Lyme Neuroborreliosis
Lyme Disease
Borrelia burgdorferi Group
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Bell Palsy
Facial Paralysis
Borrelia burgdorferi
Borrelia
Mononeuropathies
Chemokine CXCL13
Cosyntropin
Erythema Chronicum Migrans
Encyclopedias as Topic
Ticks
Genetic analysis of Borrelia garinii OspA serotype 4 strains associated with neuroborreliosis: evidence for extensive genetic homogeneity. (1/80)
Infection with Borrelia garinii outer surface protein (Osp) A serotype 4 strains has been correlated with the development of neuroborreliosis in Lyme borreliosis patients in Europe. OspA serotype 4 isolates have been recovered primarily from human cerebrospinal fluid, suggesting a tropism for this environment. Previous studies with monoclonal antibodies directed against OspA and OspC demonstrated that OspA serotype 4 strains are antigenically closely related. In view of the pronounced antigenic and genetic variability that has been noted in the Osps of other Borrelia isolates, we sought to determine if OspA serotype 4 strains represent a recently emerged clonal lineage of B. garinii. Toward this goal, a representative group of OspA serotype 4 strains was analyzed for traits that typically exhibit hypervariability among isolates that cause Lyme borreliosis. The following criteria were assessed: (i) ospC sequences, (ii) plasmid composition, (iii) genomic restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns, and (iv) the RFLP patterns of the upstream homology box (UHB) element which flanks members of the UHB gene family at their 5' end. Collectively, these analyses demonstrate genetic homogeneity, suggesting that OspA serotype 4 strains are a recently emerged clonal lineage with an apparent tropism for the central nervous system. (+info)Scored antibody reactivity determined by immunoblotting shows an association between clinical manifestations and presence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, B. afzelii, and B. Valaisiana in humans. (2/80)
An immunoglobulin G immunoblot was developed with antigenic extracts of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, B. afzelii, and B. valaisiana genospecies and was reacted with sera from patients with neuroborreliosis, acrodermatitis, and Lyme arthritis. A detailed analysis of the reactivities of the protein bands was performed, and a two-step scoring procedure was selected to determine the preferential reactivity of sera to one particular genospecies. The discriminative potential of 5 proteins (12-kDa, 16-kDa, 18-kDa, OspA, and 66-kDa proteins) was used as a rapid first-step scoring method, followed by scoring of 14 additional protein bands if necessary. The advantage of this procedure is the low percentage of serum samples with inconclusive results for one of the four species (10% for patients with neuroborreliosis, 6% for patients with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, and 6% for patients with Lyme arthritis). Among 31 serum samples from patients with neuroborreliosis, 16 were more reactive to B. garinii, 7 were more reactive to B. afzelii, 3 were more reactive to B. valaisiana, and 2 were more reactive to B. burgdorferi sensu stricto. Of 31 serum samples from patients with acrodermatitis, 26 showed a higher level of reactivity to B. afzelii. Of 34 serum samples from patients with Lyme arthritis, 21 were more reactive to B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, 10 were more reactive to B. afzelii, and 1 was more reactive to B. valaisiana. Our results suggest an organotropism of Borrelia species and provide some evidence of a pathogenic potential of B. valaisiana in humans. (+info)Increased IgA rheumatoid factor and V(H)1 associated cross reactive idiotype expression in patients with Lyme arthritis and neuroborreliosis. (3/80)
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether autoreactive mechanisms occur in Lyme disease (LD) by determining IgA, IgG and IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) concentrations and RF associated cross reactive idiotype (CRI) expression in the serum of LD patients, with comparison to patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: The RF isotype profiles were determined in 59 patients with LD; erythema migrans (EM) (n=19), neuroborreliosis (NB) (n=20) and Lyme arthritis (LA) (n=20). Mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) G6 and G8 (V(H)1 gene associated), D12 (V(H)3 gene associated) and C7 (V(kappa)III gene associated) were then used to determine the RF associated CRI expression on IgM antibodies in 16 of these LD patients (eight seropositive for RF); (EM (n=3), NB (n=6), LA (n=7)). RESULTS: Seven (18%) patients with either NB or LA had increased concentrations of IgA RF compared with none with EM. Significant differences in the number of patients with raised concentrations of IgG RF or IgM RF were not found between the LD patient groups. Five (3NB, 1LA and 1 EM) (31%) and three (2NB and 1LA) (19%) of LD patients had raised concentrations of the CRIs recognised by mAbs G6 and G8, respectively. These CRIs were detected in LD sera both with and without raised concentrations of RF and were not demonstrated on anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies using ELISA. No LD sera tested had raised concentrations of the determinants recognised by mAbs C7 or D12. CONCLUSION: Significantly raised concentrations of IgA RF and increased use of V(H)1 germline gene associated CRIs are found on IgM antibodies in the serum of LD patients. These data indicate the recruitment of autoreactive B lymphocytes in some patients with the later stages of LD. (+info)Epitope mapping of the immunodominant invariable region of Borrelia burgdorferi VlsE in three host species. (4/80)
VlsE, the variable surface antigen of Borrelia burgdorferi, contains a 26-amino-acid-long immunodominant invariable region, IR(6). In the present study, three overlapping 14-mer peptides reproducing the sequence of IR(6) were used as peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antigens to map this invariable region in infected monkeys, mice, and human Lyme disease patients. Antibodies of the two primate species appeared to recognize IR(6) as a single antigenic determinant, while mouse antibodies recognized multiple epitopes within this region. (+info)Primarily chronic and cerebrovascular course of Lyme neuroborreliosis: case reports and literature review. (5/80)
As part of an ongoing study aiming to define the clinical spectrum of neuroborreliosis in childhood, we have identified four patients with unusual clinical manifestations. Two patients suffered from a primarily chronic form of neuroborreliosis and displayed only non-specific symptoms. An 11 year old boy presented with long standing symptoms of severe weight loss and chronic headache, while the other patient had pre-existing mental and motor retardation and developed seizures and failure to thrive. Two further children who presented with acute hemiparesis as a result of cerebral ischaemic infarction had a cerebrovascular course of neuroborreliosis. One was a 15 year old girl; the other, a 5 year old boy, is to our knowledge the youngest patient described with this course of illness. Following adequate antibiotic treatment, all patients showed substantial improvement of their respective symptoms. Laboratory and magnetic resonance imaging findings as well as clinical course are discussed and the relevant literature is reviewed. (+info)False-negative serology in patients with neuroborreliosis and the value of employing of different borrelial strains in serological assays. (6/80)
The risk of obtaining false-negative results in serological assays in serum and CSF specimens with only one strain of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato as antigen was investigated in 79 patients with neuroborreliosis with specimens obtained at initial presentation. Serum antibodies were assessed by immunoblotting; the criteria of Hauser et al. were used to evaluate the test. The intrathecal synthesis of borrelial-specific IgM and IgG antibodies was examined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Strains of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (BbZ160), B. garinii (Bbii50) and B. afzelii (PKO) served as sources of antigen in both assays. All patients produced either a positive IgM or IgG test in serum with at least one strain of B. burgdorferi sensu lato. Reactivity of IgM or IgG antibodies, or both, with antigens of all three strains was demonstrated in 67 (85%) of 79 sera. The correlation of results of immunoblotting with different strains was significantly better for IgG (85%) than for IgM antibodies (54%). The variability of positive IgM reactions in 18 specimens was mainly due to the fact that the antibodies were directed to the relevant variable outer-surface protein C (p23). Intrathecal synthesis of IgG antibodies was demonstrated in 58 patients (81%) of 72 and of IgM antibodies in 25 of 58 patients. No patient had isolated intrathecal synthesis of IgM antibodies. The majority of CSF samples (56 of 58) were assessed as IgG antibody-positive, independent of the borrelial strain used as antigen in EIA, whereas only 10 of 25 IgM antibody-positive CSF specimens reacted with all three strains. All patients in the study had intrathecal antibody synthesis demonstrable at 6-week follow-up. From this study it is concluded that there is a small, but real, risk of false-negative serological findings at the time of initial clinical presentation in patients with typical symptoms of neuroborreliosis. In these patients a negative serological result with one strain should prompt the repetition of the test with other strains of B. burgdorferi sensu lato. (+info)Two subsets of dendritic cells are present in human cerebrospinal fluid. (7/80)
Little is known about the presence of dendritic cells in the human CNS. To investigate the occurrence of dendritic cells in the CSF, paired blood/CSF samples from patients with multiple sclerosis, acute optic neuritis, Lyme neuroborreliosis, other inflammatory neurological diseases and non-inflammatory neurological diseases were examined using flow cytometry. Almost all CSF samples contained myeloid (lin-CD11c+HLA-DR++CD123(dim)) and plasmacytoid (lin-CD11c-HLA-DR+CD123(high)) dendritic cells. In non-inflammatory neurological diseases, dendritic cells of either subset only constituted up to 1% of CSF mononuclear cells. Myeloid CSF dendritic cells were elevated in optic neuritis, neuroborreliosis and other inflammatory neurological disorders, while plasmacytoid dendritic cells were elevated in all neuroinflammatory conditions studied, with especially high numbers in neuroborreliosis. Numbers of CSF dendritic cells correlated with the common parameters of CNS inflammation. The myeloid dendritic cells in CSF expressed higher levels of HLA-DR, CD86, CD80 and CD40 than those in blood, whereas expression of these molecules by plasmacytoid dendritic cells was equal in blood and CSF. Both CSF and blood dendritic cells expressed the chemokine receptor CCR5. This is the first demonstration that dendritic cells are present in human CSF and that plasmacytoid dendritic cells are present in a non-lymphoid compartment. Myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in CSF may contribute to orchestration of the local immune responses. (+info)Lyme borreliosis in rhesus macaques: effects of corticosteroids on spirochetal load and isotype switching of anti-borrelia burgdorferi antibody. (8/80)
Experimental Borrelia burgdorferi infection of rhesus monkeys is an excellent model of Lyme disease and closely parallels the infection in humans. Little is known about the interaction of host immunity with the spirochete in patients with chronic infection. We hypothesized that rapid development of anti-B. burgdorferi antibody in immunocompetent nonhuman primates (NHPs) is the major determinant of the reduction of the spirochetal load in Lyme borreliosis. This hypothesis was tested by measurement of the spirochetal load by PCR in association with characterization of the anti-B. burgdorferi humoral immune response in immunocompetent NHPs versus that in corticosteroid-treated NHPs. Although anti-B. burgdorferi immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody was effectively inhibited in dexamethasone (Dex)-treated NHPs, anti-B. burgdorferi IgM antibody levels continued to rise after the first month and reached levels in excess of IgM levels in immunocompetent NHPs. This vigorous production of anti-B. burgdorferi IgM antibodies was also studied in vitro by measurement of antibody produced by B. burgdorferi-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Despite these high IgM antispirochetal antibodies in Dex-treated NHPs, spirochetal loads were much higher in these animals. These data indicate that Dex treatment results in interference with isotype switching in this model and provide evidence that anti-B. burgdorferi IgG antibody is much more effective than IgM antibody in decreasing the spirochetal load in infected animals. (+info)Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) is a specific neurological manifestation of Lyme borreliosis, which is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. It is characterized by inflammation of the nervous system, particularly the peripheral and central nervous systems.
Involvement of the peripheral nervous system can present as radiculoneuropathy or cranial neuritis, leading to symptoms such as radiating pain, paresthesia, muscle weakness, and/or sensory loss in the affected areas. Involvement of the central nervous system may result in meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), or myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord). These manifestations can cause symptoms such as headache, stiff neck, cognitive impairment, memory loss, mood changes, sleep disturbances, and, in rare cases, seizures.
LNB is typically diagnosed based on a combination of clinical presentation, laboratory tests (such as serological analysis or CSF examination), and sometimes supported by imaging studies. Treatment usually involves antibiotic therapy, which can be administered either orally or intravenously, depending on the severity and extent of the infection. Early diagnosis and treatment significantly improve the prognosis for LNB patients.
Lyme disease is not a "medical definition" itself, but it is a medical condition named after the town of Lyme, Connecticut, where it was first identified in 1975. Medical definitions for this disease are provided by authoritative bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). According to the CDC, Lyme disease is a "infection caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks."
The WHO defines Lyme borreliosis (LB), also known as Lyme disease, as "an infectious disease caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Ixodes spp. ticks."
Both definitions highlight that Lyme disease is a bacterial infection spread by tick bites, specifically from black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis in the United States and Ixodes pacificus on the Pacific Coast) or deer ticks (Ixodes ricinus in Europe). The primary cause of the disease is the spirochete bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi.
The Borrelia burgdorferi group, also known as the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) complex, refers to a genetically related group of spirochetal bacteria that cause Lyme disease and other related diseases worldwide. The group includes several species, with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), B. afzelii, and B. garinii being the most common and best studied. These bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis in the United States and Ixodes pacificus on the West Coast; Ixodes ricinus in Europe).
Lyme disease is a multisystem disorder that can affect the skin, joints, nervous system, and heart. Early symptoms typically include a characteristic expanding rash called erythema migrans, fever, fatigue, headache, and muscle and joint pain. If left untreated, the infection can spread to other parts of the body and cause more severe complications, such as arthritis, neurological problems, and carditis.
Diagnosis of Lyme disease is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, exposure history, and laboratory tests. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, such as doxycycline, amoxicillin, or ceftriaxone, and is generally most effective when initiated early in the course of the illness. Preventive measures, such as using insect repellent, checking for ticks after being outdoors, and promptly removing attached ticks, can help reduce the risk of Lyme disease and other tick-borne infections.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a shock absorber for the central nervous system and provides nutrients to the brain while removing waste products. CSF is produced by specialized cells called ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) inside the brain. From there, it circulates through the ventricular system and around the outside of the brain and spinal cord before being absorbed back into the bloodstream. CSF analysis is an important diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, including infections, inflammation, and cancer.
Bell palsy is a peripheral facial nerve palsy, which means that it is a weakness or paralysis of the facial nerves (cranial nerve VII) that causes sudden asymmetric weakness on one side of the face. The symptoms can vary from mild to severe and may include:
* Sudden weakness or paralysis on one side of the face
* Drooping of the mouth, causing difficulty with smiling, eating, drinking, or speaking
* Inability to close one eye
* Dryness of the eye and mouth
* Changes in taste sensation
* Discomfort around the jaw and behind the ear
* Headache
* Increased sensitivity to sound
The exact cause of Bell palsy is not known, but it is believed to be related to inflammation or swelling of the facial nerve. It may also be associated with viral infections such as herpes simplex virus or HIV. In most cases, Bell palsy resolves on its own within a few weeks to months, although some people may experience residual symptoms such as facial weakness or asymmetry. Treatment typically involves corticosteroids and antiviral medications, which can help reduce inflammation and speed up recovery.
Facial paralysis is a loss of facial movement due to damage or dysfunction of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). This nerve controls the muscles involved in facial expressions, such as smiling, frowning, and closing the eyes. Damage to one side of the facial nerve can cause weakness or paralysis on that side of the face.
Facial paralysis can result from various conditions, including:
1. Bell's palsy - an idiopathic (unknown cause) inflammation of the facial nerve
2. Trauma - skull fractures, facial injuries, or surgical trauma to the facial nerve
3. Infections - Lyme disease, herpes zoster (shingles), HIV/AIDS, or bacterial infections like meningitis
4. Tumors - benign or malignant growths that compress or invade the facial nerve
5. Stroke - damage to the brainstem where the facial nerve originates
6. Congenital conditions - some people are born with facial paralysis due to genetic factors or birth trauma
Symptoms of facial paralysis may include:
* Inability to move one or more parts of the face, such as the eyebrows, eyelids, mouth, or cheeks
* Drooping of the affected side of the face
* Difficulty closing the eye on the affected side
* Changes in saliva and tear production
* Altered sense of taste
* Pain around the ear or jaw
* Speech difficulties due to weakened facial muscles
Treatment for facial paralysis depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, such as Bell's palsy, spontaneous recovery may occur within a few weeks to months. However, physical therapy, medications, and surgical interventions might be necessary in other situations to improve function and minimize complications.
'Borrelia burgdorferi' is a species of spirochete bacteria that is the primary cause of Lyme disease in humans. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis in the northeastern, midwestern, and eastern parts of the United States; Ixodes pacificus on the Pacific Coast).
The bacterium was first identified and named after Willy Burgdorfer, who discovered the spirochete in the mid-1980s. The infection can lead to a variety of symptoms, including fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans. If left untreated, the infection can spread to joints, the heart, and the nervous system, leading to more severe complications.
Antibiotic treatment is usually effective in eliminating the bacteria and resolving symptoms, especially when initiated early in the course of the disease. However, some individuals may experience persistent symptoms even after treatment, a condition known as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). The exact cause of PTLDS remains unclear, with ongoing research investigating potential factors such as residual bacterial infection, autoimmune responses, or tissue damage.
"Borrelia" is a genus of spirochete bacteria that are known to cause several tick-borne diseases in humans, the most notable being Lyme disease. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis in the United States and Ixodes pacificus on the West Coast).
The Borrelia species are gram-negative, helical-shaped bacteria with distinctive endoflagella that allow them to move in a corkscrew-like motion. They are microaerophilic, meaning they require a low oxygen environment for growth. The bacteria can survive in a variety of environments, including the digestive tracts of ticks and mammals, as well as in soil and water.
Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common tick-borne illness in the United States. It typically presents with a characteristic rash called erythema migrans, fever, headache, and fatigue. If left untreated, the infection can spread to other parts of the body, causing arthritis, neurological problems, and cardiac issues.
Other Borrelia species, such as B. afzelii and B. garinii, are responsible for causing Lyme disease in Europe and Asia. Additionally, some Borrelia species have been linked to other tick-borne illnesses, including relapsing fever and tick-borne meningoencephalitis.
Prevention of Borrelia infections involves avoiding tick-infested areas, using insect repellent, checking for ticks after being outdoors, and promptly removing attached ticks. If a tick bite is suspected, it's important to seek medical attention and monitor for symptoms of infection. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics can help prevent the development of chronic symptoms.
Mononeuropathy is a medical condition that refers to damage or dysfunction affecting a single peripheral nerve, outside of the brain and spinal cord. This can result in weakness, numbness, or pain in the area served by that specific nerve. Mononeuropathies can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, compression, infection, or systemic diseases like diabetes. The symptoms and severity may vary depending on the type and location of the affected nerve.
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (CXCL13), also known as B cell-attracting chemokine 1 (BCA-1) or B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC), is a small signaling protein belonging to the CXC chemokine family. Chemokines are a group of chemotactic cytokines that play crucial roles in immunological and inflammatory processes, mainly by recruiting and activating various leukocytes.
CXCL13 is primarily produced by stromal cells, including follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) within secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer's patches. This chemokine specifically binds to the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5), which is expressed on various immune cells, most notably B cells, follicular helper T cells (Tfh), and some dendritic cell subsets.
The primary function of CXCL13 is to orchestrate the migration and positioning of immune cells, particularly B cells, within secondary lymphoid organs during an immune response. By attracting CXCR5-expressing B cells and Tfh cells, CXCL13 plays a critical role in the formation and maintenance of germinal centers (GCs), which are specialized microanatomical structures where affinity maturation and class switch recombination of B cells occur.
Abnormal levels or functions of CXCL13 have been implicated in several pathological conditions, including autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), certain types of cancer, and neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease.
Leukocytosis is a condition characterized by an increased number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the peripheral blood. A normal white blood cell count ranges from 4,500 to 11,000 cells per microliter of blood in adults. Leukocytosis is typically considered present when the white blood cell count exceeds 11,000 cells/µL. However, the definition might vary slightly depending on the laboratory and clinical context.
Leukocytosis can be a response to various underlying conditions, including bacterial or viral infections, inflammation, tissue damage, leukemia, and other hematological disorders. It is essential to investigate the cause of leukocytosis through further diagnostic tests, such as blood smears, differential counts, and additional laboratory and imaging studies, to guide appropriate treatment.
Cosyntropin is a synthetic form of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) that is used in medical testing to assess the function of the adrenal glands. ACTH is a hormone produced and released by the pituitary gland that stimulates the production and release of cortisol, a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
Cosyntropin is typically administered as an injection, and its effects on cortisol production are measured through blood tests taken at various time points after administration. This test, known as a cosyntropin stimulation test or ACTH stimulation test, can help diagnose conditions that affect the adrenal glands, such as Addison's disease or adrenal insufficiency.
It is important to note that while cosyntropin is a synthetic form of ACTH, it is not identical to the natural hormone and may have slightly different effects on the body. Therefore, it should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.
Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. It belongs to the tetracycline class of antibiotics. Doxycycline works by inhibiting the production of proteins that bacteria need to survive and multiply.
Doxycycline is used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections, including respiratory infections, skin infections, urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, and severe acne. It is also used to prevent malaria in travelers who are visiting areas where malaria is common.
Like all antibiotics, doxycycline should be taken exactly as directed by a healthcare professional. Misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of drug-resistant bacteria, which can make infections harder to treat in the future.
It's important to note that doxycycline can cause photosensitivity, so it is recommended to avoid prolonged sun exposure and use sun protection while taking this medication. Additionally, doxycycline should not be taken during pregnancy or by children under the age of 8 due to potential dental and bone development issues.
Erythema chronicum migrans (ECM) is a type of skin rash that is commonly associated with early Lyme disease. It is usually the first sign of infection after a tick bite and is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. The rash typically appears within 3-30 days after the tick bite and starts as a red, flat or slightly raised spot at the site of the bite. Over several days or weeks, the redness expands, forming a circular or oval-shaped rash that can be up to 12 inches in diameter. The center of the rash may clear, giving it a "bull's-eye" appearance.
ECM is usually accompanied by symptoms such as fatigue, fever, headache, and muscle and joint pain. It is important to note that not all people with Lyme disease will develop ECM, and its absence does not necessarily mean that the person does not have Lyme disease. If you suspect that you may have been bitten by a tick and are experiencing symptoms of Lyme disease, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.
Serology is a branch of medical laboratory science that involves the identification and measurement of antibodies or antigens in a serum sample. Serum is the liquid component of blood that remains after clotting and removal of cells. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an antigen, which can be a foreign substance such as bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms.
Serological tests are used to diagnose infectious diseases, monitor the progression of an infection, and determine the effectiveness of treatment. These tests can also help identify the presence of immune disorders or allergies. The results of serological tests are typically reported as a titer, which is the highest dilution of the serum that still shows a positive reaction to the antigen. Higher titers indicate a stronger immune response and may suggest a more recent infection or a greater severity of illness.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
A medical definition of "ticks" would be:
Ticks are small, blood-sucking parasites that belong to the arachnid family, which also includes spiders. They have eight legs and can vary in size from as small as a pinhead to about the size of a marble when fully engorged with blood. Ticks attach themselves to the skin of their hosts (which can include humans, dogs, cats, and wild animals) by inserting their mouthparts into the host's flesh.
Ticks can transmit a variety of diseases, including Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis. It is important to remove ticks promptly and properly to reduce the risk of infection. To remove a tick, use fine-tipped tweezers to grasp the tick as close to the skin's surface as possible and pull upward with steady, even pressure. Do not twist or jerk the tick, as this can cause the mouthparts to break off and remain in the skin. After removing the tick, clean the area with soap and water and disinfect the tweezers.
Preventing tick bites is an important part of protecting against tick-borne diseases. This can be done by wearing protective clothing (such as long sleeves and pants), using insect repellent containing DEET or permethrin, avoiding wooded and brushy areas with high grass, and checking for ticks after being outdoors.
A headache is defined as pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck. It can be a symptom of various underlying conditions such as stress, sinus congestion, migraine, or more serious issues like meningitis or concussion. Headaches can vary in intensity, ranging from mild to severe, and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light and sound. There are over 150 different types of headaches, including tension headaches, cluster headaches, and sinus headaches, each with their own specific characteristics and causes.
Lyme disease
Neuritis
Lymphocytic meningoradiculitis
Oligoclonal band
Neuroborreliosis
Plasma gelsolin
Radiculopathy
Borrelia mayonii
Sciatica
Transverse myelitis
Doxycycline
List of MeSH codes (C01)
Liverpool Neurological Infectious Diseases Course
List of MeSH codes (C10)
Lyme disease microbiology
Tick-borne disease
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome
Multiple sclerosis diagnosis
Borreliosis29
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- Steere, A.C. (2006) Lyme Borreliosis in 2005, 30 Years after Initial Observations in Lyme Connecticut. (scirp.org)
- Strle, F. and Stanek, G. (2009) Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis. (scirp.org)
- 1996) European Union Concerted Action on Risk Assessment in Lyme Borreliosis: Clinical Case Definitions for Lyme Borreliosis. (scirp.org)
- Sood, S.K. (2006) What We Have Learned about Lyme Borreliosis from Studies in Children. (scirp.org)
- 1993) Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Lyme Borreliosis in Childhood. (scirp.org)
- Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is a vector-borne disease caused by Borrelia bacteria, which are spread by ticks in the genus Ixodes. (wikipedia.org)
- Mr President, Lyme disease, or Borreliosis, is a real health concern for European citizens, who are increasingly exposed to ticks and the associated risks of Lyme disease. (europa.eu)
- Lyme disease, known commonly outside the U.S. as Lyme borreliosis, is caused by infection with tick-borne spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. (health.mil)
- For the most important and well-known infections spread by Ixodes ticks, Lyme borreliosis (LB) and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), there are recommendations for diagnosis and management available from several health authorities and professional medical networks. (frontiersin.org)
- In Europe papers continue to be published showing a considerable disease burden of Lyme borreliosis(LB) and continuing symptoms after treatment. (lymediseaseaction.org.uk)
- The burden of Lyme borreliosis expressed in disability-adjusted life years. (lymediseaseaction.org.uk)
- Kriz B, Maly M, Daniel M. Neuroborreliosis in patients hospitalised for Lyme borreliosis in the Czech Republic in 2003 - 2013. (szu.cz)
- Lyme borreliosis-waiting for Lyme carditis? (szu.cz)
- Lyme disease or Lyme borreliosis is the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in the Northern Hemisphere. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Lyme borreliosis (LB) is a multisystemic zoonotic disease which in humans can involve the skin, joints, heart and/or nervous system. (actaveterinaria.rs)
- The purpose of this study was to evaluate the gender distribution of patients with these clinical manifestations of Lyme borreliosis. (cdc.gov)
- Data on gender were obtained from the clinical records of patients with Lyme borreliosis aged ≥15 years who had been evaluated at the University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. (cdc.gov)
- In conclusion, patients with cutaneous manifestations of Lyme borreliosis were predominantly female, whereas those with non-cutaneous manifestations were predominantly male. (cdc.gov)
- This provocative finding is unexplained but may have direct relevance to the pathogenesis of Lyme borreliosis. (cdc.gov)
- Lyme borreliosis is transmitted by the bite of Ixodes ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (the term "sensu lato" refers to all of the species of Lyme borrelia) [1] . (cdc.gov)
- Are the current notification criteria for Lyme borreliosis in Norway suitable? (biomedcentral.com)
- The approach to surveillance of Lyme borreliosis varies between countries, depending on the purpose of the surveillance system and the notification criteria used, which prevents direct comparison of national data. (biomedcentral.com)
- In Norway, Lyme borreliosis is notifiable to the Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases (MSIS). (biomedcentral.com)
- Therefore, an evaluation of Lyme borreliosis surveillance in Norway was conducted to describe the purpose of the system and to assess the suitability of the current notification criteria in order to identify areas for improvement. (biomedcentral.com)
- The CDC Guidelines for Evaluation of Surveillance Systems were used to develop the assessment of the data quality, representativeness and acceptability of MSIS for surveillance of Lyme borreliosis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Given the challenges associated with diagnosing Lyme borreliosis, the selected notification criteria should be closely linked with the purpose of the surveillance system. (biomedcentral.com)
- Restricting reportable Lyme borreliosis to neuroborreliosis may increase validity, while a more sensitive case definition (potentially including erythema migrans) may better reflect the true burden of disease. (biomedcentral.com)
- Lyme borreliosis (LB), caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato , is the most commonly reported tickborne infection in Norway [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Carditis4
- Lyme carditis. (nih.gov)
- Rarely, the heart is affected (Lyme carditis), causing a sensation of fluttering or pounding in the chest (palpitations) or an irregular heartbeat. (medlineplus.gov)
- These findings on cardiovascular MRI in combination with positive Borrelia IgM antibodies were strongly suggestive of Lyme carditis. (cmaj.ca)
- The infection may disseminate weeks to months following exposure and can result in a range of manifestations, including multiple erythema migrans skin lesions, Lyme neuroborreliosis, Lyme arthritis, borrelial lymphocytoma, acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA) and Lyme carditis [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Borrelia16
- Lyme disease, which is caused by several species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex (Lyme borreliae), is the most common vectorborne disease in the Northern Hemisphere. (cdc.gov)
- Only if the patient remembers or if the physician explicitly asks, may the cause be rapidly found: a tick bite - an indication that the person may be infected with Borrelia and is suffering from Lyme neuroborreliosis. (euroimmunblog.com)
- According to European guidelines, diagnosis of Lyme disease is based on the presence of characteristic symptoms and the detection of anti-Borrelia antibodies in patient's serum. (euroimmunblog.com)
- In fact, specific anti-Borrelia antibodies cannot be detected in up to 20% of acute Lyme neuroborreliosis patients, especially in the early stages of infection. (euroimmunblog.com)
- Anti-Borrelia antibodies may persist especially in CSF for years despite a successful therapy, thereby hindering differentiation between acute and past Lyme neuroborreliosis. (euroimmunblog.com)
- In North America, the bacterial species Borrelia burgdorferi and B. mayonii cause Lyme disease. (wikipedia.org)
- Lyme disease is a vector-associated infectious disease, caused by the agent, spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. (nel.edu)
- This should be contrasted to Lyme disease, which is a real diagnosis and a real disease caused by the tick-borne bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi . (scienceblogs.com)
- Lyme disease is a tick-transmitted multisystem inflammatory disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi . (hindawi.com)
- Lyme disease is an infectious disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
- Caused by infection with the spirochetal (helical) bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi, Lyme disease is primarily transmitted to humans , as well as dogs , horses and other domesticated animals, by the bite of infected ticks . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Lyme disease is caused by spirochetal bacteria from the genus Borrelia , which has well over 300 known genomic strains. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The Borrelia species known to cause Lyme disease are collectively known as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and have been found to have greater strain diversity than previously estimated. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Lyme disease is an important emerging tick-borne disease caused by members of the spirochaetal complex Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. (biomedcentral.com)
- The next day, the assay showed elevated Borrelia immunoglobulin G (IgG) (498 U/mL) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) (2.7 U/mL) levels, and a positive IgG and IgM Borrelia immunoblot, confirming the diagnosis of Lyme disease. (cmaj.ca)
- Certain manifestations of Lyme disease are related to the particular strain of Borrelia involved. (medscape.com)
Getting Lyme disease1
- If you remove a tick quickly (within 24 hours), you can greatly reduce your chances of getting Lyme disease. (wikipedia.org)
Erythema migrans6
- The initial sign of about 80% of Lyme infections is an erythema migrans (EM) rash at the site of a tick bite, often near skin folds such as the armpit, groin, or back of the knee, on the trunk, under clothing straps, or in children's hair, ears, or neck. (wikipedia.org)
- Lyme disease symptoms include fever, headache, and fatigue, and it's characterized by a skin rash known as erythema migrans. (scienceblogs.com)
- Lyme disease is associated with a range of clinical presentations which may vary as infection progresses, though it commonly presents as erythema migrans with associated flu-like symptoms [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Most cases of erythema migrans occur from late spring through early fall, because that is when ticks in the nymphal stage are seeking a blood meal, and nymphs account for 90% of Lyme disease cases. (medscape.com)
- Early localized Lyme disease refers to isolated erythema migrans and to an undifferentiated febrile illness. (medscape.com)
- Erythema migrans, the characteristic skin rash of Lyme disease, occurs in two thirds of patients with Lyme disease and develops at an average of 7 days after the tick bite. (medscape.com)
Treatment for Lyme disease2
- The usual treatment for Lyme disease is 2-4 weeks of antibiotics , which is highly effective. (scienceblogs.com)
- However, there is no evidence that this syndrome is caused by chronic B. burgdorferi infection, nor is there any good evidence that prolonged treatment with antibiotics benefits patients with persistent symptoms after treatment for Lyme disease-quite the contrary, actually. (scienceblogs.com)
Acrodermatitis chronica at1
- For patients presenting with later cutaneous manifestations, especially acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, questions must be directed at assessing the risk of tick bite (or previous manifestations of Lyme disease) from many years in the past. (medscape.com)
Post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome6
- Chronic symptoms following treatment are known as "post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome" (PTLDS). (wikipedia.org)
- A small percentage of individuals have symptoms that persist months or years after treatment, which is called post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
- Individuals with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome report ongoing exhaustion (fatigue), muscle and joint achiness, headache, or difficulty concentrating even after treatment with antibiotics, when there is no evidence of the bacteria in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
- Now, a Johns Hopkins team has used an advanced form of brain scan to show that 12 people with documented post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome all show elevation of a chemical marker of widespread brain inflammation, compared with 19 healthy controls. (lymetalk.net)
- What this study does is provide evidence that the brain fog in patients with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome has a physiological basis and isnt just psychosomatic or related to depression or anxiety, says John Aucott , director of the Johns Hopkins Lyme Disease Research Center. (lymetalk.net)
- These symptoms have been called Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) and usually diminish with time. (lymescience.org)
Symptoms27
- Tveitnes, D., Oymar, K. and Natas, O. (2009) Laboratory Data in Children with Lyme Neuroborreliosis, Relation to Clinical Presentation and Duration of Symptoms. (scirp.org)
- Patients who have Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) might experience lingering symptoms that persist despite antibiotic drug therapy. (cdc.gov)
- However, a subset of patients have sequelae, such as headache, fatigue, sleep or memory disturbance, and arthralgias or myalgias that persist for months to years after antibiotic use, termed posttreatment Lyme disease symptoms or syndrome (PTLDS) ( 7 - 14 ). (cdc.gov)
- Those sequelae might occur with each Lyme disease manifestation and are heterogenous, ranging from mild, self-resolving symptoms to debilitating syndromes that greatly impair the quality of life and require regular use of analgesics ( 7 - 13 , 15 ). (cdc.gov)
- Therefore, the complete clinical findings in CSF and symptoms have to be considered for diagnosis of Lyme neuroborreliosis. (euroimmunblog.com)
- Lyme disease can affect several body systems and produce a broad range of symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
- Not everyone with Lyme disease has all of the symptoms and many of the symptoms are not specific to Lyme disease, but can occur with other diseases, as well. (wikipedia.org)
- Lyme symptoms most often occur from May to September in the Northern Hemisphere because the nymphal stage of the tick is responsible for most cases. (wikipedia.org)
- Pediatric Lyme disease: systematic assessment of post-treatment symptoms and quality of life. (nature.com)
- Time for a Different Approach to Lyme Disease and Long-Term Symptoms. (nih.gov)
- The diagnosis of Lyme disease is based o nits symptoms, physical findings (e.g., the characteristic skin rash, which looks like a bull's eye), and a history of being in an area where exposure to ticks is possible. (scienceblogs.com)
- Alternative medicine practitioners claim that Lyme infection can become chronic and attribute a vague constellation of symptoms not unlike the vague constellation of symptoms attributed to adrenal fatigue to chronic Lyme infection, a condition they commonly refer to as chronic Lyme disease . (scienceblogs.com)
- Now, there is a condition known as posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome, which is the proper term for patients with a verified previous B. burgdorferi infection who experience fatigue, arthralgias, or other symptoms six months or more after antibiotic treatment when all other conditions have been ruled out. (scienceblogs.com)
- Yet these "Lyme literate" physicians and a coterie of naturopaths treat patients with symptoms after Lyme disease for weeks, months, or even years of antibiotics, and there are many known complications to long term antibiotic treatment. (scienceblogs.com)
- The term "chronic Lyme disease" is used by some health care providers as a diagnosis for various constitutional, musculoskeletal, and neuropsychiatric symptoms (1,2). (scienceblogs.com)
- Prevalence and spectrum of residual symptoms in Lyme neuroborreliosis after pharmacological treatment: a systematic review. (lymediseaseaction.org.uk)
- Although tests can help to confirm Lyme disease, no blood test can rule it out: diagnosis should be on the basis of clinical symptoms and the elimination of other conditions. (lymediseaseaction.org.uk)
- The signs and symptoms of Lyme disease result from the body's immune response to the bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
- This population entering secondary care through A&E suggest a poor understanding of the recommended care pathways for symptoms related to Lyme disease by the general population. (biomedcentral.com)
- About 15 percent of patients with Lyme disease develop peripheral and central nervous system involvement, often accompanied by debilitating and painful symptoms. (lymetalk.net)
- Although a physical exam and clinical laboratory tests showed few objective abnormalities, standardized symptom questionnaires revealed that patients with post-treatment Lyme Disease symptoms are highly and clinically significantly symptomatic, with poor health-related quality of life. (lymetalk.net)
- Post-treatment Lyme Disease symptoms patients exhibited levels of fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbance, and depression which were both clinically relevant and statistically significantly higher than controls. (lymetalk.net)
- As the prevalence of post-treatment Lyme Disease symptoms continues to rise, there will be an increased need for physician education to more effectively identify and manage post-treatment Lyme Disease symptoms as part of integrated patient care. (lymetalk.net)
- A second paper published in 2021 , and again lead by Alison W. Rebman at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine made many observations into the symptoms of Lyme Disease. (lymetalk.net)
- More than one in 10 people successfully treated with antibiotics for Lyme disease go on to develop chronic, sometimes debilitating and poorly understood symptoms of fatigue and brain fog that may last for years after their initial infection has cleared up. (lymetalk.net)
- However, since MS symptoms can mirror those of other nerve disorders, doctors can easily misdiagnose the disease, not only for other diseases such as Lyme disease, fibromyalgia, lupus, and other auto-immune disorders, but also as a stroke, migraine, or B12 deficiency. (biologixcenter.com)
- However, some individuals with a history of Lyme disease may have persistent symptoms even after treatment. (lymescience.org)
Coded with Lyme disease2
- Data from 1st January 1998 to 31st December 2015 was retrieved from the two administrative hospital datasets (HES and PEDW), based on patients coded with Lyme disease. (biomedcentral.com)
- Within HES and PEDW, 2361 patients were coded with Lyme disease. (biomedcentral.com)
Ticks8
- Lyme disease is transmitted to humans by the bites of infected ticks of the genus Ixodes. (wikipedia.org)
- Lyme disease is the most common disease spread by ticks in the Northern Hemisphere. (wikipedia.org)
- Lyme disease is caused by an infection that is most often transmitted by ticks, but it can also be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy. (canlyme.com)
- Lyme disease occurs in areas in which blacklegged ticks are found, primarily the northeastern states (from Virginia to Maine), the upper Midwest (Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan), and parts of California and Oregon. (medlineplus.gov)
- Nymphal and adult deer ticks can be carriers of Lyme disease. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Some of these species are carried by ticks not currently recognized as carriers of Lyme disease. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Two types of ticks carry the Lyme disease bacteria in Canada. (lymetalk.net)
- Infected ticks usually dont spread Lyme disease until they have been attached for at least 36 hours. (lymetalk.net)
Acute5
- Additionally, an intrathecal antibody synthesis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has to be demonstrated for diagnosis of acute Lyme neuroborreliosis. (euroimmunblog.com)
- A new biomarker for acute Lyme neuroborreliosis may provide an answer to this diagnostic problem. (euroimmunblog.com)
- Over the past few years, scientists have researched the chemotactic cytokine (= chemokine) CXCL13 in the context with acute Lyme neuroborreliosis. (euroimmunblog.com)
- Increased concentrations of the signalling molecule were found in the CSF of acute Lyme neuroborreliosis patients during different studies , even if the antibody index was not (yet) elevated. (euroimmunblog.com)
- Diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid CXCL13 for acute Lyme neuroborreliosis. (escmid.org)
Sensu1
- In North America, the vast majority of Lyme disease is caused by B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, 1 although other presumably pathogenic genospecies have been isolated. (health.mil)
20232
- As of 2023[update] clinical trials of proposed human vaccines for Lyme disease were being carried out, but no vaccine was available. (wikipedia.org)
- Visionnement en ligne- The quiet epidemic 20 novembre 2023 et le 4 décembre 2023. (canlyme.com)
Infection6
- Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB), which results from borreliae infection of the CNS, is the most common extracutaneous manifestation of Lyme disease in Europe and the second most common such manifestation in North America ( 4 - 6 ). (cdc.gov)
- A group of physicians who like to refer to themselves as "Lyme literate" physicians describe patients whom they believe have persistent B. burgdorferi infection, claiming that the condition requires long-term antibiotic treatment. (scienceblogs.com)
- If not treated with antibiotics, Lyme disease follows three stages: early localized, early disseminated, and late disseminated infection. (medlineplus.gov)
- Lyme disease is caused by infection with bacteria rather than by genetic changes. (medlineplus.gov)
- Some questioned whether PTLDS is caused by a persistent Lyme disease infection and proposed that long term antibiotics may help such patients. (lymescience.org)
- To date, there is no convincing biologic evidence for the existence of symptomatic chronic B. burgdorferi infection among patients after receipt of recommended treatment regimens for Lyme disease. (lymescience.org)
European Lyme2
- 2010) EFNS Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of European Lyme Neuroborreliosis. (scirp.org)
- Risk of neurological disorders in patients with European Lyme neuroborreliosis: a nationwide, population-based cohort study. (nature.com)
ELISA1
- Because of our patient's young age, the absence of other risk factors and his history of arthralgia, we requested a serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis for Lyme disease on the day of admission. (cmaj.ca)
Case of Lyme disease2
- In the case of Lyme disease, that usually includes a two-step process to test the blood for the presence of antibodies against the bacteria that causes Lyme disease, the first step being an enzyme immunoassay, which, if negative rules out Lyme disease. (scienceblogs.com)
- In the case of Lyme disease, inherent risks of long-term antibiotic therapy were not justified by clinical benefit. (lymescience.org)
Manifestations Of Lyme Disease1
- Similar to syphilis, the manifestations of Lyme disease have been divided into three stages: localized, disseminated, and persistent. (medscape.com)
Canadian Lyme Disease Foundation3
- The Canadian Lyme Disease Foundation (CanLyme) was created to promote a more complete and comprehensive understanding of Lyme disease and related illnesses through research, education and advocacy to help reduce misdiagnosis and improve treatments for Lyme disease. (canlyme.com)
- This Giving Tuesday, show your support for the Canadian Lyme Disease Foundation. (canlyme.com)
- Looking at Lyme is an educational podcast created by the Canadian Lyme Disease Foundation, designed to increase awareness and empower listeners with expert knowledge. (canlyme.com)
Arthritis10
- Pediatric Lyme arthritis: clinical spectrum and outcome. (nature.com)
- Gerber, M. A., Zemel, L. S. & Shapiro, E. D. Lyme arthritis in children: clinical epidemiology and long-term outcomes. (nature.com)
- The most common feature of this stage, Lyme arthritis, is characterized by episodes of joint pain and swelling, usually affecting the knees. (medlineplus.gov)
- This complication is called antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis. (medlineplus.gov)
- While there is no evidence that genetic factors play a role in susceptibility to Lyme disease, such factors may affect the severity of the disease, particularly whether antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis develops. (medlineplus.gov)
- Certain genes that help mediate the body's immune response have been associated with the development of antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis. (medlineplus.gov)
- Some of the genes thought to be associated with the development of antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis provide instructions for making proteins called Toll-like receptors. (medlineplus.gov)
- However, the full syndrome, now known as Lyme disease, was not identified until 1975, when a cluster of cases thought to be juvenile rheumatoid arthritis occurred in three towns in southeastern Connecticut in the United States . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- the most common non-cutaneous manifestations are Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) and Lyme arthritis. (cdc.gov)
- Although the proportion that was female in the LNB group was greater than that of patients with Lyme arthritis, this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.10). (cdc.gov)
Abstract1
- Abstract Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in North America and Europe. (canlyme.com)
Systematic1
- In addition to RCTs, systematic reviews (listed below) all found that long term antibiotics are not warranted for Lyme disease. (lymescience.org)
Early Lyme disease2
- Eppes, S. C. & Childs, J. A. Comparative study of cefuroxime axetil versus amoxicillin in children with early Lyme disease. (nature.com)
- Because only approximately 25-30% of United States patients with early Lyme disease recall the tick bite, the clinician must direct the history toward the possibility of a tick bite. (medscape.com)
Clinical Manifestations2
- Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) in children is a challenging diagnosis based on clinical manifestations and laboratory findings. (scirp.org)
- The trend (average yearly increase or decrease in reported cases) of neuroborreliosis in MSIS was not significantly different from the trend for all other clinical manifestations recorded in MSIS in negative binomial regression ( p = 0.3). (biomedcentral.com)
Bite3
- Although it is most commonly associated with a tick bite, many people who have Lyme disease do not recall seeing or feeling a tick bite. (canlyme.com)
- The late disseminated stage of Lyme disease can occur months to years after the tick bite. (medlineplus.gov)
- The probability of a tick bite-and thus, the likelihood of contracting Lyme disease-is highest in persons who spend time outdoors (particularly in wooded, brushy, or grassy habitats) in a geographically endemic area. (medscape.com)
Patients14
- Most patients who have Lyme disease respond well to antibiotic drug therapy and their disease resolves. (cdc.gov)
- Usually, ELISAs are applied to screen serum or CSF of patients with suspected Lyme neuroborreliosis. (euroimmunblog.com)
- 1 As physicians and psychologists caring for pediatric patients with Lyme disease and their families, we are grateful for the opportunity to respond and highlight several points raised, which were not possible within the scope of the initial publication. (nature.com)
- Of the 83 positive Lyme disease IgM immunoblots conducted at U.S. Air Force MTF laboratories in Germany between 2013 and 2017, 40 (48.2%) were deemed false positives after standardized chart review, and 32 of these patients were prescribed antibiotics. (health.mil)
- At least five five randomized, placebo-controlled studies have shown that prolonged courses of IV antibiotics do not improve long-term outcome for patients with a diagnosis of chronic Lyme disease (e.g., this one ). (scienceblogs.com)
- These potential complications have been illustrated in a recent article in the CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), Serious Bacterial Infections Acquired During Treatment of Patients Given a Diagnosis of Chronic Lyme Disease . (scienceblogs.com)
- Patients with a diagnosis of chronic Lyme disease have been provided a wide range of medications as treatment, including long courses of intravenous (IV) antibiotics (3,4). (scienceblogs.com)
- The aim was to determine the occurrence of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in patients with Lyme disease (LD), and to estimate the contribution of factors that may identify TMD among LD patients. (mdpi.com)
- Our aims were to explore the demographic characteristics of Lyme disease patients within the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) and Patient Episode Database for Wales (PEDW), and to describe patient pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
- Patients may present with Lyme disease in either a primary care or hospital setting, with an unknown proportion receiving confirmatory laboratory diagnosis. (biomedcentral.com)
- The study has established that in patients with neuroborreliosis (NB) the capability to carry out intellectual tasks, as well as responsible duties is impaired due to poor memory. (actaveterinaria.rs)
- In this study of 1261 referred patients, 1061 had no findings of active Lyme disease, with 690 receiving other diagnoses resulting in 405 having newly diagnosed medical conditions, 134 attributed to pre-existing medical issues, and 151 with both new and pre-existing conditions. (lymetalk.net)
- The Canadian Lyme Consortium, representing scientists, clinicians and patients provides an update regarding government promised research grants. (canlyme.com)
- March 9th, 2018 The Canadian Lyme Consortium, representing a united and transparent relationship between patients, clinicians and researchers has issued an update detailing the situation with the Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) granting process. (canlyme.com)
Antibiotics3
- The patient underwent outpatient lumbar puncture over a week after initiation of antibiotics, which was EIA negative for Lyme with negative Lyme PCR and was otherwise unremarkable. (hindawi.com)
- Decades of research have demonstrated with overwhelming evidence that Lyme disease is easily cured with generic antibiotics, even in late stage. (lymescience.org)
- Since 2010, the evidence against long term antibiotics and "chronic Lyme" has become only stronger. (lymescience.org)
Literate2
- A Lyme literate doctor is a specialist in Lyme disease, including brain fog and eliminating it. (lymetalk.net)
- Lyme literate doctors provide treatments in their clinic daily. (lymetalk.net)
Bacterium1
- In most cases, a tick must be attached for 36 to 48 hours or more before the Lyme disease bacterium can be transmitted. (wikipedia.org)
Diagnostic2
- Lyme disease diagnostic workups conducted on active and retired U.S. service members and their dependents at U.S. Air Force military treatment facilities (MTFs) in Germany between 2013 and 2017 were assessed to determine the appropriateness of laboratory testing and antibiotic prescriptions. (health.mil)
- Understanding the use and limitations of 2-tier diagnostic criteria, as well as the common pitfalls in diagnosing Lyme disease, may help prevent overdiagnosis, reduce unnecessary testing, and promote antibiotic stewardship. (health.mil)
Characteristics2
- Oymar, K. and Tveitnes, D. (2009) Clinical Characteristics of Childhood Lyme Neuroborreliosis in an Endemic Area of Northern Europe. (scirp.org)
- Clinical characteristics of Lyme neuroborreliosis in Dutch children and adults. (nature.com)
CXCL131
- Therefore, CXCL13 is a promising novel biomarker for improved Lyme neuroborreliosis diagnostics. (euroimmunblog.com)
Neurological1
- and neurological, cardiac, and joint problems that characterize Lyme disease. (medlineplus.gov)
Chronic4
- PTLDS is different from chronic Lyme disease, a term no longer supported by scientists and used in different ways by different groups. (wikipedia.org)
- Chronic lyme disease is another prototypical fake medical diagnosis . (scienceblogs.com)
- Lyme disease was never the cause of the problems in the vast majority of quackery victims who receive a fake "chronic Lyme" diagnosis. (lymescience.org)
- Proponents of fake chronic Lyme diagnoses and treatments frequently use weak evidence (e.g. from animal or petri dish experiments) to justify their beliefs. (lymescience.org)
Diagnosis and treatment2
- There is controversy regarding how prevalent the disease is, and competing perspectives on diagnosis and treatment (see The Lyme controversy below). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Paul Auwaerter, MD, an expert in Lyme disease, explains the importance of raising awareness about Lyme neuroborreliosis, to better improve diagnosis and treatment. (neurologyadvisor.com)
Facial nerve1
- Vazquez, M., Sparrow, S. S. & Shapiro, E. D. Long-term neuropsychologic and health outcomes of children with facial nerve palsy attributable to Lyme disease. (nature.com)
Microbiology1
- 1 Clinicians trained in the U.S. who practice internationally or who commonly treat international travelers should understand the universal commonalities and region-specific differences in the microbiology, presentation, and diagnosis of Lyme disease. (health.mil)
Bacteria2
- The early disseminated stage of Lyme disease occurs as the bacteria is carried throughout the body in the bloodstream. (medlineplus.gov)
- Lyme disease is caused by bacteria. (lymetalk.net)
Auwaerter2
- Auwaerter, Paul G. "Editorial Commentary: Life after Lyme Disease. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Auwaerter, Paul G. "Lyme Disease: Knowing Good Evidence to Help Inform Practice. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
20181
- L'ordine del giorno reca la discussione sull'interrogazione con richiesta di risposta orale alla Commissione sulla malattia di Lyme (borreliosi) presentata da Alojz Peterle, Daciana Octavia Sârbu, Jadwiga Wiśniewska, Frédérique Ries, Merja Kyllönen, Michèle Rivasi, Mireille D'Ornano, Sylvie Goddyn, a nome della commissione per l'ambiente, la sanità pubblica e la sicurezza alimentare ( O-000088/2018 - B8-0417/2018) ( 2018/2774(RSP) ). (europa.eu)
Vaccine1
- FS is a consultant to Baxter for Lyme vaccine development. (cdc.gov)
Skin rash1
- Lyme disease was first documented as a skin rash in Europe in 1883. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Infections1
- Are There Undiagnosed TBE-, Herpes- or Enteroviral Infections among Children Being Evaluated for Lyme Neuroborreliosis? (scirp.org)
Disease burden1
- These data can be used to inform future investigations into Lyme disease burden, and patient management within the NHS. (biomedcentral.com)
