Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.
Reproducible depletion of CD4+ lymphocytes below 300 per cubic millimeter in the absence of HIV infection or other known causes of immunodeficiency. This is a rare, heterogeneous syndrome and does not appear to be caused by a transmissible agent.
A nonsteroidal abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of PREGNANCY.
The number of LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD.
Derivatives of propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol). They are used as humectants and solvents in pharmaceutical preparations.
A strain of Rattus norvegicus which is a model for spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, INSULIN-DEPENDENT).
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.
The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.
A subfamily of lysophospholipid receptors with specificity for LYSOSPHINGOLIPIDS such as sphingosine-1-phosphate and sphingosine phosphorylcholine.
A cytokine produced by bone marrow stromal cells that promotes the growth of B-LYMPHOCYTE precursors and is co-mitogenic with INTERLEUKIN-2 for mature T-LYMPHOCYTE activation.
White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).
An amino alcohol with a long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain. Sphingosine and its derivative sphinganine are the major bases of the sphingolipids in mammals. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.
A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.
Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods.
A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.
A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.
An antineoplastic agent. It has significant activity against melanomas. (from Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p564)
A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.
A class of drugs that differs from other alkylating agents used clinically in that they are monofunctional and thus unable to cross-link cellular macromolecules. Among their common properties are a requirement for metabolic activation to intermediates with antitumor efficacy and the presence in their chemical structures of N-methyl groups, that after metabolism, can covalently modify cellular DNA. The precise mechanisms by which each of these drugs acts to kill tumor cells are not completely understood. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2026)
The number of LEUKOCYTES and ERYTHROCYTES per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the HEMOGLOBIN; HEMATOCRIT; and ERYTHROCYTE INDICES.
Leukopenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low white blood cell count (less than 4,000 cells per microliter of blood) in peripheral blood, increasing the risk of infection due to decreased immune defense.
Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.
Formation of LYMPHOCYTES and PLASMA CELLS from the lymphoid stem cells which develop from the pluripotent HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS in the BONE MARROW. These lymphoid stem cells differentiate into T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; PLASMA CELLS; or NK-cells (KILLER CELLS, NATURAL) depending on the organ or tissues (LYMPHOID TISSUE) to which they migrate.
An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.
Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.
The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.
Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
CD4-positive T cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells.
Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).
A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.
Cell surface receptors that are specific for INTERLEUKIN-7. They are present on T-LYMPHOCYTES and B-LYMPHOCYTE precursors. The receptors are heterodimeric proteins consisting of the INTERLEUKIN-5 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT and the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR COMMON BETA SUBUNIT.
Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.
Group of systemic vasculitis with a strong association with ANCA. The disorders are characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small and medium size vessels, with little or no immune-complex deposits in vessel walls.
Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation.
All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.
A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation.
Central nervous system vasculitis that is associated with SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Clinical manifestations may include DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES; HEMIPARESIS; BLINDNESS; DYSPHASIA; and other neurological disorders.
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
Specialized tissues that are components of the lymphatic system. They provide fixed locations within the body where a variety of LYMPHOCYTES can form, mature and multiply. The lymphoid tissues are connected by a network of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.
Ratio of T-LYMPHOCYTES that express the CD4 ANTIGEN to those that express the CD8 ANTIGEN. This value is commonly assessed in the diagnosis and staging of diseases affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM including HIV INFECTIONS.
'Rats, Inbred Lew' is a strain of laboratory rat that is widely used in biomedical research, known for its consistent genetic background and susceptibility to certain diseases, which makes it an ideal model for studying the genetic basis of complex traits and disease processes.
Surgical removal of the thymus gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
Immunoglobulins induced by antigens specific for tumors other than the normally occurring HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS.

Weekly administration of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in patients with hairy-cell leukemia is effective and reduces infectious complications. (1/980)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It has been widely demonstrated that one single 7-day course continuous infusion (c.i.) 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA) at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg daily is dramatically effective in inducing high and prolonged complete remission (CR) rates in patients with hairy-cell leukemia (HCL). However, 2-CdA administration often results in severe neutropenia and lymphocytopenia both responsible for the infectious complications observed in these patients. We previously reported preliminary data regarding the effectiveness and toxicity of a modified protocol of 2-CdA administration (0.15 mg/kg 2 hours infusion once a week for 6 courses) in 25 HCL patients. This treatment schedule produced a similar overall response rate compared to standard 2-CdA regimen and appeared to be followed by a lower incidence of infectious episodes. In the present study we report response rate and toxicity of weekly 2CdA administration in a larger cohort of patients and with a longer follow-up. DESIGN AND METHODS: In a group of HCL patients with a pronounced decrease in neutrophils count (< 1 x 10(9)/L), we modified the standard protocol (0.1 mg/kg daily x 7 days c.i.) by administering 2-CdA at a dose of 0.15 mg/kg 2 hours infusion once a week for 6 courses. Thirty HCL patients, 24 males and 6 females with a median age of 56 years (range 37-76), entered into this protocol. Seventeen out of 30 patients were at diagnosis while the remaining 13 had been previously treated with alpha-interferon (alpha-IFN) (7), or 2-CdA (4) or deoxycoformycin (DCF) (2). RESULTS: Overall, 22/30 (73%) patients achieved CR and 8 (27%) partial remission (PR) with a median duration of response at the time of writing of 35 months, ranging from 6 to 58 months. Five patients (1 CR and 4 PR) have so far progressed. The treatment was very well tolerated. Five out of 30 patients (16%) developed severe neutropenia (neutrophils < 0.5 x 10(9)/L) and only in two of them we did register an infectious complication which required treatment with systemic antibiotics and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we confirm that weekly administration of 2-CdA at a dose of 0.15 mg/kg for 6 courses appears to be very effective in HCL inducing a high CR rate, similar to that observed with daily c.i. administration. CR durability and relapse/progression rates are also comparable to standard 2-CdA schedule. Moreover this new regimen seems to be safer in pancytopenic patients, markedly reducing life-threatening infectious complications.  (+info)

Does HIV cause depletion of CD4+ T cells in vivo by the induction of apoptosis? (2/980)

The central pathogenic feature of AIDS is the dramatic loss of CD4+ lymphocytes. Despite more than a decade of intense research, the exact mechanism by which HIV causes this is still not understood. A major model for T cell depletion, proposed originally by Ameison and Capron in a report published in 1991, is that HIV sensitizes CD4+ T cells for activation-induced apoptosis. The apoptotic model of T cell depletion is discussed, and experiments that address the questions of whether apoptosis is restricted to infected cells or 'bystander' T cells, and whether T cell apoptosis requires participation of separate HIV-infected haematopoietic cell populations, are reviewed.  (+info)

CD4 depletion in HIV-infected haemophilia patients is associated with rapid clearance of immune complex-coated CD4+ lymphocytes. (3/980)

The predominant immunological finding in HIV+ haemophilia patients is a decrease of CD4+ lymphocytes during progression of the disease. Depletion of CD4+ lymphocytes is paralleled by an increase in the proportion of immune complex-coated CD4+ cells. We examined the hypothesis that the formation of immune complexes on CD4+ lymphocytes is followed by rapid clearance of immune complex-coated CD4+ lymphocytes from the circulation. In this study, the relationship of relative to absolute numbers of immune complex-loaded CD4+ blood lymphocytes and their association with viral load were studied. Two measurements of relative and absolute numbers of gp120-, IgG- and/or IgM-loaded CD4+ lymphocytes were analysed in HIV+ and HIV- haemophilia patients, with a median interval of approx. 3 years. Immune complexes on CD4+ lymphocytes were determined using double-fluorescence flow cytometry and whole blood samples. Viral load was assessed using NASBA and Nuclisens kits. Whereas the proportion of immune complex-coated CD4+ lymphocytes increased with progression of the disease, absolute numbers of immune complex-coated CD4+ lymphocytes in the blood were consistently low. Relative increases of immune complex-coated CD4+ blood lymphocytes were significantly associated with decreases of absolute numbers of circulating CD4+ lymphocytes. The gp120 load on CD4+ blood lymphocytes increased in parallel with the viral load in the blood. These results indicate that immune complex-coated CD4+ lymphocytes are rapidly cleared from the circulation, suggesting that CD4+ reactive autoantibodies and immune complexes are relevant factors in the pathogenesis of AIDS. Relative increases of immune complex-positive cells seem to be a consequence of both an increasing retroviral activity as well as a stronger loading with immune complexes of the reduced number of CD4+ cells remaining during the process of CD4 depletion. The two mechanisms seem to enhance each other and contribute to the progressive CD4 decrease during the course of the disease.  (+info)

Anti-CD95 (APO-1/Fas) autoantibodies and T cell depletion in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected children. (4/980)

Advanced stages of HIV-1-infection are characterized by progressive CD4+ T cell depletion. Peripheral T cells from HIV-1+ donors show accelerated apoptosis in vitro. The CD95 (APO-1/Fas) receptor/ligand system is involved in this process. To further study deregulation of the CD95 system in peripheral T cells during HIV-1-infection, we measured CD95-expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells together with serum levels of soluble CD95 (sCD95) and anti-CD95 autoantibodies in HIV-1+ children and healthy controls. Anti-CD95 levels in HIV-1+ children were significantly elevated when compared to uninfected controls, whereas serum levels of sCD95 were not different. In HIV-1+ children, CD95-expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increased with age. A strong correlation between depletion of CD4+ cells in vivo and increase in CD95-expression on CD4+ T cells was observed. In contrast, such a correlation was not found for CD8+ T cells. A negative correlation between anti-CD95 autoantibody levels and CD4+ T cell counts, that was predicted by multiple linear regression analysis of pooled data, was found in individual patients observed longitudinally by repeated measurements. Since anti-CD95 autoantibodies isolated from HIV-infected adults have previously been shown to induce apoptosis of sensitive target cells in vitro, we speculate that the interaction of these antibodies with CD95-positive and CD95-sensitive T cells in vivo might be involved in progressive T cell loss during HIV-1-infection.  (+info)

The effects of extracorporeal whole body hyperthermia on the functional and phenotypic features of canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). (5/980)

In this study the effect of transient 42.3 degrees C whole body hyperthermia (WBH) on the distribution of PBMC phenotypes and in vitro blastogenic responsiveness was determined in dogs. Hyperthermia (n = 6) was induced by heating venous blood during extracorporeal circulation (venous perfusion WBH); perfused non-heated dogs (n = 4) were used as controls. Both euthermic and hyperthermic perfusion produced transient lymphopenia which normalized in controls after perfusion but persisted in hyperthermic animals throughout the 8-day post-perfusion observation interval. The transient lymphopenia in control dogs was non-selective. In contrast, WBH-associated lymphopenia was selective, in that CD5+ T lymphocytes were more sensitive to hyperthermia than sIg+ B cells and, within the T cell compartment, suppressor (CD8+) cells were more sensitive to hyperthermic stress than helper (CD4+) lymphocytes. Functional analyses showed that WBH caused persistent suppression of PBMC blastogenesis in response to T cell phytomitogens. Increased plasma cortisol levels were correlated to peak lymphopenia and hyporesponsiveness to phytomitogens. Despite these alterations, high grade WBH was well tolerated and there was no evidence of opportunistic infection.  (+info)

Mice deficient in CD4 T cells have only transiently diminished levels of IFN-gamma, yet succumb to tuberculosis. (6/980)

CD4 T cells are important in the protective immune response against tuberculosis. Two mouse models deficient in CD4 T cells were used to examine the mechanism by which these cells participate in protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. Transgenic mice deficient in either MHC class II or CD4 molecules demonstrated increased susceptibility to M. tuberculosis, compared with wild-type mice. MHC class II-/- mice were more susceptible than CD4-/- mice, as measured by survival following M. tuberculosis challenge, but the relative resistance of CD4-/- mice did not appear to be due to increased numbers of CD4-8- (double-negative) T cells. Analysis of in vivo IFN-gamma production in the lungs of infected mice revealed that both mutant mouse strains were only transiently impaired in their ability to produce IFN-gamma following infection. At 2 wk postinfection, IFN-gamma production, assessed by RT-PCR and intracellular cytokine staining, in the mutant mice was reduced by >50% compared with that in wild-type mice. However, by 4 wk postinfection, both mutant and wild-type mice had similar levels of IFN-gamma mRNA and protein production. In CD4 T cell-deficient mice, IFN-gamma production was due to CD8 T cells. Thus, the importance of IFN-gamma production by CD4 T cells appears to be early in infection, lending support to the hypothesis that early events in M. tuberculosis infection are crucial determinants of the course of infection.  (+info)

Treatment of idiopathic CD4 T lymphocytopenia with IL-2. (7/980)

Idiopathic CD4 T lymphocytopenia (ICL) is an unusual immune defect in which there is an unexplained deficit of CD4 T cells, leading to fungal, parasitic or other serious opportunistic infections. Current treatment efforts are directed at eliminating infections. Here we describe the use of a novel treatment, subcutaneous polyethylene glycol (PEG)-IL-2 injections, in a woman with this disorder, who had chronic severe mycobacterial disease which led to repeated hospitalizations, and advancing respiratory insufficiency. For this patient, PEG-IL-2, 50 000 U/m2, has been given by weekly subcutaneous injections for 5.5 years. This treatment has resulted in marked (and still continuing) long-term immunological improvement with normalized T cell functions and increased CD4 cell numbers. She has had substantial clinical improvement with clearing of mycobacterial disease, reducing hospitalizations and improved lung functions. The improvement seen in this patient suggests that low-dose IL-2 is a safe and practical therapy, which might be useful in other subjects with this potentially serious immune defect.  (+info)

Early arrest in B cell development in transgenic mice that express the E41K Bruton's tyrosine kinase mutant under the control of the CD19 promoter region. (8/980)

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a nonreceptor protein kinase that is defective in X-linked agammaglobulinemia in humans and in X-linked immunodeficiency in mice. To study the effect of Btk activation in early B cell development in vivo, we have created transgenic mouse strains expressing Btk under the control of the human CD19 promoter region. The transgenic expression of wild-type human Btk corrected all X-linked immunodeficiency features in mice carrying a targeted disruption of the Btk gene. In contrast, expression of an activated form of Btk, the E41K mutant, resulted in an almost complete arrest of B cell development in the immature IgM+IgD- B cell stage in the bone marrow, irrespective of the presence of the endogenous intact Btk gene. Immature B cells were arrested at the progression from IgMlow into IgMhigh cells, which reflects the first immune tolerance checkpoint at which autoreactive B cells become susceptible to apoptosis. As the constitutive activation of Btk is likely to mimic B cell receptor occupancy by autoantigens in the bone marrow, our findings are consistent with a role for Btk as a mediator of B cell receptor-induced apoptotic signals in the immature B cell stage. Whereas the peripheral mature B cell pool was reduced to <1% of the normal size, significant numbers of IgM-secreting plasma cells were present in the spleen. Serum IgM levels were substantial and increased with age, but specific Ab responses in vivo were lacking. We conclude that the residual peripheral B cells were efficiently driven into IgM+ plasma cell differentiation, apparently without functional selection.  (+info)

Lymphopenia is a term used in medicine to describe an abnormally low count of lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the body's immune system. Lymphocytes help fight off infections and diseases by producing antibodies and attacking infected cells.

A normal lymphocyte count ranges from 1,000 to 4,800 cells per microliter (cells/μL) of blood in adults. A lymphocyte count lower than 1,000 cells/μL is generally considered lymphopenia.

Several factors can cause lymphopenia, including viral infections, certain medications, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. It's important to note that a low lymphocyte count alone may not indicate a specific medical condition, and further testing may be necessary to determine the underlying cause. If left untreated, lymphopenia can increase the risk of infections and other complications.

T-lymphocytopenia, idiopathic CD4-positive, also known as Idiopathic CD4 Lymphopenia (ICL), is a rare medical condition characterized by a significant decrease in the number of CD4+ T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood without an identifiable cause. CD4+ T cells are crucial for immune function and protection against certain types of infections, particularly those caused by viruses such as HIV.

ICL is typically defined as a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count below 300 cells/μL in the absence of HIV infection or any other known immunodeficiency disorder. The exact cause of ICL remains unknown, although it has been associated with genetic factors and autoimmune disorders.

People with ICL may be at increased risk for certain types of infections, such as opportunistic infections, which can occur when the immune system is weakened. However, the severity and frequency of infections in individuals with ICL are generally less than those seen in people with HIV-associated CD4 lymphopenia.

Regular monitoring of CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts and appropriate management of any infections that occur are important for people with ICL to maintain their overall health and well-being.

Carboprost is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2α, which is a naturally occurring hormone-like substance in the body. It is primarily used as a medical treatment to induce labor or to manage postpartum hemorrhage (severe bleeding after childbirth) due to uterine atony (failure of the uterus to contract).

Carboprost works by causing strong contractions of the uterus, which can help to promote labor or reduce excessive bleeding. It is administered intramuscularly (injected into a muscle) and its effects are usually seen within a few minutes after injection. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever.

It's important to note that Carboprost should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can have serious side effects if not used properly.

A lymphocyte count is a laboratory test that measures the number of white blood cells called lymphocytes in a sample of blood. Lymphocytes are a vital part of the immune system and help fight off infections and diseases. A normal lymphocyte count ranges from 1,000 to 4,800 cells per microliter (µL) of blood for adults.

An abnormal lymphocyte count can indicate an infection, immune disorder, or blood cancer. A low lymphocyte count is called lymphopenia, while a high lymphocyte count is called lymphocytosis. The cause of an abnormal lymphocyte count should be investigated through further testing and clinical evaluation.

Propylene glycol is not a medical term, but rather a chemical compound. Medically, it is classified as a humectant, which means it helps retain moisture. It is used in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic products as a solvent, preservative, and moisturizer. In medical settings, it can be found in topical creams, oral and injectable medications, and intravenous (IV) fluids.

The chemical definition of propylene glycol is:

Propylene glycol (IUPAC name: propan-1,2-diol) is a synthetic organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)CH2OH. It is a viscous, colorless, and nearly odorless liquid that is miscible with water, acetone, and chloroform. Propylene glycol is used as an antifreeze when mixed with water, as a solvent in the production of polymers, and as a moisturizer in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. It has a sweet taste and is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as a food additive.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rats, Inbred BB" is not a widely recognized medical term or abbreviation in human or veterinary medicine. The term "inbred" is used in genetics to describe an organism that has resulted from many generations of mating between closely related individuals, which can lead to a higher incidence of homozygosity (the same allele inherited from both parents) and expression of recessive traits.

The "BB" strain could refer to a specific inbred rat strain, but without more context, it's difficult to provide a precise definition. The BB Wistar rat strain is sometimes used in research, and it has been used as a model for studying various medical conditions such as diabetes and hypertension.

If you are looking for information about a specific scientific study or medical condition related to an "Inbred BB" rat strain, I would be happy to help you if you could provide more context or details.

Leukocytosis is a condition characterized by an increased number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the peripheral blood. A normal white blood cell count ranges from 4,500 to 11,000 cells per microliter of blood in adults. Leukocytosis is typically considered present when the white blood cell count exceeds 11,000 cells/µL. However, the definition might vary slightly depending on the laboratory and clinical context.

Leukocytosis can be a response to various underlying conditions, including bacterial or viral infections, inflammation, tissue damage, leukemia, and other hematological disorders. It is essential to investigate the cause of leukocytosis through further diagnostic tests, such as blood smears, differential counts, and additional laboratory and imaging studies, to guide appropriate treatment.

A leukocyte count, also known as a white blood cell (WBC) count, is a laboratory test that measures the number of leukocytes in a sample of blood. Leukocytes are a vital part of the body's immune system and help fight infection and inflammation. A high or low leukocyte count may indicate an underlying medical condition, such as an infection, inflammation, or a bone marrow disorder. The normal range for a leukocyte count in adults is typically between 4,500 and 11,000 cells per microliter (mcL) of blood. However, the normal range can vary slightly depending on the laboratory and the individual's age and sex.

Lysosphingolipid receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that bind to lysosphingolipids, which are bioactive lipids derived from the degradation of sphingolipids. Sphingolipids are a class of lipids that play important roles in cell signaling and membrane structure.

Lysosphingolipids, such as lysosulfatide, lyso-Gb1 (lysoganglioside GM1), and lyso-PS (lysophosphatidylserine), have been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, and apoptosis.

Lysosphingolipid receptors include several proteins, such as P2X7 receptor, G2A receptor, and Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member X2 (MRGX2), that have been identified to interact with lysosphingolipids and mediate their downstream signaling.

Abnormal accumulation of lysosphingolipids has been associated with several diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Therefore, understanding the biology of lysosphingolipid receptors may provide insights into the development of new therapeutic strategies for these diseases.

Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a small signaling protein that is involved in the development and function of immune cells, particularly T cells and B cells. It is produced by stromal cells found in the bone marrow, thymus, and lymphoid organs. IL-7 binds to its receptor, IL-7R, which is expressed on the surface of immature T cells and B cells, as well as some mature immune cells.

IL-7 plays a critical role in the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of T cells and B cells during their development in the thymus and bone marrow, respectively. It also helps to maintain the homeostasis of these cell populations in peripheral tissues by promoting their survival and preventing apoptosis.

In addition to its role in immune cell development and homeostasis, IL-7 has been shown to have potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmune disorders. However, further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and potential side effects before it can be widely used in clinical settings.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that is an essential part of the immune system. They are responsible for recognizing and responding to potentially harmful substances such as viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B-lymphocytes (B-cells) and T-lymphocytes (T-cells).

B-lymphocytes produce antibodies, which are proteins that help to neutralize or destroy foreign substances. When a B-cell encounters a foreign substance, it becomes activated and begins to divide and differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies. These antibodies bind to the foreign substance, marking it for destruction by other immune cells.

T-lymphocytes, on the other hand, are involved in cell-mediated immunity. They directly attack and destroy infected cells or cancerous cells. T-cells can also help to regulate the immune response by producing chemical signals that activate or inhibit other immune cells.

Lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow and mature in either the bone marrow (B-cells) or the thymus gland (T-cells). They circulate throughout the body in the blood and lymphatic system, where they can be found in high concentrations in lymph nodes, the spleen, and other lymphoid organs.

Abnormalities in the number or function of lymphocytes can lead to a variety of immune-related disorders, including immunodeficiency diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer.

T-lymphocytes, also known as T-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the adaptive immune system's response to infection. They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. There are several different types of T-cells, including CD4+ helper T-cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, and regulatory T-cells (Tregs).

CD4+ helper T-cells assist in activating other immune cells, such as B-lymphocytes and macrophages. They also produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help coordinate the immune response. CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells directly kill infected cells by releasing toxic substances. Regulatory T-cells help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases by suppressing the activity of other immune cells.

T-lymphocytes are important in the immune response to viral infections, cancer, and other diseases. Dysfunction or depletion of T-cells can lead to immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to infections. On the other hand, an overactive T-cell response can contribute to autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation.

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by deficient or absent immune responses. It results from mutations in different genes involved in the development and function of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, or both, leading to a severe impairment in cell-mediated and humoral immunity.

Infants with SCID are extremely vulnerable to infections, which can be life-threatening. Common symptoms include chronic diarrhea, failure to thrive, recurrent pneumonia, and persistent candidiasis (thrush). If left untreated, it can lead to severe disability or death within the first two years of life. Treatment typically involves bone marrow transplantation or gene therapy to restore immune function.

Sphingosine is not a medical term per se, but rather a biological compound with importance in the field of medicine. It is a type of sphingolipid, a class of lipids that are crucial components of cell membranes. Sphingosine itself is a secondary alcohol with an amino group and two long-chain hydrocarbons.

Medically, sphingosine is significant due to its role as a precursor in the synthesis of other sphingolipids, such as ceramides, sphingomyelins, and gangliosides, which are involved in various cellular processes like signal transduction, cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Moreover, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a derivative of sphingosine, is an important bioactive lipid mediator that regulates various physiological functions, including immune response, vascular maturation, and neuronal development. Dysregulation of S1P signaling has been implicated in several diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, and cardiovascular disorders.

In summary, sphingosine is a crucial biological compound with medical relevance due to its role as a precursor for various sphingolipids involved in cellular processes and as a precursor for the bioactive lipid mediator S1P.

Immunologic deficiency syndromes refer to a group of disorders characterized by defective functioning of the immune system, leading to increased susceptibility to infections and malignancies. These deficiencies can be primary (genetic or congenital) or secondary (acquired due to environmental factors, medications, or diseases).

Primary immunodeficiency syndromes (PIDS) are caused by inherited genetic mutations that affect the development and function of immune cells, such as T cells, B cells, and phagocytes. Examples include severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and X-linked agammaglobulinemia.

Secondary immunodeficiency syndromes can result from various factors, including:

1. HIV/AIDS: Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection leads to the depletion of CD4+ T cells, causing profound immune dysfunction and increased vulnerability to opportunistic infections and malignancies.
2. Medications: Certain medications, such as chemotherapy, immunosuppressive drugs, and long-term corticosteroid use, can impair immune function and increase infection risk.
3. Malnutrition: Deficiencies in essential nutrients like protein, vitamins, and minerals can weaken the immune system and make individuals more susceptible to infections.
4. Aging: The immune system naturally declines with age, leading to an increased incidence of infections and poorer vaccine responses in older adults.
5. Other medical conditions: Chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and chronic kidney or liver disease can also compromise the immune system and contribute to immunodeficiency syndromes.

Immunologic deficiency syndromes require appropriate diagnosis and management strategies, which may include antimicrobial therapy, immunoglobulin replacement, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, or targeted treatments for the underlying cause.

CD4-positive T-lymphocytes, also known as CD4+ T cells or helper T cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response. They express the CD4 receptor on their surface and help coordinate the immune system's response to infectious agents such as viruses and bacteria.

CD4+ T cells recognize and bind to specific antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells or macrophages. Once activated, they can differentiate into various subsets of effector cells, including Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells, each with distinct functions in the immune response.

CD4+ T cells are particularly important in the immune response to HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), which targets and destroys these cells, leading to a weakened immune system and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. The number of CD4+ T cells is often used as a marker of disease progression in HIV infection, with lower counts indicating more advanced disease.

Food coloring agents, also known as food dyes, are substances that are added to foods and beverages to improve or modify their color. They are typically made from synthetic chemicals, although some are derived from natural sources. Food coloring agents are subject to regulation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other regulatory bodies to ensure their safety.

Food coloring agents are used for a variety of reasons, including:

* Making foods look more appealing or attractive
* Restoring the natural color of foods that has been lost during processing
* Helping consumers identify products, such as flavors or varieties of candy
* Ensuring consistency in the color of a product from batch to batch

Some common food coloring agents include:

* Blue 1 (Brilliant Blue)
* Blue 2 (Indigo Carmine)
* Green 3 (Fast Green FCF)
* Red 3 (Erythrosine)
* Red 40 (Allura Red)
* Yellow 5 (Tartrazine)
* Yellow 6 (Sunset Yellow)

It is important to note that some people may be sensitive or allergic to certain food coloring agents and may experience adverse reactions after consuming them. Additionally, there has been some concern about the potential health effects of artificial food dyes, although current research does not support a strong link between their consumption and negative health outcomes in the general population.

The thymus gland is an essential organ of the immune system, located in the upper chest, behind the sternum and surrounding the heart. It's primarily active until puberty and begins to shrink in size and activity thereafter. The main function of the thymus gland is the production and maturation of T-lymphocytes (T-cells), which are crucial for cell-mediated immunity, helping to protect the body from infection and cancer.

The thymus gland provides a protected environment where immune cells called pre-T cells develop into mature T cells. During this process, they learn to recognize and respond appropriately to foreign substances while remaining tolerant to self-tissues, which is crucial for preventing autoimmune diseases.

Additionally, the thymus gland produces hormones like thymosin that regulate immune cell activities and contribute to the overall immune response.

Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections that occur more frequently or are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems, often due to a underlying condition such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation. These infections are caused by microorganisms that do not normally cause disease in people with healthy immune function, but can take advantage of an opportunity to infect and cause damage when the body's defense mechanisms are compromised. Examples of opportunistic infections include Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis, candidiasis (thrush), and cytomegalovirus infection. Preventive measures, such as antimicrobial medications and vaccinations, play a crucial role in reducing the risk of opportunistic infections in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Lymphocyte subsets refer to distinct populations of white blood cells called lymphocytes, which are crucial components of the adaptive immune system. There are two main types of lymphocytes: T cells and B cells, and each type has several subsets based on their surface receptors, functions, and activation status.

1. T cell subsets: These include CD4+ T helper cells (Th cells), CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and memory T cells. Th cells are further divided into Th1, Th2, Th17, and Tfh cells based on their cytokine production profiles and functions.
* CD4+ T helper cells (Th cells) play a central role in orchestrating the immune response by producing various cytokines that activate other immune cells.
* CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells) directly kill virus-infected or malignant cells upon recognition of specific antigens presented on their surface.
* Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress the activation and proliferation of other immune cells to maintain self-tolerance and prevent autoimmunity.
* Memory T cells are long-lived cells that remain in the body after an initial infection or immunization, providing rapid protection upon subsequent encounters with the same pathogen.
2. B cell subsets: These include naïve B cells, memory B cells, and plasma cells. Upon activation by antigens, B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells that produce specific antibodies to neutralize or eliminate pathogens.
* Naïve B cells are resting cells that have not yet encountered their specific antigen.
* Memory B cells are long-lived cells generated after initial antigen exposure, which can quickly differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
* Plasma cells are terminally differentiated B cells that secrete large amounts of specific antibodies.

Analyzing lymphocyte subsets is essential for understanding immune system function and dysfunction, as well as monitoring the effectiveness of immunotherapies and vaccinations.

Dacarbazine is a medical term that refers to a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of various types of cancer. It is an alkylating agent, which means it works by modifying the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing. Dacarbazine is often used to treat malignant melanoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and soft tissue sarcomas.

The drug is typically administered intravenously in a hospital or clinic setting, and the dosage and schedule may vary depending on the type and stage of cancer being treated, as well as the patient's overall health and response to treatment. Common side effects of dacarbazine include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weakness or fatigue. More serious side effects, such as low white blood cell counts, anemia, and liver damage, may also occur.

It is important for patients receiving dacarbazine to follow their doctor's instructions carefully and report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly. Regular monitoring of blood counts and other laboratory tests may be necessary to ensure safe and effective treatment.

T-lymphocyte subsets refer to distinct populations of T-cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. The two main types of T-lymphocytes are CD4+ and CD8+ cells, which are defined by the presence or absence of specific proteins called cluster differentiation (CD) molecules on their surface.

CD4+ T-cells, also known as helper T-cells, play a crucial role in activating other immune cells, such as B-lymphocytes and macrophages, to mount an immune response against pathogens. They also produce cytokines that help regulate the immune response.

CD8+ T-cells, also known as cytotoxic T-cells, directly kill infected cells or tumor cells by releasing toxic substances such as perforins and granzymes.

The balance between these two subsets of T-cells is critical for maintaining immune homeostasis and mounting effective immune responses against pathogens while avoiding excessive inflammation and autoimmunity. Therefore, the measurement of T-lymphocyte subsets is essential in diagnosing and monitoring various immunological disorders, including HIV infection, cancer, and autoimmune diseases.

Antineoplastic agents, alkylating, are a class of chemotherapeutic drugs that work by alkylating (adding alkyl groups) to DNA, which can lead to the death or dysfunction of cancer cells. These agents can form cross-links between strands of DNA, preventing DNA replication and transcription, ultimately leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Examples of alkylating agents include cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and cisplatin. While these drugs are designed to target rapidly dividing cancer cells, they can also affect normal cells that divide quickly, such as those in the bone marrow and digestive tract, leading to side effects like anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and nausea/vomiting.

A "Blood Cell Count" is a medical laboratory test that measures the number of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets in a sample of blood. This test is often used as a part of a routine check-up or to help diagnose various medical conditions, such as anemia, infection, inflammation, and many others.

The RBC count measures the number of oxygen-carrying cells in the blood, while the WBC count measures the number of immune cells that help fight infections. The platelet count measures the number of cells involved in clotting. Abnormal results in any of these counts may indicate an underlying medical condition and further testing may be required for diagnosis and treatment.

Leukopenia is a medical term used to describe an abnormally low white blood cell (WBC) count in the blood. White blood cells are crucial components of the body's immune system, helping to fight infections and diseases. A normal WBC count ranges from 4,500 to 11,000 cells per microliter (μL) of blood in most laboratories. Leukopenia is typically diagnosed when the WBC count falls below 4,500 cells/μL.

There are several types of white blood cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Neutropenia, a specific type of leukopenia, refers to an abnormally low neutrophil count (less than 1,500 cells/μL). Neutropenia increases the risk of bacterial and fungal infections since neutrophils play a significant role in combating these types of pathogens.

Leukopenia can result from various factors, such as viral infections, certain medications (like chemotherapy or radiation therapy), bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, or congenital conditions affecting white blood cell production. It is essential to identify the underlying cause of leukopenia to provide appropriate treatment and prevent complications.

Immunosuppressive agents are medications that decrease the activity of the immune system. They are often used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and to treat autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. These drugs work by interfering with the immune system's normal responses, which helps to reduce inflammation and damage to tissues. However, because they suppress the immune system, people who take immunosuppressive agents are at increased risk for infections and other complications. Examples of immunosuppressive agents include corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and sirolimus.

Lymphopoiesis is the process of formation and development of lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. Lymphocytes include B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, which are responsible for defending the body against infectious diseases and cancer.

Lymphopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow and lymphoid organs such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils. In the bone marrow, hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs), which then give rise to B cells, T cells, and NK cells through a series of intermediate stages.

B cells mature in the bone marrow, while T cells mature in the thymus gland. Once matured, these lymphocytes migrate to the peripheral lymphoid organs where they can encounter foreign antigens and mount an immune response. The process of lymphopoiesis is tightly regulated by various growth factors, cytokines, and transcription factors that control the differentiation, proliferation, and survival of lymphocytes.

The spleen is an organ in the upper left side of the abdomen, next to the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays multiple supporting roles in the body:

1. It fights infection by acting as a filter for the blood. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there.
2. The spleen also helps to control the amount of blood in the body by removing excess red blood cells and storing platelets.
3. It has an important role in immune function, producing antibodies and removing microorganisms and damaged red blood cells from the bloodstream.

The spleen can be removed without causing any significant problems, as other organs take over its functions. This is known as a splenectomy and may be necessary if the spleen is damaged or diseased.

Flow cytometry is a medical and research technique used to measure physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles, one cell at a time, as they flow in a fluid stream through a beam of light. The properties measured include:

* Cell size (light scatter)
* Cell internal complexity (granularity, also light scatter)
* Presence or absence of specific proteins or other molecules on the cell surface or inside the cell (using fluorescent antibodies or other fluorescent probes)

The technique is widely used in cell counting, cell sorting, protein engineering, biomarker discovery and monitoring disease progression, particularly in hematology, immunology, and cancer research.

Homeostasis is a fundamental concept in the field of medicine and physiology, referring to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment, despite changes in external conditions. It is the process by which biological systems regulate their internal environment to remain in a state of dynamic equilibrium. This is achieved through various feedback mechanisms that involve sensors, control centers, and effectors, working together to detect, interpret, and respond to disturbances in the system.

For example, the body maintains homeostasis through mechanisms such as temperature regulation (through sweating or shivering), fluid balance (through kidney function and thirst), and blood glucose levels (through insulin and glucagon secretion). When homeostasis is disrupted, it can lead to disease or dysfunction in the body.

In summary, homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within biological systems, through various regulatory mechanisms that respond to changes in external conditions.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease that can affect almost any organ or system in the body. In SLE, the immune system produces an exaggerated response, leading to the production of autoantibodies that attack the body's own cells and tissues, causing inflammation and damage. The symptoms and severity of SLE can vary widely from person to person, but common features include fatigue, joint pain, skin rashes (particularly a "butterfly" rash across the nose and cheeks), fever, hair loss, and sensitivity to sunlight.

Systemic lupus erythematosus can also affect the kidneys, heart, lungs, brain, blood vessels, and other organs, leading to a wide range of symptoms such as kidney dysfunction, chest pain, shortness of breath, seizures, and anemia. The exact cause of SLE is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Treatment typically involves medications to suppress the immune system and manage symptoms, and may require long-term management by a team of healthcare professionals.

Neutropenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low concentration (less than 1500 cells/mm3) of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in fighting off bacterial and fungal infections. Neutrophils are essential components of the innate immune system, and their main function is to engulf and destroy microorganisms that can cause harm to the body.

Neutropenia can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the severity of the neutrophil count reduction:

* Mild neutropenia: Neutrophil count between 1000-1500 cells/mm3
* Moderate neutropenia: Neutrophil count between 500-1000 cells/mm3
* Severe neutropenia: Neutrophil count below 500 cells/mm3

Severe neutropenia significantly increases the risk of developing infections, as the body's ability to fight off microorganisms is severely compromised. Common causes of neutropenia include viral infections, certain medications (such as chemotherapy or antibiotics), autoimmune disorders, and congenital conditions affecting bone marrow function. Treatment for neutropenia typically involves addressing the underlying cause, administering granulocyte-colony stimulating factors to boost neutrophil production, and providing appropriate antimicrobial therapy to prevent or treat infections.

B-lymphocytes, also known as B-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune system's response to infection. They are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that help to neutralize or destroy pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

When a B-lymphocyte encounters a pathogen, it becomes activated and begins to divide and differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies specific to the antigens on the surface of the pathogen. These antibodies bind to the pathogen, marking it for destruction by other immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages.

B-lymphocytes also have a role in presenting antigens to T-lymphocytes, another type of white blood cell involved in the immune response. This helps to stimulate the activation and proliferation of T-lymphocytes, which can then go on to destroy infected cells or help to coordinate the overall immune response.

Overall, B-lymphocytes are an essential part of the adaptive immune system, providing long-lasting immunity to previously encountered pathogens and helping to protect against future infections.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

Regulatory T-lymphocytes (Tregs), also known as suppressor T cells, are a subpopulation of T-cells that play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases. They function to suppress the activation and proliferation of other immune cells, thereby regulating the immune response and preventing it from attacking the body's own tissues.

Tregs constitutively express the surface markers CD4 and CD25, as well as the transcription factor Foxp3, which is essential for their development and function. They can be further divided into subsets based on their expression of other markers, such as CD127 and CD45RA.

Tregs are critical for maintaining self-tolerance by suppressing the activation of self-reactive T cells that have escaped negative selection in the thymus. They also play a role in regulating immune responses to foreign antigens, such as those encountered during infection or cancer, and can contribute to the immunosuppressive microenvironment found in tumors.

Dysregulation of Tregs has been implicated in various autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis, as well as in cancer and infectious diseases. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate Treg function is an important area of research with potential therapeutic implications.

Adoptive transfer is a medical procedure in which immune cells are transferred from a donor to a recipient with the aim of providing immunity or treating a disease, such as cancer. This technique is often used in the field of immunotherapy and involves isolating specific immune cells (like T-cells) from the donor, expanding their numbers in the laboratory, and then infusing them into the patient. The transferred cells are expected to recognize and attack the target cells, such as malignant or infected cells, leading to a therapeutic effect. This process requires careful matching of donor and recipient to minimize the risk of rejection and graft-versus-host disease.

CD8-positive T-lymphocytes, also known as CD8+ T cells or cytotoxic T cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the adaptive immune system. They are named after the CD8 molecule found on their surface, which is a protein involved in cell signaling and recognition.

CD8+ T cells are primarily responsible for identifying and destroying virus-infected cells or cancerous cells. When activated, they release cytotoxic granules that contain enzymes capable of inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in the target cells. They also produce cytokines such as interferon-gamma, which can help coordinate the immune response and activate other immune cells.

CD8+ T cells are generated in the thymus gland and are a type of T cell, which is a lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They recognize and respond to specific antigens presented on the surface of infected or cancerous cells in conjunction with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules.

Overall, CD8+ T cells are an essential component of the immune system's defense against viral infections and cancer.

Interleukin-7 (IL-7) receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that play a crucial role in the development and functioning of the immune system. The IL-7 receptor is a heterodimer, consisting of two subunits: the alpha chain (CD127) and the common gamma chain (CD132).

IL-7 is a cytokine that is involved in the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of T cells, B cells, and other immune cells. The binding of IL-7 to its receptor leads to the activation of several signaling pathways, including the JAK-STAT (Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway, which regulates gene expression and cellular responses.

Mutations in the genes encoding the IL-7 receptor subunits have been associated with various immune disorders, such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), autoimmune diseases, and certain types of cancer. For example, loss-of-function mutations in the CD127 gene can lead to T cell deficiencies, while gain-of-function mutations in the common gamma chain gene have been linked to leukemia and lymphoma.

Therefore, a proper understanding of IL-7 receptors and their signaling pathways is essential for developing targeted therapies for various immune-related diseases.

Lymphocyte activation is the process by which B-cells and T-cells (types of lymphocytes) become activated to perform effector functions in an immune response. This process involves the recognition of specific antigens presented on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells or macrophages.

The activation of B-cells leads to their differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies, while the activation of T-cells results in the production of cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+ T-cells) that can directly kill infected cells or helper T-cells (CD4+ T-cells) that assist other immune cells.

Lymphocyte activation involves a series of intracellular signaling events, including the binding of co-stimulatory molecules and the release of cytokines, which ultimately result in the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and effector functions. The activation process is tightly regulated to prevent excessive or inappropriate immune responses that can lead to autoimmunity or chronic inflammation.

Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Associated Vasculitis (AAV) is a group of autoimmune diseases characterized by inflammation and damage to small blood vessels, particularly capillaries, venules, and arterioles. The condition is named after the presence of ANCAs in the patient's serum, which are autoantibodies that target specific proteins in the neutrophil cytoplasm.

AAV includes several subtypes, including:

1. Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA, formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis) - a form of AAV that typically affects the respiratory tract and kidneys, characterized by the presence of granulomas (clusters of inflammatory cells).
2. Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA) - a form of AAV that primarily affects small vessels in various organs, such as the kidneys, lungs, and skin.
3. Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA, formerly known as Churg-Strauss syndrome) - a form of AAV that involves asthma, allergies, and eosinophilia (an increased number of eosinophils in the blood), along with vasculitis affecting various organs.

The exact cause of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve an interplay between genetic factors, environmental triggers, and dysregulation of the immune system. The condition can lead to a wide range of symptoms depending on which organs are affected, including fever, fatigue, weight loss, joint pain, skin rashes, cough, shortness of breath, nosebleeds, and kidney problems. Treatment typically involves immunosuppressive medications to control inflammation and prevent further damage to the affected organs.

Lymphocyte depletion is a medical term that refers to the reduction in the number of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the body. Lymphocytes play a crucial role in the immune system, as they help to fight off infections and diseases.

Lymphocyte depletion can occur due to various reasons, including certain medical treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, immune disorders, viral infections, or bone marrow transplantation. This reduction in lymphocytes can make a person more susceptible to infections and diseases, as their immune system is weakened.

There are different types of lymphocytes, including T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, and lymphocyte depletion can affect one or all of these types. In some cases, lymphocyte depletion may be temporary and resolve on its own or with treatment. However, in other cases, it may be more prolonged and require medical intervention to manage the associated risks and complications.

Cell proliferation is the process by which cells increase in number, typically through the process of cell division. In the context of biology and medicine, it refers to the reproduction of cells that makes up living tissue, allowing growth, maintenance, and repair. It involves several stages including the transition from a phase of quiescence (G0 phase) to an active phase (G1 phase), DNA replication in the S phase, and mitosis or M phase, where the cell divides into two daughter cells.

Abnormal or uncontrolled cell proliferation is a characteristic feature of many diseases, including cancer, where deregulated cell cycle control leads to excessive and unregulated growth of cells, forming tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites in the body.

An immunocompromised host refers to an individual who has a weakened or impaired immune system, making them more susceptible to infections and decreased ability to fight off pathogens. This condition can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (developed during one's lifetime).

Acquired immunocompromised states may result from various factors such as medical treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunosuppressive drugs), infections (e.g., HIV/AIDS), chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, malnutrition, liver disease), or aging.

Immunocompromised hosts are at a higher risk for developing severe and life-threatening infections due to their reduced immune response. Therefore, they require special consideration when it comes to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases.

Lupus vasculitis in the central nervous system (CNS) is a specific type of inflammation that occurs in the blood vessels of the brain and/or spinal cord due to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease. In this condition, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue, including blood vessel walls, leading to their inflammation and damage.

CNS vasculitis can cause various neurological symptoms such as headaches, seizures, cognitive impairment, mood changes, stroke-like episodes, and even loss of consciousness. The diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or angiography), and laboratory tests to detect the presence of autoantibodies associated with SLE. Treatment usually includes immunosuppressive therapy to control the inflammation and prevent further damage to the blood vessels in the CNS.

A "knockout" mouse is a genetically engineered mouse in which one or more genes have been deleted or "knocked out" using molecular biology techniques. This allows researchers to study the function of specific genes and their role in various biological processes, as well as potential associations with human diseases. The mice are generated by introducing targeted DNA modifications into embryonic stem cells, which are then used to create a live animal. Knockout mice have been widely used in biomedical research to investigate gene function, disease mechanisms, and potential therapeutic targets.

Autoimmunity is a medical condition in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy tissues within the body. In normal function, the immune system recognizes and fights off foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. However, when autoimmunity occurs, the immune system identifies self-molecules or tissues as foreign and produces an immune response against them.

This misguided response can lead to chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and impaired organ function. Autoimmune diseases can affect various parts of the body, including the joints, skin, glands, muscles, and blood vessels. Some common examples of autoimmune diseases are rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and Graves' disease.

The exact cause of autoimmunity is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that trigger an abnormal immune response in susceptible individuals. Treatment for autoimmune diseases typically involves managing symptoms, reducing inflammation, and suppressing the immune system's overactive response using medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and biologics.

Lymphoid tissue is a specialized type of connective tissue that is involved in the immune function of the body. It is composed of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell), which are responsible for producing antibodies and destroying infected or cancerous cells. Lymphoid tissue can be found throughout the body, but it is particularly concentrated in certain areas such as the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and Peyer's patches in the small intestine.

Lymphoid tissue provides a site for the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of lymphocytes, which are critical components of the adaptive immune response. It also serves as a filter for foreign particles, such as bacteria and viruses, that may enter the body through various routes. The lymphatic system, which includes lymphoid tissue, helps to maintain the health and integrity of the body by protecting it from infection and disease.

The CD4-CD8 ratio is a measurement of the relative numbers of two types of immune cells, CD4+ T cells (also known as helper T cells) and CD8+ T cells (also known as cytotoxic T cells), in the blood. The CD4-CD8 ratio is commonly used as a marker of immune function and health.

CD4+ T cells play an important role in the immune response by helping to coordinate the activity of other immune cells, producing chemical signals that activate them, and producing antibodies. CD8+ T cells are responsible for directly killing infected cells and tumor cells.

A normal CD4-CD8 ratio is typically between 1.0 and 3.0. A lower ratio may indicate an impaired immune system, such as in cases of HIV infection or other immunodeficiency disorders. A higher ratio may be seen in some viral infections, autoimmune diseases, or cancer. It's important to note that the CD4-CD8 ratio should be interpreted in conjunction with other laboratory and clinical findings for a more accurate assessment of immune function.

I'm happy to help! "Rats, Inbred Lew" is a specific strain of laboratory rats that have been inbred for research purposes. The "Lew" part of the name refers to the location where they were first developed, the Lewis Institute in Lake Bluff, Illinois, USA.

Inbreeding is a process of mating closely related individuals over many generations to create a genetically homogeneous population. This results in a high degree of genetic similarity among members of the strain, making them ideal for use as experimental models because any differences observed between individuals are more likely to be due to the experimental manipulation rather than genetic variation.

Inbred Lew rats have been widely used in biomedical research, particularly in studies related to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. They exhibit a number of unique characteristics that make them useful for these types of studies, including their susceptibility to developing high blood pressure when fed a high-salt diet or given certain drugs.

It's important to note that while inbred strains like Lew rats can be very useful tools for researchers, they are not perfect models for human disease. Because they have been bred in a controlled environment and selected for specific traits, they may not respond to experimental manipulations in the same way that humans or other animals would. Therefore, it's important to interpret findings from these studies with caution and consider multiple lines of evidence before drawing any firm conclusions.

Thymectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the thymus gland. The thymus gland is a part of the immune system located in the upper chest, behind the sternum (breastbone), and above the heart. It is responsible for producing white blood cells called T-lymphocytes, which help fight infections.

Thymectomy is often performed as a treatment option for patients with certain medical conditions, such as:

* Myasthenia gravis: an autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness and fatigue. In some cases, the thymus gland may contain abnormal cells that contribute to the development of myasthenia gravis. Removing the thymus gland can help improve symptoms in some patients with this condition.
* Thymomas: tumors that develop in the thymus gland. While most thymomas are benign (non-cancerous), some can be malignant (cancerous) and may require surgical removal.
* Myasthenic syndrome: a group of disorders characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue, similar to myasthenia gravis. In some cases, the thymus gland may be abnormal and contribute to the development of these conditions. Removing the thymus gland can help improve symptoms in some patients.

Thymectomy can be performed using various surgical approaches, including open surgery (through a large incision in the chest), video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS, using small incisions and a camera to guide the procedure), or robotic-assisted surgery (using a robot to perform the procedure through small incisions). The choice of surgical approach depends on several factors, including the size and location of the thymus gland, the patient's overall health, and the surgeon's expertise.

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue found inside certain bones in the body, such as the hips, thighs, and vertebrae. It is responsible for producing blood-forming cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. There are two types of bone marrow: red marrow, which is involved in blood cell production, and yellow marrow, which contains fatty tissue.

Red bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells, which can differentiate into various types of blood cells. These stem cells continuously divide and mature to produce new blood cells that are released into the circulation. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, white blood cells help fight infections, and platelets play a crucial role in blood clotting.

Bone marrow also serves as a site for immune cell development and maturation. It contains various types of immune cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which help protect the body against infections and diseases.

Abnormalities in bone marrow function can lead to several medical conditions, including anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and various types of cancer, such as leukemia and multiple myeloma. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are common diagnostic procedures used to evaluate bone marrow health and function.

'Antibodies, Neoplasm' is a medical term that refers to abnormal antibodies produced by neoplastic cells, which are cells that have undergone uncontrolled division and form a tumor or malignancy. These antibodies can be produced in large quantities and may have altered structures or functions compared to normal antibodies.

Neoplastic antibodies can arise from various types of malignancies, including leukemias, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. In some cases, these abnormal antibodies can interfere with the normal functioning of the immune system and contribute to the progression of the disease.

In addition, neoplastic antibodies can also be used as tumor markers for diagnostic purposes. For example, certain types of monoclonal gammopathy, such as multiple myeloma, are characterized by the overproduction of a single type of immunoglobulin, which can be detected in the blood or urine and used to monitor the disease.

Overall, 'Antibodies, Neoplasm' is a term that encompasses a wide range of abnormal antibodies produced by neoplastic cells, which can have significant implications for both the diagnosis and treatment of malignancies.

Hematology: lymphopenia; non-regenerative-usually mild-anaemia. Serology: the cat has a high antibody titre to FCoV: this ...
Ng WL, Chu CM, Wu AK, Cheng VC, Yuen KY (January 2006). "Lymphopenia at presentation is associated with increased risk of ... Lim ZW, Elwood E, Naveed H, Galea I (October 2016). "Lymphopenia in treatment-naive relapsing multiple sclerosis". Neurology. 3 ... It is also called lymphopenia. The opposite is lymphocytosis, which refers to an excessive level of lymphocytes. ... "A systematic review of the influence of radiation-induced lymphopenia on survival outcomes in solid tumors". Critical Reviews ...
2003). "Neonates support lymphopenia-induced proliferation". Immunity. 18 (1): 131-140. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(02)00508-3. PMID ...
Flares also manifest with a relative lymphopenia. Activated CD4(+)/CD25(+) T-lymphocyte counts correlated negatively with serum ...
Henry BM (April 2020). "COVID-19, ECMO, and lymphopenia: a word of caution". The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine. Elsevier BV. 8 ( ...
Additionally, patients have significant leukopenia, lymphopenia, neutropenia, and eosinophilia. Mild defects in T-cell function ...
Polonium poisoning can cause nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and lymphopenia. It can also damage hair follicles and white blood ...
Henry BM (April 2020). "COVID-19, ECMO, and lymphopenia: a word of caution". The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine. Elsevier BV. 8 ( ...
"Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity tests and lymphopenia as activity markers in sarcoidosis". Chest. 121 (4): 1239-44. doi: ...
"Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity tests and lymphopenia as activity markers in sarcoidosis". Chest. 121 (4): 1239-44. doi: ...
Reported blood abnormalities with its use include lymphopenia, eosinophilia, and atypical lymphocytosis. For short-term ...
"Early lymphopenia after cytotoxic chemotherapy as a risk factor for febrile neutropenia". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 14 (2 ...
"TGN1412 Induces Lymphopenia and Human Cytokine Release in a Humanized Mouse Model". PLOS ONE. 11 (3): e0149093. Bibcode: ...
10% frequency) Lymphopenia Hypophosphataemia Haemorrhage Hypertension Diarrhea Rash Alopecia (hair loss; occurs in roughly 30% ...
Less commonly, a decrease in lymphocytes (called lymphocytopenia or lymphopenia) may be seen. Neutropenia can be acquired or ...
"Lymphopenia and interleukin-2 therapy alter homeostasis of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells". Nature Medicine. 11 (11): 1238-1243. ...
"Dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera): Fatal PML in an MS patient with severe, prolonged lymphopenia". "FDA Drug Safety Communication: ...
... portal hypertension and lymphopenia. Complications due to extrahepatic deposition include radiation pneumonitis, ...
Lymphopenia : Most common in clinical trials was a significant and dose-related reduction of CD4+ and CD8+ counts in 10 to 59% ... Consequences of lymphopenia may be infections and/or treatment related malignancies (see below). Malignancies : In clinical ...
... in a patient with idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphopenia". Leuk. Lymphoma. 41 (3-4): 421-3. doi:10.3109/10428190109057998. PMID 11378556 ... Multifocal MALT lymphoma and acute cytomegalovirus gastritis revealing CD4 lymphopenia without HIV infection]". Gastroenterol. ...
As a result, a reduction in lymphocyte count (lymphopenia) may be reported following treatment. In clinical trials, lymphocyte ... but was associated with a higher incidence of Grade 3 and Grade 4 lymphopenia. Cladribine tablets target the cells of the ... and further studies were requested to address concerns related to severe lymphopenia and cancer cases observed during pivotal ...
The most common Grade 3 and 4 adverse reactions were thrombocytopenia (43%), lymphopenia (38%), fatigue (28%) and anemia (17 ... Grade 3-4 laboratory abnormalities in ≥15% were thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, neutropenia, anemia, and hyponatremia. Serious ...
Poussier, P., et al., Lymphopenia and abnormal lymphocyte subsets in the "BB" rat: relationship to the diabetic syndrome. ... The Gimap5 mutation results in severe T cell lymphopenia in the BB rat and is thought to contribute to T1D pathogenesis through ...
Taking into consideration serology, leukocytosis with neutrophilia and lymphopenia was found in many patients. Cardiac ...
Autoimmune disorders like lymphopenia and hypergammaglobulinemia can be observed in about 50% patients with AITL. Anaplastic ...
"Efficacy of adoptive cell transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes after lymphopenia induction for metastatic melanoma". ...
October 2012). "Efficacy of adoptive cell transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes after lymphopenia induction for metastatic ...
June 2011). "Idiopathic CD4+ T lymphopenia without autoimmunity or granulomatous disease in the slipstream of RAG mutations". ... Idiopathic CD4+ T lymphopenia or vasculitis. RAG deficiency can be measured by in vitro quantification of recombination ...
The disease is characterized by CD4 lymphopenia, severe chronic viral infections, and defective T-lymphocyte activation. ...
Other abnormalities associated with the disease include mild anemia, neurophilia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia, and increased liver ...
Poor Prognosis for Puumala Virus Infections Predicted by Lymphopenia and Dyspnea. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2023;29(5):1038 ... Poor Prognosis for Puumala Virus Infections Predicted by Lymphopenia and Dyspnea On This Page ... Poor prognosis for PUUV infections predicted by lymphopenia and dyspnea. A) Box plot showing difference in ALC between patients ... Poor prognosis for PUUV infections predicted by lymphopenia and dyspnea. A) Box plot showing difference in ALC between patients ...
Wiede, F., La Gruta, N. L., & Tiganis, T. (2014). PTPN2 attenuates T-cell lymphopenia-induced proliferation. Nature ... Wiede, F, La Gruta, NL & Tiganis, T 2014, PTPN2 attenuates T-cell lymphopenia-induced proliferation, Nature Communications, ... PTPN2 attenuates T-cell lymphopenia-induced proliferation. / Wiede, Florian; La Gruta, Nicole L; Tiganis, Tony. In: Nature ... PTPN2 attenuates T-cell lymphopenia-induced proliferation. In: Nature Communications. 2014 ; Vol. 5, No. (Art. No: 3073). pp. 1 ...
"Lymphopenia" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Lymphopenia" by people in this website by year, and whether " ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Lymphopenia" by people in Profiles. ...
... for relative and severe lymphopenia, respectively. The increase in mortality associated with severe lymphopenia was significant ... for relative and severe lymphopenia, respectively. The increase in mortality associated with severe lymphopenia was significant ... Lymphopenia is an independent predictor of inferior outcome in clear cell renal carcinoma. J Urol. 2013; 189(2): 454-461.. ... Association of Lymphopenia With Risk of Mortality Among Adults in the US General Population. JAMA Netw Open. 2019; 2(12): ...
2024 ICD-10-CM Alphabetic Index of diseases and injuries. Search the alphabetic index for disease or condition.
For gki.tjks.einerfueralles.com.ydr.oq acknowledge [URL=https://pureelegance-decor.com/drugs/buy-prednisone/][/URL] [URL=https://umichicago.com/drugs/flomax/][/URL] [URL=https://primerafootandankle.com/low-cost-stromectol/][/URL] [URL=https://ofearthandbeauty.com/flomax/][/URL] [URL=https://carnegiemarketing.com/product/viagra-pills/][/URL] [URL=https://rrhail.org/item/lasix/][/URL] [URL=https://mnsmiles.com/nexium/][/URL] [URL=https://primerafootandankle.com/prednisone-without-dr-prescription-usa/][/URL] [URL=https://alliedentinc.com/tinidazole/][/URL] [URL=https://ofearthandbeauty.com/prednisone-tablets/][/URL] [URL=https://endmedicaldebt.com/prednisone/][/URL] [URL=https://pureelegance-decor.com/drugs/prednisone/][/URL] [URL=https://shilpaotc.com/hydroxychloroquine-without-dr-prescription/][/URL] [URL=https://alliedentinc.com/product/canadian-malegra/][/URL] [URL=https://ghspubs.org/item/propecia/][/URL] [URL=https://shilpaotc.com/cialis-soft/][/URL] ...
Lymphopenia was the better predictor in this cohort. Both neutrophilia and lymphopenia were more predictive of bacteraemia than ... RESULTS: Neutrophilia and lymphopenia were both associated with bacteraemia. ... To determine the relevance of lymphopenia to the diagnosis of bacteraemia in patients admitted with medical emergencies, ... Lymphopenia was the better predictor in this cohort. Both neutrophilia and lymphopenia were more predictive of bacteraemia than ...
Keratinocyte growth factor impairs human thymic recovery from lymphopenia Coles AJ., Azzopardi L., Kousin-Ezewu O., Mullay HK ...
Hematology: lymphopenia; non-regenerative-usually mild-anaemia. Serology: the cat has a high antibody titre to FCoV: this ...
... profile ... Trophoblast IFN-tau differentially induces lymphopenia and neutropenia in lambs. Academic Article * ... Type I interferons (IFN), including IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, cause severe lymphopenia, resulting from altered lymphocyte ...
Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: lymphopenia. * Gastrointestinal Disorders: pancreatitis. * Hepatobiliary Disorders: ...
Lymphopenia. Lymphocytosis. Morphology. Normal. Activated (Antigen-Stimulated) Lymphocytes. Atypical Lymphocytes. 10 PLATELETS ...
Lymphopenia. PML (rare). Abbreviations: CIS = clinically isolated syndrome; MS = multiple sclerosis; GI = gastrointestinal; HZ ...
Lymphopenia (83%) is the most common laboratory finding in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). [1] ...
... and lymphopenia (1.1%). Adverse reactions leading to permanent discontinuation occurred in 13% of patients treated with ...
Leukocytosis with relative lymphopenia * Unresponsive to beta-lactam antibiotics A case of Legionnaires disease from the ...
Lymphopenia. *May decrease lymphocyte counts. *Consider interrupting dose in patients with lymphocyte counts 9/L persisting for ... Continue to monitor CBC count until their recovery if therapy is discontinued or interrupted because of lymphopenia ...
The most common, severe laboratory abnormalities (≥ 10% Grade 3 or 4) were lymphopenia and neutropenia. The most common serious ... The most common laboratory abnormalities (≥ 10% Grade 3 or 4) were lymphopenia and neutropenia. (6) ...
Absorption Following a single 160 mg dose of STIVARGA in patients with advanced solid tumors, regorafenib reaches a geometric mean peak plasma level (Cmax) of 2.5 µg/mL at a median time of 4 hours and a geometric mean area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve (AUC) of 70.4 µg*h/mL. The AUC of regorafenib at steady-state increases less than dose proportionally at doses greater than 60 mg. At steady-state, regorafenib reaches a geometric mean Cmax of 3.9 µg/mL and a geometric mean AUC of 58.3 µg*h/mL. The coefficient of variation of AUC and Cmax is between 35% and 44%.. The mean relative bioavailability of tablets compared to an oral solution is 69% to 83%.. In a food-effect study, 24 healthy men received a single 160 mg dose of STIVARGA on three separate occasions: under a fasted state, with a high-fat meal and with a low-fat meal. A high-fat meal (945 calories and 54.6 g fat) increased the mean AUC of regorafenib by 48% and decreased the mean AUC of the M-2 and M-5 metabolites by ...
Dive into the research topics of Radiation-induced circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells induce systemic lymphopenia ... Radiation-induced circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells induce systemic lymphopenia after chemoradiotherapy in patients ...
Lymphopenia / etiology* * Lymphopenia / pathology* * Lymphopenia / virology * Magnetic Resonance Imaging / methods * Male * ...
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Radiation-induced lymphopenia (RIL) is associated with poor prognosis in solid tumors. This study aimed to ... Lymphocyte Count Kinetics and the Effect of Different Radiotherapy Techniques on Radiation-Induced Lymphopenia in Patients with ...
Lymphopenia at ICU admission and its persistence at day 3 were associated with an increased risk of ICU-acquired infection, ... Lymphopenia at admission was associated with ICU-acquired infection (p < 0.001) but not with 28-day mortality. Independently ... while only persisting lymphopenia predicted increased 28-day mortality. The lymphocyte count at ICU admission and at day 3 ... A persisting lymphopenia or a non-significant increase at day 3 is associated with a risk to develop a nosocomial infection and ...
... lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Eighty percent had shock, 72.5% had myocardial dysfunction (left ventricular ejection ... During the acute phase, a majority had significant inflammation, generalized lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, moderate to severe ... and lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia. 4 Common echocardiographic findings were LVEF , 55% (72.5%) and coronary artery ... lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Eighty percent had shock, 72.5% had myocardial dysfunction (left ventricular ejection ...
COVID-19-associated lymphopenia. Severe COVID-19 is associated with lymphopenia that disproportionately affects the T- rather ... Lymphopenia predicts disease severity of COVID-19: a descriptive and predictive study. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5: 33 ... As lymphopenia is being considered for patient risk stratification, elucidating the aetiology of COVID-19-associated ... We also explore the potential aetiologies of the lymphopenia associated with severe COVID-19: the virus expanded tropism, ...
The patient had lymphopenia and anemia. The hsCRP was elevated to 36.25 mg/L (Table 2). The patient was hospitalized and ... The patient had lymphopenia and anemia with elevated neutrophil counts. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was ... Laboratory analysis showed worsening lymphopenia, inflammatory indicators, and metabolic profile (Table 1). In the following ... and lymphopenia continued (1.09, 6.4%). The oral imatinib was discontinued, and the possible recurrence of leukemia was ...
d Includes lymphopenia and decreased lymphocyte count.. e Includes leukopenia and decreased leukocyte count. ...
2016). Lymphopenia in treatment-naive relapsing multiple sclerosis.. https://nn.neurology.org/content/3/5/e275.full. ...
  • Compared to normal lymphocyte count, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for mortality was 1.31 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21-1.41) and 1.97 (95% CI 1.75-2.22) for relative and severe lymphopenia, respectively. (viamedica.pl)
  • Lymphocyte Count Kinetics and the Effect of Different Radiotherapy Techniques on Radiation-Induced Lymphopenia in Patients with Breast Cancer Receiving Hypofractionated Postmastectomy Radiotherapy. (bvsalud.org)
  • Trophoblast IFN-tau differentially induces lymphopenia and neutropenia in lambs. (tamu.edu)
  • The most common laboratory abnormalities (≥ 10% Grade 3 or 4) were lymphopenia and neutropenia. (nih.gov)
  • Type I interferons (IFN), including IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, cause severe lymphopenia, resulting from altered lymphocyte recirculation and redistribution. (tamu.edu)
  • We also explore the potential aetiologies of the lymphopenia associated with severe COVID-19: the virus' expanded tropism, elevated serum cytokines (particularly interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α), and excessive lymphocyte recruitment to the lungs. (ersjournals.com)
  • NK) cells (T-B-NK-SCID) and severe lymphopenia. (researchgate.net)
  • a Severe combined immunodeficiencies defined by T cell lymphopenia. (springer.com)
  • ADA deficiency results in absence of T, B, and NK cells, resulting in a SCID with marked lymphopenia. (medscape.com)
  • Relation between lymphopenia and bacteraemia in UK adults with medical emergencies. (ox.ac.uk)
  • AIMS: To determine the relevance of lymphopenia to the diagnosis of bacteraemia in patients admitted with medical emergencies, relative to peripheral blood white cell count and neutrophilia. (ox.ac.uk)
  • RESULTS: Neutrophilia and lymphopenia were both associated with bacteraemia. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Both neutrophilia and lymphopenia were more predictive of bacteraemia than the total white blood cell count. (ox.ac.uk)
  • High RDW may enhance the predictive ability of lymphopenia. (viamedica.pl)
  • Clinical laboratory findings can include lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated creatinine. (cdc.gov)
  • PNP deficiency causes profound T lymphopenia and variable numbers of B and NK cells. (medscape.com)
  • Lymphopenia" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (sdsu.edu)
  • We aimed to determine the association between lymphopenia and mortality in patients presenting to coronary angiography and investigate whether elevated red blood cell distribution width (RDW), an established cardiovascular prognostic marker, further refines risk stratification. (viamedica.pl)
  • The association of lymphopenia with mortality remained significant after additional adjustment to RDW. (viamedica.pl)
  • lymphopenia is associated with increased risk of mortality during long-term follow-up in patients undergoing coronary angiography, regardless of the coronary presentation. (viamedica.pl)
  • Lymphopenia at ICU admission and its persistence at day 3 were associated with an increased risk of ICU-acquired infection, while only persisting lymphopenia predicted increased 28-day mortality. (springeropen.com)
  • Furthermore, a very recent study showed that persistent lymphopenia on the fourth day after bacteremia diagnosis predicts early and late mortality in those patients, including in the subgroup of patients with sepsis [ 15 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Lymphopenia is associated with adverse prognosis in chronic disease states that are related to immune dysregulation. (viamedica.pl)
  • PTPN2-deficient CD8(+) T cells undergo rapid lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) when transferred into lymphopenic hosts and acquire the characteristics of antigen-experienced effector T cells. (monash.edu)
  • We also consider important differences between COVID-19 and influenza, mainly the protean clinical presentation and associated lymphopenia of COVID-19, the contrasting role of interferon-γ in mediating the host immune response to these viruses, and the tropism for vascular endothelial cells of SARS-CoV-2, commenting on the potential limitations of influenza as a model for COVID-19. (ersjournals.com)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Lymphopenia" by people in this website by year, and whether "Lymphopenia" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (sdsu.edu)
  • Idiopathic T cell lymphopenia (ICL). (primaryimmune.org)
  • treated rats with the superagonistic anti-CD28 antibody JJ316 and found that it rapidly induced a marked T cell lymphopenia by trapping T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes (see the related article on page 1405). (jci.org)
  • This dramatic redistribution of T cells simulated the profound T cell lymphopenia observed in human recipients of TGN1412. (jci.org)
  • Sometimes the cause of lymphopenia is not known. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, AIDS is a possible cause of lymphopenia. (proprofs.com)
  • Idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia : still more questions than answers / Irini Sereti. (nih.gov)
  • Prevalence and pathogenicity of autoantibodies in patients with idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia. (unm.edu)
  • Lymphopenia (also called lymphocytopenia) is a disorder in which your blood doesn't have enough white blood cells called lymphocytes. (nih.gov)
  • If you have low numbers of lymphocytes (lymphopenia), you are at higher risk of infection. (nih.gov)
  • CHICAGO ― Patients with esophageal cancer who develop severe lymphopenia after receiving chemoradiotherapy have significantly worse outcomes than those whose lymphocytes are not compromised by treatment, underscoring how important the immune system is in cancer control, say researchers. (medscape.com)
  • Lymphopenia is a blood disorder that results in a decrease in certain white blood cells, called B and T lymphocytes, and affects the effectiveness of the immune system. (dailymedicalhealth.com)
  • Lymphopenia is a blood disorder in which there is a decrease in certain white blood cells, called B and T lymphocytes . (dailymedicalhealth.com)
  • Lymphopenia is first assessed by measuring the level of B and T lymphocytes in the blood via the blood count. (dailymedicalhealth.com)
  • Lymphopenia is a condition characterized by a low number of lymphocytes in the blood. (proprofs.com)
  • This destruction of lymphocytes leads to lymphopenia. (proprofs.com)
  • Although patients with HIV infection or Venezuelan equine encephalitis often present with relative lymphopenia, the relative lymphopenia of WNE is usually more profound and may be prolonged, which should be suggestive. (medscape.com)
  • PNP deficiency causes profound T lymphopenia and variable numbers of B and NK cells. (medscape.com)
  • Although many ongoing studies are investigating measurement of proinflammatory cytokines and other biomarkers as a way to prognosticate infection severity, we investigated use of 2 easily obtained predictors: lymphopenia and leukocytosis ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Lymphopenia leads to recurrent infections or infections with unusual organisms. (dailymedicalhealth.com)
  • Lymphopenia is a predictor of severe infections SIE in MPA on immunosuppressives. (rheumnow.com)
  • The most common infection that can lead to lymphopenia is HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), which causes AIDS. (nih.gov)
  • Sometimes inherited, lymphopenia is most often secondary to other causes, the most common of which are malnutrition and AIDS. (dailymedicalhealth.com)
  • Cancer patients with CD4 lymphopenia have an increased risk of severe toxicity after administration of cytotoxic chemotherapy. (nih.gov)
  • Among those whose lymphocyte counts were severely compromised, median recurrence-free survival was only 1.8 years, compared to 4.0 years for patients who did not develop lymphopenia ( P = .02). (medscape.com)
  • Median overall survival (OS) was also significantly attenuated in patients with grade 4 lymphopenia, at only 2.4 years, compared to 4.0 years for patients whose lymphocyte counts were not compromised by chemoradiotherapy. (medscape.com)
  • Lymphopenia: Obtain a CBC including lymphocyte count before initiating BAFIERTAM, after 6 months, and every 6 to 12 months thereafter. (nih.gov)
  • the second was intended to identify ways in which current treatment regimens might be modified so as to make the development of grade 4 lymphopenia less likely for patients who undergo chemoradiotherapy. (medscape.com)
  • T cells undergo lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) upon transfer into lymphopenic hosts, and this process requires interactions with self-pMHC as well as signals from cytokines such as IL-7 and IL-15 ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We found that [radiation] dose to the heart, spine, aorta, and body predict for grade 4 lymphopenia, which is associated with worse recurrence-free and overall survival, and that achieving planning constraints for these parameters may decrease grade 4 lymphopenia and improve outcomes," he reported. (medscape.com)
  • Lymphopenia is often associated with PLE secondary to lymphangiectasia. (vin.com)
  • Lymphopenia symptoms can range from mild to serious and are correlated to the severity of the lymphopenia as well as its duration. (nih.gov)
  • To evaluate lymphopenia as a marker for coronavirus disease severity, we conducted a meta-analysis of 10 studies. (cdc.gov)
  • BACKGROUND: Excessive inflammation and lymphopenia are linked to poor Covid-19 clinical outcomes. (saisei-hawaii.com)
  • The impact of CD4 lymphopenia on long term overall survival (OS) of cancer patients was explored in this work. (nih.gov)
  • Alopecia (accelerated hair loss), eczema, pyoderma (purulent skin disease), telangiectasia (dilation of small blood vessels located near the surface of the skin, mucous membranes or the white of the eye) are all skin abnormalities that may suggest the presence of lymphopenia. (dailymedicalhealth.com)
  • For patients with grade 4 lymphopenia, OS was reduced by 55% compared to those who did not have lymphopenia. (medscape.com)
  • In the test series, all patients with metastatic cancers and CD4 lymphopenia ≤ 200/μL (12% of metastatic patients) died within 18 months with a median OS of 5.9 months. (nih.gov)
  • 68 (30.8%) patients had lymphopenia. (ssrn.com)
  • Routine laboratory studies in patients with scrub typhus reveal early lymphopenia with late lymphocytosis. (medscape.com)
  • The main risk factor for lymphopenia worldwide is poor nutrition. (nih.gov)
  • When the volume of the body receiving 10 Gy exceeded 18%, the risk for grade 4 lymphopenia was increased more than sevenfold. (medscape.com)
  • Who is at risk to lymphopenia? (dailymedicalhealth.com)
  • Almost half of the group (45%) developed grade 4 lymphopenia, the team reported. (medscape.com)
  • Similarly, there was a strong likelihood of grade 4 lymphopenia if more than 72% of the volume of the thoracic spine received 5 Gy, or if more than 50% of the total lung received 5 Gy of radiation, or if more than 50% of the volume of the aorta received 5 Gy. (medscape.com)
  • That dose appears to be the strongest predictor of grade 4 lymphopenia. (medscape.com)
  • On univariable analysis, the group found that if more than 73% of the volume of the heart received 15 Gy of radiation, that there was a strong likelihood of lymphopenia, "so to avoid lymphopenia, we want to keep the percentage of the heart receiving 15 Gy of radiation to below 73%," Zhang emphasized. (medscape.com)
  • His team presented a study on lymphopenia here at the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) 2019 Annual Meeting. (medscape.com)
  • Lymphopenia is confirmed when this level is less than 1,500 per mm3 in adults and 4,500 mm3 in children under eight months of age. (dailymedicalhealth.com)
  • One of the early clues to an acquired immunodeficiency state is the development of absolute lymphopenia. (mhmedical.com)
  • If lymphopenia doesn't cause health problems, your healthcare provider may not recommend any treatment. (nih.gov)