Lumpy Skin Disease
Capripoxvirus
Chordopoxvirinae
Skin Diseases
Mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). (1/7)
Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes are capable of the mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) from infected to susceptible cattle. Mosquitoes that had fed upon lesions of LSDV-infected cattle were able to transmit virus to susceptible cattle over a period of 2-6 days post-infective feeding. Virus was isolated from the recipient animals in 5 out of 7 cases. The clinical disease recorded in the animals exposed to infected mosquitoes was generally of a mild nature, with only one case being moderate. LSDV has long been suspected to be insect transmitted, but these findings are the first to demonstrate this unequivocally, and they suggest that mosquito species are competent vectors. (+info)The isolation of lumpy skin disease virus and bovine herpesvirus-4 from cattle in Egypt. (2/7)
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) virus (LSDV) was isolated for the first time from cattle in Egypt in 2 disease outbreaks. Bovine herpesvirus-4 (BHV-4) and LSDV were detected in a pooled sample from the first outbreak (Suez). Only LSDV was isolated from the second outbreak (Ismalia). The capripoxviruses were identified as LSDV by neutralization with specific antiserum and by their ability to produce generalized LSD in experimentally inoculated cattle. (+info)Mathematical modelling and evaluation of the different routes of transmission of lumpy skin disease virus. (3/7)
(+info)Risk assessments of lumpy skin diseases in Borena bull market chain and its implication for livelihoods and international trade. (4/7)
(+info)Observations on the epidemiology of lumpy skin disease in Kenya. (5/7)
Lumpy skin disease virus strains isolated in Kenya over a period of some 20 years have proved to be serologically identical. They were indistinguishable by indirect fluorescent antibody and serum neutralization test from the South African Neethling and West African serotypes. These two serological methods proved of value in studying the antibody responses to infection. While epizootic spread of LSD has occurred in Kenya, most cases are of a sporadic nature and are thought to be the result of accidental contacts with a maintenance cycle. There is evidence of antibody to LSD in the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in those areas where LSD is considered to be enzootic in Kenya, and also in small numbers of domestic cattle. No buffalo or bovine sera contained antibody to cowpox virus. An area enzootic for LSD is proposed and it is suggested that the maintenance cycle involves the buffalo. No antibody was found in the other wild ruminant species examined. (+info)An investigation of possible routes of transmission of lumpy skin disease virus (Neethling). (6/7)
British cattle were infected with the South African (Neethling) strain of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) and their clinical signs monitored over a 3-week period. Different routes of infection were assessed for effect on the clinical characteristics of the disease by using a clinical scoring system. Neither of 2 animals inoculated onto the conjunctival sac showed clinical signs of seroconverted. The intradermal route produced local lesions in 21 of 25 animals, and generalized infection in 4. In contrast the intravenous route produced generalized lesions in 8 of 11 animals. Seven uninfected animals were housed in contact with infected animals for 1 month. None developed clinical signs or produced detectable serum neutralizing antibodies. Six of seven of these animals were then challenged and were fully susceptible to infection. The results suggest that the transmission of LSDV between animals by contagion is extremely inefficient, and that parenteral inoculation of virus is required to establish infection. The high proportion of animals with generalized disease following intravenous inoculation implies that naturally occurring cases of generalized LSD may follow spread by intravenously feeding arthropods. (+info)Trial of a capripoxvirus-rinderpest recombinant vaccine in African cattle. (7/7)
Cattle were vaccinated with differing doses of an equal mixture of capripox-rinderpest recombinant viruses expressing either the fusion protein (F) or the haemagglutinin protein (H) of rinderpest virus. Animals vaccinated with 2 x 10(4) p.f.u. or greater of the combined viruses were completely protected against challenge, 1 month later, with both virulent rinderpest and lumpy skin disease viruses. Vaccination with any of the doses did not induce any adverse clinical response in the animals or transmission of the vaccine virus between animals. All cattle challenged 6 or 12 months after vaccination with 2 x 10(5) p.f.u. of the mixture of recombinant viruses were protected from severe rinderpest disease. Ten out of 18 were completely protected while the remaining 8 developed mild clinical signs of rinderpest. Cattle vaccinated with the recombinant vaccines after prior infection with the parental capripox virus showed more marked clinical signs of rinderpest after challenge with virulent rinderpest, but 9 out of 10 recovered, compared with 80% mortality in the unvaccinated controls. (+info)Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) is a large double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the Poxviridae family and Capripoxvirus genus. It is the causative agent of Lumpy Skine Disease (LSD), a severe vector-borne viral disease affecting cattle. The virus is transmitted through blood-sucking insects, such as mosquitoes and ticks, or through direct contact with infected animals.
The clinical signs of LSD include the development of nodules or lumps on the skin, particularly on the head, neck, and limbs, which can vary in size from small papules to large tumors. Other symptoms may include fever, loss of appetite, nasal discharge, excessive salivation, and difficulty breathing. In severe cases, LSD can lead to death due to secondary bacterial infections or complications related to the respiratory system.
LSDV is a significant concern for the global cattle industry, as it can cause significant economic losses due to reduced milk production, weight loss, decreased fertility, and increased mortality rates. It is endemic in many African countries, but has also been reported in several countries in the Middle East, Asia, and Eastern Europe. Vaccination is an effective strategy for controlling LSD, and several vaccines are available for use in affected regions.
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a viral disease that affects cattle and water buffalo. It is caused by the Capripoxvirus, which is a double-stranded DNA virus. The disease is characterized by the development of nodules or lumps in the skin and other organs of the infected animal. These nodules are typically found on the head, neck, limbs, and perineal region of the animal.
The LSD virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, contaminated feed and water, and mechanical vectors such as insects, particularly mosquitoes and biting flies. The incubation period for LSD ranges from 2 to 4 weeks. In addition to skin nodules, the disease can also cause fever, decreased milk production, difficulty breathing, and lameness.
Lumpy Skin Disease is not generally fatal, but it can result in significant economic losses due to reduced milk production, weight loss, and decreased fertility. The disease is endemic in many parts of Africa and has also been reported in the Middle East, Asia, and Eastern Europe. There is no specific treatment for LSD, but vaccination can help prevent the spread of the disease.
Capripoxvirus is a genus of viruses in the family Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. This genus includes three species of poxviruses that primarily infect members of the Artiodactyla order (even-toed ungulates), such as sheep, goats, and cattle. The three species are:
1. Sheeppox virus (SPPV) - causes sheeppox in sheep and goatpox in goats
2. Goatpox virus (GTPV) - causes goatpox in goats and sometimes in sheep
3. Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) - causes lumpy skin disease in cattle
These viruses are large, complex, enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses with a linear genome of approximately 150 kilobases. They replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells and can cause severe diseases in their respective hosts, characterized by fever, lesions on the skin and mucous membranes, and secondary bacterial infections. Vaccination is an important control strategy for capripoxviruses.
Chordopoxvirinae is a subfamily of viruses in the family Poxviridae, which includes viruses that infect vertebrates, including humans. The members of Chordopoxvirinae are known as chordopoxviruses and are characterized by their ability to infect and replicate in the cells of cold-blooded and warm-blooded vertebrates, such as birds and mammals.
Chordopoxviruses have a complex structure, consisting of a large, brick-shaped virion that contains a single linear double-stranded DNA genome. The genome is surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane, which is acquired from the host cell during the budding process.
The subfamily Chordopoxvirinae includes several important human pathogens, such as variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox), vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine), monkeypox virus, and molluscum contagiosum virus. These viruses can cause a range of diseases, from mild skin lesions to severe systemic illnesses.
Effective vaccines have been developed against some chordopoxviruses, such as smallpox, but there are still no approved vaccines or antiviral treatments for many other members of this subfamily. Therefore, continued research and development efforts are necessary to better understand these viruses and develop effective strategies for preventing and treating the diseases they cause.
Poxviridae infections refer to diseases caused by the Poxviridae family of viruses, which are large, complex viruses with a double-stranded DNA genome. This family includes several pathogens that can infect humans, such as Variola virus (which causes smallpox), Vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine and can rarely cause infection), Monkeypox virus, and Cowpox virus.
These viruses typically cause skin lesions or pocks, hence the name "Poxviridae." The severity of the disease can vary depending on the specific virus and the immune status of the host. Smallpox, once a major global health threat, was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization in 1980 thanks to a successful vaccination campaign. However, other Poxviridae infections continue to pose public health concerns, particularly in regions with lower vaccination rates and where animal reservoirs exist.
Skin diseases, also known as dermatological conditions, refer to any medical condition that affects the skin, which is the largest organ of the human body. These diseases can affect the skin's function, appearance, or overall health. They can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, allergies, environmental factors, and aging.
Skin diseases can present in many different forms, such as rashes, blisters, sores, discolorations, growths, or changes in texture. Some common examples of skin diseases include acne, eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, fungal infections, viral infections, bacterial infections, and skin cancer.
The symptoms and severity of skin diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and individual factors. Some skin diseases are mild and can be treated with over-the-counter medications or topical creams, while others may require more intensive treatments such as prescription medications, light therapy, or even surgery.
It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual or persistent changes in your skin, as some skin diseases can be serious or indicative of other underlying health conditions. A dermatologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.
In medical terms, the skin is the largest organ of the human body. It consists of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer), as well as accessory structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. The skin plays a crucial role in protecting us from external factors such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental hazards, while also regulating body temperature and enabling the sense of touch.