Lolium
Festuca
Poaceae
Epichloe
Neotyphodium
Hypocreales
Long-day up-regulation of a GAMYB gene during Lolium temulentum inflorescence formation. (1/237)
Long-day exposure of the grass Lolium temulentum may regulate flowering via changes in gibberellin (GA) levels. Therefore, we have examined both GA levels and expression of a MYB transcription factor that is specific to the GA signal transduction pathway in monocots. This MYB gene from L. temulentum shows over 90% nucleotide identity with the barley and rice GAMYB genes, and, like them, gibberellic acid (GA3) up-regulates its expression in the seed. Furthermore, cDNAs of both the barley and L. temulentum GAMYB show the same simple patterns of hybridization with digests of L. temulentum genomic DNA. Compared with vegetative shoot apices of L. temulentum, the in situ mRNA expression of LtGAMYB does not change during the earliest steps of "floral" initiation at the apex. However, by 100 h (the double-ridge stage of flowering) its expression increased substantially and was highest in the terminal and lateral spikelet sites. Thereafter, expression declined overall but then increased within stamen primordia. Prior to increased LtGAMYB expression, long-day exposure sufficient to induce flowering led to increased (5- to 20-fold) levels of GA1 and GA4 in the leaf. Thus, increases first in GA level in the leaf followed by increased expression of LtGAMYB in the apex suggest important signaling and/or response roles in flowering. (+info)Cutting edge: identification of novel T cell epitopes in Lol p5a by computational prediction. (2/237)
Although atopic allergy affects +info)Antisense-mediated silencing of a gene encoding a major ryegrass pollen allergen. (3/237)
Type 1 allergic reactions, such as hay fever and allergic asthma, triggered by grass pollen allergens are a global health problem that affects approximately 20% of the population in cool, temperate climates. Ryegrass is the dominant source of allergens because of its prodigious production of airborne pollen. Lol p 5 is the major allergenic protein of ryegrass pollen, judging from the fact that almost all of the individuals allergic to grass pollen show presence of serum IgE antibodies against this protein. Moreover, nearly two-thirds of the IgE reactivity of ryegrass pollen has been attributed to this protein. Therefore, it can be expected that down-regulation of Lol p 5 production can significantly reduce the allergic potential of ryegrass pollen. Here, we report down-regulation of Lol p 5 with an antisense construct targeted to the Lol p 5 gene in ryegrass. The expression of antisense RNA was regulated by a pollen-specific promoter. Immunoblot analysis of proteins with allergen-specific antibodies did not detect Lol p 5 in the transgenic pollen. The transgenic pollen showed remarkably reduced allergenicity as reflected by low IgE-binding capacity of pollen extract as compared with that of control pollen. The transgenic ryegrass plants in which Lol p 5 gene expression is perturbed showed normal fertile pollen development, indicating that genetic engineering of hypoallergenic grass plants is possible. (+info)Molecular cloning, expression and immunological characterisation of Lol p 5C, a novel allergen isoform of rye grass pollen demonstrating high IgE reactivity. (4/237)
A novel isoform of a major rye grass pollen allergen Lol p 5 was isolated from a cDNA expression library. The new isoform, Lol p 5C, shares 95% amino acid sequence identity with Lol p 5A. Both isoforms demonstrated shared antigenic activity but different allergenic activities. Recombinant Lol p 5C demonstrated 100% IgE reactivity in 22 rye grass pollen sensitive patients. In comparison, recombinant Lol p 5A showed IgE reactivity in less than 64% of the patients. Therefore, Lol p 5C represents a novel and highly IgE-reactive isoform allergen of rye grass pollen. (+info)Quantitative assessment of in planta distribution of metabolic activity and gene expression of an endophytic fungus. (5/237)
Using perennial ryegrass infected with an Acremonium transformant carrying the Escherichia coli beta-D-glucuronidase gene (gusA) (GUS system) under control of a constitutive promoter, we have developed methods for the quantitative extraction of endophyte-associated GUS activity from plant material. Fluorometric assays of these extracts allow quantitative assessment of the distribution of endophyte-associated GUS activity within single plants (tillers) with high resolution. Fluorescence microscopy with the dye Imagene Green can in addition visualize individual GUS-expressing hyphae. Since the transformant expresses the GUS gene constitutively, GUS activity can be used as an indicator of in planta endophyte metabolic activity. Using this approach we found that (i) the concentration of endophyte metabolic activity in plant tissue decreases with increasing plant size, (ii) approximately 70% of endophyte metabolic activity present in a plant is located in the leaf sheaths, (iii) basal-apical gradients and lateral (younger to older tissue) gradients of endophyte metabolic activity exist and (iv) basal-apical gradients are established early in leaf development. Our data suggest that the concentration of endophyte in each part of the plant is regulated so that a predetermined threshold of total endophyte activity per plant is not exceeded and a consistent distribution pattern is maintained. (+info)Effects of zinc and influence of Acremonium lolii on growth parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activities of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv Apollo). (6/237)
The effects of zinc on growth, mineral content, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and detoxifying enzyme activity (ascorbate peroxidase (APX), EC 1.11.1.11; superoxide dismutase (SOD), EC 1.15.1.1) of ryegrass infected or not by Acremonium lolii, and treated with nutrient solution containing 0-50 mM ZnSO(4) were studied. The introduction of zinc induces stress with a decrease in growth at 1, 5 and 10 mM ZnSO(4) and a cessation of growth at 50 mM ZnSO(4), in ryegrass plants infected by A. lolii or not. This decrease in growth may be due to an accumulation of zinc in leaves. Nevertheless, symbiotic plants showed higher values in tiller number, an advantage conferred by the fungus. After 24 d of Zn exposure, leaf fresh weights and leaf water content were lower in plants growing with Zn in the culture medium and no advantage was conferred by the fungus to its host. An increase in Zn supply resulted in a decrease of the Ca, K, Mg, and Cu content of the leaves, a reduction in the quantum yield of electron flow throughout photosystem II (DeltaF/F(1)(m))and a lowering of the efficiency of photosynthetic energy conversion (F(v)/F(m)), compared to control plants. To counter this zinc stress, detoxifying enzymes APX and SOD increased (100%) when Zn reached the value of 50 mM in the nutrient solution. At 10 mM ZnSO(4), the presence of the fungus in the plant led to an increase in the threshold toxicity of plants to zinc by a diminution of APX activity. (+info)Characterisation of a cysteine protease cDNA from Lolium multiflorum leaves and its expression during senescence and cytokinin treatment. (7/237)
A cysteine protease cDNA clone (See1) highly homologous to barley aleurain was isolated from Lolium multiflorum leaves. During leaf senescence, expression of the See1 mRNA and protein was strongly enhanced. In dark-incubated leaf segments, cytokinin delayed senescence and reduced expression of both See1 mRNA and protein. (+info)Oncostatin M synergises with house dust mite proteases to induce the production of PGE(2) from cultured lung epithelial cells. (8/237)
The release of PGE(2) and nitric oxide (NO) from the respiratory epithelium may act to dampen inflammation. In other tissues, oncostatin M (OSM), a potent inducer of epithelial antiproteases, has also been shown to interact with IL-1beta to stimulate PGE(2) release. However, whether OSM interacts with pro-inflammatory cytokines and proteases in the production of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids and NO from airway epithelium is unknown. The effect of OSM and the related cytokine leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) on PGE(2) and NO production by the respiratory epithelial cell line, A549 in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as protease-rich house dust mite (HDM) fractions and a protease-deficient rye grass pollen extract was examined by immunohistochemistry, cell culture, ELISA and enzyme-immunoassay. Cells treated with a mixture of IL-1beta, IFNgamma and LPS for 48 h produced a 9 fold increase in PGE(2) and a 3 fold increase in NO levels (both P<0.05). Both OSM and LIF were without effect. However, OSM added together with the cytokine mixture synergistically enhanced PGE(2) production (22 fold, P<0.05). OSM also synergistically enhanced PGE(2) production in response to a cysteine protease-enriched, but not serine protease-enriched HDM fraction (P<0.05). Rye grass extract, neither alone nor in combination with OSM, induced PGE(2) or NO production, although it did induce the release of GM-CSF. These observations suggest that OSM is an important co-factor in the release of PGE(2) and NO from respiratory epithelial cells and may play a role in defense against exogenous proteases such as those derived from HDM. (+info)"Lolium" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is actually the genus name for a group of plants that are more commonly known as ryegrasses. These plants belong to the family Poaceae and include several species that are widely used as pasture, hay, or lawn grasses.
While not directly related to human health, these plants can have indirect effects on health, particularly in agricultural settings. For example, certain ryegrass species can host a parasitic nematode called "Haemonchus contortus," which can infect and cause disease in livestock that graze on the grass.
However, without further context, it's challenging to provide a specific medical definition for "Lolium." If you have more information or if this term is being used in a specific medical context, please provide those details so I can give a more accurate response.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Festuca" is not a medical term. It is actually the genus name for a group of plants commonly known as fescue grasses. These grasses are often used in lawns, pastures, and meadows. If you have any questions about a medical term or concept, I would be happy to help if I can!
Herbicide resistance is a genetically acquired trait in weeds that allows them to survive and reproduce following exposure to doses of herbicides that would normally kill or inhibit the growth of susceptible plants. It is a result of natural selection where weed populations with genetic variability are exposed to herbicides, leading to the survival and reproduction of individuals with resistance traits. Over time, this can lead to an increase in the proportion of resistant individuals within the population, making it harder to control weeds using that particular herbicide or group of herbicides.
Poaceae is not a medical term but a taxonomic category, specifically the family name for grasses. In a broader sense, you might be asking for a medical context where knowledge of this plant family could be relevant. For instance, certain members of the Poaceae family can cause allergies or negative reactions in some people.
In a medical definition, Poaceae would be defined as:
The family of monocotyledonous plants that includes grasses, bamboo, and sedges. These plants are characterized by narrow leaves with parallel veins, jointed stems (called "nodes" and "internodes"), and flowers arranged in spikelets. Some members of this family are important food sources for humans and animals, such as rice, wheat, corn, barley, oats, and sorghum. Other members can cause negative reactions, like skin irritation or allergies, due to their silica-based defense structures called phytoliths.
Epichloe is a genus of fungi that are commonly found as endophytes (symbiotic fungi living inside plant tissues) in grasses. These fungi can form mutualistic relationships with their host plants, providing them with resistance to various stressors such as drought, pests, and pathogens. Some Epichloe species can also produce alkaloids that are toxic to livestock, which can have both positive and negative effects on the animals that graze on the grasses.
Epichloe fungi typically infect the above-ground tissues of their host plants, such as leaves and stems, and can form visible structures called sclerotia, which are compact masses of fungal tissue that can survive in the soil for extended periods. These sclerotia can serve as a source of infection for new grass hosts, allowing the Epichloe fungi to spread throughout populations of grasses.
Overall, Epichloe fungi play important roles in the ecology and evolution of grassland ecosystems, and have potential applications in agriculture and conservation.
"Neotyphodium" is not a medical term, but rather it is a genus of fungi that belongs to the family Clavicipitaceae. These endophytic fungi form mutualistic symbiotic relationships with various grass species, including important forage and turfgrasses. They colonize the interior of grass leaves and stems without causing apparent harm to the host plant, while receiving nutrients in return. Some Neotyphodium species produce alkaloids, which can provide the host grass with resistance to insect pests and certain diseases. However, these alkaloids may have negative effects on livestock that graze on the infected grasses, causing various toxicities or neurological disorders.
Hypocreales is an order of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. This group includes many species that are saprophytic (growing on dead or decaying organic matter) as well as pathogenic, causing various diseases in plants and animals. Some notable members of Hypocreales include the genera Trichoderma, Hypocrea, Nectria, and Fusarium. These fungi are characterized by their perithecial ascomata (sexual fruiting bodies) and often produce colorful, flask-shaped structures called ascostromata. Some species in this order produce toxic compounds known as mycotoxins, which can have harmful effects on humans and animals if ingested or inhaled.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Poa" is not a medical term. It is a genus of grasses commonly known as meadow grass or bluegrass. If you have misspelled or are thinking of a different term, please provide more context so I can give you a more accurate response.
Fructans are a type of carbohydrate known as oligosaccharides, which are made up of chains of fructose molecules. They are found in various plants, including wheat, onions, garlic, and artichokes. Some people may have difficulty digesting fructans due to a lack of the enzyme needed to break them down, leading to symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and stomach pain. This condition is known as fructan intolerance or fructose malabsorption. Fructans are also considered a type of FODMAP (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols), which are short-chain carbohydrates that can be poorly absorbed by the body and may cause digestive symptoms in some individuals.
Ergotamines are a type of medication that is derived from the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea). They are primarily used to treat migraines and cluster headaches. Ergotamines work by narrowing blood vessels around the brain, which helps to alleviate the symptoms of migraines and headaches.
Ergotamines are available in various forms, including tablets, suppositories, and injectable solutions. They can be taken orally, rectally, or intravenously, depending on the severity of the symptoms and the patient's medical history. Ergotamines should be used with caution, as they can cause serious side effects such as nausea, vomiting, muscle pain, and weakness.
Ergotamines are also used in the treatment of other conditions, including postpartum hemorrhage, heart failure, and high blood pressure during pregnancy. However, their use in these conditions is typically reserved for cases where other treatments have been ineffective or contraindicated.
It's important to note that ergotamines can interact with a variety of medications, including certain antidepressants, antibiotics, and HIV medications. Therefore, it's essential to inform your healthcare provider about all the medications you are taking before starting treatment with ergotamines.
Lolium
Lolium temulentum
Lolium perenne
Lolium rigidum
Lolium remotum
Lolium mazzettianum
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium persicum
Flora of Malta
Lawn
Poeae
Brown patch
Brooks Island Regional Preserve
Turf melting out
Deinandra conjugens
Anguina (nematode)
List of vascular plants of Norfolk Island
List of flora of Indiana
Blumeria graminis
Rhynchosporium
Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae
List of psychoactive plants
Landfill restoration
Acanthomintha duttonii
Allergic rhinitis
Lopinga achine
Aeroallergen
Mount Ganos
Trifolium repens
List of Poaceae genera
Lolium - Wikipedia
Multiple resistant Lolium perenne from Denmark
Glyphosate Resistance in Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is Associated with a Fitness Penalty
Multiple resistant Lolium rigidum from South Africa
Multiple resistant Lolium rigidum from Australia, Western Australia
Lolium perenne var. paleaceum Döll - The Plant List
Multiple resistant Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum from Italy
Multiple resistant Lolium rigidum from Spain
Cytogenetics of the Festuca-Lolium Complex: Relevance to Breeding: Jauhar, Prem P.: Trade Paperback: 9783642840883: Powell's...
Multiple resistant Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum from Chile
Multiple resistant Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum from Denmark
Herbicidal Activity of Brassicaceae Seed Meal on Wild Oat (Avena fatua), Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), Redroot Pigweed...
PRIME PubMed | The potential of Lolium perenne for revegetation of contaminated soil from a metallurgical site
Multiple resistant Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum from United States, California
CoRE Species | Lolium temulentum L.
AID 1089501 - Herbicidal activity against Lolium rigidum accession A01 assessed as fresh weight reduction applied at 1 times...
DArTFest - a platform for high-throughput genome profiling within the Festuca - Lolium complex | Ústav experimentální botaniky...
An ultra-high density genetic linkage map of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) based on...
Short-term response in leaf metabolism of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) to alterations in nitrogen supply | The James...
Impact of Lolium perenne L. ploidy and Trifolium repens L. inclusion on sward structural characteristics, morphology and...
UKnowledge - IGC Proceedings (2001-2023): Comparing Yield and Quality of Milk from Dairy Cows Fed Stockpiled Annual Ryegrass (...
EcoFlora - Lolium perenne
Vascular Plants APNI - Lolium multiflorum?
Genetic gain in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) varieties 1973 to 2013 - Fingerprint - Queen's University Belfast
Lolium multiflorum - Plants of Hawaii - Starr Environmental
Multiple resistant Lolium rigidum from Australia, Victoria
Enhancer Italian Ryegrass - Lolium multiflorum - Great Basin Seeds
Ba14686 - late heading diploid Lolium perenne<...
The standout ryegrass for all-round performance // Lolium perenne
Perenne22
- The primary species found worldwide and used both for lawns and as a forage crop is perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). (wikipedia.org)
- Multiple resistant Lolium perenne ssp. (weedscience.org)
- Lolium perenne ssp. (weedscience.org)
- Biomonitoring and assessment of airborne fluoride using Lolium perenne near a phosphate fertilizer production facility. (fluoridealert.org)
- Lolium perenne L. (perennial rye grass) was used as a bioindicator and exposed in 52 sites in 2015 and 11 sites in 2016 surrounding the emission source. (fluoridealert.org)
- Aman Chandi, Alan C. York, David L. Jordan, and Josh B. Beam ( 2011 ) Resistance to Acetolactate Synthase and Acetyl Co-A Carboxylase Inhibitors in North Carolina Italian Ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ). (weedscience.com)
- TYPE: Lolium perenne Linnaeus Lectotypified by Nash, in Britton & A. Brown, Ill. Fl. (usf.edu)
- HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G) resistant Lolium perenne ssp. (weedscience.org)
- Perennial Rye Grass (Lolium perenne) is a severe allergen. (pollenlibrary.com)
- This study investigated the effects of pig manure composting on the growth and Se accumulation in Lolium perenne L. (cv. (helsinki.fi)
- Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is the grass of choice for permanent pastures. (barenbrug.co.uk)
- Efecto del oxígeno y de la temperatura en el punto de compensación para el CO2 en Lolium perenne L. (ub.edu)
- Efecto de la concentración de oxígeno y la temperatura en la fotosíntesis neta de Lolium perenne L. (ub.edu)
- Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is the most important forage crop in temperate grassland agriculture, but acceleration of the rate of improvement of genetic gain is desirable. (aber.ac.uk)
- Genomics assisted breeding for fatty acid content and composition in perennial ryegrass (Lolium Perenne L. (aber.ac.uk)
- Functionally associated molecular genetic marker map construction in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. (qld.gov.au)
- A molecular marker-based map of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) has been constructed through the use of polymorphisms associated with expressed sequence tags (ESTs). (qld.gov.au)
- The impact of doubled atmospheric [CO 2 ] on the carbon balance of regularly cut Lolium perenne L. swards was studied for two years under semi-field conditions in the Wageningen Rhizolab. (nau.edu)
- The relationship between applied nitrogen, nitrogen concentration in herbage and seed yield in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). I. Cv. (oregonstate.edu)
- 17. Human T cell responses to purified pollen allergens of the grass, Lolium perenne. (nih.gov)
- It contains Perennial Ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ), Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis ), Timothy grass ( Phleum pratense ), Orchard grass ( Dactylis glomerata ), and Sweet Vernal grass ( Anthoxanthum odoratum ). (medscape.com)
- As determined by SPT, 85.9 percent of subjects were sensitized, 65.6 percent to any pollen tested, 56.3 percent to Lolium perenne, and 23.4 percent to Platanus. (cdc.gov)
Multiflorum6
- Sichuan, Yunnan Lolium multiflorum Lam. (wikipedia.org)
- IGC Proceedings (2001-2023): Fodder Yield and Quality of Egyptian Clover ( Trifolium alexandrinum L.), Annual Ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam. (uky.edu)
- Therefore, there is a pressing need to introduce some promising winter annual forage grasses, like barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) and ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum L.), and investigate their performance under the Egyptian agricultural conditions. (uky.edu)
- NDLI: Influence of tea saponin on enhancing accessibility of pyrene and cadmium phytoremediated with Lolium multiflorum in co-contaminated soils. (iitkgp.ac.in)
- Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum L.), a cross-pollinated grass, is gradually becoming a predominant weed in wheat fields in China and is evolving resistance to many groups of herbicides. (mdpi.com)
- More than ions: the effects of silver nanoparticles on Lolium multiflorum . (nih.gov)
Ryegrass9
- Canary Islands ryegrass - Canary Islands, Cape Verde Lolium giganteum Lam. (wikipedia.org)
- Assam, Bhutan - Intermediate ryegrass Lolium mazzettianum (E.B.Alexeev) Darbysh. (wikipedia.org)
- 1901. not K.Koch 1848 - Hainardia cylindrica Lolium distachyum - Enteropogon monostachyos Lolium elegans - Castellia tuberculosa Lolium × festucaceum - × Festulolium loliaceum Lolium × festucoides - × Festulolium loliaceum Lolium × grandispicum - × Festulolium braunii Perennial ryegrass, used as winter lawn. (wikipedia.org)
- Tennis courts, including those at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, the venue for Wimbledon, are planted with ryegrass.Glyphosate-resistant Lolium has been reported from Mississippi in 2006. (wikipedia.org)
- Rigid Ryegrass ( Lolium rigidum ) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. (weedscience.org)
- 1992). "Amitrole, Triazine, Substituted Urea, and Metribuzin Resistance in a Biotype of Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)" Weed Sci. (weedscience.com)
- Doole, G & Revell, CK 2010, ' Delayed pasture germination allows improved rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) control through grazing and broad-spectrum herbicide application ', Crop Protection , vol. 29, pp. 153-162. (edu.au)
- EST-derived SSR markers used as anchor loci for the construction of a consensus linkage map in ryegrass (Lolium spp. (teagasc.ie)
- Conclusions: The consensus linkage map for ryegrass based on eight mapping populations and constructed using a large set of publicly available Lolium EST-SSRs mapped for the first time together with previously mapped SSR markers will allow for consolidating existing mapping and QTL information in ryegrass. (teagasc.ie)
Temulentum2
- Poison darnel (Lolium temulentum) Lolium contains some species which are important grasses for lawns, and as pasture and for grazing and hay for livestock, being a highly nutritious stock feed. (wikipedia.org)
- Lolium temulentum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) , U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. (wikimedia.org)
Genus4
- Lolium is a genus of tufted grasses in the bluegrass subfamily (Pooideae). (wikipedia.org)
- For the genus Lolium it is often very tricky to give a species for a certain population because they are often a mix of species, and plants can also be phenotypically intermediate. (weedscience.org)
- There is a significant amount of confusion about the inclusion of this species complex in the genus Lolium. (asu.edu)
- A taxonomic revision of the genus Lolium . (vurv.cz)
Arundinaceum2
- Species of Lolium include: Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb. (wikipedia.org)
- From Latin lolium for cockle, also the classical name for rye, while arundinaceum means resembling a reed. (asu.edu)
Pratense1
- naturalized in scattered locations in the United States + Canada Lolium pratense (Huds. (wikipedia.org)
20201
- Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Lolium The Plant List search for Lolium Lamson-Scribner, Bill (November 12, 2020). (wikipedia.org)
Linnaeus1
- LOLIUM Linnaeus, Sp. (usf.edu)
20231
- 2023. Lolium mairei in Kew Science Plants of the World Online . (wikimedia.org)
Festuca1
- Lolium is evidently embedded in the Festuca lineage (Inda et al. (usf.edu)
Grassland1
- In the case of the key grassland species Lolium spp. (teagasc.ie)
Australia2
- Lolium is native to Europe, Asia and northern Africa, as well as being cultivated and naturalized in Australia, the Americas, and various oceanic islands. (wikipedia.org)
- sparingly naturalized in scattered locations in Australia + Americas Formerly included Several former Lolium species now regarded as part of other genera: Castellia, Enteropogon, × Festulolium, Hainardia, Lepturus, Melica, and Vulpia. (wikipedia.org)