tuberculosis (HTB) is a form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) that involves the liver. It can occur as a result of the spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a primary site of infection, usually the lungs, through the bloodstream to the liver.

In hepatic tuberculosis, the liver may become enlarged and tender, and patients may experience symptoms such as fever, night sweats, loss of appetite, weight loss, and abdominal discomfort. Liver function tests may show elevated levels of certain enzymes, such as alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT).

Diagnosis of hepatic tuberculosis can be challenging, as the symptoms and laboratory findings are nonspecific. Imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI may show evidence of liver involvement, but a definitive diagnosis usually requires histological examination of liver tissue obtained through biopsy.

Treatment of hepatic tuberculosis involves the use of multiple antituberculous drugs, typically including isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. The duration of treatment is usually at least six months, but may be longer in some cases. It is important to monitor liver function tests closely during treatment, as these medications can cause liver damage in some individuals.

Suppuration is the process of forming or discharging pus. It is a condition that results from infection, tissue death (necrosis), or injury, where white blood cells (leukocytes) accumulate to combat the infection and subsequently die, forming pus. The pus consists of dead leukocytes, dead tissue, debris, and microbes (bacteria, fungi, or protozoa). Suppuration can occur in various body parts such as the lungs (empyema), brain (abscess), or skin (carbuncle, furuncle). Treatment typically involves draining the pus and administering appropriate antibiotics to eliminate the infection.

An epidural abscess is a localized collection of pus (abscess) in the epidural space, which is the potential space between the dura mater (the outermost membrane covering the brain and spinal cord) and the vertebral column. The infection typically occurs as a result of bacterial invasion into this space and can cause compression of the spinal cord or nerves, leading to serious neurological deficits if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

Epidural abscesses can occur in any part of the spine but are most commonly found in the lumbar region. They may develop as a complication of a nearby infection, such as a skin or soft tissue infection, or as a result of hematogenous spread (spread through the bloodstream) from a distant site of infection. Risk factors for developing an epidural abscess include diabetes, intravenous drug use, spinal surgery, and spinal instrumentation.

Symptoms of an epidural abscess may include back pain, fever, neck stiffness, weakness or numbness in the limbs, and bladder or bowel dysfunction. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, along with laboratory tests to identify the causative organism. Treatment usually consists of surgical drainage of the abscess and administration of antibiotics to eliminate the infection. In some cases, corticosteroids may be used to reduce inflammation and prevent further neurological damage.

"Klebsiella pneumoniae" is a medical term that refers to a type of bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It's a gram-negative, encapsulated, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium that can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals.

"Klebsiella pneumoniae" is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause a range of infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions. It's a common cause of healthcare-associated infections, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, and wound infections.

The bacterium is known for its ability to produce a polysaccharide capsule that makes it resistant to phagocytosis by white blood cells, allowing it to evade the host's immune system. Additionally, "Klebsiella pneumoniae" has developed resistance to many antibiotics, making infections caused by this bacterium difficult to treat and a growing public health concern.

A psoas abscess is a localized collection of pus (infectious material) in the iliopsoas muscle compartment, which consists of the psoas major and iliacus muscles. These muscles are located in the lower back and pelvis, responsible for flexing the hip joint.

Psoas abscesses can be classified as primary or secondary:

1. Primary psoas abscess: This type is caused by hematogenous spread (dissemination through the blood) of a bacterial infection from a distant site, often involving the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, or skin. It is less common and typically seen in individuals with compromised immune systems.
2. Secondary psoas abscess: This type is caused by direct extension of an infection from a nearby anatomical structure, such as the spine, vertebral column, or retroperitoneal space (the area behind the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity). Common causes include spinal osteomyelitis (spinal bone infection), discitis (infection of the intervertebral disc), or a perforated viscus (a hole in an organ like the bowel).

Symptoms of a psoas abscess may include lower back pain, hip pain, fever, chills, and difficulty walking. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs, which can confirm the presence and extent of the abscess. Treatment usually consists of antibiotic therapy and drainage of the abscess, often through a percutaneous (through the skin) approach guided by imaging. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary for adequate drainage and management.

Fusobacterium infections are diseases or conditions caused by the bacterial genus Fusobacterium, which are gram-negative, anaerobic bacilli. These bacteria are commonly found as normal flora in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract. However, under certain circumstances, they can cause infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions.

Fusobacterium infections can manifest in various forms, including:

1. Oral infections: Fusobacterium nucleatum is the most common species associated with oral infections, such as periodontitis, abscesses, and Ludwig's angina.
2. Respiratory tract infections: Fusobacterium necrophorum can cause lung abscesses, empyema, and bronchitis.
3. Bloodstream infections (bacteremia): Fusobacterium species can enter the bloodstream through various routes, such as dental procedures or invasive medical procedures, leading to bacteremia. This condition can be particularly dangerous for individuals with compromised immune systems or underlying medical conditions.
4. Intra-abdominal infections: Fusobacterium species can cause intra-abdominal abscesses, peritonitis, and appendicitis.
5. Skin and soft tissue infections: Fusobacterium species can cause cellulitis, myositis, and necrotizing fasciitis.
6. Bone and joint infections: Fusobacterium species can cause osteomyelitis and septic arthritis.
7. Central nervous system infections: Fusobacterium species can cause meningitis and brain abscesses, although these are rare.

Fusobacterium infections can be challenging to treat due to their anaerobic nature and resistance to certain antibiotics. Therefore, it is essential to seek medical attention if you suspect a Fusobacterium infection. Treatment typically involves the use of appropriate antibiotics, such as metronidazole or clindamycin, and sometimes surgical intervention may be necessary.

Liver diseases refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the normal functioning of the liver. The liver is a vital organ responsible for various critical functions such as detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion.

Liver diseases can be categorized into acute and chronic forms. Acute liver disease comes on rapidly and can be caused by factors like viral infections (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E), drug-induced liver injury, or exposure to toxic substances. Chronic liver disease develops slowly over time, often due to long-term exposure to harmful agents or inherent disorders of the liver.

Common examples of liver diseases include hepatitis, cirrhosis (scarring of the liver tissue), fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune liver diseases, genetic/hereditary liver disorders (like Wilson's disease and hemochromatosis), and liver cancers. Symptoms may vary widely depending on the type and stage of the disease but could include jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and weight loss.

Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent progression and potential complications associated with liver diseases.

Amebic dysentery is a type of dysentery caused by the parasitic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. It is characterized by severe diarrhea containing blood and mucus, abdominal pain, and cramping. The infection is typically acquired through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. Once inside the body, the parasites invade the intestinal lining, causing damage and leading to the symptoms of dysentery. In severe cases, the parasites can spread to other organs such as the liver, lungs, or brain, causing more serious infections. Amebic dysentery is treated with medications that kill the parasites, such as metronidazole or tinidazole. Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene and sanitation, including proper handwashing and safe food handling practices.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Liver neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the liver that can be benign or malignant. Benign liver neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors that do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant liver neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade and destroy surrounding tissue and spread to other organs.

Liver neoplasms can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or secondary, meaning they have metastasized (spread) to the liver from another part of the body. Primary liver neoplasms can be further classified into different types based on their cell of origin and behavior, including hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and hepatic hemangioma.

The diagnosis of liver neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and biopsy to confirm the type and stage of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type and extent of the neoplasm and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or liver transplantation.

Liver transplantation is a surgical procedure in which a diseased or failing liver is replaced with a healthy one from a deceased donor or, less commonly, a portion of a liver from a living donor. The goal of the procedure is to restore normal liver function and improve the patient's overall health and quality of life.

Liver transplantation may be recommended for individuals with end-stage liver disease, acute liver failure, certain genetic liver disorders, or liver cancers that cannot be treated effectively with other therapies. The procedure involves complex surgery to remove the diseased liver and implant the new one, followed by a period of recovery and close medical monitoring to ensure proper function and minimize the risk of complications.

The success of liver transplantation has improved significantly in recent years due to advances in surgical techniques, immunosuppressive medications, and post-transplant care. However, it remains a major operation with significant risks and challenges, including the need for lifelong immunosuppression to prevent rejection of the new liver, as well as potential complications such as infection, bleeding, and organ failure.

Amebiasis is defined as an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which can affect the intestines and other organs. The infection can range from asymptomatic to symptomatic with various manifestations such as abdominal pain, diarrhea (which may be mild or severe), bloody stools, and fever. In some cases, it can lead to serious complications like liver abscess. Transmission of the parasite typically occurs through the ingestion of contaminated food or water.

Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by the replacement of normal liver tissue with scarred (fibrotic) tissue, leading to loss of function. The scarring is caused by long-term damage from various sources such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and other causes. As the disease advances, it can lead to complications like portal hypertension, fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), impaired brain function (hepatic encephalopathy), and increased risk of liver cancer. It is generally irreversible, but early detection and treatment of underlying causes may help slow down its progression.

Tylosin is defined as a macrolide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces fradiae. It is primarily used in veterinary medicine to treat various bacterial infections in animals, such as respiratory and digestive tract infections caused by susceptible organisms.

Tylosin works by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis and thereby preventing bacterial growth. It has a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive bacteria, including some strains that are resistant to other antibiotics. However, tylosin is not commonly used in human medicine due to its potential for causing hearing damage and other side effects.

In addition to its use as an antibiotic, tylosin has also been used as a growth promoter in animal feed to improve feed efficiency and weight gain. However, this practice has been banned in some countries due to concerns about the development of antibiotic resistance and the potential risks to human health.

Amebicides are medications that are used to treat infections caused by amebae, which are single-celled microorganisms. One common ameba that can cause infection in humans is Entamoeba histolytica, which can lead to a condition called amebiasis. Amebicides work by killing or inhibiting the growth of the amebae. Some examples of amebicides include metronidazole, tinidazole, and chloroquine. It's important to note that these medications should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have side effects and may interact with other medications.

A periapical abscess is a localized infection that occurs at the tip of the tooth's root, specifically in the periapical tissue. This tissue surrounds the end of the tooth's root and helps anchor the tooth to the jawbone. The infection is usually caused by bacteria that enter the pulp chamber of the tooth as a result of dental caries (tooth decay), periodontal disease, or trauma that damages the tooth's protective enamel layer.

The infection leads to pus accumulation in the periapical tissue, forming an abscess. The symptoms of a periapical abscess may include:

1. Pain and tenderness in the affected tooth, which can be throbbing or continuous
2. Swelling in the gums surrounding the tooth
3. Sensitivity to hot, cold, or pressure on the tooth
4. Fever, general malaise, or difficulty swallowing (in severe cases)
5. A foul taste in the mouth or bad breath
6. Tooth mobility or loosening
7. Formation of a draining sinus tract (a small opening in the gums that allows pus to drain out)

Periapical abscesses require dental treatment, which typically involves removing the infected pulp tissue through root canal therapy and cleaning, shaping, and sealing the root canals. In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed to help control the infection, but they do not replace the necessary dental treatment. If left untreated, a periapical abscess can lead to severe complications, such as the spread of infection to other parts of the body or tooth loss.

A retropharyngeal abscess is a deep neck infection involving the potential space between the buccopharyngeal fascia and the alar fascia, primarily located in the retropharyngeal space. This space extends from the base of the skull to the mediastinum and contains loose connective tissue, fat, and lymph nodes. The infection usually originates from an upper respiratory tract infection or a penetrating injury to the posterior pharyngeal wall.

The abscess can cause swelling and compression of surrounding structures, leading to potentially serious complications such as airway obstruction, mediastinitis, or sepsis if left untreated. Symptoms may include neck pain, difficulty swallowing, fever, drooling, and decreased appetite. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans), and laboratory tests. Treatment usually involves surgical drainage of the abscess and antibiotic therapy to manage the infection.

A subphrenic abscess is a localized collection of pus (purulent material) that forms in the area below the diaphragm and above the upper part of the stomach, known as the subphrenic space. This condition often results from a complication of abdominal or pelvic surgery, perforated ulcers, or severe intra-abdominal infections. The abscess can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, and decreased appetite, and it may require medical intervention, including antibiotics, drainage, or surgical management.

'Edwardsiella tarda' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause various infections in humans, animals, and fish. It is named after Francis E. Edwards, an American microbiologist who first isolated the bacterium in 1965. The bacterium is found in aquatic environments, including freshwater and brackish water, as well as in the intestines of animals and fish.

In humans, 'E. tarda' can cause a range of infections, including gastroenteritis, wound infections, meningitis, and sepsis. The bacterium is often associated with exposure to contaminated water or food, particularly raw or undercooked seafood. People with weakened immune systems, such as those with liver disease or cancer, are at higher risk of developing severe infections.

Treatment for 'E. tarda' infections typically involves antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene, avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked seafood, and promptly treating any wounds that come into contact with contaminated water.

Metronidazole is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication. It is primarily used to treat infections caused by anaerobic bacteria and certain parasites. Metronidazole works by interfering with the DNA of these organisms, which inhibits their ability to grow and multiply.

It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, creams, and gels, and is often used to treat conditions such as bacterial vaginosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, amebiasis, giardiasis, and pseudomembranous colitis.

Like all antibiotics, metronidazole should be taken only under the direction of a healthcare provider, as misuse can lead to antibiotic resistance and other complications.

Microsomes, liver refers to a subcellular fraction of liver cells (hepatocytes) that are obtained during tissue homogenization and subsequent centrifugation. These microsomal fractions are rich in membranous structures known as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), particularly the rough ER. They are involved in various important cellular processes, most notably the metabolism of xenobiotics (foreign substances) including drugs, toxins, and carcinogens.

The liver microsomes contain a variety of enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, that are crucial for phase I drug metabolism. These enzymes help in the oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis of xenobiotics, making them more water-soluble and facilitating their excretion from the body. Additionally, liver microsomes also host other enzymes involved in phase II conjugation reactions, where the metabolites from phase I are further modified by adding polar molecules like glucuronic acid, sulfate, or acetyl groups.

In summary, liver microsomes are a subcellular fraction of liver cells that play a significant role in the metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotics, contributing to the overall protection and maintenance of cellular homeostasis within the body.

Liver regeneration is the ability of the liver to restore its original mass and function after injury or surgical resection. This complex process involves the proliferation and differentiation of mature hepatocytes, as well as the activation and transdifferentiation of various types of stem and progenitor cells located in the liver. The mechanisms that regulate liver regeneration include a variety of growth factors, hormones, and cytokines, which act in a coordinated manner to ensure the restoration of normal liver architecture and function. Liver regeneration is essential for the survival of individuals who have undergone partial hepatectomy or who have suffered liver damage due to various causes, such as viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, or drug-induced liver injury.

A Peritonsillar Abscess (also known as a Quinsy) is a localized collection of pus in the peritonsillar space, which is the potential space between the tonsillar capsule and the pharyngeal constrictor muscle. It is a serious complication of tonsillitis or pharyngitis, often caused by bacterial infection. The abscess can cause severe pain, difficulty swallowing, fever, and swelling of the neck and face. If left untreated, it can lead to more severe complications such as airway obstruction or the spread of infection. Treatment typically involves drainage of the abscess, antibiotics, and supportive care.

Abdominal radiography, also known as a KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder) X-ray, is a medical imaging technique used to examine the abdominal cavity. It involves using ionizing radiation to produce images of the internal structures of the abdomen, including the bones, organs, and soft tissues.

The procedure typically involves the patient lying down on a table while a specialized X-ray machine captures images of the abdomen from different angles. The images produced can help doctors diagnose and monitor a variety of conditions, such as kidney stones, intestinal obstructions, and abnormalities in the spine or other bones.

Abdominal radiography is a quick, painless, and non-invasive procedure that requires little preparation on the part of the patient. However, it does involve exposure to radiation, so it is typically only used when necessary and when other imaging techniques are not appropriate.

Fatty liver, also known as hepatic steatosis, is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver. The liver's primary function is to process nutrients, filter blood, and fight infections, among other tasks. When excess fat builds up in the liver cells, it can impair liver function and lead to inflammation, scarring, and even liver failure if left untreated.

Fatty liver can be caused by various factors, including alcohol consumption, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), viral hepatitis, and certain medications or medical conditions. NAFLD is the most common cause of fatty liver in the United States and other developed countries, affecting up to 25% of the population.

Symptoms of fatty liver may include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain or discomfort, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). However, many people with fatty liver do not experience any symptoms, making it essential to diagnose and manage the condition through regular check-ups and blood tests.

Treatment for fatty liver depends on the underlying cause. Lifestyle changes such as weight loss, exercise, and dietary modifications are often recommended for people with NAFLD or alcohol-related fatty liver disease. Medications may also be prescribed to manage related conditions such as diabetes, high cholesterol, or metabolic syndrome. In severe cases of liver damage, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Liver function tests (LFTs) are a group of blood tests that are used to assess the functioning and health of the liver. These tests measure the levels of various enzymes, proteins, and waste products that are produced or metabolized by the liver. Some common LFTs include:

1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): An enzyme found primarily in the liver, ALT is released into the bloodstream in response to liver cell damage. Elevated levels of ALT may indicate liver injury or disease.
2. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): Another enzyme found in various tissues, including the liver, heart, and muscles. Like ALT, AST is released into the bloodstream following tissue damage. High AST levels can be a sign of liver damage or other medical conditions.
3. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): An enzyme found in several organs, including the liver, bile ducts, and bones. Elevated ALP levels may indicate a blockage in the bile ducts, liver disease, or bone disorders.
4. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT): An enzyme found mainly in the liver, pancreas, and biliary system. Increased GGT levels can suggest liver disease, alcohol consumption, or the use of certain medications.
5. Bilirubin: A yellowish pigment produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. Bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through bile. High bilirubin levels can indicate liver dysfunction, bile duct obstruction, or certain types of anemia.
6. Albumin: A protein produced by the liver that helps maintain fluid balance in the body and transports various substances in the blood. Low albumin levels may suggest liver damage, malnutrition, or kidney disease.
7. Total protein: A measure of all proteins present in the blood, including albumin and other types of proteins produced by the liver. Decreased total protein levels can indicate liver dysfunction or other medical conditions.

These tests are often ordered together as part of a routine health checkup or when evaluating symptoms related to liver function or disease. The results should be interpreted in conjunction with clinical findings, medical history, and other diagnostic tests.

'Entamoeba' is a genus of protozoan parasites that are commonly found in the intestinal tract of humans and other primates. The most well-known species is 'Entamoeba histolytica,' which can cause a serious infection known as amoebiasis. This parasite is typically transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food or water, and it can invade the intestinal wall and spread to other organs in the body, causing symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Other species of Entamoeba are generally considered non-pathogenic, meaning that they do not cause disease in healthy individuals.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Endophthalmitis is a serious inflammatory eye condition that occurs when an infection develops inside the eyeball, specifically within the vitreous humor (the clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina). This condition can be caused by bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms that enter the eye through various means, such as trauma, surgery, or spread from another infected part of the body.

Endophthalmitis is often characterized by symptoms like sudden onset of pain, redness, decreased vision, and increased sensitivity to light (photophobia). If left untreated, it can lead to severe complications, including blindness. Treatment typically involves administering antibiotics or antifungal medications, either systemically or directly into the eye, and sometimes even requiring surgical intervention to remove infected tissues and relieve intraocular pressure.

Fusobacterium is a genus of obligate anaerobic, gram-negative, non-spore forming bacilli that are commonly found as normal flora in the human oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract. Some species of Fusobacterium have been associated with various clinical infections and diseases, such as periodontal disease, abscesses, bacteremia, endocarditis, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Fusobacterium nucleatum is the most well-known species in this genus and has been extensively studied for its role in various diseases. It is a opportunistic pathogen that can cause severe infections in immunocompromised individuals or when it invades damaged tissues. Fusobacterium necrophorum, another important species, is a leading cause of Lemierre's syndrome, a rare but serious condition characterized by septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and metastatic infections.

Fusobacteria are known to have a complex relationship with other microorganisms and host cells, and they can form biofilms that contribute to their virulence and persistence in the host. Further research is needed to fully understand the pathogenic mechanisms of Fusobacterium species and to develop effective strategies for prevention and treatment of Fusobacterium-associated diseases.

Trophozoites are the feeding and motile stage in the life cycle of certain protozoa, including those that cause diseases such as amebiasis and malaria. They are typically larger than the cyst stage of these organisms and have a more irregular shape. Trophozoites move by means of pseudopods (false feet) and engulf food particles through a process called phagocytosis. In the case of pathogenic protozoa, this feeding stage is often when they cause damage to host tissues.

In the case of amebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica, trophozoites can invade the intestinal wall and cause ulcers, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain. In malaria, caused by Plasmodium species, trophozoites infect red blood cells and multiply within them, eventually causing their rupture and release of more parasites into the bloodstream, which can lead to severe complications like cerebral malaria or organ failure.

It's important to note that not all protozoa have a trophozoite stage in their life cycle, and some may refer to this feeding stage with different terminology depending on the specific species.

Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.

Antibodies, protozoan, refer to the immune system's response to an infection caused by a protozoan organism. Protozoa are single-celled microorganisms that can cause various diseases in humans, such as malaria, giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis.

When the body is infected with a protozoan, the immune system responds by producing specific proteins called antibodies. Antibodies are produced by a type of white blood cell called a B-cell, and they recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the protozoan organism.

There are five main types of antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each type of antibody has a different role in the immune response. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody and provides long-term immunity to previously encountered pathogens. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection and is important for activating the complement system, which helps to destroy the protozoan organism.

Overall, the production of antibodies against protozoan organisms is a critical part of the immune response and helps to protect the body from further infection.

Actinomycosis is a type of infection caused by bacteria that are normally found in the mouth, intestines, and female genital tract. These bacteria can cause abscesses or chronic inflammation if they infect body tissues, often after trauma or surgery. The infection typically affects the face, neck, or chest, and can spread to other parts of the body over time. Symptoms may include swelling, redness, pain, and the formation of pus-filled abscesses that may discharge a characteristic yellowish granular material called "sulfur granules." Treatment typically involves long-term antibiotic therapy, often requiring high doses and intravenous administration. Surgical drainage or removal of infected tissue may also be necessary in some cases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Taiwan" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of an island nation located in East Asia. The official name of the country is the Republic of China (ROC). If you have any medical questions or inquiries, I would be happy to help answer those for you!

A periodontal abscess is a localized collection of pus in the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, caused by an infection. It's typically characterized by symptoms such as pain, swelling, redness, and sometimes drainage of pus from the affected area. The infection usually arises from dental plaque that accumulates on the teeth and gums, leading to periodontal disease. If left untreated, a periodontal abscess can result in tissue destruction, bone loss, and even tooth loss. Treatment typically involves draining the abscess, removing any infected tissue, and providing oral hygiene instruction to prevent future infections. In some cases, antibiotics may also be prescribed to help clear up the infection.

Gerbillinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes gerbils, jirds, and sand rats. These small mammals are primarily found in arid regions of Africa and Asia. They are characterized by their long hind legs, which they use for hopping, and their long, thin tails. Some species have adapted to desert environments by developing specialized kidneys that allow them to survive on minimal water intake.

Cattle diseases are a range of health conditions that affect cattle, which include but are not limited to:

1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Also known as "shipping fever," BRD is a common respiratory illness in feedlot cattle that can be caused by several viruses and bacteria.
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): A viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and reproductive issues.
3. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It primarily affects the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea and weight loss.
4. Digital Dermatitis: Also known as "hairy heel warts," this is a highly contagious skin disease that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness and decreased productivity.
5. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): Also known as "pinkeye," IBK is a common and contagious eye infection in cattle that can cause blindness if left untreated.
6. Salmonella: A group of bacteria that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in cattle, including diarrhea, dehydration, and septicemia.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms in cattle, including abortion, stillbirths, and kidney damage.
8. Blackleg: A highly fatal bacterial disease that causes rapid death in young cattle. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and vaccination is recommended for prevention.
9. Anthrax: A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Cattle can become infected by ingesting spores found in contaminated soil, feed or water.
10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle. It is characterized by fever and blisters on the feet, mouth, and teats. FMD is not a threat to human health but can have serious economic consequences for the livestock industry.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or controlled through good management practices, such as vaccination, biosecurity measures, and proper nutrition. Regular veterinary care and monitoring are also crucial for early detection and treatment of any potential health issues in your herd.

I'd be happy to help! However, I believe there might be a slight misunderstanding in your question. Mitochondria are organelles found in the cells of all complex living organisms, including humans, while the liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen. They don't have a medical definition together. I can certainly provide you with separate definitions for each:

1. Mitochondria: These are double-membrane-bound cellular organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Commonly known as the "powerhouse of the cell," mitochondria convert organic substrates, such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria are dynamic structures that can change their shape, size, and number through fission (division) and fusion (merging) processes. They play essential roles in various cellular functions, including calcium signaling, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and the regulation of cellular metabolism.

2. Liver: The liver is a large, lobulated organ that lies mainly in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm. It plays a crucial role in various physiological functions, such as detoxification, protein synthesis, metabolism, and nutrient storage. The liver is responsible for removing toxins from the bloodstream, producing bile to aid in digestion, regulating glucose levels, synthesizing plasma proteins, and storing glycogen, vitamins, and minerals. It also contributes to the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids, helping maintain energy homeostasis in the body.

I hope this clarifies any confusion! If you have any further questions or need more information, please don't hesitate to ask.

Foot rot, also known as pododermatitis, is a common infectious disease in cloven-hoofed animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle. It's typically caused by a mixture of bacteria, usually Fusobacterium necrophorum and Prevotella spp., that infect the soft tissues of the foot, leading to inflammation, necrosis (tissue death), and often foul-smelling discharge.

The infection often begins between the claws or toes, where the skin is more susceptible to damage and moisture accumulation. The affected area may become painful, swollen, and sensitive to pressure, making it difficult for the animal to walk or stand. In severe cases, foot rot can lead to lameness, decreased feed intake, weight loss, and even death if left untreated.

Foot rot is highly contagious and can spread quickly among animals in close contact, such as those in confined spaces or sharing pastures. Prevention strategies include maintaining good sanitation and dry conditions, trimming hooves regularly to prevent overgrowth and reduce moisture accumulation, and vaccinating against the bacteria responsible for foot rot. Rapid detection and treatment of infected animals are crucial to controlling the spread of this disease in animal populations.

Antiprotozoal agents are a type of medication used to treat protozoal infections, which are infections caused by microscopic single-celled organisms called protozoa. These agents work by either killing the protozoa or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. They can be administered through various routes, including oral, topical, and intravenous, depending on the type of infection and the severity of the illness.

Examples of antiprotozoal agents include:

* Metronidazole, tinidazole, and nitazoxanide for treating infections caused by Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica.
* Atovaquone, clindamycin, and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine for treating malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum or other Plasmodium species.
* Pentamidine and suramin for treating African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or T. b. rhodesiense.
* Nitroimidazoles, such as benznidazole and nifurtimox, for treating Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi.
* Sodium stibogluconate and paromomycin for treating leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania species.

Antiprotozoal agents can have side effects, ranging from mild to severe, depending on the drug and the individual patient's response. It is essential to follow the prescribing physician's instructions carefully when taking these medications and report any adverse reactions promptly.

In medical terms, suction refers to the process of creating and maintaining a partial vacuum in order to remove fluids or gases from a body cavity or wound. This is typically accomplished using specialized medical equipment such as a suction machine, which uses a pump to create the vacuum, and a variety of different suction tips or catheters that can be inserted into the area being treated.

Suction is used in a wide range of medical procedures and treatments, including wound care, surgical procedures, respiratory therapy, and diagnostic tests. It can help to remove excess fluids such as blood or pus from a wound, clear secretions from the airways during mechanical ventilation, or provide a means of visualizing internal structures during endoscopic procedures.

It is important to use proper technique when performing suctioning, as excessive or improperly applied suction can cause tissue damage or bleeding. Medical professionals are trained in the safe and effective use of suction equipment and techniques to minimize risks and ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Bacteroides infections refer to illnesses caused by the bacterial genus Bacteroides, which are a group of anaerobic, gram-negative bacilli that are normal inhabitants of the human gastrointestinal tract. However, they can cause intra-abdominal infections, such as appendicitis, peritonitis, and liver abscesses, as well as wound infections, bacteremia, and gynecological infections when they spread to other parts of the body, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems.

Bacteroides species are often resistant to many antibiotics, making infections challenging to treat. Therefore, appropriate antimicrobial therapy, often requiring combination therapy, is essential for successful treatment. Surgical intervention may also be necessary in certain cases of Bacteroides infections, such as abscess drainage or debridement of necrotic tissue.

Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) is a medical term that refers to liver damage or injury caused by the use of medications or drugs. This condition can vary in severity, from mild abnormalities in liver function tests to severe liver failure, which may require a liver transplant.

The exact mechanism of DILI can differ depending on the drug involved, but it generally occurs when the liver metabolizes the drug into toxic compounds that damage liver cells. This can happen through various pathways, including direct toxicity to liver cells, immune-mediated reactions, or metabolic idiosyncrasies.

Symptoms of DILI may include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and dark urine. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as ascites, encephalopathy, and bleeding disorders.

The diagnosis of DILI is often challenging because it requires the exclusion of other potential causes of liver injury. Liver function tests, imaging studies, and sometimes liver biopsies may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment typically involves discontinuing the offending drug and providing supportive care until the liver recovers. In some cases, medications that protect the liver or promote its healing may be used.

Empyema is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of pus in a body cavity, most commonly in the pleural space surrounding the lungs. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection that spreads from the lung tissue to the pleural space. The buildup of pus can cause chest pain, cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. Empyema can be a complication of pneumonia or other respiratory infections, and it may require treatment with antibiotics, drainage of the pus, and sometimes surgery.

Iodoquinol is an antiprotozoal agent, which is used to treat infections caused by certain parasites. It works by killing the sensitive parasites in the intestines. The medical definition of Iodoquinol is:

A quinoline compound used primarily as an intestinal anti-amoebic agent against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to damage the parasite cell membrane and may also inhibit enzymes involved in energy production. Iodoquinol can be administered orally or topically, depending on the formulation and route of infection.

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. Prolonged use or overdose may lead to more severe side effects such as peripheral neuropathy, optic neuritis, and hearing loss. Iodoquinol should be used with caution in patients with known hypersensitivity to iodine, thyroid disorders, or kidney or liver disease. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding due to potential fetal harm and excretion in breast milk.

Antigens are substances (usually proteins) found on the surface of cells, or viruses, that can be recognized by the immune system and stimulate an immune response. In the context of protozoa, antigens refer to the specific proteins or other molecules found on the surface of these single-celled organisms that can trigger an immune response in a host organism.

Protozoa are a group of microscopic eukaryotic organisms that include a diverse range of species, some of which can cause diseases in humans and animals. When a protozoan infects a host, the host's immune system recognizes the protozoan antigens as foreign and mounts an immune response to eliminate the infection. This response involves the activation of various types of immune cells, such as T-cells and B-cells, which recognize and target the protozoan antigens.

Understanding the nature of protozoan antigens is important for developing vaccines and other immunotherapies to prevent or treat protozoan infections. For example, researchers have identified specific antigens on the surface of the malaria parasite that are recognized by the human immune system and have used this information to develop vaccine candidates. However, many protozoan infections remain difficult to prevent or treat, and further research is needed to identify new targets for vaccines and therapies.

Due to the difficulty of exploring host and amebic factors involved in the pathogenesis of amebic liver abscess in humans, most ... A amoebic liver abscess is a type of liver abscess caused by amebiasis. It is the involvement of liver tissue by trophozoites ... and discovery of a liver abscess on imaging. Liver abscess' commonly present as right upper quadrant abdominal pain and fever, ... "First case of amebic liver abscess 22 years after the first occurrence". Parasite. 22: 20. doi:10.1051/parasite/2015020. ISSN ...
2015). "First case of amebic liver abscess 22 years after the first occurrence". Parasite. 22: 20. doi:10.1051/parasite/2015020 ... most frequently ending up in the liver where it can cause amoebic liver abscesses. Liver abscesses can occur without previous ... The levels of antibody are much higher in individuals with liver abscesses. Serology only becomes positive about two weeks ... In 1891, the disease was described in detail, resulting in the terms amoebic dysentery and amoebic liver abscess. Further ...
In the liver a similar pathological sequence ensues, leading to amebic liver abscesses. The trophozoites can also end up in ... 2015). "First case of amebic liver abscess 22 years after the first occurrence". Parasite. 22: 20. doi:10.1051/parasite/2015020 ... A common outcome of this invasion of tissues is a liver abscess, which can be fatal if untreated. Ingested red blood cells are ... Liver abscess: In addition to targeting organisms in solid tissue, primarily with drugs like metronidazole and chloroquine, ...
... leading to amebic liver abscesses. The trophozoites can also end up in other organs, as a result of liver abscess rupture or ... "Amebic Abscess of the Brain". Neurosurgery. 6 (2): 192-194. doi:10.1227/00006123-198002000-00014. ISSN 0148-396X. PMID 6245387 ... they are generally transported to the liver via the portal system. In the liver a similar pathological sequence ensues, ... they can cause amoebic brain abscess.[citation needed] The diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica in the brain abscesses is ...
August 2010). "Diagnosis of amebic liver abscess and amebic colitis by detection of Entamoeba histolytica DNA in blood, urine, ... histolytica-associated liver abscess. In 2004 El Hamshary and Arafa found that salivary anti-E. histolytica IgA concentration ...
For amebic liver abscess: Metronidazole 400 mg three times a day for 10 days Tinidazole 2g once a day for 6 days is an ... For amebic dysentery a multi-prong approach must be used, starting with one of: metronidazole 500-750 mg three times a day for ... in tissue of the intestine and/or liver. As a result, both tissue and luminal drugs are needed to treat the infection, one for ...
... amebic MeSH C03.752.700.700.055.407 - entamoebiasis MeSH C03.752.700.700.055.703 - liver abscess, amebic MeSH C03.752.875.175 ...
... a colonoscopy or a biopsy of intestinal amebic legions or draining of liver abscesses (if present). They are checking to see if ... Despite some sources stating this is a free living amoeba, various studies worldwide have shown it contains the ability to ... and the liver. Luminal drugs are used to eliminate the transmissible and air-resistant cyst forms found within the intestines. ...
"A rare but fatal case of granulomatous amebic encephalitis with brain abscess: the first case reported from Turkey". Turkish ... Free-living amoebae (or "FLA") in the Amoebozoa group are important causes of disease in humans and animals. Naegleria fowleri ... Da Rocha-Azevedo, B.; Tanowitz, H.; Marciano-Cabral, F. (2009). "Diagnosis of infections caused by pathogenic free-living ... and Balamuthia mandrillaris are opportunistic free-living amoebae capable of causing granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) ...
... liver abscess, amebic MeSH C06.552.597.758 - liver abscess, pyogenic MeSH C06.552.630.380 - liver cirrhosis, alcoholic MeSH ... liver abscess, amebic MeSH C06.552.697.040 - adenoma, liver cell MeSH C06.552.697.160 - carcinoma, hepatocellular MeSH C06.552. ... fatty liver, alcoholic MeSH C06.552.241.649 - reye syndrome MeSH C06.552.308.500 - liver failure MeSH C06.552.308.500.356 - ... liver cell MeSH C06.301.623.160 - carcinoma, hepatocellular MeSH C06.301.623.460 - liver neoplasms, experimental MeSH C06.301. ...
... liver abscess MeSH C01.539.830.025.020.455.460 - liver abscess, amebic MeSH C01.539.830.025.020.455.730 - liver abscess, ... epidural abscess MeSH C01.539.830.025.490 - lung abscess MeSH C01.539.830.025.650 - periapical abscess MeSH C01.539.830.025.665 ... periodontal abscess MeSH C01.539.830.025.675 - peritonsillar abscess MeSH C01.539.830.025.700 - psoas abscess MeSH C01.539. ... brain abscess MeSH C01.252.200.200 - empyema, subdural MeSH C01.252.200.250 - epidural abscess MeSH C01.252.200.450 - lyme ...
"A rare but fatal case of granulomatous amebic encephalitis with brain abscess: the first case reported from Turkey". Turkish ... "Can Neurotropic Free-Living Amoeba Serve as a Model to Study SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis?" ACS Chemical Neuroscience., vol. 11, no ... Two other patients who received heart and liver transplants from the same donor, but in different hospitals, were placed on ... B. mandrillaris is a free-living, heterotrophic amoeba, consisting of a standard complement of organelles surrounded by a three ...
... and abscesses in vital organs like liver, lung, and brain. Amoebiasis can be treated with the administration of anti-amoebic ... "Amebiasis (amebic dysentery)". www.health.ny.gov. Retrieved 2019-11-12. Carrero, Julio C.; Reyes-López, Magda; Serrano-Luna, ... Dientamoeba fragilis is a parasite that lives in the large intestine of humans. No one knows how D. fragilis is spread; one ... Mikrocytos mackini are abscesses or green pustules on palps and mantles of certain molluscs. The supergroup Archaeplastida ...
"A rare but fatal case of granulomatous amebic encephalitis with brain abscess: the first case reported from Turkey". Turkish ... da Rocha-Azevedo B, Tanowitz HB, Marciano-Cabral F (2009). "Diagnosis of infections caused by pathogenic free-living amoebae". ... August 2011). "Granulomatous amebic encephalitis: an under-recognized cause of infectious mortality after hematopoietic stem ... Nguyen L, Perloff S (2018-07-24). Steele RW (ed.). "Amebic Meningoencephalitis: Overview". EMedicine. Guarner J, Bartlett J, ...
Rarely, free-living parasitic amoebae can cause naegleriasis, also called amebic meningitis, a type of meningoencephalitis ... Lumbar puncture is contraindicated if there is a mass in the brain (tumor or abscess) or the intracranial pressure (ICP) is ... "Amebic Meningitis". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 12 August 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May ... In most cases, meningitis follows invasion of the bloodstream by organisms that live on mucosal surfaces such as the nasal ...
Lawford R, Sorrell TC (August 1994). "Amebic abscess of the spleen complicated by metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity: case ... Metronidazole is also generally thought to inhibit the liver metabolism of propylene glycol (found in some foods, medicines, ... It penetrates well into tissues, the cerebrospinal fluid, the amniotic fluid and breast milk, as well as into abscess cavities ... Gupta NK, Woodley CL, Fried R (October 1970). "Effect of metronidazole on liver alcohol dehydrogenase". Biochemical ...
In treatment of amoebic liver abscess, chloroquine may be used instead of or in addition to other medications in the event of ... Amebic Hepatic Abscesses~treatment at eMedicine "Drugs & Medications". www.webmd.com. Retrieved 22 March 2020. "Chloroquine ... Saving lives, buying time : economics of malaria drugs in an age of resistance. National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/11017. ...
The most relevant mechanisms of elevated liver functions tests in IBD are drug-induced hepatotoxicity and fatty liver. The ... Surgery cannot cure Crohn's disease but may be needed to treat complications such as abscesses, strictures or fistulae. Severe ... Conditions with similar symptoms as ulcerative colitis includes acute self-limiting colitis, amebic colitis, schistosomiasis, ... People living with IBD are very interested in diet, but little is known about the impact of diet on these patients. Recent ...
Amebic+Dysentery at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Mani S, Wierzba T, Walker RI (June ... The amoebae can burrow into the walls of the intestines and cause small abscesses and ulcers to form. The cycle then begins ... In such cases, it may more seriously infect other organs such as the brain, lungs, and most commonly the liver. Dysentery ...
"Living with a stoma". IBD Relief. "Colectomy Not a Final Cure for Ulcerative Colitis, Data Show". www.mdedge.com. Retrieved 15 ... Other complications include fistulas, abscesses, and pouch failure. Depending on the severity of the condition, pouch revision ... Shirley DA, Moonah S (July 2016). "Fulminant Amebic Colitis after Corticosteroid Therapy: A Systematic Review". PLOS Neglected ... Liver function tests are performed to screen for bile duct involvement: primary sclerosing cholangitis. Imaging such as x-ray ...
Amebic liver abscess is a collection of pus in the liver in response to an intestinal parasite called Entamoeba histolytica. ... Amebic liver abscess is a collection of pus in the liver in response to an intestinal parasite called Entamoeba histolytica. ... Amebic liver abscess is a collection of pus in the liver in response to an intestinal parasite called Entamoeba histolytica. ... Liver abscess aspiration to check for bacterial infection in the liver abscess ...
Amebic liver abscess is the most frequent extraintestinal manifestation of Entamoeba histolytica infection. This infection is ... encoded search term (Amebic Liver/Hepatic Abscesses) and Amebic Liver/Hepatic Abscesses What to Read Next on Medscape ... Amebic liver abscess is an important cause of space-occupying lesions of the liver, mainly in developing countries. Prompt ... Amebic Liver/Hepatic Abscesses * 2003/viewarticle/innovations-precision-medicine-liver-health-hot-topics-2023- ...
Amebic liver abscess - illustration Amebic liver abscess is a collection of pus in the liver in response to an intestinal ... Amebic liver abscess - illustration Amebic liver abscess is a collection of pus in the liver in response to an intestinal ... Amebic liver abscess is a collection of pus in the liver in response to an intestinal parasite called Entamoeba histolytica. ... Liver scan. Liver scan. A liver scan uses a radioactive material to check how well the liver or spleen is working and to assess ...
Amebic Liver Abscess in HIV-infected Patients, Republic of Korea Wan Beom Park*, Pyoeng Gyun Choe*. , Jae Hyun*, Sung-Han Kim ... Number of cases of amebic liver abscess in patients with and without HIV infection at Seoul National University Hospital, ... Amebic Liver Abscess in HIV-infected Patients, Republic of Korea. ...
Protection Against Amebic Liver Abscess Formation in the Severe Combined Immunodeficient Mouse by Human Anti-Amebic Antibodies ... Protection Against Amebic Liver Abscess Formation in the Severe Combined Immunodeficient Mouse by Human Anti-Amebic Antibodies ... We have used serum from patients with amebic liver abscess to investigate the role of antibody in the prevention of invasive ... The SCID mice were passively immunized with serum or purified antibody from patients with amebic liver abscess 24 hr prior to ...
Seven days alter inoculation the animals were sacrificed and the sizes of their amebic liver abscesses were determined. The ... However, in the animals treated with a high dose of dexamethasone the size of the liver abscesses was significantly smaller ... On the contrary, the inflammatory process may contribute to the invasion and liver damage. ... study was to determine if the inflammation and/or immunosuppression induced by Entamoeba histolytica may contribute to amebic ...
Amebic liver abscess in HIV-infected patients, Republic of Korea.. Wan Beom Park, Pyoeng Gyun Choe, Jae Hyun Jo, Sung-Han Kim, ...
"Liver Abscess, Amebic" by people in this website by year, and whether "Liver Abscess, Amebic" was a major or minor topic of ... "Liver Abscess, Amebic" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Liver Abscess, Amebic*Liver Abscess, Amebic. *Abscess, Amebic Liver. *Abscesses, Amebic Liver ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Liver Abscess, Amebic" by people in Profiles. ...
Abscess - amebic liver Definition : Amebic liver abscess is a collection of pus in the liver caused by an intestinal parasite. ... Organisms that carry disease can travel through the blood stream into the liver and form an abscess, a collection of infected ... Alternative Names:Hepatic amebiasis; Extraintestinal amebiasis; Abscess - amebic liver. Definition :. Amebic liver abscess is a ... http://www.ecureme.com/emyhealth/data/Amebic_Liver_Abscess.asp. http://organizedwisdom.com/Amebic_Liver_Abscess. http:// ...
Amebic liver abscess: Diagnosis and treatment evaluation with MR imaging. G. Elizondo, R. Weissleder, D. D. Stark, L. E. Todd, ... Amebic liver abscess: Diagnosis and treatment evaluation with MR imaging. / Elizondo, G.; Weissleder, R.; Stark, D. D. et al. ... Amebic liver abscess : Diagnosis and treatment evaluation with MR imaging. In: Radiology. 1987 ; Vol. 165, No. 3. pp. 795-800. ... Amebic liver abscess: Diagnosis and treatment evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology. 1987;165(3):795-800. doi: 10.1148/ ...
Vascular Complication of Amebic Liver Abscess",. abstract = "Although amebic liver abscess is a common disease, it is a rare ... Although amebic liver abscess is a common disease, it is a rare cause of venous thrombosis. Computed tomography (CT) scan is an ... ideal tool for diagnosing the various complications associated with liver abscess. We describe a case of amebic liver abscess ... N2 - Although amebic liver abscess is a common disease, it is a rare cause of venous thrombosis. Computed tomography (CT) scan ...
Amebic liver abscess. Wells CD, Arguedas M. Wells CD, et al. South Med J. 2004 Jul;97(7):673-82. doi: 10.1097/00007611- ...
Amebic liver abscess by Entamoeba histolytica. Usuda D, Tsuge S, Sakurai R, Kawai K, Matsubara S, Tanaka R, Suzuki M, Takano H ...
Due to the difficulty of exploring host and amebic factors involved in the pathogenesis of amebic liver abscess in humans, most ... A amoebic liver abscess is a type of liver abscess caused by amebiasis. It is the involvement of liver tissue by trophozoites ... and discovery of a liver abscess on imaging. Liver abscess commonly present as right upper quadrant abdominal pain and fever, ... "First case of amebic liver abscess 22 years after the first occurrence". Parasite. 22: 20. doi:10.1051/parasite/2015020. ISSN ...
... for patients with uncomplicated amebic liver abscess. However, amebic liver abscess can be complicated by sudden ... 1, 2, 3, 4] Another species of ameba, ​Entamoeba dispar, has been reported as a potential cause of amebic liver abscess. [5] ... Among prepubertal children, amebic liver abscess is equally common in both sexes. [4] Acuna-Soto et al noted that asymptomatic ... In particular, amebic liver abscess is 7-12 times more common in men than in women, with a predominance among men aged 18-50 ...
Categories: Liver Abscess, Amebic Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
A06.4 Amebic liver abscess. *A06.5 Amebic lung abscess. *A06.6 Amebic brain abscess ... Those who travel a lot or live in crowded areas are also at risk. Bacterial gastroenteritis is infectious and spread by people ...
Epidemiology of amebiasis in a region of high incidence of amebic liver abscess in central Vietnam. By: Joerg Blessmann, Pham ...
Liver Abscess. ...the condition "...Amebic abscess, accounting for some 10% of cases, is caused by Entamoeba histolytica; ... Appendicitis was previously the main cause of liver abscess, but due to improved diagnostic and treatment techniques, it now ... "Alcohol kills friendly bacteria, increases toxic overload of the liver and thus allows Candida to grow." ... Fungal abscess, accounting for under 10% of cases, is usually caused by Candida; ...
Amebic liver abscess can present with a similar clinical scenario; however, the complete blood cell count did not reveal any ... The normal liver function results, including alkaline phosphatase, and the absence of evidence of cholelithiasis or ... Moreover, the hepatic ultrasound and the abdominal CT did not show any fluid collection indicating a hepatic abscess. On the ... It causes inflammation of the liver capsule with adhesion formation, resulting in right upper quadrant pain that often radiates ...
Amebic liver abscess: 500-750 mg PO TID for 5-10 days ... BCG vaccine live. metronidazole decreases effects of BCG ... BCG vaccine live. Serious - Use Alternative (1)metronidazole decreases effects of BCG vaccine live by pharmacodynamic ... typhoid vaccine live. Serious - Use Alternative (1)metronidazole decreases effects of typhoid vaccine live by pharmacodynamic ... typhoid vaccine live. metronidazole decreases effects of typhoid vaccine live by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. ...
Prevalent HLA class II alleles in Mexico City appear to confer resistance to the development of amebic liver abscess. EG Hern ... Induces the Expression of Cytokines in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Isolated From Patients With Amebic Liver Abscess. E ... dispar in a model of infection using human liver tissue explants. C Xim nez, E Gonz lez, M Nieves, U Maga a, P Mor n, M Gudi o- ...
liver 572.0*. amebic 006.3. *. with*. brain abscess (and lung abscess) 006.5. *. lung abscess 006.4. ... Abscess of liver. *ICD-9-CM 572.0 is a billable medical code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis on a reimbursement claim ... Liver abscess and sequelae of chronic liver disease 572- ... dysenteric (see also Abscess, liver, amebic) 006.3. *. pyogenic ... Abscess (acute) (chronic) (infectional) (lymphangitic) (metastatic) (multiple) (pyogenic) (septic) (with lymphangitis) (see ...
Pyogenic & amebic liver abscess may occur in children. - Stanford CME (@StanfordCME) March 22, 2023. buy viagra online discover ... B. Live attenuated influenza virus vaccine for many days were you when your periods regular once a rash in the rx without ...
Entamoeba, E. histolytica, amebiasis, ameba, amebic colitis, amebic liver abscess, diarrhea, enteric infection, giardia, ... Mosquitoes Inoculate High Doses of West Nile Virus as They Probe and Feed on Live Hosts ... HCV-induced lipid metabolism, RNA replication, HBV, golgi trafficking, steatosis, liver oncogenesis ...
... amebic dysentery), ulcers, and in the most severe cases leading to abscesses in the liver, lungs, and brain ... but in some cases infection lead to clinical complications including dysentery and liver abscesses. ...
Amebic liver abscess. *500-750mg PO q8h x 5-10 days. Colorectal Surgery Infection Prophylaxis. *15mg/kg IV x 1 ...
The liver lesion resolved completely after 8 weeks. Colonic ameboma accompanied by amebic liver abscess may be misdiagnosed as ... Ameboma of the colon with amebic liver abscess mimicking metastatic colon cancer p. 228. ... Both of them presented with significant weight loss and were operated upon with the impression of liver abscess and malignant ... Salmonella brain abscess in an infant. p. 269. Badhuli Samal, Seema Oommen, Anjali Swami, Madhavi Maskey, Jayanthi Shastri. DOI ...
  • This parasite causes amebiasis , an intestinal infection that is also called amebic dysentery. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The large majority of infected persons often present no symptoms, but in some cases infection lead to clinical complications including dysentery and liver abscesses. (pasteur.fr)
  • THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS Acute intestinal amebiasis and amebic dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica. (medicinesmexico.com.mx)
  • Amebiasis (or amebic dysentery) can cause bloody diarrhea accompanied by fever and prostration. (testcatalog.org)
  • Serology should not be used to identify or diagnose amebic dysentery due to poor sensitivity in acute, noninvasive disease. (testcatalog.org)
  • Powell SJ, Macleod I, Wilmot AL, Elsdon-Dew E. Metronidazole in amoebic dysentery and amoebic liver abscess. (jsurgarts.com)
  • 2. Treatment of acute intestinal amebiasis (amebic dysentery) and amebic liver abscess. (kanawatipharma.com)
  • FLAGYL 375 capsules are indicated in the treatment of acute intestinal amebiasis (amebic dysentery) and amebic liver abscess. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
  • For acute intestinal amebiasis (acute amebic dysentery): 750 mg of Metronidazole orally three times daily for 5 to 10 days. (theswisspharmacy.com)
  • Symptoms can be mild, including loose stools and abdominal cramping but if the parasite invades the colon it can advance to amebic dysentery characterized by frequent watery and bloody stools. (benthambooks.com)
  • We have used serum from patients with amebic liver abscess to investigate the role of antibody in the prevention of invasive amebiasis using the severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse model of Entamoeba histolytica infection. (ajtmh.org)
  • Amebic liver abscess is caused by Entamoeba histolytica, the same organism that causes amebiasis, an intestinal infection. (findmeacure.com)
  • A amoebic liver abscess is a type of liver abscess caused by amebiasis. (wikipedia.org)
  • In extraintestinal amebiasis, the liver is invaded chiefly, resulting amebic hepatitis or liver abscess. (atlas.or.kr)
  • Those who are at greater risk for amebiasis are people who travel to tropical locations with poor sanitation, immigrants, people who live in institutions, men who have sex with men and immunocompromised people. (alike.health)
  • Amebiasis and Amebic Liver Abscess in Children. (calvinayrefoundation.org)
  • In extraintestinal amebiasis, amebic abscesses (mostly a single liver abscess in the right lobe of the liver ) may form, resulting in pain as well as a feeling of pressure in the right upper quadrant ( RUQ ). (amboss.com)
  • Important diagnostic steps include stool analysis and liver ultrasound to assess extraintestinal amebiasis. (amboss.com)
  • Amebiasis: For acute intestinal amebiasis: 750 mg orally 3 times daily for 5 to 10 days.For amebic liver abscess: 500 mg or 750 mg orally 3 times daily for 5 to 10 days. (kanawatipharma.com)
  • Amebic liver abscess is a collection of pus in the liver in response to an intestinal parasite called Entamoeba histolytica . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Entamoeba species, including amebic colitis and liver abscess. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Amebic liver abscess is the most frequent extraintestinal manifestation of Entamoeba histolytica infection. (medscape.com)
  • Amebic liver abscess is an extraintestinal manifestation caused by a protozoa Entamoeba histolytica . (findmeacure.com)
  • This is an Abscess (walled area of infection/pus) in the liver that is caused by the organism Entamoeba histolytica. (findmeacure.com)
  • It is the involvement of liver tissue by trophozoites of the organism Entamoeba histolytica and of its abscess due to necrosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Live trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica . (atlas.or.kr)
  • Experimental liver abscess formation following intraperitoneal injection of Korean strain (YS-27) of Entamoeba histolytica in a Mongolian gerbil. (atlas.or.kr)
  • Entamoeba histolytica is a parasitic enteric protozoan and the etiologic agent of amebic colitis and liver abscess in humans. (benthambooks.com)
  • We describe a case of amebic liver abscess in a patient who developed a rare vascular complication of hepatic vein and inferior vena cava thrombosis. (uthscsa.edu)
  • After an infection has occurred, the parasite may be carried by the bloodstream from the intestines to the liver. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Number of cases of amebic liver abscess in patients with and without HIV infection at Seoul National University Hospital, Republic of Korea, 1990-2005. (cdc.gov)
  • The infection occurs worldwide, but is most common in tropical areas where crowded living conditions and poor sanitation exist. (findmeacure.com)
  • The infection may start as a vaginitis or cervicitis that leads to subsequent ascending infection, which may cause endometritis , salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, pelvic peritonitis , or Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Infection in the gastrointestinal tract or bacteremia can expose the liver to high bacterial loads because of the liver 's dual blood supply from the portal vein and hepatic artery . (amboss.com)
  • PLA has been reported as a secondary infection of amebic abscess, hydatid cystic cavities, and metastatic and primary hepatic tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Occasionally a liver abscess may also occur due to fungal infection. (jsurgarts.com)
  • Amebic infection is relatively rare in the US. (amboss.com)
  • Infection may spread by direct extension from the liver to the right pleural space, lung, or skin, or rarely through the bloodstream to the brain and other organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Biliary tract disease is now the most common source of pyogenic liver abscess (PLA). (medscape.com)
  • Penetrating hepatic trauma can inoculate organisms directly into the liver parenchyma, resulting in pyogenic liver abscess. (medscape.com)
  • Nonpenetrating trauma can also be the precursor to pyogenic liver abscess by causing localized hepatic necrosis, intrahepatic hemorrhage, and bile leakage. (medscape.com)
  • The resulting tissue environment permits bacterial growth, which may lead to pyogenic liver abscess. (medscape.com)
  • The two main causes of liver abscess are amoebic and pyogenic liver abscess. (jsurgarts.com)
  • Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) complicated by inferior vena caval (IVC) thrombosis is rare but life-threatening. (springeropen.com)
  • With increasingly effective diagnostic tools and treatment modalities available, the prognosis of patients with pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) has improved. (springeropen.com)
  • Computed tomography (CT) scan is an ideal tool for diagnosing the various complications associated with liver abscess. (uthscsa.edu)
  • Complications include sepsis , pneumonia , and abscess rupture into the peritoneum or thorax. (amboss.com)
  • Antibiotics such as metronidazole (Flagyl) or tinidazole (Tindamax) are the usual treatment for liver abscess. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A medicine called metronidazole ( Flagyl ) is the usual treatment for liver abscess. (findmeacure.com)
  • Liver involvement occurs following invasion by E histolytica into mesenteric venules. (medscape.com)
  • The SCID mice were passively immunized with serum or purified antibody from patients with amebic liver abscess 24 hr prior to the direct intrahepatic challenge with 10 6 virulent E. histolytica trophozoites. (ajtmh.org)
  • The two most common manifestations of E histolytica include colitis (bloody stool with mucus, abdominal pain, and/or diarrhea), and discovery of a liver abscess on imaging. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pain right hypochondrium referred to the right shoulder Pyrexia (100.4 F) Profuse sweating and rigors Loss of weight Earthy complexion Pallor Tenderness and rigidity in right hypochondrium Palpable liver Intercostal tenderness Basal lung signs Diagnosis is primarily made by identifying stool ova and parasites on stool antigen testing in the presence of colitis, or E histolytica serology. (wikipedia.org)
  • Serology may be particularly useful in supporting the diagnosis of invasive disease with E histolytica , which is most commonly associated with amebic liver abscess. (testcatalog.org)
  • In some patients the trophozoites invade the intestinal mucosa (B: intestinal disease), or, through the bloodstream, extraintestinal sites such as the liver, brain, and lungs (C: extraintestinal disease), with resultant pathologic manifestations. (wikidoc.org)
  • Worldwide each year, an estimated 50 million people develop amebic colitis or extraintestinal disease, and as many as 100,000 die. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Multiple processes have been associated with the development of hepatic abscesses (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Blood ceruloplasmin Haemoglobin estimation Stools examination (trophozoites and cysts) Radiography Aspiration exploratory Medical ultrasonography and CT scanning Sigmoidoscopy Liver function tests Serological tests Although medical management using long courses of antibiotics have proven to be successful, Drainage of the abscess is the mainstay treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine predictive factors for aspiration of liver abscess. (aku.edu)
  • Predictive factors for aspiration of liver abscess were: age ≥ 55 years, size of abscess ≥ 5 cm, involvement of both lobes of the liver and duration of symptoms ≥ 7 d. (aku.edu)
  • 7 d were likely to undergo aspiration of the liver abscess, regardless of etiology. (aku.edu)
  • Treatment modalities include the use of drugs such as metronidazole for amoebic liver abscess, as well as needle aspiration and pigtail catheter drainage when required. (jsurgarts.com)
  • Rajak CL, Gupta S, Jain S, Chawla Y, Gulati M, Suri S. Percutaneous treatment of liver abscesses: needle aspiration versus catheter drainage. (jsurgarts.com)
  • Image-guided needle aspiration may be indicated in cases involving complicated liver abscesses . (amboss.com)
  • In amebic liver abscess, FLAGYL 375 capsules therapy does not obviate the need for aspiration or drainage of pus. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
  • Histopathological findings revealed that the chronic phase of amebic liver abscess in humans corresponds to lytic or liquefactive necrosis, whereas in rodent models there is granulomatous inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
  • A) A liver abscess showing an area of necrosis, (B) An magnified view of necrotic region. (atlas.or.kr)
  • Without treatment, the abscess may break open (rupture) and spread into other organs, leading to death. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The abscess may rupture into the abdominal cavity, the lining of the lungs, the lungs, or the sac around the heart. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Liver abscess' commonly present as right upper quadrant abdominal pain and fever, with worsening features associated with abscess rupture. (wikipedia.org)
  • The abscess may rupture through the diaphragm into the pleural cavity, peritoneal cavity, or the lungs. (ayurvedapc.blog)
  • Table 4: Underlying etiology of 1086 cases of liver abscess compiled from the literature. (medscape.com)
  • Single and multiple pyogenic liver abscesses: clinical course, etiology and results of treatment, World J Surg 1997;21(4)384-8. (jsurgarts.com)
  • Then, a stool sample may be taken and blood work may look for liver function. (alike.health)
  • In addition, the trophozoites can spread hematogenously via the portal circulation to the liver or even to more distant organs (see Pathophysiology). (medscape.com)
  • Infections in organs in the portal bed can result in a localized septic thrombophlebitis, which can lead to liver abscess. (medscape.com)
  • After excystation, trophozoites attach to the intestinal wall and excrete extracellular enzymes that enable invasion of the mucosa and spread to other organs, especially the liver and lung where abscesses may develop. (testcatalog.org)
  • Following colonic invasion, trophozoites can enter the bloodstream and lymphatics and disseminate to the liver, heart, lungs, brain, or other organs, to cause abscesses, which if left untreated can lead to death. (benthambooks.com)
  • [ 2 ] and is surrounded by a rim of amebic trophozoites invading the tissue. (medscape.com)
  • The living trophozoites vary in size from about 10 to 60 um in diameter, depending on their degree of activity and various other conditions. (atlas.or.kr)
  • Trophozoites can spread via the portal circulation and cause necrotic liver abscesses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Broad-spectrum IV antibiotics and percutaneous or surgical drainage of the abscess cavity are the mainstays of treatment. (amboss.com)
  • Amebic liver abscess can be cured without drainage by using metronidazole followed by treatment with a luminal agent. (ayurvedapc.blog)
  • Amebic liver abscess is an important cause of space-occupying lesions of the liver, mainly in developing countries. (medscape.com)
  • Less frequently, lung abscess, splenic abscess, brain abscess or cutaneous amebic lesions are seen. (atlas.or.kr)
  • Upon colonization of the colonic mucosa, the trophozoite may encyst and is then excreted in the feces, or it may invade the intestinal mucosal barrier and gain access to the bloodstream, whereby it is disseminated to the liver, lung, and other sites. (medscape.com)
  • Amebic lung abscess in human. (atlas.or.kr)
  • LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS, including pneumonia, empyema, and lung abscess, caused by Bacteroides species including the B. fragilis group. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
  • The right lobe of the liver is more commonly affected than the left lobe. (medscape.com)
  • Most commonly this means the liver, as this is where blood from the intestine reaches first, but they can end up almost anywhere. (findmeacure.com)
  • Liver blood tests are some of the most commonly performed blood tests. (medicinenet.com)
  • Amebic appendicitis in human. (atlas.or.kr)
  • Appendicitis was traditionally the major cause of liver abscess. (medscape.com)
  • The normal liver function results, including alkaline phosphatase, and the absence of evidence of cholelithiasis or cholecystitis on the patient's right upper quadrant ultrasound rule out this possibility. (medscape.com)
  • Moreover, the hepatic ultrasound and the abdominal CT did not show any fluid collection indicating a hepatic abscess. (medscape.com)
  • Investigations such as ultrasound of the abdomen and CT scan of the abdomen are extremely useful in diagnosing a case of liver abscess. (jsurgarts.com)
  • Amebic liver abscess is marked by a 7-12-fold higher incidence in males than in females despite an equal sex distribution of noninvasive colonic amebic disease among adults. (medscape.com)
  • Amebic liver abscess is a collection of pus in the liver caused by an intestinal parasite.Organisms that carry disease can travel through the blood stream into the liver and form an abscess, a collection of infected tissue and pus. (findmeacure.com)
  • Although amebic liver abscess is a common disease, it is a rare cause of venous thrombosis. (uthscsa.edu)
  • If the liver is injured or damaged, the liver cells spill these enzymes into the blood, raising the AST and ALT enzyme blood levels and signaling liver disease . (medicinenet.com)
  • If a disease in the liver is suspected, imaging tests such as US, CT or an MRI scan may be done. (alike.health)
  • Amebic colitis is treated first with a nitroimidazole derivative and then with a luminal agent to eradicate colonization. (ayurvedapc.blog)
  • Amoebic liver abscess - This is the most common extraintestinal manifestation, presenting with fever, right upper quadrant pain, and intercostal tenderness on the right side. (ayurvedapc.blog)
  • Approximately 4% of liver abscesses result from fistula formation between local intra-abdominal infections. (medscape.com)
  • This treatment can usually wait until after the abscess has been treated. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In rare cases, the abscess may need to be drained using a catheter or surgery to relieve some of the abdominal pain and to increase chances of treatment success. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Prompt recognition and appropriate treatment of amebic liver abscess lead to improved morbidity and mortality. (medscape.com)
  • Magnetic resonance images were obtained before and after treatment in 17 patients with 29 amebic liver abscesses. (elsevierpure.com)
  • After treatment, the abscess cavity became homogeneously hypointense on T1-weighted images, corresponding to liquefaction of the abscess center. (elsevierpure.com)
  • With successful treatment, concentric rings corresponding to (a) an inner margin of inflamed granulation tissue, (b) bands of type I collagen, and (c) the outer margin of atrophic and/or mildly inflamed liver tissue became prominent on T1- anjd T2-weighted images. (elsevierpure.com)
  • It is also a known complication of liver transplantation, hepatic artery embolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, and the ingestion of foreign bodies, which penetrate the liver parenchyma. (medscape.com)
  • All were discharged well after treatment except for one case of death in a 69-year-old Chinese male with amebic liver abscess. (um.edu.my)
  • For patient education resources, see the Infections Center and the Digestive Disorders Center , as well as Skin Abscess and Antibiotics . (medscape.com)
  • Due to the difficulty of exploring host and amebic factors involved in the pathogenesis of amebic liver abscess in humans, most studies have been conducted with animal models (e.g., mice, gerbils, and hamsters). (wikipedia.org)
  • Peak incidence of amebic liver abscess occurs in people in their third, fourth, and fifth decades of life, although it can occur in any age group. (medscape.com)
  • It is, therefore, not a highly specific indicator of liver injury as its elevation can occur as a result of other injured tissues. (medicinenet.com)
  • P yogenic liv er absce ss (PLA) is an uncommon condition characterized by solitary or multiple collections of pus within the liver . (amboss.com)
  • Pretreatment T1-weighted images showed a sharply circumscribed, heterogeneous, low-signal-intensity mass, devoid of normal hepatic tissue and corresponding to the abscess cavity as measured sonographically. (elsevierpure.com)
  • T2-weighted images showed the abscess cavity as a hyperintense region and also showed a larger region of hyperintensity extending from the cavity margins to the liver surface, corresponding to edematous but morphologically normal liver tissue. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The liver is located in the right upper portion of the abdominal cavity just beneath the rib cage. (medicinenet.com)
  • It is most common in tropical areas where crowded living conditions and poor sanitation exist. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is characterized by an enlarged, tender liver, with pain in the upper right hypochondrium. (atlas.or.kr)
  • An estimated 4% of patients with amebic colitis develop an amebic liver abscess. (medscape.com)
  • Methods: A retrospective analysis of all patients with liver abscess from 1995 to 2004 was performed. (aku.edu)
  • The prognosis is poor in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome who remain untreated, with death resulting from progressive liver failure in 3 months to 3 years from the time of the diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • yet, the prevalence of liver abscess has remained relatively unchanged. (medscape.com)
  • Abscesses as a result of biliary procedures may also be caused by retrograde biliary flow. (amboss.com)
  • With a biliary source, abscesses usually are multiple, unless they are associated with surgical interventions or indwelling biliary stents. (medscape.com)
  • AST (SGOT) is normally found in a variety of tissues including the liver, heart , muscle, kidney, and brain. (medicinenet.com)
  • CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) INFECTIONS, including meningitis and brain abscess, caused by Bacteroides species including the B. fragilis group. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
  • Diarrhea precedes only a third of all cases of amebic liver abscesses . (amboss.com)
  • Fulminant amebic colitis - Characterized by more profuse diarrhea, severe abdominal pain with peritoneal signs, and fever. (ayurvedapc.blog)
  • Tiwari D, Jatav OP, Jain M, Kumar S. Study of clinical and etiopathological profile of liver abscess. (jsurgarts.com)
  • Clinical analysis of Amoebic liver abscess. (jsurgarts.com)
  • Amebic liver abscess: clinical presentation and diagnostic difficulties. (jsurgarts.com)
  • Amebae then enter the portal circulation and travel to the liver where they typically form one or more abscesses. (medscape.com)
  • However, the use of animal models has provided important information on molecules and mechanisms of the host/parasite interaction in amebic liver abscess. (wikipedia.org)
  • The parasite may be detected in aspirated material of liver abscess. (atlas.or.kr)
  • In these mountainous forests the orcs have enslaved the human kingdom with only a few free humans living fortnite useful scripts the nearly uninhabitable icy northlands of Nordmar and the southern desert of Varant. (plazarestaurante.es)
  • Amebic liver abscess is rare and is currently seen almost exclusively in immigrants or travelers to the United States. (medscape.com)
  • Laparoscopy was performed and dense violin string adhesions between the liver and the diaphragm anterior abdominal wall were identified. (medscape.com)