A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.
A condition characterized by somnolence or coma in the presence of an acute infection with PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM (and rarely other Plasmodium species). Initial clinical manifestations include HEADACHES; SEIZURES; and alterations of mentation followed by a rapid progression to COMA. Pathologic features include cerebral capillaries filled with parasitized erythrocytes and multiple small foci of cortical and subcortical necrosis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p136)
Vaccines made from antigens arising from any of the four strains of Plasmodium which cause malaria in humans, or from P. berghei which causes malaria in rodents.
A species of protozoa that is the causal agent of falciparum malaria (MALARIA, FALCIPARUM). It is most prevalent in the tropics and subtropics.
Agents used in the treatment of malaria. They are usually classified on the basis of their action against plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1585)
A genus of protozoa that comprise the malaria parasites of mammals. Four species infect humans (although occasional infections with primate malarias may occur). These are PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; PLASMODIUM OVALE, and PLASMODIUM VIVAX. Species causing infection in vertebrates other than man include: PLASMODIUM BERGHEI; PLASMODIUM CHABAUDI; P. vinckei, and PLASMODIUM YOELII in rodents; P. brasilianum, PLASMODIUM CYNOMOLGI; and PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI in monkeys; and PLASMODIUM GALLINACEUM in chickens.
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) that are known vectors of MALARIA.
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A protozoan parasite that causes vivax malaria (MALARIA, VIVAX). This species is found almost everywhere malaria is endemic and is the only one that has a range extending into the temperate regions.
The reduction or regulation of the population of mosquitoes through chemical, biological, or other means.
Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.
Any of a group of infections of fowl caused by protozoa of the genera PLASMODIUM, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus. The life cycles of these parasites and the disease produced bears strong resemblance to those observed in human malaria.
Proteins found in any species of protozoan.
A protozoan parasite of rodents transmitted by the mosquito Anopheles dureni.
Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.
The constant presence of diseases or infectious agents within a given geographic area or population group. It may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease with such area or group. It includes holoendemic and hyperendemic diseases. A holoendemic disease is one for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less commonly than do children (malaria in many communities is a holoendemic disease). A hyperendemic disease is one that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all groups equally. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 3d ed, p53, 78, 80)
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and parasitic diseases. The parasitic infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
A republic in eastern Africa, south of ETHIOPIA, west of SOMALIA with TANZANIA to its south, and coastline on the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Nairobi.
The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.
One of the FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS that is used as an antimalarial or with a sulfonamide to treat toxoplasmosis.
A family of diphenylenemethane derivatives.
A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.
Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.
Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.
Aspects of health and disease related to travel.
A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and north of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Dar es Salaam. It was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of TANGANYIKA and ZANZIBAR.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.
A country in western Africa, east of MAURITANIA and south of ALGERIA. Its capital is Bamako. From 1904-1920 it was known as Upper Senegal-Niger; prior to 1958, as French Sudan; 1958-1960 as the Sudanese Republic and 1959-1960 it joined Senegal in the Mali Federation. It became an independent republic in 1960.
The use of instrumentation and techniques for visualizing material and details that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. It is usually done by enlarging images, transmitted by light or electron beams, with optical or magnetic lenses that magnify the entire image field. With scanning microscopy, images are generated by collecting output from the specimen in a point-by-point fashion, on a magnified scale, as it is scanned by a narrow beam of light or electrons, a laser, a conductive probe, or a topographical probe.
Articles of cloth, usually cotton or rayon and other synthetic or cotton-blend fabrics, used in households, hospitals, physicians' examining rooms, nursing homes, etc., for sheets, pillow cases, toweling, gowns, drapes, and the like.
A family of the order DIPTERA that comprises the mosquitoes. The larval stages are aquatic, and the adults can be recognized by the characteristic WINGS, ANIMAL venation, the scales along the wing veins, and the long proboscis. Many species are of particular medical importance.
A species of mosquito in the genus Anopheles and the principle vector of MALARIA in Africa.
Lightweight meshwork fabric made of cotton, silk, polyester, nylon (polyamides), or other material impregnated with insecticide, having openings too small to allow entry of mosquitoes or other insects, thereby offering protection against insect bite and insect-borne diseases.
I'm afraid there seems to be a misunderstanding - "Africa" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, consisting of 54 countries with diverse cultures, peoples, languages, and landscapes. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help answer those for you!
An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood.
A republic in western Africa, south of BURKINA FASO and west of TOGO. Its capital is Accra.
An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404)
A protozoan parasite that occurs primarily in subtropical and temperate areas. It is the causal agent of quartan malaria. As the parasite grows it exhibits little ameboid activity.
A species of PLASMODIUM causing malaria in rodents.
A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.
A protozoan parasite of rodents transmitted by the mosquito Anopheles stephensi.
The product of meiotic division of zygotes in parasitic protozoa comprising haploid cells. These infective cells invade the host and undergo asexual reproduction producing MEROZOITES (or other forms) and ultimately gametocytes.
Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.
Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.
The study of parasites and PARASITIC DISEASES.
Free-standing or supported lightweight meshwork fabric made of cotton, silk, polyester or other material, having openings too small to allow entry of mosquitoes or other insects, thereby protecting against INSECT BITES; INSECT STINGS, and insect-borne diseases.
Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A republic in southern Africa, south of TANZANIA, east of ZAMBIA and ZIMBABWE, bordered on the west by the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Maputo. It was formerly called Portuguese East Africa.
A republic in west equatorial Africa, south of CAMEROON and west of the CONGO. Its capital is Libreville.
A republic in western Africa, southwest of MAURITANIA and east of MALI. Its capital is Dakar.
A country consisting of the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and adjacent islands, including New Britain, New Ireland, the Admiralty Islands, and New Hanover in the Bismarck Archipelago; Bougainville and Buka in the northern Solomon Islands; the D'Entrecasteaux and Trobriand Islands; Woodlark (Murua) Island; and the Louisiade Archipelago. It became independent on September 16, 1975. Formerly, the southern part was the Australian Territory of Papua, and the northern part was the UN Trust Territory of New Guinea, administered by Australia. They were administratively merged in 1949 and named Papua and New Guinea, and renamed Papua New Guinea in 1971.
Termination of all transmission of infection by global extermination of the infectious agent through surveillance and containment (From Porta, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 5th ed).
A republic in eastern Africa, south of SUDAN and west of KENYA. Its capital is Kampala.
A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.
A republic in western Africa, south and east of MALI and west of NIGER. Its capital is Ouagadougou. It was formerly called Upper Volta until 1984.
Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes consisting of three isoprene units, forming a 15-carbon skeleton, which can be found in various plant essential oils and are known for their diverse chemical structures and biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties.
The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.
Diagnostic procedures, such as laboratory tests and x-rays, routinely performed on all individuals or specified categories of individuals in a specified situation, e.g., patients being admitted to the hospital. These include routine tests administered to neonates.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of protozoa.
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.
A republic in western Africa, constituting an enclave within SENEGAL extending on both sides of the Gambia River. Its capital is Banjul, formerly Bathurst.
AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the ETHANOLAMINE; (-NH2CH2CHOH) group and its derivatives.
Formerly known as Siam, this is a Southeast Asian nation at the center of the Indochina peninsula. Bangkok is the capital city.
A surface protein found on Plasmodium species which induces a T-cell response. The antigen is polymorphic, sharing amino acid sequence homology among PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM CHABAUDI; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; and PLASMODIUM YOELII.
A species of protozoan parasite causing MALARIA. It is the rarest of the four species of PLASMODIUM infecting humans, but is common in West African countries and neighboring areas.
Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.
Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.
Water particles that fall from the ATMOSPHERE.
Measure of the number of the PARASITES present in a host organism.
A republic in southern Africa east of ZAMBIA and MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Lilongwe. It was formerly called Nyasaland.
A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER and between TOGO and NIGERIA. Its capital is Porto-Novo. It was formerly called Dahomey. In the 17th century it was a kingdom in the southern area of Africa. Coastal footholds were established by the French who deposed the ruler by 1892. It was made a French colony in 1894 and gained independence in 1960. Benin comes from the name of the indigenous inhabitants, the Bini, now more closely linked with southern Nigeria (Benin City, a town there). Bini may be related to the Arabic bani, sons. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p136, 310 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p60)
The body fluid that circulates in the vascular system (BLOOD VESSELS). Whole blood includes PLASMA and BLOOD CELLS.
A polychlorinated pesticide that is resistant to destruction by light and oxidation. Its unusual stability has resulted in difficulties in residue removal from water, soil, and foodstuffs. This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.
The active insecticidal constituent of CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIIFOLIUM flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester.
A republic in central Africa lying east of CHAD and the CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC and west of NIGERIA. The capital is Yaounde.
The systematic surveying, mapping, charting, and description of specific geographical sites, with reference to the physical features that were presumed to influence health and disease. Medical topography should be differentiated from EPIDEMIOLOGY in that the former emphasizes geography whereas the latter emphasizes disease outbreaks.
A protozoan parasite from Southeast Asia that causes monkey malaria. It is naturally acquired by man in Malaysia and can also be transmitted experimentally to humans.
The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
A country in northeastern Africa. The capital is Khartoum.
An infant during the first month after birth.
A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Abuja.
The development by insects of resistance to insecticides.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Cambodia" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context. It is the name of a country located in Southeast Asia, known officially as the Kingdom of Cambodia. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or science, I'd be happy to try and help answer those for you.
The use of chemical compounds to prevent the development of a specific disease.
All of Africa except Northern Africa (AFRICA, NORTHERN).
A republic in eastern Africa bounded on the north by RWANDA and on the south by TANZANIA. Its capital is Bujumbura.
An independent state in eastern Africa. Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by Eritrea, on the east by Djibouti and Somalia, on the south by Kenya, and on the west and southwest by Sudan. Its capital is Addis Ababa.
The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)
A republic stretching from the Indian Ocean east to New Guinea, comprising six main islands: Java, Sumatra, Bali, Kalimantan (the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo), Sulawesi (formerly known as the Celebes) and Irian Jaya (the western part of New Guinea). Its capital is Djakarta. The ethnic groups living there are largely Chinese, Arab, Eurasian, Indian, and Pakistani; 85% of the peoples are of the Islamic faith.
The longterm manifestations of WEATHER. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A pyrethroid insecticide commonly used in the treatment of LICE INFESTATIONS and SCABIES.
The continuous sequence of changes undergone by living organisms during the post-embryonic developmental process, such as metamorphosis in insects and amphibians. This includes the developmental stages of apicomplexans such as the malarial parasite, PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM.
A republic consisting of an island group in Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Port-Vila. It was called New Hebrides until 1980. It was discovered in 1606 by the Portuguese, forgotten for 160 years, then visited by Bougainville in 1768 and Captain Cook in 1774. It was under joint British and French administration from 1906 until it became independent in 1980 under the name of Vanuatu. The name is native, meaning our land. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p833 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p570)
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
A discipline or occupation concerned with the study of INSECTS, including the biology and the control of insects.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
The collective name for the islands of the Pacific Ocean northeast of Australia, including NEW CALEDONIA; VANUATU; New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, Admiralty Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, FIJI, etc. Melanesia (from the Greek melas, black + nesos, island) is so called from the black color of the natives who are generally considered to be descended originally from the Negroid Papuans and the Polynesians or Malays. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p748 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p344)
Tests that demonstrate the relative effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents against specific parasites.
A French overseas department on the northeast coast of South America. Its capital is Cayenne. It was first settled by the French in 1604. Early development was hindered because of the presence of a penal colony. The name of the country and the capital are variants of Guyana, possibly from the native Indian Guarani guai (born) + ana (kin), implying a united and interrelated race of people. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p418 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p195)
Programs of surveillance designed to prevent the transmission of disease by any means from person to person or from animal to man.
Uninuclear cells or a stage in the life cycle of sporozoan protozoa. Merozoites, released from ruptured multinucleate SCHIZONTS, enter the blood stream and infect the ERYTHROCYTES.
A republic in southern Africa, south of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and TANZANIA, and north of ZIMBABWE. Its capital is Lusaka. It was formerly called Northern Rhodesia.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
Invertebrate organisms that live on or in another organism (the host), and benefit at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.
The geographical area of Africa comprising BENIN; BURKINA FASO; COTE D'IVOIRE; GAMBIA; GHANA; GUINEA; GUINEA-BISSAU; LIBERIA; MALI; MAURITANIA; NIGER; NIGERIA; SENEGAL; SIERRA LEONE; and TOGO.
A republic in southern Africa, southwest of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and west of ZAMBIA. Its capital is Luanda.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context. It is a geographical location, referring to the Republic of India, a country in South Asia. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
The functional hereditary units of protozoa.
A republic in central Africa, bordering the Bay of Biafra, CAMEROON is to the north and GABON to the south. Its capital is Malabo.
The status of health in rural populations.
Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.
A country of eastern Africa, west of the Red Sea, bordered west and northwest by SUDAN, and south by ETHIOPIA. Its capital is Asmara.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Colombia" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context; rather, it's a country located in South America. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those instead!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sri Lanka" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context; it is the name of a country located in South Asia, known for its diverse landscapes and rich biodiversity.
The complete genetic complement contained in a set of CHROMOSOMES in a protozoan.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Vietnam" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context; it is a country located in Southeast Asia. If you have any questions related to medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help clarify those topics for you.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Substances causing insects to turn away from them or reject them as food.
Multinucleate cells or a stage in the development of sporozoan protozoa. It is exemplified by the life cycle of PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM in the MALARIA infection cycle.
The geographical area of Asia comprising BORNEO; BRUNEI; CAMBODIA; INDONESIA; LAOS; MALAYSIA; the MEKONG VALLEY; MYANMAR (formerly Burma), the PHILIPPINES; SINGAPORE; THAILAND; and VIETNAM.
Widely scattered islands in the Atlantic Ocean as far north as the AZORES and as far south as the South Sandwich Islands, with the greatest concentration found in the CARIBBEAN REGION. They include Annobon Island, Ascension, Canary Islands, Falkland Islands, Fernando Po (also called Isla de Bioko and Bioko), Gough Island, Madeira, Sao Tome and Principe, Saint Helena, and Tristan da Cunha.
Proteins that contain an iron-porphyrin, or heme, prosthetic group resembling that of hemoglobin. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p480)
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
Enlargement of the spleen.
Number of individuals in a population relative to space.
The state of the ATMOSPHERE over minutes to months.
Institutions which provide medical or health-related services.
Collection, analysis, and interpretation of data about the frequency, distribution, and consequences of disease or health conditions, for use in the planning, implementing, and evaluating public health programs.
Devices designed to provide personal protection against injury to individuals exposed to hazards in industry, sports, aviation, or daily activities.
Techniques which study entities using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties and include the dimension of time in the analysis.
Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
Zygote-containing cysts of sporozoan protozoa. Further development in an oocyst produces small individual infective organisms called SPOROZOITES. Then, depending on the genus, the entire oocyst is called a sporocyst or the oocyst contains multiple sporocysts encapsulating the sporozoites.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Laos" is not a medical term; it is the name of a country located in Southeast Asia, officially known as the Lao People's Democratic Republic. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!
A republic in western Africa, south of MALI and BURKINA FASO, bordered by GHANA on the east. Its administrative capital is Abidjan and Yamoussoukro has been the official capital since 1983. The country was formerly called Ivory Coast.
A protozoan parasite that causes avian malaria (MALARIA, AVIAN), primarily in chickens, and is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito.
The geographical area of Africa comprising BURUNDI; DJIBOUTI; ETHIOPIA; KENYA; RWANDA; SOMALIA; SUDAN; TANZANIA; and UGANDA.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
Representations, normally to scale and on a flat medium, of a selection of material or abstract features on the surface of the earth, the heavens, or celestial bodies.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Size and composition of the family.
Cells or feeding stage in the life cycle of sporozoan protozoa. In the malarial parasite, the trophozoite develops from the MEROZOITE and then splits into the SCHIZONT. Trophozoites that are left over from cell division can go on to form gametocytes.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.
The oxygen-carrying proteins of ERYTHROCYTES. They are found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. The number of globin subunits in the hemoglobin quaternary structure differs between species. Structures range from monomeric to a variety of multimeric arrangements.
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or concept, it is a country located in South America, known officially as the Federative Republic of Brazil. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or science, I'd be happy to help answer those!
PHENOTHIAZINES with an amino group at the 3-position that are green crystals or powder. They are used as biological stains.
A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA, east of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, west of TANZANIA. Its capital is Kigali. It was formerly part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urund.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Venezuela" is a country in South America and not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.
A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.
A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
A protozoan parasite that occurs naturally in the macaque. It is similar to PLASMODIUM VIVAX and produces a type of malaria similar to vivax malaria (MALARIA, VIVAX). This species has been found to give rise to both natural and experimental human infections.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Can anything be done to maintain the effectiveness of pyrethroid-impregnated bednets against malaria vectors? (1/6719)

Pyrethroid-treated bednets are the most promising available method of controlling malaria in the tropical world. Every effort should be made to find methods of responding to, or preventing, the emergence of pyrethroid resistance in the Anopheles vectors. Some cases of such resistance are known, notably in An. gambiae in West Africa where the kdr type of resistance has been selected, probably because of the use of pyrethroids on cotton. Because pyrethroids are irritant to mosquitoes, laboratory studies on the impact of, and selection for, resistance need to be conducted with free-flying mosquitoes in conditions that are as realistic as possible. Such studies are beginning to suggest that, although there is cross-resistance to all pyrethroids, some treatments are less likely to select for resistance than others are. Organophosphate, carbamate and phenyl pyrazole insecticides have been tested as alternative treatments for nets or curtains. Attempts have been made to mix an insect growth regulator and a pyrethroid on netting to sterilize pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes that are not killed after contact with the netting. There seems to be no easy solution to the problem of pyrethroid resistance management, but further research is urgently needed.  (+info)

gammadelta T cells contribute to control of chronic parasitemia in Plasmodium chabaudi infections in mice. (2/6719)

During a primary infection of mice with Plasmodium chabaudi, gammadelta T cells are stimulated and their expansion coincides with recovery from the acute phase of infection in normal mice or with chronic infections in B cell-deficient mice (mu-MT). To determine whether the large gammadelta T cell pool observed in female B cell-deficient mice is responsible for controlling the chronic infection, studies were done using double-knockout mice deficient in both B and gammadelta cells (mu-MT x delta-/-TCR) and in gammadelta T cell-depleted mu-MT mice. In both types of gammadelta T cell-deficient mice, the early parasitemia following the peak of infection was exacerbated, and the chronic parasitemia was maintained at significantly higher levels in the absence of gammadelta T cells. The majority of gammadelta T cells in C57BL/6 and mu-MT mice responding to infection belonged predominantly to a single family of gammadelta T cells with TCR composed of Vgamma2Vdelta4 chains and which produced IFN-gamma rather than IL-4.  (+info)

Immunization of mice with DNA-based Pfs25 elicits potent malaria transmission-blocking antibodies. (3/6719)

Immunological intervention, in addition to vector control and malaria chemotherapy, will be needed to stop the resurgence of malaria, a disease with a devastating impact on the health of 300 to 500 million people annually. We have pursued a vaccination strategy, based on DNA immunization in mice with genes encoding two antigens present on the sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum, Pfs25 and Pfg27, to induce biologically important antibodies that can block development of the parasite in the Anopheles mosquito and thus transmission of the disease. DNA encoding Pfs25 when administered by the intramuscular route, either alone or with DNA encoding Pfg27, had the most potent transmission-blocking effects, resulting in up to a 97% decrease in oocyst numbers in mosquito midguts and a 75% decrease in rate of infection. Immunization with DNA encoding a Pfg27-Pfs25 fusion protein was less effective and DNA encoding Pfg27 elicited antibodies in sera that had only modest effects on the infectivity of the parasite. These results show for the first time that DNA vaccination can result in potent transmission-blocking antibodies in mice and suggest that the Pfs25 gene should be included as part of a multicomponent DNA vaccine.  (+info)

Antimalarial activities of various 9-phenanthrenemethanols with special attention to WR-122,455 and WR-171,669. (4/6719)

Pilot appraisals of the activities of 16 specially selected 9-phenanthrenemethanols against acute infections with Plasmodium falciparum in owl monkeys showed that all were more active than the reference compound, WR-33,063. WR-122,455, the most active derivative, and WR-171,669, ranked sixth, were selected for study in human volunteers. To assist this undertaking, appraisals of both compounds in owl monkeys infected with various strains of P. falciparum were expanded. These assessments showed: (i) that WR-122,455 was four times as active as chloroquine against infections with chloroquine-sensitive strains and that WR-171,669 equalled chloroquine in activity; (ii) that these compounds were fully active against infections with strains resistant to chloroquine, pyrimethamine, or quinine, or to all three standard drugs; (iii) that the activity of WR-122,455 was a function of total dose, single doses being as effective as the same amounts delivered in three or seven daily fractions; and (iv) that a single dose of WR-122,455 conferred extended, although only partial, protection against challenges with trophozoites. Complementary experiments in rhesus monkeys inoculated with sporozoites of P. cynomolgi showed that the activity of WR-122,455 was limited to blood schizonts and did not extend to early or late tissue schizonts. These evaluations were compatible with the results of preliminary studies of the activities of WR-122,455 and WR-171,669 in human volunteers.  (+info)

Antimalarial activities of various 4-pyridinemethanols with special attention to WR-172,435 and WR-180,409. (5/6719)

Pilot appraisals of the activities of 10 specially selected 2,6-substituted-4-pyridinemethanols against acute Plasmodium falciparum infections in owl monkeys identified three derivatives that were two to three times as active as chloroquine against infections with a 4-aminoquinoline-susceptible strain and, at the same doses, were equally effective against infections with a strain fully resistant to treatment with maximally tolerated doses of chloroquine, quinine, and pyrimethamine. Two of these derivatives, WR-172,435 and WR-180,409, deemed worthy of evaluation in human volunteers, were studied in greater depth in owl monkeys infected with either the multidrug-resistant Smith strain of P. falciparum or the pyrimethamine-resistant Palo Alto strain of P. vivax. These studies showed (i) that at the same total oral dose, 3-day and 7-day treatment schedules were equally effective and slightly superior to a single-dose schedule; (ii) that WR-172,435 was slightly more active than WR-180,409 in each treatment regimen; (iii) that intravenous delivery of WR-180,409 phosphate was feasible and effective; (iv) that both compounds effected control of parasitemia more rapidly than any standard or newly discovered antimalarial drug; and (v) that WR-172,435 and WR-180,409 had therapeutic indexes at least four to eight times those exhibited by chloroquine in infections with 4-aminoquinoline-susceptible strains, indexes retained by these pyridinemethanols against infections with various drug-resistant strains.  (+info)

Suppression of lymphocyte transformation by plasma from owl monkeys acutely infected with Plasmodium falciparum. (6/6719)

Plasma collected from owl monkeys during the acute phase of Plasmodium falciparum infection was shown to adversely affect several in vitro responses which are considered to be correlates of cell-mediated immune functions of normal monkeys. In the presence of acute-phase plasma, response of normal monkey peripheral blood lymphocytes to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen was severely reduced, as was the ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes to respond to allogenic and xenogenic histocompatible antigens. The transformation response of peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal humans to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A was also suppressed. Since acute-phase plasma was not cytotoxic for peripheral blood lymphocytes, decreased responsiveness did not result from cell destruction. Acute-phase plasma appears to block initial steps in lymphocyte transformation.  (+info)

Evaluating the community education programme of an insecticide-treated bed net trial on the Kenyan coast. (7/6719)

Increased interest in the potential contribution of insecticide-impregnated bed nets (ITBN) to malaria control has led to research efforts to determine the impact and sustainability of ITBN programmes in differing environments. There is a need to develop effective, feasible educational strategies that will both inform and motivate community members, and thus maximize the correct usage of ITBN. This is especially true in communities where indigenous usage of bed nets is low. This paper describes the educational component of a randomized controlled community intervention trial of ITBN, with childhood malaria morbidity as an outcome. The educational approach and messages for the ITBN trial were developed from anthropological survey data collected 4 years before the trial, and from community surveys conducted by project researchers. Low levels of understanding amongst mothers of the aetiological link between mosquitos and malaria led to the exclusion of the term 'malaria' from the initial educational messages promoting the use of ITBN. Appropriate individuals within the existing district health care structure were trained as community educators in the project. These educators conducted intensive teaching in the community through public meetings and group teaching in the first 6 months of the trial. The impact of these initial activities was assessed through interviews with a random sample of 100 mothers and 50 household heads. This allowed the identification of messages which had not been well understood and further educational methods were chosen to address the areas pinpointed. The community assessment also demonstrated that, in 1994, over 90% of mothers understood a protective role for bed nets against malaria and the ITBN education messages were changed to take account of this. The school programme was evaluated through determining outreach (the number of households accessed), changes in participant children's knowledge, post-teaching assessment of mothers' knowledge and discussions with parent-teacher associations. It was shown that 40% of intervention homes with children in the target group were accessed, participant children learned the educational messages well (scores increased from a pre-teaching mean of 59% to a post-teaching mean of 92%) and a high level of awareness of the ITBN trial was achieved in these homes (75%). However, specific messages of the education programmed were not well transferred to the home (30%). The discussion emphasises the need for allocation of adequate resources for education in programmes dependent on achieving a change in community practices. We also describe the value of ongoing communication between programme planners and a target population in maximizing the effectiveness of messages and methods used.  (+info)

Implementing a nationwide insecticide-impregnated bednet programme in The Gambia. (8/6719)

Earlier studies in The Gambia suggested that the use of impregnated bednets might prove to be a useful malaria control strategy. Based on the results of these studies, in 1992 the Government of The Gambia was encouraged to initiate a National Impregnated Bednet Programme (NIBP) as part of the National Malaria Control Programme Strategy. This paper describes the implementation process/procedure of the NIBP. Evaluation results showed that, overall, 83% of the bednets surveyed has been impregnated, and 77% of children under the age of five years and 78% of women of childbearing age were reported to be sleeping under impregnated bednets.  (+info)

Malaria is not a medical definition itself, but it is a disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Here's a simple definition:

Malaria: A mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, characterized by cycles of fever, chills, and anemia. It can be fatal if not promptly diagnosed and treated. The five Plasmodium species known to cause malaria in humans are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi.

Malaria, Falciparum is defined as a severe and often fatal form of malaria caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum. It is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. This type of malaria is characterized by high fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, and vomiting. If left untreated, it can cause severe anemia, kidney failure, seizures, coma, and even death. It is a major public health problem in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world, particularly in Africa.

Malaria, Vivax:

A type of malaria caused by the parasite Plasmodium vivax. It is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria, Vivax is characterized by recurring fevers, chills, and flu-like symptoms, which can occur every other day or every third day. This type of malaria can have mild to severe symptoms and can sometimes lead to complications such as anemia and splenomegaly (enlarged spleen). One distinguishing feature of Malaria, Vivax is its ability to form dormant stages in the liver (called hypnozoites), which can reactivate and cause relapses even after years of apparent cure. Effective treatment includes medication to kill both the blood and liver stages of the parasite. Preventive measures include using mosquito nets, insect repellents, and antimalarial drugs for prophylaxis in areas with high transmission rates.

Cerebral malaria is a severe form of malaria that affects the brain. It is caused by Plasmodium falciparum parasites, which are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. In cerebral malaria, the parasites infect and destroy red blood cells, leading to their accumulation in small blood vessels in the brain. This can cause swelling of the brain, impaired consciousness, seizures, coma, and even death if left untreated.

The medical definition of cerebral malaria is:

A severe form of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum parasites that affects the brain and results in altered mental status, seizures, coma, or other neurological symptoms. It is characterized by the sequestration of infected red blood cells in the cerebral microvasculature, leading to inflammation, endothelial activation, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Cerebral malaria can cause long-term neurological deficits or death if not promptly diagnosed and treated with appropriate antimalarial therapy.

Malaria vaccines are biological preparations that induce immunity against malaria parasites, thereby preventing or reducing the severity of malaria disease. They typically contain antigens (proteins or other molecules derived from the parasite) that stimulate an immune response in the recipient, enabling their body to recognize and neutralize the pathogen upon exposure.

The most advanced malaria vaccine candidate is RTS,S/AS01 (Mosquirix), which targets the Plasmodium falciparum parasite's circumsporozoite protein (CSP). This vaccine has shown partial protection in clinical trials, reducing the risk of severe malaria and hospitalization in young children by about 30% over four years. However, it does not provide complete immunity, and additional research is ongoing to develop more effective vaccines against malaria.

'Plasmodium falciparum' is a specific species of protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans. It is transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes and has a complex life cycle involving both human and mosquito hosts.

In the human host, the parasites infect red blood cells, where they multiply and cause damage, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, anemia, and in severe cases, organ failure and death. 'Plasmodium falciparum' malaria is often more severe and life-threatening than other forms of malaria caused by different Plasmodium species. It is a major public health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world where access to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment remains limited.

Antimalarials are a class of drugs that are used for the prevention, treatment, and elimination of malaria. They work by targeting the malaria parasite at various stages of its life cycle, particularly the erythrocytic stage when it infects red blood cells. Some commonly prescribed antimalarials include chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, quinine, mefloquine, and artemisinin-based combinations. These drugs can be used alone or in combination with other antimalarial agents to increase their efficacy and prevent the development of drug resistance. Antimalarials are also being investigated for their potential use in treating other diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and cancer.

"Plasmodium" is a genus of protozoan parasites that are the causative agents of malaria in humans and other animals. There are several species within this genus, including Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi, among others.

These parasites have a complex life cycle that involves two hosts: an Anopheles mosquito and a vertebrate host (such as humans). When a person is bitten by an infected mosquito, the parasites enter the bloodstream and infect red blood cells, where they multiply and cause the symptoms of malaria.

Plasmodium species are transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, which become infected after taking a blood meal from an infected person. The parasites then develop in the mosquito's midgut, eventually making their way to the salivary glands, where they can be transmitted to another human through the mosquito's bite.

Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease that affects millions of people worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. It is characterized by fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, and anemia, among other symptoms. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent severe illness and death from malaria.

'Anopheles' is a genus of mosquitoes that are known for their role in transmitting malaria parasites to humans. These mosquitoes have a distinctive resting posture, with their abdomens raised and heads down, and they typically feed on human hosts at night. Only female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit the malaria parasite, as they require blood meals to lay eggs.

There are over 400 species of Anopheles mosquitoes worldwide, but only about 30-40 of these are considered significant vectors of human malaria. The distribution and behavior of these mosquitoes can vary widely depending on the specific species and geographic location.

Preventing and controlling the spread of malaria involves a variety of strategies, including the use of insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, antimalarial drugs, and vaccines. Public health efforts to reduce the burden of malaria have made significant progress in recent decades, but the disease remains a major global health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.

Parasitemia is a medical term that refers to the presence of parasites, particularly malaria-causing Plasmodium species, in the bloodstream. It is the condition where red blood cells are infected by these parasites, which can lead to various symptoms such as fever, chills, anemia, and organ damage in severe cases. The level of parasitemia is often used to assess the severity of malaria infection and to guide treatment decisions.

"Plasmodium vivax" is a species of protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans. It's one of the five malaria parasites that can infect humans, with P. falciparum being the most deadly.

P. vivax typically enters the human body through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. Once inside the human host, the parasite travels to the liver where it multiplies and matures. After a period of development that can range from weeks to several months, the mature parasites are released into the bloodstream, where they infect red blood cells and continue to multiply.

The symptoms of P. vivax malaria include fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, and fatigue. One distinctive feature of P. vivax is its ability to form dormant stages (hypnozoites) in the liver, which can reactivate and cause relapses of the disease months or even years after the initial infection.

P. vivax malaria is treatable with medications such as chloroquine, but resistance to this drug has been reported in some parts of the world. Prevention measures include using insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying to reduce mosquito populations, as well as taking prophylactic medications for travelers visiting areas where malaria is common.

'Mosquito Control' is not a medical term per se, but it is a public health concept that refers to the systematic reduction or elimination of mosquito populations through various methods to prevent or minimize the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. This multidisciplinary field involves entomologists, ecologists, engineers, and public health professionals working together to manage mosquito habitats, apply insecticides, and educate communities about personal protection measures. By controlling mosquito populations, we can significantly reduce the risk of contracting vector-borne illnesses such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, Zika virus, and West Nile virus, among others.

Insect vectors are insects that transmit disease-causing pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites) from one host to another. They do this while feeding on the host's blood or tissues. The insects themselves are not infected by the pathogen but act as mechanical carriers that pass it on during their bite. Examples of diseases spread by insect vectors include malaria (transmitted by mosquitoes), Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks), and plague (transmitted by fleas). Proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and reducing standing water where mosquitoes breed, can help reduce the risk of contracting these diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but there seems to be a mistake in your question. Avian malaria is a disease that affects birds, not humans. It is caused by parasites from the genus Plasmodium, which are different than the ones causing human malaria (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae).

Avian malaria is not a significant public health concern, and it's not transmitted to humans through mosquitoes or any other means. However, it can have serious impacts on bird populations.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Protozoan Proteins" is not a specific medical or scientific term. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms, and proteins are large biological molecules consisting of one or more chains of amino acid residues. Therefore, "Protozoan Proteins" generally refers to the various types of proteins found in protozoa.

However, if you're looking for information about proteins specific to certain protozoan parasites with medical relevance (such as Plasmodium falciparum, which causes malaria), I would be happy to help! Please provide more context or specify the particular protozoan of interest.

"Plasmodium berghei" is a species of protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium, which are the causative agents of malaria. This particular species primarily infects rodents and is not known to naturally infect humans. However, it is widely used in laboratory settings as a model organism to study malaria and develop potential interventions, such as drugs and vaccines, due to its similarities with human-infecting Plasmodium species.

The life cycle of P. berghei involves two hosts: an Anopheles mosquito vector and a rodent host. The parasite undergoes asexual reproduction in the red blood cells of the rodent host, leading to the symptoms of malaria, such as fever, anemia, and organ damage. When an infected mosquito bites another rodent, the parasites are transmitted through the saliva and infect the new host, continuing the life cycle.

While P. berghei is not a direct threat to human health, studying this species has contributed significantly to our understanding of malaria biology and the development of potential interventions against this devastating disease.

Antigens are substances (usually proteins) found on the surface of cells, or viruses, that can be recognized by the immune system and stimulate an immune response. In the context of protozoa, antigens refer to the specific proteins or other molecules found on the surface of these single-celled organisms that can trigger an immune response in a host organism.

Protozoa are a group of microscopic eukaryotic organisms that include a diverse range of species, some of which can cause diseases in humans and animals. When a protozoan infects a host, the host's immune system recognizes the protozoan antigens as foreign and mounts an immune response to eliminate the infection. This response involves the activation of various types of immune cells, such as T-cells and B-cells, which recognize and target the protozoan antigens.

Understanding the nature of protozoan antigens is important for developing vaccines and other immunotherapies to prevent or treat protozoan infections. For example, researchers have identified specific antigens on the surface of the malaria parasite that are recognized by the human immune system and have used this information to develop vaccine candidates. However, many protozoan infections remain difficult to prevent or treat, and further research is needed to identify new targets for vaccines and therapies.

An endemic disease is a type of disease that is regularly found among particular people or in a certain population, and is spread easily from person to person. The rate of infection is consistently high in these populations, but it is relatively stable and does not change dramatically over time. Endemic diseases are contrasted with epidemic diseases, which suddenly increase in incidence and spread rapidly through a large population.

Endemic diseases are often associated with poverty, poor sanitation, and limited access to healthcare. They can also be influenced by environmental factors such as climate, water quality, and exposure to vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Examples of endemic diseases include malaria in some tropical countries, tuberculosis (TB) in many parts of the world, and HIV/AIDS in certain populations.

Effective prevention and control measures for endemic diseases typically involve improving access to healthcare, promoting good hygiene and sanitation practices, providing vaccinations when available, and implementing vector control strategies. By addressing the underlying social and environmental factors that contribute to the spread of these diseases, it is possible to reduce their impact on affected populations and improve overall health outcomes.

Parasitic pregnancy complications refer to a rare condition where a parasitic twin takes over the development of the dominant twin's reproductive system and becomes pregnant. This condition is also known as fetus in fetu or vanishing twin syndrome with a parasitic twin. The parasitic twin may have some organs developed, but it is not fully formed and relies on the dominant twin for survival. The pregnancy can pose risks to the dominant twin, such as abnormal growth patterns, organ damage, and complications during childbirth. This condition is usually detected during prenatal ultrasound examinations.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kenya" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in East Africa, known for its diverse wildlife and geography, including savannas, lakelands, the dramatic Great Rift Valley, and mountain highlands. It is also where you can find the Maasai Mara Reserve, known for its annual wildebeest migrations, and vast Nairobi National Park. The capital city of Kenya is Nairobi. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

Chloroquine is an antimalarial and autoimmune disease drug. It works by increasing the pH or making the environment less acidic in the digestive vacuoles of malaria parasites, which inhibits the polymerization of heme and the formation of hemozoin. This results in the accumulation of toxic levels of heme that are harmful to the parasite. Chloroquine is also used as an anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, discoid or systemic lupus erythematosus, and photodermatitis.

The chemical name for chloroquine is 7-chloro-4-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino)quinoline, and it has a molecular formula of C18H26ClN3. It is available in the form of phosphate or sulfate salts for oral administration as tablets or solution.

Chloroquine was first synthesized in 1934 by Bayer scientists, and it has been widely used since the 1940s as a safe and effective antimalarial drug. However, the emergence of chloroquine-resistant strains of malaria parasites has limited its use in some areas. Chloroquine is also being investigated for its potential therapeutic effects on various viral infections, including COVID-19.

Pyrimethamine is an antiparasitic medication that is primarily used to treat and prevent protozoan infections, such as toxoplasmosis and malaria. It works by inhibiting the dihydrofolate reductase enzyme, which is essential for the parasite's survival. By doing so, it interferes with the synthesis of folate, a vital component for the growth and reproduction of the parasite.

Pyrimethamine is often used in combination with other medications, such as sulfonamides or sulfones, to increase its effectiveness and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains. Common side effects of pyrimethamine include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and headache. It is important to note that pyrimethamine should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional due to its potential for serious side effects and interactions with other medications.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Fluorenes" is not a medical term, but rather a chemical term referring to organic compounds that contain a fluorene moiety, which is a bicyclic compound made up of two benzene rings fused to a five-membered ring containing two carbon atoms and one double bond.

Fluorenes have various applications in the field of materials science, including organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic photovoltaics (OPVs), and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). They are not typically used in a medical context, although some fluorene derivatives have been explored for potential therapeutic applications.

Therefore, I cannot provide a medical definition of "Fluorenes." However, if you have any questions about the chemical properties or applications of fluorenes, I would be happy to try and answer them.

Sulfadoxine is an antimicrobial drug, specifically a sulfonamide. It is defined in medical terms as a long-acting synthetic antibacterial that is used to treat and prevent various bacterial infections. Sulfadoxine works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria through interfering with their ability to synthesize folic acid, an essential component for their survival.

It is often combined with pyrimethamine (a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor) to treat and prevent malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, particularly in areas where there is resistance to other antimalarial drugs. The combination of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine is known as a "sulfonamide-pyrimidine" or "SP" treatment.

Sulfadoxine should be used with caution, as it can cause serious side effects such as severe skin reactions, blood disorders, and allergic reactions. It is also not recommended for use in people who have an allergy to sulfonamides or who are breastfeeding infants younger than two months of age.

A drug combination refers to the use of two or more drugs in combination for the treatment of a single medical condition or disease. The rationale behind using drug combinations is to achieve a therapeutic effect that is superior to that obtained with any single agent alone, through various mechanisms such as:

* Complementary modes of action: When different drugs target different aspects of the disease process, their combined effects may be greater than either drug used alone.
* Synergistic interactions: In some cases, the combination of two or more drugs can result in a greater-than-additive effect, where the total response is greater than the sum of the individual responses to each drug.
* Antagonism of adverse effects: Sometimes, the use of one drug can mitigate the side effects of another, allowing for higher doses or longer durations of therapy.

Examples of drug combinations include:

* Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV infection, which typically involves a combination of three or more antiretroviral drugs to suppress viral replication and prevent the development of drug resistance.
* Chemotherapy regimens for cancer treatment, where combinations of cytotoxic agents are used to target different stages of the cell cycle and increase the likelihood of tumor cell death.
* Fixed-dose combination products, such as those used in the treatment of hypertension or type 2 diabetes, which combine two or more active ingredients into a single formulation for ease of administration and improved adherence to therapy.

However, it's important to note that drug combinations can also increase the risk of adverse effects, drug-drug interactions, and medication errors. Therefore, careful consideration should be given to the selection of appropriate drugs, dosing regimens, and monitoring parameters when using drug combinations in clinical practice.

Insecticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or mitigating any pest, including insects, arachnids, or other related pests. They can be chemical or biological agents that disrupt the growth, development, or behavior of these organisms, leading to their death or incapacitation. Insecticides are widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for pest control. However, they must be used with caution due to potential risks to non-target organisms and the environment.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "travel" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. In general, travel refers to the act of moving or journeying from one place to another, often over long distances. However, in a medical context, it might refer to the recommendation that individuals with certain medical conditions or those who are immunocompromised avoid traveling to areas where they may be at increased risk of exposure to infectious diseases. It's always best to check with a healthcare professional for advice related to specific medical situations and travel.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tanzania" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in East Africa. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

Antibodies, protozoan, refer to the immune system's response to an infection caused by a protozoan organism. Protozoa are single-celled microorganisms that can cause various diseases in humans, such as malaria, giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis.

When the body is infected with a protozoan, the immune system responds by producing specific proteins called antibodies. Antibodies are produced by a type of white blood cell called a B-cell, and they recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the protozoan organism.

There are five main types of antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each type of antibody has a different role in the immune response. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody and provides long-term immunity to previously encountered pathogens. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection and is important for activating the complement system, which helps to destroy the protozoan organism.

Overall, the production of antibodies against protozoan organisms is a critical part of the immune response and helps to protect the body from further infection.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mali" is not a medical term or condition in English. Mali is the name of a country located in West Africa, and its capital city is Bamako. If you have any questions about Mali or anything else, please let me know!

Microscopy is a technical field in medicine that involves the use of microscopes to observe structures and phenomena that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. It allows for the examination of samples such as tissues, cells, and microorganisms at high magnifications, enabling the detection and analysis of various medical conditions, including infections, diseases, and cellular abnormalities.

There are several types of microscopy used in medicine, including:

1. Light Microscopy: This is the most common type of microscopy, which uses visible light to illuminate and magnify samples. It can be used to examine a wide range of biological specimens, such as tissue sections, blood smears, and bacteria.
2. Electron Microscopy: This type of microscopy uses a beam of electrons instead of light to produce highly detailed images of samples. It is often used in research settings to study the ultrastructure of cells and tissues.
3. Fluorescence Microscopy: This technique involves labeling specific molecules within a sample with fluorescent dyes, allowing for their visualization under a microscope. It can be used to study protein interactions, gene expression, and cell signaling pathways.
4. Confocal Microscopy: This type of microscopy uses a laser beam to scan a sample point by point, producing high-resolution images with reduced background noise. It is often used in medical research to study the structure and function of cells and tissues.
5. Scanning Probe Microscopy: This technique involves scanning a sample with a physical probe, allowing for the measurement of topography, mechanical properties, and other characteristics at the nanoscale. It can be used in medical research to study the structure and function of individual molecules and cells.

'Bedding and linens' is a term that refers to the items used to cover, clean, and maintain beds and other furniture in medical and residential settings. These items include:

1. Sheets: These are flat pieces of cloth that are placed on top of the mattress and beneath the blankets or comforters. They come in various sizes (twin, full, queen, king) to fit different mattress sizes.
2. Blankets/Comforters: These are thicker, often quilted or filled, pieces of fabric that provide warmth and comfort to the user.
3. Pillows and pillowcases: Pillows are used to support the head and neck during sleep, while pillowcases are the removable covers that protect the pillows from dirt, sweat, and stains.
4. Mattress pads/protectors: These are additional layers placed between the mattress and the sheets to provide extra protection against spills, stains, or allergens.
5. Bed skirts: These are decorative pieces of fabric that cover the space between the box spring and the floor, hiding any storage area or providing a more finished look to the bed.
6. Towels and washcloths: While not directly related to the bed, these linens are often included in the 'bedding and linens' category as they share similar cleaning and maintenance requirements.

In medical settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, strict infection control protocols are followed for handling, washing, and storing bedding and linens to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

'Culicidae' is the biological family that includes all species of mosquitoes. It consists of three subfamilies: Anophelinae, Culicinae, and Toxorhynchitinae. Mosquitoes are small, midge-like flies that are known for their ability to transmit various diseases to humans and other animals, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and Zika virus. The medical importance of Culicidae comes from the fact that only female mosquitoes require blood meals to lay eggs, and during this process, they can transmit pathogens between hosts.

'Anopheles gambiae' is a species of mosquito that is a major vector for the transmission of malaria. The female Anopheles gambiae mosquito bites primarily during the nighttime hours and preferentially feeds on human blood, which allows it to transmit the Plasmodium parasite that causes malaria. This species is widely distributed throughout much of Africa and is responsible for transmitting a significant proportion of the world's malaria cases.

The Anopheles gambiae complex actually consists of several closely related species or forms, which can be difficult to distinguish based on morphological characteristics alone. However, advances in molecular techniques have allowed for more accurate identification and differentiation of these species. Understanding the biology and behavior of Anopheles gambiae is crucial for developing effective strategies to control malaria transmission.

Insecticide-Treated Bednets (ITNs) are bed nets that have been specially treated with insecticides to repel, incapacitate, and kill mosquitoes and other disease-carrying insects. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of ITNs as a crucial strategy in preventing malaria transmission, especially in areas where the disease is endemic.

The insecticide used in ITNs is typically a pyrethroid, which is safe for humans but highly toxic to mosquitoes. When an infected mosquito lands on the net to bite a person, it comes into contact with the insecticide and dies before it can transmit the malaria parasite.

ITNs are often distributed through mass campaigns or targeted interventions in communities most at risk of malaria transmission. They have been shown to be highly effective in reducing the incidence of malaria and saving lives, particularly among young children and pregnant women who are most vulnerable to the disease.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Africa" actually refers to a continent, not a medical condition or concept. Africa is the second-largest continent in the world, consisting of 54 countries and a wide range of diverse ethnic groups, cultures, languages, and landscapes. It is home to a vast array of wildlife, including many species that are not found anywhere else in the world. If you have any questions about Africa's geography, history, or culture, I would be happy to try to help answer them!

Quinine is defined as a bitter crystalline alkaloid derived from the bark of the Cinchona tree, primarily used in the treatment of malaria and other parasitic diseases. It works by interfering with the reproduction of the malaria parasite within red blood cells. Quinine has also been used historically as a muscle relaxant and analgesic, but its use for these purposes is now limited due to potential serious side effects. In addition, quinine can be found in some beverages like tonic water, where it is present in very small amounts for flavoring purposes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ghana" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in West Africa, known officially as the Republic of Ghana. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I would be happy to help with those!

Primaquine is an antimalarial medication used to prevent and treat malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax parasites. It is the only antimalarial drug effective against the liver stages (hypnozoites) of P. vivax and P. ovale, which can cause relapses if not treated.

Primaquine works by producing free radicals that damage the malaria parasite's DNA, leading to its death. It is a relatively inexpensive drug and is often used in mass drug administration programs for malaria elimination. However, primaquine can cause hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) in people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, so it is important to screen for this condition before prescribing the drug.

In addition to its antimalarial properties, primaquine has also been used off-label to treat certain types of cutaneous leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania species.

"Plasmodium malariae" is a species of protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans. It's one of the five Plasmodium species known to cause malaria in humans, with the other four being P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. knowlesi.

P. malariae is transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Once inside the human body, the parasites travel to the liver where they multiply and then infect red blood cells. The infection caused by P. malariae can persist for several years, even a lifetime, if not treated properly.

The symptoms of P. malariae infection include fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, and anemia. However, the severity of these symptoms is generally less than that caused by P. falciparum, which is the most deadly form of malaria.

It's worth noting that while P. malariae can be effectively treated with antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine and primaquine, drug resistance has been reported in some areas, making accurate diagnosis and treatment even more critical for controlling the spread of this disease.

'Plasmodium yoelii' is a species of protozoan parasite belonging to the genus Plasmodium, which causes malaria in rodents. It is primarily used as a model organism in malaria research due to its similarity to the human malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. The life cycle of P. yoelii involves two hosts: an Anopheles mosquito vector and a rodent host. The parasite undergoes asexual reproduction in the red blood cells of the rodent host, leading to the symptoms of malaria such as fever, anemia, and organ failure if left untreated. P. yoelii is not known to infect humans.

Mefloquine is an antimalarial medication that is used to prevent and treat malaria caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. It works by interfering with the growth of the parasite in the red blood cells of the body. Mefloquine is a synthetic quinoline compound, and it is available under the brand name Lariam, among others.

Mefloquine is typically taken once a week, starting one to two weeks before traveling to an area where malaria is common, and continuing for four weeks after leaving the area. It may also be used to treat acute malaria infection in conjunction with other antimalarial medications.

It's important to note that mefloquine has been associated with serious neuropsychiatric side effects, including anxiety, depression, hallucinations, and seizures. Therefore, it is usually reserved for use in situations where other antimalarial drugs cannot be used or have failed. Before taking mefloquine, individuals should discuss their medical history and potential risks with their healthcare provider.

"Plasmodium chabaudi" is a species of parasitic protozoa belonging to the genus Plasmodium, which includes the causative agents of malaria in various animals and humans. "P. chabaudi" primarily infects rodents, particularly mice, and serves as a model organism for studying the fundamental biology and pathogenesis of malaria.

The life cycle of "P. chabaudi" involves both sexual and asexual reproduction, similar to other Plasmodium species. The parasite is transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito, which injects sporozoites into the host's bloodstream. These sporozoites then infect liver cells, where they undergo schizogony (asexual reproduction) and produce merozoites.

Merozoites released from the liver invade red blood cells, initiating the erythrocytic stage of the life cycle. Within the red blood cells, the parasites multiply by schizogony, forming new merozoites that are eventually released to infect other red blood cells. Some of these parasites differentiate into male and female gametocytes, which can be taken up by a mosquito during a blood meal, completing the life cycle.

"P. chabaudi" infections in mice can lead to various pathological changes, including anemia, splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), and immune responses that contribute to disease progression. Researchers use this model organism to investigate aspects of malaria biology, such as host-parasite interactions, immunity, drug development, and vaccine design.

Sporozoites are a stage in the life cycle of certain parasitic protozoans, including Plasmodium species that cause malaria. They are infective forms that result from the sporulation of oocysts, which are produced in the vector's midgut after the ingestion of gametocytes during a blood meal.

Once mature, sporozoites are released from the oocyst and migrate to the salivary glands of the vector, where they get injected into the host during subsequent feedings. In the host, sporozoites infect liver cells, multiply within them, and eventually rupture the cells, releasing merozoites that invade red blood cells and initiate the erythrocytic stage of the parasite's life cycle.

Sporozoites are typically highly motile and possess a unique gliding motility, which enables them to traverse various host tissues during their invasion process. This invasive ability is facilitated by an actin-myosin motor system and secretory organelles called micronemes and rhoptries, which release adhesive proteins that interact with host cell receptors.

In summary, sporozoites are a crucial stage in the life cycle of Plasmodium parasites, serving as the infective forms responsible for transmitting malaria between hosts via an insect vector.

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells (RBCs), are the most common type of blood cell in circulating blood in mammals. They are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

Erythrocytes are formed in the bone marrow and have a biconcave shape, which allows them to fold and bend easily as they pass through narrow blood vessels. They do not have a nucleus or mitochondria, which makes them more flexible but also limits their ability to reproduce or repair themselves.

In humans, erythrocytes are typically disc-shaped and measure about 7 micrometers in diameter. They contain the protein hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color. The lifespan of an erythrocyte is approximately 120 days, after which it is broken down in the liver and spleen.

Abnormalities in erythrocyte count or function can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, polycythemia, and sickle cell disease.

Insect bites and stings refer to the penetration of the skin by insects, such as mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, or bees, often resulting in localized symptoms including redness, swelling, itching, and pain. The reaction can vary depending on the individual's sensitivity and the type of insect. In some cases, systemic reactions like anaphylaxis may occur, which requires immediate medical attention. Treatment typically involves relieving symptoms with topical creams, antihistamines, or in severe cases, epinephrine. Prevention measures include using insect repellent and protective clothing.

Drug resistance, also known as antimicrobial resistance, is the ability of a microorganism (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) to withstand the effects of a drug that was originally designed to inhibit or kill it. This occurs when the microorganism undergoes genetic changes that allow it to survive in the presence of the drug. As a result, the drug becomes less effective or even completely ineffective at treating infections caused by these resistant organisms.

Drug resistance can develop through various mechanisms, including mutations in the genes responsible for producing the target protein of the drug, alteration of the drug's target site, modification or destruction of the drug by enzymes produced by the microorganism, and active efflux of the drug from the cell.

The emergence and spread of drug-resistant microorganisms pose significant challenges in medical treatment, as they can lead to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The overuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents, as well as poor infection control practices, contribute to the development and dissemination of drug-resistant strains. To address this issue, it is crucial to promote prudent use of antimicrobials, enhance surveillance and monitoring of resistance patterns, invest in research and development of new antimicrobial agents, and strengthen infection prevention and control measures.

Parasitology is a branch of biology that deals with the study of parasites, their life cycles, the relationship between parasites and their hosts, the transmission of parasitic diseases, and the development of methods for their control and elimination. It involves understanding various types of parasites including protozoa, helminths, and arthropods that can infect humans, animals, and plants. Parasitologists also study the evolution, genetics, biochemistry, and ecology of parasites to develop effective strategies for their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

A mosquito net is not so much a medical definition but rather a description of a device used to prevent insect bites, particularly from mosquitoes. However, I can provide you with a general description and the role it plays in medical and public health contexts:

Mosquito nets are specially designed nets that are draped over beds or other sleeping areas to create a protective barrier against mosquitoes and other insects. They are often made of lightweight, breathable material such as polyester or cotton. In many cases, they are treated with insecticides to enhance their ability to repel or kill insects that come into contact with the netting.

In medical and public health contexts, mosquito nets are frequently used in areas where mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and Zika virus are prevalent. By creating a barrier between people and mosquitoes, mosquito nets can help prevent the transmission of these diseases, particularly during sleeping hours when people are most vulnerable to mosquito bites.

Mosquito nets can be used by themselves or in combination with other mosquito-borne disease prevention strategies such as insect repellents, long-sleeved clothing, and indoor residual spraying of insecticides. They are a simple, cost-effective intervention that has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of mosquito-borne diseases in many settings.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "seasons" is not a term that has a medical definition. Seasons refer to the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn or fall, and winter) based on the position of the earth in its orbit around the sun. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mozambique" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in Southeast Africa, known officially as the Republic of Mozambique. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Gabon" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Central Africa, known officially as the Gabonese Republic. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Senegal" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in West Africa, known officially as the Republic of Senegal. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I would be happy to help with those.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Papua New Guinea" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, made up of the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands. If you have any questions about medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!

Disease eradication is the complete and permanent elimination of a specific disease from all humans or animals worldwide. This is achieved through various methods, including vaccination programs, improved sanitation, and public health measures. The disease is no longer present in any form, and there is no risk of it re-emerging. Smallpox is the only human disease to have been successfully eradicated so far. Efforts are currently underway to eradicate polio, with significant progress made but still ongoing.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uganda" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in East Africa, known officially as the Republic of Uganda. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

Amodiaquine is an antimalarial medication used to prevent and treat malaria caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. It works by inhibiting the growth of the parasite in red blood cells. Amodiaquine is often used in combination with other antimalarial drugs, such as artesunate or chloroquine.

The chemical name for amodiaquine is 4-[(7-chloro-4-quinolinyl)methyl]-1-(4-amino-1-methylbutyl)piperazine and it has the molecular formula C18H24ClN3O. It is available in the form of tablets for oral administration.

Like all medications, amodiaquine can cause side effects, including nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and headache. In rare cases, it can cause more serious side effects such as liver damage, abnormal heart rhythms, and blood disorders. It is important to take amodiaquine exactly as directed by a healthcare provider and to report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly.

It's important to note that Amodiaquine is not available in all countries and it's use is limited due to the risk of severe side effects, especially when used alone. It should be used only under the supervision of a healthcare provider and with regular monitoring of blood cells, liver function and heart activity.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Burkina Faso" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in West Africa. The name "Burkina Faso" translates to "Land of Incorruptible People" in Mossi and Dioula, two languages spoken in the region. The country was known as Upper Volta when it gained independence from France in 1960. It was renamed Burkina Faso in 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara, who aimed to promote a sense of national identity and unity among the diverse population.

Burkina Faso is a landlocked country with a population of around 21 million people (as of 2021). It shares borders with six countries: Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest. The capital city is Ouagadougou.

The primary languages spoken in Burkina Faso are French (the official language), Mooré, Dioula, Fula, and Gourmanchéma. The country has a diverse cultural heritage with numerous ethnic groups, including the Mossi, Fulani, Bobo, Gurunsi, Senufo, and Lobi.

Burkina Faso faces various challenges, such as poverty, food insecurity, limited access to education, and health issues like malaria, HIV/AIDS, and neglected tropical diseases. The country also struggles with political instability and security threats from extremist groups operating in the Sahel region.

Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units, hence the name "sesqui-" meaning "one and a half" in Latin. They are composed of 15 carbon atoms and have a wide range of chemical structures and biological activities. Sesquiterpenes can be found in various plants, fungi, and insects, and they play important roles in the defense mechanisms of these organisms. Some sesquiterpenes are also used in traditional medicine and have been studied for their potential therapeutic benefits.

Host-parasite interactions refer to the relationship between a parasitic organism (the parasite) and its host, which can be an animal, plant, or human body. The parasite lives on or inside the host and derives nutrients from it, often causing harm in the process. This interaction can range from relatively benign to severe, depending on various factors such as the species of the parasite, the immune response of the host, and the duration of infection.

The host-parasite relationship is often categorized based on the degree of harm caused to the host. Parasites that cause little to no harm are called commensals, while those that cause significant damage or disease are called parasitic pathogens. Some parasites can even manipulate their hosts' behavior and physiology to enhance their own survival and reproduction, leading to complex interactions between the two organisms.

Understanding host-parasite interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat parasitic infections, as well as for understanding the ecological relationships between different species in natural ecosystems.

'Diagnostic tests, routine' is a medical term that refers to standard or commonly used tests that are performed to help diagnose, monitor, or manage a patient's health condition. These tests are typically simple, non-invasive, and safe, and they may be ordered as part of a regular check-up or when a patient presents with specific symptoms.

Routine diagnostic tests may include:

1. Complete Blood Count (CBC): A test that measures the number of red and white blood cells, platelets, and hemoglobin in the blood. It can help diagnose conditions such as anemia, infection, and inflammation.
2. Urinalysis: A test that examines a urine sample for signs of infection, kidney disease, or other medical conditions.
3. Blood Chemistry Tests: Also known as a chemistry panel or comprehensive metabolic panel, this test measures various chemicals in the blood such as glucose, electrolytes, and enzymes to evaluate organ function and overall health.
4. Electrocardiogram (ECG): A test that records the electrical activity of the heart, which can help diagnose heart conditions such as arrhythmias or heart attacks.
5. Chest X-ray: An imaging test that creates pictures of the structures inside the chest, including the heart, lungs, and bones, to help diagnose conditions such as pneumonia or lung cancer.
6. Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): A test that checks for hidden blood in the stool, which can be a sign of colon cancer or other gastrointestinal conditions.
7. Pap Smear: A test that collects cells from the cervix to check for abnormalities that may indicate cervical cancer or other gynecological conditions.

These are just a few examples of routine diagnostic tests that healthcare providers may order. The specific tests ordered will depend on the patient's age, sex, medical history, and current symptoms.

There doesn't seem to be a specific medical definition for "DNA, protozoan" as it is simply a reference to the DNA found in protozoa. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can be found in various environments such as soil, water, and the digestive tracts of animals.

Protozoan DNA refers to the genetic material present in these organisms. It is composed of nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which contain the instructions for the development, growth, and reproduction of the protozoan.

The DNA in protozoa, like in other organisms, is made up of two strands of nucleotides that coil together to form a double helix. The four nucleotide bases that make up protozoan DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). These bases pair with each other to form the rungs of the DNA ladder, with A always pairing with T and G always pairing with C.

The genetic information stored in protozoan DNA is encoded in the sequence of these nucleotide bases. This information is used to synthesize proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of the organism's cells. Protozoan DNA also contains other types of genetic material, such as regulatory sequences that control gene expression and repetitive elements with no known function.

Understanding the DNA of protozoa is important for studying their biology, evolution, and pathogenicity. It can help researchers develop new treatments for protozoan diseases and gain insights into the fundamental principles of genetics and cellular function.

Anemia is a medical condition characterized by a lower than normal number of red blood cells or lower than normal levels of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is an important protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Anemia can cause fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and a pale complexion because the body's tissues are not getting enough oxygen.

Anemia can be caused by various factors, including nutritional deficiencies (such as iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency), blood loss, chronic diseases (such as kidney disease or rheumatoid arthritis), inherited genetic disorders (such as sickle cell anemia or thalassemia), and certain medications.

There are different types of anemia, classified based on the underlying cause, size and shape of red blood cells, and the level of hemoglobin in the blood. Treatment for anemia depends on the underlying cause and may include dietary changes, supplements, medication, or blood transfusions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Gambia" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in West Africa, officially known as the Republic of The Gambia. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Ethanolamines are a class of organic compounds that contain an amino group (-NH2) and a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom. They are derivatives of ammonia (NH3) in which one or two hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a ethanol group (-CH2CH2OH).

The most common ethanolamines are:

* Monethanolamine (MEA), also called 2-aminoethanol, with the formula HOCH2CH2NH2.
* Diethanolamine (DEA), also called 2,2'-iminobisethanol, with the formula HOCH2CH2NHCH2CH2OH.
* Triethanolamine (TEA), also called 2,2',2''-nitrilotrisethanol, with the formula N(CH2CH2OH)3.

Ethanolamines are used in a wide range of industrial and consumer products, including as solvents, emulsifiers, detergents, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. They also have applications as intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals. In the body, ethanolamines play important roles in various biological processes, such as neurotransmission and cell signaling.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Thailand" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Southeast Asia. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those for you!

Merozoite Surface Protein 1 (MSP1) is a malarial antigen, which is a protein present on the surface of merozoites, which are the invasive forms of the Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria. MSP1 plays a crucial role in the invasion of red blood cells by the merozoites during the erythrocytic stage of the parasite's life cycle.

The MSP1 protein is synthesized and processed through several stages, resulting in multiple fragments, including the C-terminal 42 kDa fragment (MSP1-42) that is further cleaved into four smaller fragments (MSP1-19, MSP1-33, MSP1-38, and MSP1-42). These fragments are involved in the recognition and attachment of merozoites to the red blood cells, followed by the formation of a tight junction between the parasite and the host cell membranes.

MSP1 is one of the most abundant and immunogenic proteins on the surface of the merozoites, making it an attractive vaccine candidate. However, despite extensive research, a successful MSP1-based malaria vaccine has yet to be developed due to challenges in eliciting a protective immune response against this complex antigen.

"Plasmodium ovale" is a species of protozoan parasites that are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. This parasite causes a type of malaria known as "ovale malaria," which is generally milder than other forms of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax.

The life cycle of Plasmodium ovale involves two hosts: the mosquito and humans. When an infected mosquito bites a human, the parasites are injected into the skin along with the mosquito's saliva. The parasites then enter the liver where they multiply and form dormant stages called hypnozoites. After a period of time (usually several weeks to months), the hypnozoites become activated and begin to infect red blood cells, leading to the symptoms of malaria.

The symptoms of ovale malaria are similar to those of other forms of malaria and include fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, and fatigue. However, ovale malaria is less likely to cause severe complications or death than falciparum malaria. Diagnosis of ovale malaria is typically made through microscopic examination of blood smears or by using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) that detect parasite antigens in the blood. Treatment usually involves the use of antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine or primaquine.

A disease vector is a living organism that transmits infectious pathogens from one host to another. These vectors can include mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and other arthropods that carry viruses, bacteria, parasites, or other disease-causing agents. The vector becomes infected with the pathogen after biting an infected host, and then transmits the infection to another host through its saliva or feces during a subsequent blood meal.

Disease vectors are of particular concern in public health because they can spread diseases rapidly and efficiently, often over large geographic areas. Controlling vector-borne diseases requires a multifaceted approach that includes reducing vector populations, preventing bites, and developing vaccines or treatments for the associated diseases.

Placental diseases, also known as placental pathologies, refer to a group of conditions that affect the development and function of the placenta during pregnancy. The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus while removing waste products.

Placental diseases can have serious consequences for both the mother and the fetus, including preterm labor, growth restriction, stillbirth, and long-term health problems for the child. Some common placental diseases include:

1. Placental abruption: This occurs when the placenta separates from the uterine wall before delivery, causing bleeding and potentially harming the fetus.
2. Placental previa: This is a condition where the placenta implants in the lower part of the uterus, covering the cervix. It can cause bleeding and may require cesarean delivery.
3. Preeclampsia: This is a pregnancy-related disorder characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys. Placental dysfunction is thought to play a role in its development.
4. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): This occurs when the fetus does not grow properly due to poor placental function, leading to low birth weight and potential health problems.
5. Chorioamnionitis: This is an infection of the membranes surrounding the fetus, which can lead to preterm labor and other complications.
6. Placental infarction: This occurs when a portion of the placenta dies due to a lack of blood flow, which can lead to growth restriction or stillbirth.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of placental diseases are essential for ensuring the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the fetus.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "rain" is not a medical term. In general, rain refers to water droplets that fall from the sky as part of the Earth's weather cycle. These drops form when moisture in the air condenses and cools, creating clouds which eventually become heavy enough to release the collected water.

If you have any medical concerns or questions, I'd be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Parasite load, in medical terms, refers to the total number or quantity of parasites (such as worms, protozoa, or other infectious agents) present in a host organism's body. It is often used to describe the severity of a parasitic infection and can be an important factor in determining the prognosis and treatment plan for the infected individual.

Parasite load can vary widely depending on the type of parasite, the route of infection, the immune status of the host, and other factors. In some cases, even a small number of parasites may cause significant harm if they are highly virulent or located in critical areas of the body. In other cases, large numbers of parasites may be necessary to produce noticeable symptoms.

Measuring parasite load can be challenging, as it often requires specialized laboratory techniques and equipment. However, accurate assessment of parasite load is important for both research and clinical purposes, as it can help researchers develop more effective treatments and allow healthcare providers to monitor the progression of an infection and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Malawi" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in southeastern Africa. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!

I'm not aware of any medical definitions associated with the term "Benin." Benin is a country located in West Africa, and its name is used in medical literature to describe conditions or issues related to that country, such as diseases prevalent there. However, without additional context, it's difficult to provide a specific medical definition for 'Benin.'

Blood is the fluid that circulates in the body of living organisms, carrying oxygen and nutrients to the cells and removing carbon dioxide and other waste products. It is composed of red and white blood cells suspended in a liquid called plasma. The main function of blood is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. It also transports nutrients, hormones, and other substances to the cells and removes waste products from them. Additionally, blood plays a crucial role in the body's immune system by helping to fight infection and disease.

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a synthetic insecticide that was widely used in the mid-20th century to control agricultural pests and vector-borne diseases such as malaria. It belongs to a class of chemicals called organochlorines, which are known for their persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain.

DDT was first synthesized in 1874, but its insecticidal properties were not discovered until 1939. Its use as an insecticide became widespread during World War II, when it was used to control typhus and malaria-carrying lice and mosquitoes among troops. After the war, DDT was widely adopted for agricultural and public health purposes.

However, concerns about the environmental and human health effects of DDT led to its ban or severe restriction in many countries starting in the 1970s. The United States banned the use of DDT for most purposes in 1972, and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) prohibited its production and use globally in 2004, except in cases where there is a risk of vector-borne diseases.

DDT has been linked to several health problems, including reproductive effects, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. It is also highly persistent in the environment, with a half-life of up to 15 years in soil and up to 30 years in water. This means that DDT can accumulate in the food chain, posing risks to wildlife and humans who consume contaminated food or water.

In summary, DDT is a synthetic insecticide that was widely used in the mid-20th century but has been banned or restricted in many countries due to its environmental and health effects. It belongs to a class of chemicals called organochlorines, which are known for their persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain. DDT has been linked to several health problems, including reproductive effects, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine disruption.

Fever, also known as pyrexia or febrile response, is a common medical sign characterized by an elevation in core body temperature above the normal range of 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) due to a dysregulation of the body's thermoregulatory system. It is often a response to an infection, inflammation, or other underlying medical conditions, and it serves as a part of the immune system's effort to combat the invading pathogens or to repair damaged tissues.

Fevers can be classified based on their magnitude:

* Low-grade fever: 37.5-38°C (99.5-100.4°F)
* Moderate fever: 38-39°C (100.4-102.2°F)
* High-grade or severe fever: above 39°C (102.2°F)

It is important to note that a single elevated temperature reading does not necessarily indicate the presence of a fever, as body temperature can fluctuate throughout the day and can be influenced by various factors such as physical activity, environmental conditions, and the menstrual cycle in females. The diagnosis of fever typically requires the confirmation of an elevated core body temperature on at least two occasions or a consistently high temperature over a period of time.

While fevers are generally considered beneficial in fighting off infections and promoting recovery, extremely high temperatures or prolonged febrile states may necessitate medical intervention to prevent potential complications such as dehydration, seizures, or damage to vital organs.

Pyrethrins are a group of naturally occurring organic compounds extracted from the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and Chrysanthemum coccineum. They have been used for centuries as insecticides due to their ability to disrupt the nervous system of insects, leading to paralysis and death. Pyrethrins are composed of six esters, pyrethrin I and II, cinerin I and II, and jasmolin I and II, which have different insecticidal properties but share a similar mode of action. They are commonly used in household insect sprays, pet shampoos, and agricultural applications to control a wide range of pests. However, pyrethrins can be toxic to fish and some beneficial insects, so they must be used with caution.

I'm not aware of any medical condition or term that is specifically associated with or referred to as "Cameroon." Cameroon is a country located in Central Africa, known for its rich biodiversity and cultural diversity. If you have more context about why you are looking for a medical definition of "Cameroon," I may be able to provide a more helpful response.

Medical topography refers to the detailed description and mapping of the locations and relative positions of various anatomical structures, abnormalities, or lesions in the body. It is often used in the context of imaging techniques such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, where it helps to visualize and communicate the spatial relationships between different bodily features. Medical topography may also involve the use of physical examination, surgical exploration, or other diagnostic methods to gather information about the location and extent of medical conditions.

In summary, medical topography is a detailed mapping and description of the location and position of anatomical structures or pathological changes in the body.

"Plasmodium knowlesi" is a species of protozoan parasite that causes malaria in certain primates, particularly macaques. It can also infect humans, and has been identified as a significant cause of malaria in Southeast Asia. The life cycle of P. knowlesi involves two hosts: anopheline mosquitoes and primates. The parasite is transmitted to the host through the bite of an infected mosquito, and then invades and reproduces within the host's red blood cells, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, and muscle and joint pain. In severe cases, P. knowlesi infections can lead to complications such as respiratory distress, kidney failure, and coma.

It is important to note that "Plasmodium knowlesi" malaria is different from the more common forms of human malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae. P. knowlesi infections can be effectively treated with antimalarial drugs, but early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial to prevent severe disease and complications.

A rural population refers to people who live in areas that are outside of urban areas, typically defined as having fewer than 2,000 residents and lacking certain infrastructure and services such as running water, sewage systems, and paved roads. Rural populations often have less access to healthcare services, education, and economic opportunities compared to their urban counterparts. This population group can face unique health challenges, including higher rates of poverty, limited access to specialized medical care, and a greater exposure to environmental hazards such as agricultural chemicals and industrial pollutants.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sudan" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Northeast Africa, known as the Sudan or Sudan proper, and the southern region that seceded to become South Sudan in 2011. If you have any medical terms you would like me to define, please let me know!

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nigeria" is not a medical term. It is a country located in West Africa, and it is the most populous country in Africa. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terms, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

Insecticide resistance is a genetic selection process in insect populations that allows them to survive and reproduce despite exposure to insecticides. It's the result of changes in the genetic makeup of insects, which can be caused by natural selection when insecticides are used repeatedly. Over time, this leads to the prevalence of genes that provide resistance to the insecticide, making the pest control methods less effective. Insecticide resistance is a significant challenge in public health and agriculture, as it can reduce the efficacy of interventions aimed at controlling disease-carrying insects or protecting crops from pests.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Cambodia" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in Southeast Asia, bordered by Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and the Gulf of Thailand. The capital city of Cambodia is Phnom Penh.

If you have any questions related to healthcare, medical conditions, treatments, or other health-related topics, I would be happy to help you with those!

Chemoprevention is a medical term that refers to the use of chemical agents, usually in the form of drugs or dietary supplements, to prevent or delay the development of cancer. These agents are typically designed to interfere with the molecular processes involved in cancer initiation, promotion, or progression.

There are several different approaches to chemoprevention, depending on the specific type of cancer and the individual patient's risk factors. Some chemopreventive agents work by blocking the action of hormones that can promote cancer growth, while others may inhibit the activity of enzymes involved in DNA damage or repair.

Chemoprevention is often used in individuals who are at high risk of developing cancer due to inherited genetic mutations, a history of precancerous lesions, or other factors. However, it is important to note that chemopreventive agents can have side effects and may not be appropriate for everyone. Therefore, they should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

"Africa South of the Sahara" is a term commonly used in medical and scientific literature to refer to the region of the African continent that lies south of the Sahara Desert. This region includes 48 countries, with a population of over 1 billion people, and is characterized by its tropical or subtropical climate, diverse cultures, and unique health challenges.

The term "South of the Sahara" is used to distinguish this region from North Africa, which is predominantly Arab and Berber in culture and has closer ties to the Middle East than to Sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahara Desert serves as a natural geographical boundary between these two regions.

In medical terms, "Africa South of the Sahara" encompasses a wide range of health issues, including infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, and Ebola, which are prevalent in many parts of the region. The area also faces challenges related to maternal and child health, nutrition, water and sanitation, and non-communicable diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Medical research and interventions focused on "Africa South of the Sahara" aim to address these unique health challenges and improve the overall health outcomes of the population in this region.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Burundi" does not have a medical definition. Burundi is a country located in East Africa, bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. It's known for its warm, friendly people, beautiful landscapes, and rich cultural heritage. If you have any questions about Burundi's geography, history, or culture, I'd be happy to try to help answer them!

I must clarify that "Ethiopia" is not a medical term or condition. Ethiopia is a country located in the Horn of Africa, known for its rich history and cultural heritage. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with diverse ethnic groups, languages, and religious practices.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, please feel free to ask! I'm here to help.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geography" is not a term that has a medical definition. Geography is a field of study that deals with the location and distribution of physical and cultural features on Earth's surface, as well as how humans interact with and affect those features. It is not a concept that is typically used in a medical context. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Indonesia" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is the world's largest island country, with more than thirteen thousand islands. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

Climate, in the context of environmental science and medicine, refers to the long-term average of weather conditions (such as temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, and other meteorological elements) in a given region over a period of years to decades. It is the statistical description of the weather patterns that occur in a particular location over long periods of time.

In medical terms, climate can have significant impacts on human health, both physical and mental. For example, extreme temperatures, air pollution, and ultraviolet radiation levels associated with certain climates can increase the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, heat-related illnesses, and skin cancer. Similarly, changes in climate patterns can affect the distribution and prevalence of infectious diseases, such as malaria and Lyme disease.

Climate change, which refers to significant long-term changes in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years, can have even more profound impacts on human health, including increased rates of heat-related illnesses and deaths, worsening air quality, and altered transmission patterns of infectious diseases.

Permethrin is a type of medication that belongs to the class of chemicals called pyrethroids. It's commonly used as a topical treatment for scabies and lice infestations. Permethrin works by disrupting the nervous system of these parasites, leading to their paralysis and death.

In medical terms, permethrin is defined as a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide and acaricide with contact and stomach activity. It's used topically in the form of creams or lotions to treat infestations of lice and scabies mites on the skin. Permethrin is considered safe and effective for use in adults and children, including infants over two months old.

It's important to note that permethrin should be used as directed by a healthcare professional, and it may have some potential side effects such as skin irritation, redness, or itching.

'Life cycle stages' is a term used in the context of public health and medicine to describe the different stages that an organism goes through during its lifetime. This concept is particularly important in the field of epidemiology, where understanding the life cycle stages of infectious agents (such as bacteria, viruses, parasites) can help inform strategies for disease prevention and control.

The life cycle stages of an infectious agent may include various forms such as spores, cysts, trophozoites, schizonts, or vectors, among others, depending on the specific organism. Each stage may have different characteristics, such as resistance to environmental factors, susceptibility to drugs, and ability to transmit infection.

For example, the life cycle stages of the malaria parasite include sporozoites (the infective form transmitted by mosquitoes), merozoites (the form that infects red blood cells), trophozoites (the feeding stage inside red blood cells), schizonts (the replicating stage inside red blood cells), and gametocytes (the sexual stage that can be taken up by mosquitoes to continue the life cycle).

Understanding the life cycle stages of an infectious agent is critical for developing effective interventions, such as vaccines, drugs, or other control measures. For example, targeting a specific life cycle stage with a drug may prevent transmission or reduce the severity of disease. Similarly, designing a vaccine to elicit immunity against a particular life cycle stage may provide protection against infection or disease.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Vanuatu" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in the South Pacific Ocean. Specifically, Vanuatu is an island nation consisting of around 80 islands, and it is known for its beautiful beaches, coral reefs, and unique cultural heritage. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help!

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Entomology is the scientific study of insects, including their behavior, classification, and evolution. It is a branch of zoology that deals with the systematic study of insects and their relationship with humans, animals, and the environment. Entomologists may specialize in various areas such as medical entomology, agricultural entomology, or forensic entomology, among others. Medical entomology focuses on the study of insects that can transmit diseases to humans and animals, while agricultural entomology deals with insects that affect crops and livestock. Forensic entomology involves using insects found in crime scenes to help determine the time of death or other relevant information for legal investigations.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Melanesia" is not a medical term. It is a geographical region in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, consisting of an island group including New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, and the Fiji islands. The term "Melanesia" comes from the Greek words "melas," meaning black, and "nesos," meaning island, referring to the dark skin of the inhabitants. It's primarily used in anthropological, geographical, and cultural contexts.

Parasitic sensitivity tests, also known as parasite drug susceptibility tests, refer to laboratory methods used to determine the effectiveness of specific antiparasitic medications against a particular parasitic infection. These tests help healthcare providers identify which drugs are most likely to be effective in treating an individual's infection and which ones should be avoided due to resistance or increased risk of side effects.

There are several types of parasitic sensitivity tests, including:

1. In vitro susceptibility testing: This involves culturing the parasite in a laboratory setting and exposing it to different concentrations of antiparasitic drugs. The growth or survival of the parasite is then observed and compared to a control group that was not exposed to the drug. This helps identify the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the drug, which is the lowest concentration required to prevent the growth of the parasite.
2. Molecular testing: This involves analyzing the genetic material of the parasite to detect specific mutations or gene variations that are associated with resistance to certain antiparasitic drugs. This type of testing can be performed using a variety of methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing.
3. Phenotypic testing: This involves observing the effects of antiparasitic drugs on the growth or survival of the parasite in a laboratory setting. For example, a parasite may be grown in a culture medium and then exposed to different concentrations of a drug. The growth of the parasite is then monitored over time to determine the drug's effectiveness.

Parasitic sensitivity tests are important for guiding the treatment of many parasitic infections, including malaria, tuberculosis, and leishmaniasis. These tests can help healthcare providers choose the most effective antiparasitic drugs for their patients, reduce the risk of drug resistance, and improve treatment outcomes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "French Guiana" is not a medical term or concept. It's a geographical location, specifically an overseas department and region of France, located on the northeastern coast of South America. If you have any questions about geographical places, I'd be happy to try to help answer those, but for medical inquiries, please provide a medical term or concept and I will do my best to provide a definition or explanation.

Communicable disease control is a branch of public health that focuses on preventing and controlling the spread of infectious diseases within a population. The goal is to reduce the incidence and prevalence of communicable diseases through various strategies, such as:

1. Surveillance: Monitoring and tracking the occurrence of communicable diseases in a population to identify trends, outbreaks, and high-risk areas.
2. Prevention: Implementing measures to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, such as vaccination programs, education campaigns, and environmental interventions (e.g., water treatment, food safety).
3. Case management: Identifying, diagnosing, and treating cases of communicable diseases to reduce their duration and severity, as well as to prevent further spread.
4. Contact tracing: Identifying and monitoring individuals who have been in close contact with infected persons to detect and prevent secondary cases.
5. Outbreak response: Coordinating a rapid and effective response to disease outbreaks, including the implementation of control measures, communication with affected communities, and evaluation of interventions.
6. Collaboration: Working closely with healthcare providers, laboratories, policymakers, and other stakeholders to ensure a coordinated and comprehensive approach to communicable disease control.
7. Research: Conducting research to better understand the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and prevention strategies for communicable diseases.

Effective communicable disease control requires a multidisciplinary approach that combines expertise in medicine, epidemiology, microbiology, public health, social sciences, and healthcare management.

Merozoites are infective forms of certain protozoan parasites, including those that cause malaria. They are produced during the asexual reproduction of these parasites within the red blood cells of their hosts. Merozoites are released from the infected red blood cells when they rupture and can then invade other red blood cells to continue the cycle of infection. These organisms have an outer membrane that allows them to interact with and invade host cells, and they contain proteins on their surface that help them evade the host's immune system. Merozoites are typically small, oval-shaped structures that measure around 1 micrometer in diameter.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Zambia" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in southern Africa, known officially as the Republic of Zambia. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!

Combination drug therapy is a treatment approach that involves the use of multiple medications with different mechanisms of action to achieve better therapeutic outcomes. This approach is often used in the management of complex medical conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and cardiovascular diseases. The goal of combination drug therapy is to improve efficacy, reduce the risk of drug resistance, decrease the likelihood of adverse effects, and enhance the overall quality of life for patients.

In combining drugs, healthcare providers aim to target various pathways involved in the disease process, which may help to:

1. Increase the effectiveness of treatment by attacking the disease from multiple angles.
2. Decrease the dosage of individual medications, reducing the risk and severity of side effects.
3. Slow down or prevent the development of drug resistance, a common problem in chronic diseases like HIV/AIDS and cancer.
4. Improve patient compliance by simplifying dosing schedules and reducing pill burden.

Examples of combination drug therapy include:

1. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV treatment, which typically involves three or more drugs from different classes to suppress viral replication and prevent the development of drug resistance.
2. Chemotherapy regimens for cancer treatment, where multiple cytotoxic agents are used to target various stages of the cell cycle and reduce the likelihood of tumor cells developing resistance.
3. Cardiovascular disease management, which may involve combining medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and statins to control blood pressure, heart rate, fluid balance, and cholesterol levels.
4. Treatment of tuberculosis, which often involves a combination of several antibiotics to target different aspects of the bacterial life cycle and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

When prescribing combination drug therapy, healthcare providers must carefully consider factors such as potential drug interactions, dosing schedules, adverse effects, and contraindications to ensure safe and effective treatment. Regular monitoring of patients is essential to assess treatment response, manage side effects, and adjust the treatment plan as needed.

A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its sustenance at the expense of the host. Parasites are typically much smaller than their hosts, and they may be classified as either ectoparasites (which live on the outside of the host's body) or endoparasites (which live inside the host's body).

Parasites can cause a range of health problems in humans, depending on the type of parasite and the extent of the infection. Some parasites may cause only mild symptoms or none at all, while others can lead to serious illness or even death. Common symptoms of parasitic infections include diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fatigue.

There are many different types of parasites that can infect humans, including protozoa (single-celled organisms), helminths (worms), and ectoparasites (such as lice and ticks). Parasitic infections are more common in developing countries with poor sanitation and hygiene, but they can also occur in industrialized nations.

Preventing parasitic infections typically involves practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly, cooking food thoroughly, and avoiding contaminated water. Treatment for parasitic infections usually involves medication to kill the parasites and relieve symptoms.

"Western Africa" is a geographical region that consists of several countries located in the western part of the African continent. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo.

The region is characterized by a diverse range of cultures, languages, and ethnic groups, as well as a variety of landscapes, including coastal areas, savannas, and deserts. Western Africa has a rich history, with many ancient kingdoms and empires having existed in the region, such as the Ghana Empire, Mali Empire, and Songhai Empire.

In medical contexts, "Western Africa" may be used to describe the epidemiology, distribution, or characteristics of various health conditions or diseases that are prevalent in this geographical region. For example, certain infectious diseases such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, and Ebola virus disease are more common in Western Africa than in other parts of the world. Therefore, medical researchers and practitioners may use the term "Western Africa" to refer to the specific health challenges and needs of the populations living in this region.

I'm not aware of any medical definitions associated with the term "Angola." Angola is a country located in Southern Africa, known officially as the Republic of Angola. It does not have any specific relevance to medical terminology or healthcare. If you have more context or information about why you are looking for a medical definition of Angola, I may be able to provide a more helpful response.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!

Genes in protozoa refer to the hereditary units of these single-celled organisms that carry genetic information necessary for their growth, development, and reproduction. These genes are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules, which contain sequences of nucleotide bases that code for specific proteins or RNA molecules. Protozoan genes are responsible for various functions, such as metabolism, response to environmental stimuli, and reproduction.

It is important to note that the study of protozoan genes has contributed significantly to our understanding of genetics and evolution, particularly in areas such as molecular biology, cell biology, and genomics. However, there is still much to be learned about the genetic diversity and complexity of these organisms, which continue to be an active area of research.

Equatorial Guinea is a country located in Central Africa, straddling the equator. It is not a medical term but a geographical and political designation. The country is composed of two main parts: Río Muni, which is the mainland and makes up about 10% of the country's total area, and Bioko, a tropical island in the Bight of Bonny, along with several smaller islands including Annobón, Corisco, and Elobey.

The capital city, Malabo, is located on Bioko Island. The official languages are Spanish and French, with Portuguese also recognized as an official language due to its membership in the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP).

Equatorial Guinea has a population of approximately 1.4 million people and is one of the smallest countries in Africa by land area. It gained independence from Spain in 1968, and since then, it has faced numerous challenges related to political instability, human rights abuses, and socio-economic development.

In terms of medical aspects, Equatorial Guinea faces various health issues, such as high infant mortality rates, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and other infectious diseases. The country also struggles with providing adequate healthcare services to its population due to limited resources, infrastructure, and healthcare personnel.

Rural health is a branch of healthcare that focuses on the unique health challenges and needs of people living in rural areas. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines rural health as "the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in the rural population."

Rural populations often face disparities in healthcare access and quality compared to their urban counterparts. Factors such as geographic isolation, poverty, lack of transportation, and a shortage of healthcare providers can contribute to these disparities. Rural health encompasses a broad range of services, including primary care, prevention, chronic disease management, mental health, oral health, and emergency medical services.

The goal of rural health is to improve the health outcomes of rural populations by addressing these unique challenges and providing high-quality, accessible healthcare services that meet their needs. This may involve innovative approaches such as telemedicine, mobile health clinics, and community-based programs to reach people in remote areas.

Reagent kits, diagnostic are prepackaged sets of chemical reagents and other components designed for performing specific diagnostic tests or assays. These kits are often used in clinical laboratories to detect and measure the presence or absence of various biomarkers, such as proteins, antibodies, antigens, nucleic acids, or small molecules, in biological samples like blood, urine, or tissues.

Diagnostic reagent kits typically contain detailed instructions for their use, along with the necessary reagents, controls, and sometimes specialized equipment or supplies. They are designed to simplify the testing process, reduce human error, and increase standardization, ensuring accurate and reliable results. Examples of diagnostic reagent kits include those used for pregnancy tests, infectious disease screening, drug testing, genetic testing, and cancer biomarker detection.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Eritrea" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in the Horn of Africa, known officially as the State of Eritrea. It shares borders with Ethiopia to the south, Sudan to the west, and Djibouti to the east. The Red Sea lies to its northeast.

If you have any medical questions or terms that need defining, I'd be happy to help!

I apologize for any confusion, but "Colombia" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in South America, known officially as the Republic of Colombia. If you are looking for medical information related to Colombia or its healthcare system, I would be happy to try to help you with that.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sri Lanka" is not a medical term or concept. Sri Lanka is an island country located in the Indian Ocean, south of India. It is known for its diverse landscapes ranging from rainforests and arid plains to highlands and sandy beaches.

If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer them!

A protozoan genome refers to the complete set of genetic material or DNA present in a protozoan organism. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms that lack cell walls and have diverse morphology and nutrition modes. The genome of a protozoan includes all the genes that code for proteins, as well as non-coding DNA sequences that regulate gene expression and other cellular processes.

The size and complexity of protozoan genomes can vary widely depending on the species. Some protozoa have small genomes with only a few thousand genes, while others have larger genomes with tens of thousands of genes or more. The genome sequencing of various protozoan species has provided valuable insights into their evolutionary history, biology, and potential as model organisms for studying eukaryotic cellular processes.

It is worth noting that the study of protozoan genomics is still an active area of research, and new discoveries are continually being made about the genetic diversity and complexity of these fascinating microorganisms.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Vietnam" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Southeast Asia. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Sickle cell trait is a genetic condition where an individual inherits one abnormal gene for hemoglobin S (HbS) from one parent and one normal gene for hemoglobin A (HbA) from the other parent. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.

People with sickle cell trait do not have sickle cell disease, but they can pass the abnormal HbS gene on to their children. In certain situations, such as high altitude, low oxygen levels, or intense physical exertion, individuals with sickle cell trait may experience symptoms similar to those of sickle cell disease, such as fatigue, pain, and shortness of breath. However, these symptoms are typically milder and less frequent than in people with sickle cell disease.

It is important for individuals who know they have sickle cell trait to inform their healthcare providers, especially if they become pregnant or plan to engage in activities that may cause low oxygen levels, such as scuba diving or high-altitude climbing.

A coma is a deep state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be awakened, cannot respond to stimuli, and does not exhibit any sleep-wake cycles. It is typically caused by severe brain injury, illness, or toxic exposure that impairs the function of the brainstem and cerebral cortex.

In a coma, the person may appear to be asleep, but they are not aware of their surroundings or able to communicate or respond to stimuli. Comas can last for varying lengths of time, from days to weeks or even months, and some people may emerge from a coma with varying degrees of brain function and disability.

Medical professionals use various diagnostic tools and assessments to evaluate the level of consciousness and brain function in individuals who are in a coma, including the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), which measures eye opening, verbal response, and motor response. Treatment for coma typically involves supportive care to maintain vital functions, manage any underlying medical conditions, and prevent further complications.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Insect repellents are substances that are applied to the skin, clothing, or other surfaces to deter insects from landing or crawling on that surface. They work by masking the scents that attract insects or by repelling them with unpleasant odors. Insect repellents can be chemical-based, such as those containing DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), picaridin, or IR3535, or they can be natural, such as those containing oil of lemon eucalyptus or citronella. These substances work by interfering with the insect's ability to detect human scent, making it less likely that they will come into contact with the person using the repellent. Insect repellents are an important tool in preventing insect-borne diseases such as Lyme disease, West Nile virus, and Zika virus.

A schizont is a stage in the life cycle of certain parasites, particularly those that cause malaria. It refers to the stage where the parasite undergoes multiple divisions within the host cell, creating many daughter cells. This typically occurs inside red blood cells in the human body, after the parasite has been transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. The term "schizont" is often used in descriptions of the Plasmodium species, which are the malaria-causing protozoans.

Southeast Asia is a geographical region that consists of the countries that are located at the southeastern part of the Asian continent. The definition of which countries comprise Southeast Asia may vary, but it generally includes the following 11 countries:

* Brunei
* Cambodia
* East Timor (Timor-Leste)
* Indonesia
* Laos
* Malaysia
* Myanmar (Burma)
* Philippines
* Singapore
* Thailand
* Vietnam

Southeast Asia is known for its rich cultural diversity, with influences from Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. The region is also home to a diverse range of ecosystems, including rainforests, coral reefs, and mountain ranges. In recent years, Southeast Asia has experienced significant economic growth and development, but the region still faces challenges related to poverty, political instability, and environmental degradation.

The term "Atlantic Islands" generally refers to the islands located in the Atlantic Ocean. However, there is no specific or official medical definition for this term. It may include various island groups such as:

* The Azores and Madeira (Portugal)
* The Canary Islands (Spain)
* Cape Verde Islands
* Bermuda
* The British Isles (UK)

In a medical context, the term might be used to describe health issues or characteristics specific to these island populations. For example, studies may examine the prevalence of certain genetic disorders, lifestyle diseases, or environmental health factors in Atlantic Island populations compared to mainland populations.

Heme proteins are a type of protein that contain a heme group, which is a prosthetic group composed of an iron atom contained in the center of a large organic ring called a porphyrin. The heme group gives these proteins their characteristic red color. Hemeproteins have various important functions in biological systems, including oxygen transport (e.g., hemoglobin), electron transfer (e.g., cytochromes), and enzymatic catalysis (e.g., peroxidases and catalases). The heme group can bind and release gases, such as oxygen and carbon monoxide, and can participate in redox reactions due to the ease with which iron can change its oxidation state.

Infectious pregnancy complications refer to infections that occur during pregnancy and can affect the mother, fetus, or both. These infections can lead to serious consequences such as preterm labor, low birth weight, birth defects, stillbirth, or even death. Some common infectious agents that can cause pregnancy complications include:

1. Bacteria: Examples include group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
2. Viruses: Examples include cytomegalovirus, rubella, varicella-zoster, and HIV, which can cause congenital anomalies, developmental delays, or transmission of the virus to the fetus.
3. Parasites: Examples include Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause severe neurological damage in the fetus if transmitted during pregnancy.
4. Fungi: Examples include Candida albicans, which can cause fungal infections in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.

Preventive measures such as vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding high-risk behaviors can help reduce the risk of infectious pregnancy complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infections during pregnancy are also crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.

Splenomegaly is a medical term that refers to an enlargement or expansion of the spleen beyond its normal size. The spleen is a vital organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, behind the stomach and below the diaphragm. It plays a crucial role in filtering the blood, fighting infections, and storing red and white blood cells and platelets.

Splenomegaly can occur due to various underlying medical conditions, including infections, liver diseases, blood disorders, cancer, and inflammatory diseases. The enlarged spleen may put pressure on surrounding organs, causing discomfort or pain in the abdomen, and it may also lead to a decrease in red and white blood cells and platelets, increasing the risk of anemia, infections, and bleeding.

The diagnosis of splenomegaly typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or other interventions to manage the underlying condition.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "population density" is actually a term used in population geography and epidemiology, rather than medical terminology. It refers to the number of people living in a specific area or region, usually measured as the number of people per square mile or square kilometer.

However, understanding population density can be important in public health and medicine because it can influence various factors related to health outcomes and healthcare delivery, such as:

1. Disease transmission rates: Higher population densities can facilitate the spread of infectious diseases, particularly those that are transmitted through close contact between individuals.
2. Access to healthcare services: Areas with lower population density might have fewer healthcare resources and providers available, making it more challenging for residents to access necessary medical care.
3. Health disparities: Population density can contribute to health inequities, as urban areas often have better access to healthcare, education, and economic opportunities than rural areas, leading to differences in health outcomes between these populations.
4. Environmental factors: Higher population densities might lead to increased pollution, noise, and other environmental hazards that can negatively impact health.

Therefore, while "population density" is not a medical definition per se, it remains an essential concept for understanding various public health and healthcare issues.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "weather" is not a medical term. Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time, including factors such as temperature, humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, and wind. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you!

Health facilities, also known as healthcare facilities, are organizations that provide health services, treatments, and care to individuals in need of medical attention. These facilities can include various types of establishments such as hospitals, clinics, doctor's offices, dental practices, long-term care facilities, rehabilitation centers, and diagnostic imaging centers.

Health facilities are designed to offer a range of services that promote health, prevent illness, diagnose and treat medical conditions, and provide ongoing care for patients with chronic illnesses or disabilities. They may also offer educational programs and resources to help individuals maintain their health and well-being.

The specific services offered by health facilities can vary widely depending on the type and size of the facility, as well as its location and target population. However, all health facilities are required to meet certain standards for safety, quality, and patient care in order to ensure that patients receive the best possible treatment and outcomes.

Epidemiological monitoring is the systematic and ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data pertaining to a specific population or community, with the aim of identifying and tracking patterns of disease or injury, understanding their causes, and informing public health interventions and policies. This process typically involves the use of surveillance systems, such as disease registries, to collect data on the incidence, prevalence, and distribution of health outcomes of interest, as well as potential risk factors and exposures. The information generated through epidemiological monitoring can help to identify trends and emerging health threats, inform resource allocation and program planning, and evaluate the impact of public health interventions.

Protective devices, in the context of medical care, refer to equipment or products designed to prevent injury, harm, or infection to patients, healthcare workers, or others. They can include a wide range of items such as:

1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Items worn by healthcare professionals to protect themselves from infectious materials or harmful substances, such as gloves, masks, face shields, gowns, and goggles.
2. Medical Devices: Equipment designed to prevent injury during medical procedures, such as tourniquets, safety needles, and bite blocks.
3. Patient Safety Devices: Items used to protect patients from harm, such as bed rails, pressure ulcer prevention devices, and fall prevention equipment.
4. Environmental Protection Devices: Equipment used to prevent the spread of infectious agents in healthcare settings, such as air purifiers, isolation rooms, and waste management systems.
5. Dental Protective Devices: Devices used in dental care to protect patients and dental professionals from injury or infection, such as dental dams, mouth mirrors, and high-speed evacuators.

The specific definition of protective devices may vary depending on the context and field of medicine.

'Spatio-temporal analysis' is not a medical term per se, but rather a term used in various scientific fields including epidemiology and public health research to describe the examination of data that contains both geographical and time-based information. In this context, spatio-temporal analysis involves studying how health outcomes or exposures change over time and across different locations.

The goal of spatio-temporal analysis is to identify patterns, trends, and clusters of health events in space and time, which can help inform public health interventions, monitor disease outbreaks, and evaluate the effectiveness of public health policies. For example, spatio-temporal analysis may be used to examine the spread of a infectious disease over time and across different regions, or to assess the impact of environmental exposures on health outcomes in specific communities.

Spatio-temporal analysis typically involves the use of statistical methods and geographic information systems (GIS) tools to visualize and analyze data in a spatially and temporally explicit manner. These methods can help account for confounding factors, such as population density or demographics, that may affect health outcomes and help identify meaningful patterns in complex datasets.

Population surveillance in a public health and medical context refers to the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health-related data for a defined population over time. It aims to monitor the health status, identify emerging health threats or trends, and evaluate the impact of interventions within that population. This information is used to inform public health policy, prioritize healthcare resources, and guide disease prevention and control efforts. Population surveillance can involve various data sources, such as vital records, disease registries, surveys, and electronic health records.

An oocyst is a thick-walled, environmentally resistant spore-like structure produced by some protozoan parasites, such as Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora, during their life cycle. These oocysts can survive for long periods in the environment and can infect a host when ingested, leading to infection and disease. The term "oocyst" is specific to certain groups of protozoan parasites and should not be confused with other types of spores produced by fungi or bacteria.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Laos" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, located in Southeast Asia. If you have any questions about medical terms or health-related topics, I'd be happy to try and help answer them!

To the best of my knowledge, "Côte d'Ivoire" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country, which is officially known as the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire. The country is located in West Africa and is bordered by countries such as Ghana, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Liberia.

Côte d'Ivoire was once a French colony and gained its independence in 1960. The country has a diverse population and a developing economy, with agriculture being a major contributor to its GDP. The capital city of Côte d'Ivoire is Yamoussoukro, while the largest city is Abidjan.

It's important to note that medical terminology and concepts are typically related to anatomy, physiology, diseases, treatments, and other health-related topics. Therefore, it's unlikely that a country name like Côte d'Ivoire would have a direct medical definition or application.

"Plasmodium gallinaceum" is not a medical term per se, but it is a scientific name used in the field of parasitology. It refers to a species of protozoan parasites that belong to the genus Plasmodium, which are known to cause malaria in birds, particularly chickens and turkeys.

The life cycle of "Plasmodium gallinaceum" involves two hosts: an Anopheles mosquito vector and a bird host. When an infected mosquito bites a bird, the parasites enter the bloodstream and infect the red blood cells, where they multiply and cause damage, leading to symptoms of malaria in the bird host.

While "Plasmodium gallinaceum" is not a human pathogen, research on this species has contributed significantly to our understanding of the biology and epidemiology of Plasmodium parasites, including those that cause malaria in humans.

"Eastern Africa" is a geographical term used to describe the eastern portion of the African continent. The United Nations defines Eastern Africa as consisting of the following countries: Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Réunion, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

In a medical context, "Eastern Africa" may be used to describe the epidemiology, distribution, or prevalence of various diseases or health conditions in this region. However, it is important to note that there can be significant variation in health outcomes and healthcare systems within Eastern Africa due to factors such as socioeconomic status, infrastructure, and cultural practices. Therefore, any medical definition of "Eastern Africa" should be used with caution and may require further qualification or specification depending on the context.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Maps as Topic" is not a recognized medical term or concept in the field of medicine. The term "maps" can be used in a medical context to refer to visual representations of data, such as anatomical diagrams or genetic maps. However, without further context, it's difficult to provide a precise definition of "Maps as Topic" in a medical sense.

If you could provide more information about the context in which this term is being used, I may be able to give a more specific and accurate answer.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

"Family characteristics" is a broad term that can refer to various attributes, dynamics, and structures of a family unit. These characteristics can include:

1. Family structure: This refers to the composition of the family, such as whether it is a nuclear family (two parents and their children), single-parent family, extended family, blended family, or same-sex parent family.
2. Family roles: The responsibilities and expectations assigned to each family member, such as caregiver, provider, or decision-maker.
3. Communication patterns: How family members communicate with one another, including frequency, tone, and level of openness.
4. Problem-solving styles: How the family approaches and resolves conflicts and challenges.
5. Cultural and religious practices: The values, traditions, and beliefs that shape the family's identity and worldview.
6. Family functioning: The overall health and effectiveness of the family system, including its ability to adapt to change and support individual members' needs.
7. Attachment styles: The quality and nature of the emotional bonds between family members, which can impact attachment security and relationships throughout life.
8. Parenting style: The approach that parents take in raising their children, such as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, or uninvolved.
9. Family history: Past experiences and events that have shaped the family's development and dynamics.
10. Genetic factors: Inherited traits and predispositions that can influence family members' health, behavior, and personality.

Understanding family characteristics is essential in fields such as medicine, psychology, social work, and counseling, as these factors can significantly impact individual and family well-being.

Trophozoites are the feeding and motile stage in the life cycle of certain protozoa, including those that cause diseases such as amebiasis and malaria. They are typically larger than the cyst stage of these organisms and have a more irregular shape. Trophozoites move by means of pseudopods (false feet) and engulf food particles through a process called phagocytosis. In the case of pathogenic protozoa, this feeding stage is often when they cause damage to host tissues.

In the case of amebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica, trophozoites can invade the intestinal wall and cause ulcers, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain. In malaria, caused by Plasmodium species, trophozoites infect red blood cells and multiply within them, eventually causing their rupture and release of more parasites into the bloodstream, which can lead to severe complications like cerebral malaria or organ failure.

It's important to note that not all protozoa have a trophozoite stage in their life cycle, and some may refer to this feeding stage with different terminology depending on the specific species.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Coinfection is a term used in medicine to describe a situation where a person is infected with more than one pathogen (infectious agent) at the same time. This can occur when a person is infected with two or more viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi. Coinfections can complicate the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, as the symptoms of each infection can overlap and interact with each other.

Coinfections are common in certain populations, such as people who are immunocompromised, have chronic illnesses, or live in areas with high levels of infectious agents. For example, a person with HIV/AIDS may be more susceptible to coinfections with tuberculosis, hepatitis, or pneumocystis pneumonia. Similarly, a person who has recently undergone an organ transplant may be at risk for coinfections with cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, or other opportunistic pathogens.

Coinfections can also occur in people who are otherwise healthy but are exposed to multiple infectious agents at once, such as through travel to areas with high levels of infectious diseases or through close contact with animals that carry infectious agents. For example, a person who travels to a tropical area may be at risk for coinfections with malaria and dengue fever, while a person who works on a farm may be at risk for coinfections with influenza and Q fever.

Effective treatment of coinfections requires accurate diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy for each pathogen involved. In some cases, treating one infection may help to resolve the other, but in other cases, both infections may need to be treated simultaneously to achieve a cure. Preventing coinfections is an important part of infectious disease control, and can be achieved through measures such as vaccination, use of personal protective equipment, and avoidance of high-risk behaviors.

Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb) is the main oxygen-carrying protein in the red blood cells, which are responsible for delivering oxygen throughout the body. It is a complex molecule made up of four globin proteins and four heme groups. Each heme group contains an iron atom that binds to one molecule of oxygen. Hemoglobin plays a crucial role in the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues, and also helps to carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation.

There are several types of hemoglobin present in the human body, including:

* Hemoglobin A (HbA): This is the most common type of hemoglobin, making up about 95-98% of total hemoglobin in adults. It consists of two alpha and two beta globin chains.
* Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2): This makes up about 1.5-3.5% of total hemoglobin in adults. It consists of two alpha and two delta globin chains.
* Hemoglobin F (HbF): This is the main type of hemoglobin present in fetal life, but it persists at low levels in adults. It consists of two alpha and two gamma globin chains.
* Hemoglobin S (HbS): This is an abnormal form of hemoglobin that can cause sickle cell disease when it occurs in the homozygous state (i.e., both copies of the gene are affected). It results from a single amino acid substitution in the beta globin chain.
* Hemoglobin C (HbC): This is another abnormal form of hemoglobin that can cause mild to moderate hemolytic anemia when it occurs in the homozygous state. It results from a different single amino acid substitution in the beta globin chain than HbS.

Abnormal forms of hemoglobin, such as HbS and HbC, can lead to various clinical disorders, including sickle cell disease, thalassemia, and other hemoglobinopathies.

Alpha-thalassemia is a genetic disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. It is caused by deletions or mutations in the genes that produce the alpha-globin chains of hemoglobin.

There are several types of alpha-thalassemia, ranging from mild to severe. The most severe form, called hydrops fetalis, occurs when all four alpha-globin genes are deleted or mutated. This can cause stillbirth or death shortly after birth due to heart failure and severe anemia.

Less severe forms of alpha-thalassemia can cause mild to moderate anemia, which may be asymptomatic or associated with symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and jaundice. These forms of the disorder are more common in people from Mediterranean, Southeast Asian, and African backgrounds.

Treatment for alpha-thalassemia depends on the severity of the condition and may include blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy, or occasionally stem cell transplantation.

I apologize, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or condition. It is the largest country in both South America and Latin America by land area and population. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, please provide more information and I will do my best to help.

'Azure stains' is a term used in pathology to describe a histological staining technique that uses a type of dye called methyl blue, which turns the stained structures a blue-purple color. This technique is often used to stain acid mucins, which are found in various types of tissues and can be indicative of certain medical conditions.

In particular, azure stains are sometimes used to help diagnose certain types of cancer, such as mucoepidermoid carcinoma, a type of salivary gland tumor that produces acid mucins. The staining technique can help pathologists identify the presence and distribution of these mucins within the tumor cells, which can aid in making an accurate diagnosis and determining the best course of treatment.

It's worth noting that there are several different types of histological stains that use various dyes to highlight different structures or features within tissues. Azure stains are just one example of these techniques, and they are typically used in conjunction with other staining methods to provide a comprehensive picture of the tissue being examined.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rwanda" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in East Africa. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them for you.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Venezuela" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in South America, known officially as the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. If you have any questions about medical terms or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a genetic disorder that affects the normal functioning of an enzyme called G6PD. This enzyme is found in red blood cells and plays a crucial role in protecting them from damage.

In people with G6PD deficiency, the enzyme's activity is reduced or absent, making their red blood cells more susceptible to damage and destruction, particularly when they are exposed to certain triggers such as certain medications, infections, or foods. This can lead to a condition called hemolysis, where the red blood cells break down prematurely, leading to anemia, jaundice, and in severe cases, kidney failure.

G6PD deficiency is typically inherited from one's parents in an X-linked recessive pattern, meaning that males are more likely to be affected than females. While there is no cure for G6PD deficiency, avoiding triggers and managing symptoms can help prevent complications.

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's side of the placenta contains many tiny blood vessels that connect to the baby's circulatory system. This allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother's and baby's blood. After the baby is born, the placenta is usually expelled from the uterus in a process called afterbirth.

"Plasmodium cynomolgi" is a species of protozoan parasite belonging to the genus Plasmodium, which causes malaria in certain primates. It's primarily found in macaque monkeys in Southeast Asia and is transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes.

While it mainly affects non-human primates, it can occasionally infect humans through a process called zoonosis. In rare cases, it can cause mild to severe malaria-like symptoms in humans, similar to those caused by Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium falciparum, the species that commonly infect humans.

The life cycle of Plasmodium cynomolgi involves two hosts: the mosquito and the primate. The parasite reproduces asexually in the liver cells and red blood cells of the infected host, leading to the characteristic symptoms of malaria such as fever, chills, anemia, and splenomegaly (enlarged spleen).

Research on Plasmodium cynomolgi is important for understanding the biology and epidemiology of malaria parasites, as well as for developing new strategies for preventing and treating this widespread infectious disease.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.

In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.

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The malaria therapy (or malaria inoculation, and sometimes malariotherapy) is an archaic medical procedure of treating diseases ... In malaria therapy, malarial parasites (Plasmodium) are specifically used to cause fever, and an elevated body temperature ... He understood and reported on the value of malaria and typhoid in the treatment of mental disease. He was the first to ... As the primary disease is treated, the malaria is then cured using antimalarial drugs. The method was developed by Austrian ...
As research on human malaria parasites became difficult, Dr. Ross studied avian malaria parasites. Co-speciation and host ... Valkiūnas, Gediminas; Iezhova, Tatjana A. (2018-05-29). "Keys to the avian malaria parasites". Malaria Journal. BioMed Central ... there is no specific phylogeny for avian malaria parasites and related haemosporidian parasites. However, given that malaria ... Avian malaria is most notably caused by Plasmodium relictum, a protist that infects birds in all parts of the world apart from ...
"RTS,S malaria candidate vaccine reduces malaria by approximately one-third in African infants". malariavaccine.org. Malaria ... "Malaria Vaccines". PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Malaria Vaccine Initiative Malaria vaccines UK Gates Foundation ... Malaria vaccines are vaccines that prevent malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease which annually affects an estimated 247 ... The vaccine reduces hospital admissions from severe malaria by around 30%. RTS,S was developed by PATH Malaria Vaccine ...
P37.3) Congenital falciparum malaria (P37.4) Other congenital malaria (Congenital disorders, Malaria). ... "Prevalence of congenital malaria in high-risk Ghanaian newborns: a cross-sectional study". Malaria Journal. 12 (1): 17. doi: ... Congenital malaria is an extremely rare condition which occurs due to transplacental transmission of maternal infection. ...
... is a nonprofit organization that seeks to eradicate malaria. The organization has offices in the United States ... Since Malaria No More's inception - at the White House event that launched the U.S. President's Malaria Initiative in 2006 - ... Malaria No More has worked to mobilize political commitment, funding and innovation, with the goal of "ending malaria within ... Malaria No More's official Website Forecasting Healthy Futures Twittering for a Good Cause, CNN, April 17, 2009 Big Guns Enter ...
Although still below target levels, current malaria interventions have substantially reduced malaria disease incidence across ... "The Malaria Atlas Project: Developing Global Maps of Malaria Risk". PLOS Medicine. PLOS. 3 (12): e473. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed ... "A new world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2010". Malaria Journal. 10 (378): 378. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10- ... The Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) is a nonprofit academic group led by Peter Gething, Kerry M Stokes Chair in Child Health, at ...
Malaria is a 1919 German silent film directed by Rochus Gliese and starring Lyda Salmonova, Emil Kühne, and Ewald Bach. Lyda ... Malaria at IMDb v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, IMDb ID same as Wikidata ...
Malaria at IMDb v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, IMDb ID same as Wikidata ... Malaria is a 1943 French drama film directed by Jean Gourguet and starring Mireille Balin, Sessue Hayakawa and Jacques Dumesnil ...
World Swim Against Malaria Against Malaria Foundation GiveWell's assessment of the Against Malaria Foundation. Includes ... "Trustees". Against Malaria Foundation. Retrieved 8 March 2021. "Malaria Advisory Group". Against Malaria Foundation. Retrieved ... "Against Malaria: $500,000,000 raised!". The Against Malaria Foundation. Retrieved 2023-03-12. Official website "Against Malaria ... "History". Against Malaria Foundation. Retrieved February 19, 2017. "THE AGAINST MALARIA FOUNDATION - Charity 1105319". register ...
... in an endemic malaria vector. Malaria was effectively eliminated in the United States by the use of DDT in the National Malaria ... Malaria and the Fall of Rome Malaria Around the North Sea Malariasite: History Centers for Disease Control: History of Malaria ... The name malaria is derived from mal aria ('bad air' in Medieval Italian). This idea came from the Ancient Romans, who thought ... The presence of malaria in Egypt from circa 800 BC onwards has been confirmed using DNA-based methods. Malaria became widely ...
... "seeks to educate people about the scourge of Malaria and the political economy of malaria control". The organization generally ... Africa Fighting Malaria (AFM) was an NGO based in Washington D.C., United States and South Africa which stated that it " ... "Africa Fighting Malaria - Funding". Archived from the original on 2007-03-06. Retrieved 2016-05-16. Bate R, Tren R, Mooney L, ... The AFM website republishes articles by AFM on a variety of topics, as well as articles on malaria from other sources. On its ...
Epidemiology and Control of Malaria in Palestine The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria in Palestine Local Malaria Elimination ... A contribution to the epidemiology of malaria". Am. J. Hyg. 6: 431-449. Kligler, I.J.; Mer, G. (1930). "Studies on malaria: V. ... Israel Jacob Kligler was a microbiologist, a Zionist, and a key contributor to the eradication of malaria in Israel. Malaria ... Kligler lectured on the war against malaria in Mandatory Palestine at the first international malaria conference held in Rome ...
To achieve the malaria control objective, AMI created the following set of goals and priorities. Ensure malaria control ... "Malaria in the Americas". paho.org. Retrieved 26 June 2014. "Combating Malaria" (PDF). NAPSA. Minsa (November 7, 2008). "Casos ... Cibulskis, Roll Back Malaria Partnership; [co-authored by Richard; Szilagyi], Zsofia (2012). Defeating malaria in Asia, the ... The Americas plan of action includes a 75% reduction in malaria morbidity as well as 25% reduction in malaria related deaths by ...
In 2008, among the studies performed were the effectiveness of different types of Malaria vaccines in high and low malaria ... "Open Malaria" which can be used to simulate outcomes in various types of malaria transmission settings. On 21 June 2016, ... The model simulates malaria infection in 50,000 to 100,000 people. Each work unit lasted for an hour in average personal ... "Open Malaria releases". GitHub. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017. Maire (21 June 2016). " ...
Roll Back Malaria, and Global Fund. Global malaria efforts, including those of PMI, have cut malaria mortality by over 60%, ... The President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) is a U.S. Government initiative to control and eliminate malaria, one of the leading ... "The President's Malaria Initiative and Other U.S. Government Global Malaria Efforts". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. ... "About , PMI". President's Malaria Initiative. "The President's Malaria Initiative, 12th Annual Report to Congress" (PDF). PMI. ...
... stratifying the country into malaria epidemiologic clusters based on the intensity of malaria transmission. Malaria control and ... Despite recent progress, malaria in Madagascar remains a major health problem, and severe malaria is among the top five causes ... From 2003 to 2013, there were clear impacts observed from malaria control program investments, including decreases in malaria ... Malaria epidemiology varies considerably in different regions of Madagascar; however, the entire population is considered to be ...
... (INM) is a comprehensive anti-malaria campaign run by The United Methodist Church. The ministry mission ... As a life-saving ministry, Imagine No Malaria aims to raise $75 million to empower the people of Africa to overcome malaria's ... Tuberculosis and Malaria, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Red Crescent Society. The Imagine No Malaria campaign has ... Imagine No Malaria works in partnership with the United Nations Foundation and the Global Fund to reduce the number of deaths ...
ISBN 978-0-595-40731-6. Malaria: Past and Present The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease History of Malaria: Scientific ... Thus the theory became the foundation of malariology and the strategy of control of malaria. Malaria was prevalent in the Roman ... It was from those Romans the name "malaria" originated. They called it malaria (literally meaning "bad air") as they believed ... The theory proposed that malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes, in opposition to the centuries-old medical dogma that malaria ...
"CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Where Malaria Occurs". www.cdc.gov. CDC-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. ... "Pregnancy-associated malaria and malaria in infants: an old problem with present consequences". Malaria Journal. 13 (1): 271. ... Pregnancy-associated malaria (PAM) or placental malaria is a presentation of the common illness that is particularly life- ... January 2020). "Vivax malaria in pregnancy and lactation: a long way to health equity". Malaria Journal. 19 (1): 40. doi: ...
Malaria'". Screen Daily. Retrieved 21 October 2016. Vladimir Kozlov (15 October 2016). "Parviz Shahbazi's 'Malaria' Wins Grand ... Malaria at IMDb v t e v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, 2016 films, ... Malaria (Persian: مالاریا) is a 2016 Iranian drama film written and directed by Parviz Shahbazi. It world premiered in the ...
... WHO website Roll Back Malaria Partnership - World Malaria Day MALARIA.com - World Malaria Day WHO Global ... World Malaria Day 2019-2020-2021: "Zero malaria starts with me" World Malaria Day 2018: "Ready to beat malaria" World Malaria ... World Malaria Day 2013-2015 web site World Malaria Day 2012 web site World Malaria Day 2011 web site World Malaria Day 2009- ... African Malaria Summit ExxonMobil, Commemorating World Malaria Day 2013. Malaria No More UK, World Malaria Day. Archived 2013- ...
Red Pages Malaria Information and Prophylaxis, by Country. ... CDC and Malariaplus icon *The History of Malaria. *CDCs ... Malaria Information and Prophylaxis by Country Country. Areas with Malaria. Drug Resistance2. Malaria Species3. Recommended ... 2. Refers to P. falciparum malaria unless otherwise noted.. 3. Estimates of malaria species are based on best available data ... www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/index.html. 7. P. knowlesi is a malaria species with a simian host (macaque). Human cases have ...
Malaria. Figure 1. Figure 1. Health state transition diagrams for A) malaria, B) HIV/AIDS, and C) tuberculosis models for ... Because malaria may be highly seasonal in some West Africa countries, future studies should account for seasonality in malaria ... To evaluate the death rate of malaria, we developed a model (Figure 1, panel A) that projects the impact of malaria among ... Protective efficacy of malaria case management and intermittent preventive treatment for preventing malaria mortality in ...
Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite transmitted by mosquitoes. It is a major cause of death worldwide. Find out about ... Malaria (American Academy of Family Physicians) Also in Spanish * Malaria (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious ... Malaria is a serious disease caused by a parasite. You get it when an infected mosquito bites you. Malaria is a major cause of ... However, you can treat malaria with drugs. The type of drug depends on which kind of malaria you have and where you were ...
Malaria is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by infection with Plasmodium protozoa transmitted by an infective ... Malaria Differential Diagnosis. Malaria is the most common life-threatening cause of fever in a returning traveler from malaria ... Performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests as part of routine malaria case management in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Mar ... Malaria rapid diagnostic test performance. Results of WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: Round 8 (2016-2018). who.int. ...
Plasmodium vivax malaria in the United States since 2003. ... including potentially taking malaria prophylaxis. Malaria is a ... although the risk for autochthonous malaria in the United States remains very low. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of malaria ... Prompt diagnosis and treatment of persons with malaria and reporting of cases to health departments and CDC is important to ... Eight cases of autochthonous malaria were reported to CDC by state health departments in Florida (seven) and Texas (one) during ...
Cryptic Malaria No cases of cryptic malaria were reported for 1992 (6). Induced Malaria The following three cases of blood ... Imported Malaria Cases Imported Malaria in Military Personnel Twenty-nine cases of imported malaria in U.S. military personnel ... Microscopic Diagnosis of Malaria The early diagnosis of malaria requires that physicians consider malaria in the differential ... Malaria Acquired in the United States Congenital Malaria The following four cases of congenitally acquired malaria were ...
... malaria - Sharing our stories on preparing for and responding to public health events ...
The WHO African Region continues to bear the brunt of the global burden of malaria. In 2015, 88% of global cases and 90% of ... both in terms of total malaria cases and malaria deaths. In 2017, there were an estimated 219 million cases of malaria ... WHO Guidelines for malaria: the Guidelines provide WHOs most up-to-date recommendations for malaria in one easy-to-navigate ... World malaria report 2019. Overview The World malaria report 2019 provides a comprehensive update on global and regional ...
Malaria is a medical emergency and should be treated accordingly. Patients suspected of having malaria should be urgently ... If malaria blood smear or RDT results are not readily available, patients in whom malaria is suspected should be referred to a ... An algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of malaria is available here.. *Patients suspected of having malaria should be ... Treatment recommendations for malaria vary by species and severity. Please refer to CDCs Malaria Diagnosis and Treatment ...
WHO site on malaria CDC site on malaria PAHO site on malaria Portal: Medicine (CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2023, CS1 ... "Malaria Worldwide - How Can Malaria Cases and Deaths Be Reduced? - Drug resistance in the Malaria Endemic World". Centers for ... Severe malaria is usually caused by P. falciparum (often referred to as falciparum malaria). Symptoms of falciparum malaria ... "CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Malaria Transmission in the United States". CDC-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ...
Events and meetings related to Malaria control and elimination programme of the WHO Regional Office for the Eastern ... Malaria control and elimination , Events and meetings Section menu. You are here. *Malaria control and elimination*About the ... Intercountry meeting of national malaria programme managers from HANMAT and PIAM-net countries, 21-22 February 2013. ... Regional workshop on strengthening quality management systems for parasitological diagnosis of malaria, Muscat, Oman, 17-21 ...
People with malaria often experience fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Left untreated, they may develop severe complications ... Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by a parasite. ... About Malaria. FAQs, Malaria the Disease, Where Malaria Occurs ... Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by a parasite. People with malaria often experience fever, chills, and flu-like ... About 2,000 cases of malaria are diagnosed in the United States each year. The vast majority of cases in the United States are ...
Mark Autoantibodies against red blood cell antigens are common in a Malaria endemic area Saleh, Bandar Hasan LU ; Lugaajju, ... Mark Anti-phosphatidylserine antibody levels are low in multigravid pregnant women in a malaria-endemic area in Nigeria, and do ... Mark Osteopontin and malaria : no direct effect on parasite growth, but correlation with P. falciparum-specific B cells and ... BAFF in a malaria endemic area Mortazavi, Susanne E. LU ; Lugaajju, Allan LU ; Kaddumukasa, Mark ; Tijani, Muyideen Kolapo LU ...
The type of drugs prescribed, and length of treatment depend on • the type of malaria • the geographic location where the ... Starting treatment immediately is the best way to treat malaria and prevent serious and life-threatening issues. ... See a healthcare provider if you are sick and are or have recently been in an area where malaria is widespread. ... Patients in the U.S. are typically hospitalized for malaria treatment.. Treatment options. Healthcare providers can refer to ...
... research teams have found that fungi can kill mosquitoes or reduce the efficiency with which they transmit the malaria parasite ... Four things to know about malaria cases in the United States By Erin Garcia de Jesús. June 30, 2023. ... Losing amphibians may be tied to spikes in human malaria cases By Aimee Cunningham. October 5, 2022. ...
A vaccine against the parasitic disease malaria cut illnesses by more than half in field trials and could be safely given with ... MALARIA VACCINE….My morning paper reports some spectacularly good news for Africa: ... Malaria kills nearly 1 million people each year and sickens about 2 million others, according to estimates from the World ... A vaccine against the parasitic disease malaria cut illnesses by more than half in field trials and could be safely given with ...
After having contracted malaria the subjects were treated with various drugs to test their relative efficacy. Over 1,000 ... treatment of malaria. Healthy concentration-camp inmates were infected by mosquitoes or by injections of extracts of the mucous ...
Children in Uganda who contract malaria recover faster with a drug based on artemisinin, derived from Chinese wormwood, than ... A malaria vaccine with live parasites shows promise in a small trial By Erin Garcia de Jesús. June 30, 2021. ... A shot of immune proteins may protect against malaria for months By Aimee Cunningham. August 3, 2022. ... Treating mosquitoes may be a new way to fight malaria By Aimee Cunningham. February 27, 2019. ...
Researchers managed to set larger groups of malaria parasites into motion and to analyze the acquired image data. The ... Open Data on Malaria Genomes Will Help Combat Drug Resistance. Feb. 24, 2021 Genome variation data on more than 7,000 malaria ... Malaria parasites form vortices. Date:. May 13, 2022. Source:. Heidelberg University. Summary:. Researchers managed to set ... The disease of malaria is triggered by single-celled parasites that accumulate in large groups in the salivary glands of ...
Malaria is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by infection with Plasmodium protozoa transmitted by an infective ... Performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests as part of routine malaria case management in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Mar ... Malaria rapid diagnostic test performance. Results of WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: Round 8 (2016-2018). who.int. ... Doxycycline is used for malaria prophylaxis or treatment. When it is administered for treatment of P falciparum malaria, this ...
... a malaria-endemic country or malaria endemic area. "The recommendations in this guidance for screening blood donors for malaria ... How will I know when there is a new malaria risk?. *AABB alerts members of new malaria outbreaks through the AABB Weekly Report ... Malaria Information and Prophylaxis, by Country. *Yellow Book Homepage-Chapter 3 Yellow Fever & Malaria Information, by Country ... CDC - 2023 Review of Malaria Diagnosis and Treatment in the US. CDC-Malaria ...
Malaria Technical Advisory Group. Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme Mass drug administration for falciparum malaria: a ... Reaching the zero malaria target. Although malaria is both preventable and treatable, it continues to have devastating health ... In the 6 countries of the subregion, the reported number of malaria cases fell by 97% between 2000 and 2020. Malaria deaths ... Vaccines against malaria. RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S) is the first and, to date, the only vaccine to show that it can significantly ...
... which causes the most dangerous form of malaria, is now becoming resistant to the most effective malaria drug, and the ... FILE - A government health worker takes a blood sample from a woman to be tested for malaria in Ta Gay Laung village hall in ... Drug-resistant malaria superbugs are emerging in Southeast Asia, threatening worldwide control efforts, according to the ... FILE - Two children stricken with malaria rest at the local hospital in the small village of Walikale, Congo. ...
Chloroquine-sensitive falciparum malaria can be treated with a course of chloroquine. Vivax and all other types of malaria ... The treatment of malaria. Br Med J 1976; 1 :323 doi:10.1136/bmj.1.6005.323 ... Quinine, by intravenous infusion, is the most effective drug for severe falciparum malaria. The optimum intravenous dose varies ... Intravenous fluid input should be controlled in falciparum malaria to prevent pulmonary oedema. Established renal failure is ...
The researchers found malaria burden is low in residential areas and high in areas with flooded rice fields, suggesting that ... "We can predict which villages will have the most malaria cases, even when these villages are only a few miles apart," said ... They built upon a previous Stanford-led study that looked at malaria incidence data collected by health care centers in the ... The analysis was able to predict relatively well which villages were going to be hit the hardest with malaria. In fact, the ...
The governments commitment to eradicating malaria by 2024 is facing a tough challenge. The infection rate this year is 2.5 ... Educational material about malaria. The governments commitment to eradicating malaria by 2024 is facing a tough challenge. The ... She said the department and its alliances set up the Malaria Post project to open malaria clinics and recruit volunteers to ... has recommended the use of malaria vaccine RTS,S on children living in malaria-endemic areas in Africa. ...
Research are developing strategies to fight malaria by researching the transmitters (malaria mosquitos) and pathogen. ... How a full malaria mosquito escapes its victim unnoticed. - Malaria mosquitos apply an ingenious technique to get away from ... Malaria. Scientists of Wageningen University & Research are developing strategies to fight malaria by researching the ... New trap eliminates more malaria mosquitoes. - A new trap that emits heat and humidity catches over four times more malaria ...
Anopheles mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting human malaria parasites that cause an estimated 200 million cases and ... Genomes of malaria-carrying mosquitoes sequenced. Date:. November 27, 2014. Source:. University of Notre Dame. Summary:. ... Malaria parasites are transmitted to humans by only a few dozen of the many hundreds of species of Anopheles mosquitoes, and of ... "Genomes of malaria-carrying mosquitoes sequenced." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com. /. releases. /. 2014. /. 11. /. ...
  • Determinants of relapse periodicity in Plasmodium vivax malaria. (medscape.com)
  • Eight cases of locally acquired, mosquito-transmitted (i.e., autochthonous) Plasmodium vivax malaria, which has not been reported in the United States since 2003, were reported to CDC from state health departments in Florida and Texas during May 18-July 17, 2023. (medscape.com)
  • Problem/Condition: Malaria is caused by one of four species of Plasmodium (i.e. (cdc.gov)
  • Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. (who.int)
  • CDC is collaborating with two U.S. state health departments with ongoing investigations of locally acquired mosquito-transmitted Plasmodium vivax malaria cases. (cdc.gov)
  • Human malaria is caused by single-celled microorganisms of the Plasmodium group. (wikipedia.org)
  • During that time, 329 came down with malaria caused by the protozoan Plasmodium falciparum . (sciencenews.org)
  • In an interdisciplinary study together with Prof. Dr Friedrich Frischknecht (malaria research) and Prof. Dr Karl Rohr (biomedical image analysis), he has shown that collective movement can also occur in Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention expanded its malaria chemoprophylaxis recommendation for travelers to Costa Rica in response to an outbreak of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. (aabb.org)
  • She said her research team is now conducting a laboratory test for an mRNA-based malaria vaccine against the parasite Plasmodium vivax , which is mostly found in Asia and Latin America. (bangkokpost.com)
  • Malaria is caused by single-celled parasites of the genus Plasmodium that belong to the Sporozoa. (wur.nl)
  • NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - The severity of malaria infections caused by Plasmodium falciparum in African children appears to be partly influenced by a locus falling near genes coding for glycophorin proteins involved in red blood cell invasion. (genomeweb.com)
  • Malaria is a disease that develops from the bite of a mosquito carrying the Plasmodium parasite. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as abdominal pain and diarrhea, are frequently observed in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. (nature.com)
  • Malaria caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium is the most prevalent infectious disease in tropical and subtropical regions. (nature.com)
  • Identifying this male-specific insect steroid hormone and its roles in regulating female sexual receptivity, fertility and interactions with Plasmodium parasites suggests the possibility for reducing the reproductive success of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes. (nature.com)
  • Kato, Comer and colleagues screened more than 100,000 molecules against a strain of Plasmodium falciparum , the most lethal malaria-causing parasite in humans. (popsci.com)
  • Within the next few months, we expect to learn the results of a large-scale clinical trial in Africa of a candidate malaria vaccine known as RTS,S. We all hope that an effective vaccine that confers protection against the most deadly type of disease, Plasmodium falciparum malaria, soon will be available. (nih.gov)
  • The emergence and spread of Plasmodium falciparum artemisinin-resistant Pfkelch13 mutants is a major and growing threat to malaria elimination in Southeast Asia. (pasteur.fr)
  • Her team determined that Plasmodium species, including P. falciparum, one of five protozoa that cause malaria and the one that accounts for more than 90% of mortality associated with malaria, relies exclusively on pyrimidine biosynthesis to provide precursors for DNA and RNA synthesis, so blocking pyrimidine biosynthesis can selectively kill the parasite without damaging other critical cells. (asbmb.org)
  • In laboratory tests the new experimental anti-malarial drug, NITD609, which belongs to a new class of compounds called spiroindolones, killed the two most common parasites responsible for malaria, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, including a range of drug-resistant strains. (swissinfo.ch)
  • Malaria is infection of red blood cells with one of five species of the protozoa Plasmodium . (msdmanuals.com)
  • Malaria is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by infection with Plasmodium protozoa transmitted by an infective female Anopheles mosquito. (medscape.com)
  • In malaria -endemic regions, infection with the malaria parasite Plasmodium during pregnancy has been identified as a key modifiable factor in preterm birth , the delivery of low- birthweight infants , and stillbirth . (bvsalud.org)
  • Response to the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa overwhelmed the healthcare systems of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, reducing access to health services for diagnosis and treatment for the major diseases that are endemic to the region: malaria, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. (cdc.gov)
  • The 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa debilitated the healthcare systems of affected countries, hampering diagnosis and treatment for endemic diseases such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis (TB) ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Malaria, HIV/AIDS, and TB are 3 of the most prevalent infectious diseases in West Africa (5). (cdc.gov)
  • The number of reported malaria cases that had been acquired in Africa by U.S. civilians decreased 38%, primarily because the number of P. falciparum cases declined. (cdc.gov)
  • The long lifespan and strong human-biting habit of the Anopheles species that carry malaria are the main reasons for the high incidence of malaria in Africa. (who.int)
  • Worldwide, more than 240 million cases of malaria occur each year (95% in Africa). (cdc.gov)
  • Almost all cases of malaria in the United States are imported and occur in people traveling from countries with malaria transmission , many from sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2020 an estimated 241 million cases of malaria occurred worldwide and 627,000 people died, mostly children in sub-Saharan Africa. (cdc.gov)
  • The vast majority of cases in the United States are in travelers and immigrants returning from countries where malaria transmission occurs, many from sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. (cdc.gov)
  • Children in Uganda recover from malaria faster when taking an herb-based combination therapy than when given standard drugs, solidifying the herbal drugs as frontline treatments for malaria in Africa. (sciencenews.org)
  • Its burden falls hardest on people living in impoverished communities in Africa, where children under 5 accounted for about 80% of all malaria deaths in 2021. (stanford.edu)
  • Meanwhile, research professor Jetsumon Sattabongkot Prachumsri, director of the Mahidol Vivax Research Unit of the Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, said the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended the use of malaria vaccine RTS,S on children living in malaria-endemic areas in Africa. (bangkokpost.com)
  • It acts against P. falciparum , the most deadly malaria parasite globally and the most prevalent in Africa. (bvsalud.org)
  • Drug-resistant strains of malaria have spread before from Asia into Africa, killing millions, according to the authors. (voanews.com)
  • Thus, although about half the world's human population is at risk of malaria, most fatalities occur in sub-Saharan Africa, home of the major vector species, Anopheles gambiae . (sciencedaily.com)
  • Uganda has one of the highest rates of malaria in Africa, with some 100,000 deaths, mostly pregnant women and children under 5, and 16 million cases a year, according to the country's Ministry of Health. (voanews.com)
  • The disease kills at least 1 million people every year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, and simply taking cheap pills like ASAQ combined with sleeping under mosquito nets can reduce the incidence of malaria by 97 percent. (foreignpolicy.com)
  • The protective, derived version of the allele at this locus was more common in East Africa, the study's authors noted, and showed the most pronounced ties to malaria in the Kenyan population. (genomeweb.com)
  • JCFF funding enables this newly published title to reach scientists, clinicians and care-givers throughout malaria-endemic areas such as Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America. (eurekalert.org)
  • The Foundation works closely with other funding organizations, governments and local grassroots organizations in "last mile" communities to eliminate malaria in sub-Saharan Africa and support recent parolees in Harlem, New York with returning to their communities. (eurekalert.org)
  • Malaria kills over 600,000 people a year - most of whom are young children in sub-Saharan Africa. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Importantly, this gene family has also been associated with resistance in the other major malaria-causing mosquito strain in Africa, suggesting that a well-designed insecticide could make a big impact in tackling the disease. (nbcnews.com)
  • The ability of males to synthesize and transfer 20E has evolved specifically in a subset of Anopheles species from the Cellia subgenus 7 , which populates Africa and comprises the most dangerous malaria vectors, including Anopheles gambiae 5 . (nature.com)
  • Many malaria cases occur in people who have traveled to developing countries (especially Africa). (healthwise.net)
  • In Africa alone, where 90 percent of all malaria-related deaths occur, there has been a 69 percent reduction in malaria mortality among children under the age of five. (ipsnews.net)
  • Decreases in cases of malaria occurred in all affected regions, with the greatest decline in the number of malaria deaths occurring in Africa. (nih.gov)
  • Martin lived and worked in West Africa as Malaria No More's Director of New Programs, where he helped lead innovative net distribution, testing and education campaigns with Youssou N'Dour, government officials, and media partners in Senegal, Cameroon, Tanzania, Nigeria, and Chad. (malarianomore.org)
  • If approved, the vaccine has the potential to save millions of lives and significantly reduce the burden of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, where the disease is most prevalent. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Malaria affects between 250-500 million people annually and kills nearly a million a year, mostly young children and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. (swissinfo.ch)
  • A malaria vaccine for children is available in sub-Saharan Africa and other areas with high transmission rates. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In 2020, there were an estimated 241 million cases of malaria, with 95% of them in Africa (see 2021 World Malaria Report ). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Malaria remains one of the world's leading killer diseases with most of these deaths being in Africa. (who.int)
  • Malaria is a serious disease caused by a parasite. (medlineplus.gov)
  • WHO recommends that all suspected cases of malaria be confirmed using parasite-based diagnostic testing. (who.int)
  • The parasite is transmitted to humans via anopheles (malaria mosquitoes). (wur.nl)
  • Researchers reporting in the journal The Lancet Infectious Diseases found that a lineage of the P. falciparum parasite, which causes the most dangerous form of malaria, is now becoming resistant to the most effective malaria drug, and the resistance is spreading. (voanews.com)
  • After accounting for known malaria risky loci and other potential confounders such as parasite diversity, they narrowed in on a suspicious new chromosome 4 site falling between the FREM3 gene and the GYPE, GYPB, and GYPA genes, which code for glycophorin proteins expressed in the red blood cell membrane. (genomeweb.com)
  • The malaria parasite is carried by the female mosquito, the most common one being Anopheles gambiae . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • it depends on parasite growth and host immunity to malaria parasites. (nature.com)
  • Therefore, the elucidation of host protective mechanisms against malaria and parasite-host interactions is essential to strategies to control malaria, including vaccine development. (nature.com)
  • We also found that mice infected with the rodent malaria parasite P. yoelii 17XNL succumbed to otherwise non-lethal infection when mice were co-infected with an intestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus 10 . (nature.com)
  • Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite that can infect people's red blood cells. (healthwise.net)
  • P. falciparum, the most lethal malaria-causing parasite, in a blood smear. (popsci.com)
  • Details of those tested positive would be given to the corporation personnel, who will be uploading it to the MCC Malaria Control Software for follow-up action for preventing breeding of malaria parasite carrying mosquitoes. (thehindu.com)
  • Identifying the sources and sinks of imported infections due to human travel and locating high-risk sites of parasite importation could greatly improve malaria control programs. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we use spatially explicit mobile phone data and malaria prevalence information from Kenya to identify the dynamics of human carriers that drive parasite importation between regions. (nih.gov)
  • Worldwide, the human malaria parasite is endemic in 87 countries, putting 2.5 billion people in many of the poorest nations of the tropics at risk for the disease. (asbmb.org)
  • Phillips' malarial research, begun in 2003, first resulted in DSM265, a compound that was initially shown to cure malaria in a single dose and had promise as a preventive treatment, providing validation of her approach in targeting parasite metabolism. (asbmb.org)
  • Anthony Fauci, director of the American National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said the experimental compound had several "desirable features," including that it targets a parasite protein not attacked by any existing malaria drugs. (swissinfo.ch)
  • The potential new breakthrough is timely as it has been more than a decade since a new class of malaria drugs began to be widely used and the parasite has demonstrated an ability to outwit existing anti-malaria treatments. (swissinfo.ch)
  • Prompt diagnosis and treatment of malaria can prevent severe disease or death and limit ongoing transmission to local Anopheles mosquitoes and other persons. (medscape.com)
  • Preventing mosquito bites and controlling mosquitoes at home can prevent mosquitoborne diseases, including malaria. (medscape.com)
  • The disease of malaria is triggered by single-celled parasites that accumulate in large groups in the salivary glands of mosquitoes before transmission to human beings. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The use of insecticides against mosquitoes, and drugs to treat infection, continue to form the mainstays of malaria control programmes, but the long. (wur.nl)
  • Anopheles mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting human malaria parasites that cause an estimated 200 million cases and more than 600 thousand deaths each year. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Malaria parasites are transmitted to humans by only a few dozen of the many hundreds of species of Anopheles mosquitoes, and of these, only a handful are highly efficient disease-vectors. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The hybrid is a cross between two species of malaria-carrying mosquitoes - Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Researchers say they have identified genes that make some African malaria-carrying mosquitoes resistant to insecticide. (nbcnews.com)
  • Researchers say they have identified genes that make some African malaria-carrying mosquitoes resistant to insecticide, and hope the breakthrough could boost efforts to prevent the deadly disease. (nbcnews.com)
  • Killing mosquitoes with insecticides is one way to prevent malaria but finding potent, low-cost chemicals safe for humans is difficult, Wondji and his colleagues said. (nbcnews.com)
  • The researchers think this may have something to do with habitat preferences of larval Nyssorhynchus darlingi mosquitoes, which are the primary malaria vectors in the regions they studied. (mongabay.com)
  • Likely in this condition, vector proliferation, presence of a small human population and small number of domestic animals that could represent additional source of blood for mosquitoes, are not stable and in sufficient number to sustain a large [mosquito] population and malaria transmission," lead author Leonardo Suveges Moreira Chaves told Mongabay. (mongabay.com)
  • The authors also write that forest fragmentation may help malaria-carrying mosquitoes spread to other areas after they metamorphose into adults. (mongabay.com)
  • Malaria cases and deaths are once more on the rise 4 owing to several factors including widespread insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes, which are the only vectors for human malaria parasites. (nature.com)
  • On the island of Zanzibar, off the coast of Mozambique, high-tech drones are being used to spray a silicone-based liquid gel (Aquatain) in endemic areas where malaria-carrying mosquitoes lay eggs, and where there are large concentrations of stagnant water. (who.int)
  • There are four different types of malaria caused by four related parasites. (medlineplus.gov)
  • History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors. (medscape.com)
  • Artemisinin is made from the leaves of the Chinese wormwood shrub (SN: 2/7/04, p. 94) , and the drugs artesunate and artemether are derivatives known to kill the parasites that cause malaria. (sciencenews.org)
  • Researchers managed to set larger groups of malaria parasites into motion and to analyze the acquired image data. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The new treatment is effective against malaria-causing parasites in all stages of development, scientists reported September 7 in Nature . (popsci.com)
  • As malaria parasites develop resistance to existing drugs, researchers have been looking for new treatments. (popsci.com)
  • Recently, NIH grantees identified a novel compound http://www.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/2010/Pages/malariaDrug.aspx that rids mice of malaria-causing parasites with a single oral dose. (nih.gov)
  • NIH-funded researchers recently identified a genetically modified fungus http://www.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/2011/Pages/MalariaFungi.aspx that blocks development of malaria parasites in the mosquito and thereby interrupts malaria transmission. (nih.gov)
  • With new cases of malaria being reported in Texas and Florida, researchers at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center continue to explore compounds for more effective drug-resistant therapies and biological targets to interfere with the parasites that spread the potentially fatal disease. (asbmb.org)
  • Phillips' team has been instrumental in investigating inhibitors for DHODH (dihydroorotate dehydrogenase), one of the most promising malaria drug targets for their ability to kill drug-resistant malaria parasites and halt their ability to replicate. (asbmb.org)
  • In 2021, some 247 million cases of malaria worldwide resulted in an estimated 619,000 deaths, with 77 percent being 5 years old or less. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to the World Health Organization, there were 212 million cases of malaria globally in 2015, resulting in 429,000 deaths. (voanews.com)
  • In 2015, 214 million cases of malaria infection were reported, leading to the deaths of over 470,000 people. (ipsnews.net)
  • Individuals can take steps to prevent mosquito bites and control mosquitos at home to prevent malaria and other mosquito-borne illnesses. (cdc.gov)
  • Several medications are available to prevent malaria for travellers in areas where the disease is common. (wikipedia.org)
  • To make continued progress and achieve long-term GMAP goals, we must build a sustainable pipeline of new products, novel interventions and innovative strategies to diagnose, treat and prevent malaria as well as interrupt its transmission. (nih.gov)
  • Eliminating mosquito breeding areas, killing larvae in standing water, preventing mosquito bites, and taking preventive medications before traveling to affected areas can help prevent malaria. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Nearly half of the world's population was at risk of malaria - an acute febrile illness transmitted by mosquito bites - and approximately 619,000 people died from it in 2021, the most recent year for which the World Health Organization provides such statistics. (stanford.edu)
  • The government hopes the initiative will contribute to achieving and sustaining protection of at least 85 percent of the people at risk of malaria by 2017. (voanews.com)
  • A person can reduce the risk of malaria by taking steps to prevent mosquito bites and by taking preventive medicine that reduces the risk of infection in case the person is bitten by an infected mosquito. (healthwise.net)
  • According to WHO, more than half of the world's population is still at risk of malaria. (ipsnews.net)
  • A vaccine against the parasitic disease malaria cut illnesses by more than half in field trials and could be safely given with other childhood inoculations, two studies have reported. (motherjones.com)
  • That cooperation also included malaria vaccine development, in which USAMD-AFRIMS applied a technology used in the mRNA Covid-19 vaccine for malaria in the hope of getting an outcome soon. (bangkokpost.com)
  • RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S) is the first and, to date, the only vaccine to show that it can significantly reduce malaria, and life-threatening severe malaria, in young African children. (bvsalud.org)
  • Among children who received 4 doses in large-scale clinical trials, the vaccine prevented approximately 4 in 10 cases of malaria over a 4-year period. (bvsalud.org)
  • said it intends to submit an experimental malaria vaccine for regulatory approval next year, after new data from a long-running study continued to show that the vaccine provides partial protection against the disease. (wsj.com)
  • In late 2022 they found that a vaccine booster dose at one year following a primary three-dose regime maintained high efficacy against malaria, and continued to meet the WHO's Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap goal. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This trial was funded by the Multi-stage Malaria vaccine Consortium grant, coordinated by Oxford, part of the EDCTP2 programme supported under Horizon 2020, as well as by the Wellcome Trust and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The U.S. government's goal under the PMI Strategy 2021-2026 is to work with PMI-supported countries and partners to further reduce malaria deaths and substantially decrease malaria morbidity, toward the long-term goal of elimination. (cdc.gov)
  • As with COVID, public health agencies around the world have struggled to predict which communities will be hit the hardest with malaria, a life-threatening disease that infected an estimated 247 million people in 2021. (stanford.edu)
  • 2. Refers to P. falciparum malaria unless otherwise noted. (cdc.gov)
  • When it is administered for treatment of P falciparum malaria, this drug must be used as part of combination therapy (eg, typically with quinine or quinidine). (medscape.com)
  • At least four doses of quinine followed by a single dose of mefloquine or by a single dose of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine are two highly effective regimens for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. (bmj.com)
  • Chloroquine-sensitive falciparum malaria can be treated with a course of chloroquine. (bmj.com)
  • Quinine, by intravenous infusion, is the most effective drug for severe falciparum malaria. (bmj.com)
  • Intravenous fluid input should be controlled in falciparum malaria to prevent pulmonary oedema. (bmj.com)
  • Anticoagulants, such as heparin, should not be used in falciparum malaria. (bmj.com)
  • Oxford University professor Nicholas White, a co-author of the study, said public health officials were losing 'a dangerous race to eliminate artemisinin-resistant falciparum malaria before widespread resistance to partner antimalarials makes that impossible. (voanews.com)
  • In all trimesters, artemisinin-combination therapies are the first-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria , similar to treatment in nonpregnant adults . (bvsalud.org)
  • Malaria is the most common life-threatening cause of fever in a returning traveler from malaria-endemic countries. (medscape.com)
  • Remeber that a consideration for malaria should occur for any fever in a traveler from an endemic area, as the disease may present with other ailments concomitantly, or the patient may experience unique malaria-related protean manifestations of their own. (medscape.com)
  • Before traveling internationally to areas with endemic malaria, travelers should consult with a health care provider regarding recommended malaria prevention measures, including potentially taking malaria prophylaxis. (medscape.com)
  • Persons traveling to a malaria-endemic area should take the recommended chemoprophylaxis regimen and use personal protection measures to prevent mosquito bites. (cdc.gov)
  • The risk is higher in areas where local climatic conditions allow the Anopheles mosquito to survive during most of or the entire year and where travelers from malaria-endemic areas are found. (cdc.gov)
  • FDA's December 2022 Guidance , defines exposure timeframes for residence in, or travel to, a malaria-endemic country or malaria endemic area. (aabb.org)
  • These flowcharts are designed to guide you through donor eligibility decisions, including timeframes of exposure in malaria-endemic countries and areas. (aabb.org)
  • 1. Factors that affect local malaria transmission patterns can change rapidly and from year to year, such as local weather conditions, mosquito vector density, and prevalence of infection. (cdc.gov)
  • [ 35 ] Given the potential for relapse or delayed primary infection from P vivax or ovale , malaria always should be ruled out if the patient has an epidemiologic travel link over the prior several months. (medscape.com)
  • Malaria infection during pregnancy can also cause premature delivery, stillbirth, or delivery of a baby with low birth weight. (who.int)
  • Malaria is a serious infection and requires treatment with multiple medicines. (who.int)
  • Mike Turner, the head of infection and immunology at Wellcome Trust in Britain, which funded the study, predicted that the number of deaths from drug-resistant malaria 'will increase to millions of people every year by 2050' if nothing is done to address the current threat. (voanews.com)
  • At least two P. falciparum proteins bind host blood cells via interactions with the glycophorin proteins Glycophorin A and Glycophorin B, the team noted, consistent with a potential role for the glycophorin locus in helping to dodge severe malaria infection. (genomeweb.com)
  • In the present study, infection of C57BL/6 mice with P . berghei ANKA ( Pb A) caused intestinal pathological changes, such as detachment of epithelia in the small intestines and increased intestinal permeability, which correlated with development with experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). (nature.com)
  • For their study, researchers at institutions in Brazil and the U.S. attempted to find patterns between deforestation and malaria infection in nine states in the Brazilian Amazon. (mongabay.com)
  • They then compared these deforestation patches to local rates of malaria infection recorded between 2009 and 2015. (mongabay.com)
  • Various antimalarial medications are used to treat and to prevent infection (which medication is used depends on the malaria species causing the infection, the likelihood of drug resistance in the area where the infection was acquired, and the medication's side effects and cost). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Malaria is a protozoa infection that is spread by the bite of an infected female mosquito. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The cycle of malarial infection begins when a female mosquito bites a person with malaria. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Patients with malaria typically become symptomatic a few weeks after infection, though the symptomatology and incubation period may vary, depending on host factors and the causative species. (medscape.com)
  • Compared with their nonpregnant peers, pregnant persons are at higher risk for malaria infection . (bvsalud.org)
  • Malaria infection can occur at any time during pregnancy , with negative effects for the pregnant person and the fetus , depending on the trimester in which the infection is contracted. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Malaria Box helps researchers at smaller facilities skip right to the step where a human comes in to do more detailed work on screened molecules. (popsci.com)
  • Malaria kills nearly 1 million people each year and sickens about 2 million others, according to estimates from the World Health Organization. (motherjones.com)
  • The World Health Organization estimates that 435,000 people died of the infectious disease malaria in 2015. (wur.nl)
  • Globally, there were 214 million cases and 438,000 deaths from malaria in 2015, according to World Health Organization figures. (voanews.com)
  • This will require full implementation of the new strategy developed by the Roll Back Malaria Partnership and the World Health Organization. (ipsnews.net)
  • GENEVA, June 30 (Xinhua) -- The World Health Organization (WHO) on Wednesday officially granted China a malaria-free certification as a token of celebration of the country's successful elimination of the disease after 70 years of its struggles against malaria. (xinhuanet.com)
  • In 2000, an estimated 350 million to 500 million clinical cases of malaria occurred worldwide and more than 1 million people died from the disease, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). (nih.gov)
  • The World Health Organization recently revised its recommendations, now listing the specific medication artemether-lumefantrine as first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in the first trimester . (bvsalud.org)
  • Lukwago said that as the ministry continues to monitor and trace more people with signs and symptoms of fever, it will also provide anti-malaria drugs and supplies to all health facilities in the affected districts. (voanews.com)
  • Those already diagnosed with malaria are requested to complete the dose of anti-malaria given to them,' said Lukwago. (voanews.com)
  • Each team will be provided with a vehicle, ID cards and anti-malaria kits. (deccanherald.com)
  • If we lose this one we would lose an important piece of the anti-malaria control programme worldwide," said Thierry Diagana, from the Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases in Singapore. (swissinfo.ch)
  • However, you can treat malaria with drugs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Starting treatment immediately is the best way to treat malaria and prevent serious and life-threatening issues. (cdc.gov)
  • The 4 major drug classes used to treat malaria include quinoline-related compounds, antifolates, artemisinin derivatives, and antimicrobials. (medscape.com)
  • Medicines are also used to treat malaria. (healthwise.net)
  • All travelers should seek medical attention in the event of fever during or after return from travel to areas with malaria. (cdc.gov)
  • The "1-3-7" strategy -- one day to report a case, three days to confirm a case and seven days to prevent further spread of the disease -- was also a tool of success and is still used nowadays for travelers coming from malaria-infected countries. (xinhuanet.com)
  • Founded in 1998, Roll Back Malaria (RBM) is a public-private partnership to coordination action against malaria. (ipsnews.net)
  • Representative of the Roll Back Malaria Partnership Secretariat in New York Hervé Verhoosel highlighted the need to continue efforts. (ipsnews.net)
  • Since 2000, deaths due to malaria have decreased by about 30% through the efforts of the RBM (Roll Back Malaria) Partnership to End Malaria . (msdmanuals.com)
  • State and/or local health departments and CDC thoroughly investigate all locally acquired malaria cases, and CDC conducts an analysis of all imported cases to detect trends in acquisition. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinicians practicing in areas of the United States where locally acquired malaria cases have occurred should follow guidance from their state and local health departments. (cdc.gov)
  • Clindamycin is part of combination therapy for drug-resistant malaria (eg, typically with quinine or quinidine). (medscape.com)
  • It is used for the prophylaxis or treatment of drug-resistant malaria. (medscape.com)
  • Drug-resistant malaria 'superbugs' are emerging in Southeast Asia, threatening worldwide control efforts, according to the authors of a new study. (voanews.com)
  • Malaria eradication in the United States. (medscape.com)
  • image: Malaria: Biology in the Era of Eradication is a new, critically important collection of papers. (eurekalert.org)
  • Cold Spring Harbor, NY -- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (CSHLP) today announced a grant from the J.C. Flowers Foundation (JCFF) to support the free eBook distribution of the research monograph, Malaria: Biology in the Era of Eradication. (eurekalert.org)
  • Malaria: Biology in the Era of Eradication is a new, critically important collection of papers edited by Dyann Wirth, Harvard School of Public Health, and Pedro Alonso, Director of the WHO Global Malaria Programme in Geneva, Switzerland. (eurekalert.org)
  • Early this year, we joined with others in announcing a renewed interest in the possible eradication of malaria, as described in the Malaria Eradication Research Agenda (MalERA) http://www.who.int/malaria/elimination/maleraupdate.pdf , the result of a global consultation effort among multiple stakeholders and disciplines. (nih.gov)
  • This database showcases such innovations that have a difference towards malaria eradication globally for adaptation and scalling in the African region. (who.int)
  • Without treatment, annual mortality rates are reported to be as high as 80% for severe malaria, 25% for HIV/AIDS, and 40% for TB ( 12 - 14 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Getting tested early is important as some types of malaria can cause severe illness and death. (who.int)
  • Need to plan for rapid access to IV artesunate, which is the first-line treatment for severe malaria in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • approximately 300 people experienced severe disease (most P. falciparum ), and 5 to 10 people with malaria died yearly (3). (cdc.gov)
  • If not treated promptly, malaria may progress to severe disease, a life-threatening stage, in which mental status changes, seizures, renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coma may occur. (cdc.gov)
  • Quinidine gluconate is indicated for severe or complicated malaria and is used in conjunction with doxycycline, tetracycline, or clindamycin. (medscape.com)
  • Members of the Malaria Genomic Epidemiology Network performed a genome-wide association study involving more than 11,000 children from several African countries, searching genetic variants conferring resistance or susceptibility to severe malaria. (genomeweb.com)
  • In addition to verifying this association in another 14,000 African individuals, the team estimated that individuals with a protective version of the haplotype are roughly 33 percent less likely to suffer from severe malaria than their counterparts without it. (genomeweb.com)
  • For the current study, the team set out to expand on those findings, first assessing genetic patterns in 5,633 children with severe malaria from The Gambia, Kenya, and Malawi and more than 5,900 unaffected children from the same populations. (genomeweb.com)
  • There, individuals carrying one copy of the derived allele appeared to be around 40 percent less likely to develop severe malaria. (genomeweb.com)
  • Efforts to develop more effective malaria vaccines are ongoing. (wikipedia.org)
  • Meanwhile, efforts to develop new and improved malaria vaccines continue globally, with 16 candidates currently in preclinical development and another 23 in clinical trials. (nih.gov)
  • Various public-private research partnerships are currently developing efficient, effective innovative tools including malaria vaccines, more sensitive diagnostic tests and new drugs. (who.int)
  • However, Anopheles mosquito vectors, found throughout many regions of the country, are capable of transmitting malaria if they feed on a malaria-infected person (2). (cdc.gov)
  • However, the ministry is also appealing to the public to sleep under insecticide treated bed nets and destroy all breeding places for malaria vectors by clearing bushes, removing stagnant water near homes and working closely with village health teams to monitor and refer cases to facilities. (voanews.com)
  • For malaria - one of the leading causes of death in tropical regions - there has been some evidence that the mosquitos that transmit it (called "vectors") breed more readily in places where forest has been cleared. (mongabay.com)
  • Most deaths are caused by P. falciparum, whereas P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae generally cause a milder form of malaria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vivax and all other types of malaria should be treated with sequential chloroquine and primaquine. (bmj.com)
  • Occasional doses of the combination medication sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine are recommended in infants and after the first trimester of pregnancy in areas with high rates of malaria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although these numbers reflect significant improvements, the global burden of malaria remains far too high and will require sustained and coordinated efforts from the international community to reduce it further. (nih.gov)
  • The recommended treatment for malaria is a combination of antimalarial medications that includes artemisinin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Artemisinin and combination therapies including artemisinin are considered the best possible treatment for malaria. (voanews.com)
  • A treatment for malaria that works in a single dose is especially appealing because it could be easier and cheaper to use than drugs that people must take repeatedly. (popsci.com)
  • Urgent and concentrated actions must be taken to ensure the adoption of measures that allow investments and innovations in new approaches to control, diagnosis, drug treatments and other tools and instruments that resolve and dynamize the commitment to the fight against malaria. (bvsalud.org)
  • The book brings together in a single volume the latest advances and emerging strategies in the fight against malaria. (eurekalert.org)
  • With contributions from more than two dozen scientists worldwide, the book brings together in a single volume the latest advances and emerging strategies in the fight against malaria. (eurekalert.org)
  • UNITED NATIONS, Nov 19 2015 (IPS) - "Today, we celebrate major advances in our fight against malaria," UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said, in a message marking the achievement of malaria reduction, as set out in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). (ipsnews.net)
  • They built upon a previous Stanford-led study that looked at malaria incidence data collected by health care centers in the district and adjusted to correct for reporting biases derived from financial and geographic barriers to health care. (stanford.edu)
  • In fact, the approach correctly identified more than half of communities in the top 20% for malaria transmission, and explained over three-quarters of the variation in malaria incidence rank. (stanford.edu)
  • We have shown that the new generation of satellite and land use data, integrated with socio-economic and public health data gathered on the ground allows to describe heterogeneity in malaria incidence at a very fine spatial scale," said study co-author Giulio De Leo , a professor of oceans and Earth system science in the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability . (stanford.edu)
  • The researchers didn't find statistically significant correlations between small areas (less than 0.1 square kilometers) of deforestation and malaria incidence, which they say is because there wasn't enough human presence to aid mosquito reproduction. (mongabay.com)
  • With just six weeks left for the MDGs deadline, the UN has announced that the MDG six targets to reverse the incidence of malaria by 2015 have been met and surpassed. (ipsnews.net)
  • The plan includes commitments to reduce global malaria case incidence and deaths by 90 percent and eliminate the disease in an additional 35 countries. (ipsnews.net)
  • To reach the first milestone of reducing malaria incidence and mortality rates by 40 percent, annual malaria investments will need to increase to 6.4 billion dollars by 2020. (ipsnews.net)
  • Furthermore, in 2010, WHO certified that two countries, Morocco and Turkmenistan, had eliminated malaria - that is, reduced the incidence of infections in their countries to zero. (nih.gov)
  • Over many decades, China's ability to think outside the box served the country well in its own response to malaria, and also had a significant ripple effect globally," said Pedro Alonso, director of the WHO Global Malaria Programme. (xinhuanet.com)
  • Martin Edlund is a founding member and Chief Executive Officer of Malaria No More, a globally recognized non-profit with the visionary mission to end humanity's oldest, deadliest disease in our lifetimes. (malarianomore.org)
  • The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that malaria causes over 600,000 deaths each year globally, and says that progress in reducing malaria mortality has stalled in recent years. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Adults with malaria tend to experience chills and fever - classically in periodic intense bouts lasting around six hours, followed by a period of sweating and fever relief - as well as headache, fatigue, abdominal discomfort, and muscle pain. (wikipedia.org)
  • People with malaria often experience fever, chills, and flu-like illness. (cdc.gov)
  • Most malaria infections cause fever and other flu-like symptoms (such as chills, muscle pain, and diarrhea) that may come and go in cycles. (healthwise.net)
  • The classic symptom of malaria is paroxysm-a cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed by shivering and then fever and sweating, occurring every two days (tertian fever) in P. vivax and P. ovale infections, and every three days (quartan fever) for P. malariae. (wikipedia.org)
  • She said the department and its alliances set up the Malaria Post project to open malaria clinics and recruit volunteers to help find infections in their communities by using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). (bangkokpost.com)
  • Since Thailand announced its National Malaria Elimination Strategy in 2016 in which the government pledged to eliminate domestic infections by 2024, cases fell from 35,911 in 2012 to 5,433 in 2019, according to the Department of Disease Control. (bangkokpost.com)
  • Variation in the ability of different Anopheles species to transmit malaria -- known as "vectorial capacity" -- are determined by many factors, including feeding and breeding preferences, as well as their immune responses to infections. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The Fulani are known to be less susceptible to malaria infections, despite living with a similar malaria transmission intensity to those seen among other ethnic groups. (repec.org)
  • Malaria infections affect the intestinal tract and changes in the intestinal environment appear to influence the pathogenesis of malaria. (nature.com)
  • In other words, these medium-size deforested patches seem to be the sweet spot where forest extraction activities correlate to more malaria infections. (mongabay.com)
  • The discovery of the drug by a Swiss-led international team is particularly timely, as experts have reported in Asia the first signs of resistance to artemisinin, the essential ingredient of malaria treatments for millions of patients annually. (swissinfo.ch)
  • The best treatments for malaria are artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) drugs, but they are up to 40 times more expensive than the older failing drugs. (swissinfo.ch)
  • Malaria surveillance is conducted to identify episodes of local transmission and to guide prevention recommendations. (cdc.gov)
  • Malaria prevention guidelines were updated and disseminated to health-care providers. (cdc.gov)
  • Recommendations concerning prevention and treatment of malaria can be obtained from CDC. (cdc.gov)
  • Speaking at the 20th International Congress for Tropical Medicine and Malaria last week, Alongkot Ponlawat, chief of the vector biology and control section at the Department of Entomology at the US Army Medical Directorate of the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), said the US and Thailand have been cooperating on research and development into the prevention and treatment of tropical diseases, especially malaria, for over six decades. (bangkokpost.com)
  • Meanwhile, four cases of locally transmitted malaria were reported in Florida in recent weeks, prompting the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to issue a health advisory. (asbmb.org)
  • This has resulted in a rapid increase in malaria-control prevention via the availability of long-lasting insecticide-treated mosquito nets, targeted indoor spraying and modest increases in access to ACTs. (swissinfo.ch)
  • Ongoing work on approaches to treatment and prevention of malaria during pregnancy remains at the forefront of global maternal child health research . (bvsalud.org)
  • U.S. clinicians need to consider a malaria diagnosis in patients with unexplained fever, especially in areas where autochthonous malaria has been recently reported, although the risk for autochthonous malaria in the United States remains very low. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to routinely considering malaria as a cause of febrile illness among patients with a history of international travel to areas where malaria is transmitted , clinicians should consider a malaria diagnosis in any person with a fever of unknown origin regardless of their travel history. (cdc.gov)
  • A nonprofit malaria research organization, the Medicines for Malaria Venture, is offering boxes for free that each contain samples of 200 substances that the venture has determined are promising as malaria cures. (popsci.com)
  • The 200 Malaria Box chemicals came out on top after the Medicines for Malaria Venture and cooperating companies screened 4 million molecules. (popsci.com)
  • Researchers may order the Malaria Box for free from the Medicines for Malaria Venture website . (popsci.com)
  • Parasitologist Margaret Phillips , a professor and the chair of the biochemistry department at UT Southwestern, and colleagues have been researching interventions for malaria for decades as part of a large multidisciplinary project funded by the National Institutes of Health and sponsored by Medicines for Malaria Venture. (asbmb.org)
  • Collaborative partnerships with global health organizations, government agencies and philanthropic foundations such as the Medicines for Malaria Venture, The Welch Foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and National Institutes of Health ensure that their discoveries translate into real-world impact. (asbmb.org)
  • We developed 3 computational simulation models from a population perspective of disease burden: a disease progression model for malaria and 2 decision tree models for HIV/AIDS and active TB cases. (cdc.gov)
  • continued reporting of malaria cases to jurisdictional health departments and CDC will also help ensure robust surveillance to detect and prevent autochthonous malaria in the United States. (medscape.com)
  • Most malaria cases in the United States occur among persons who have traveled to areas that have ongoing transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • Description of System: Malaria cases were identified at the local level (i.e., by health-care providers or through laboratory-based surveillance). (cdc.gov)
  • Results: CDC received reports of 910 cases of malaria that had onset of symptoms during 1992 among persons in the United States and its territories. (cdc.gov)
  • Through 1992, almost all cases of malaria in the United States were imported from regions of the world where malaria transmission was known to occur. (cdc.gov)
  • Locally acquired mosquito-borne malaria has not occurred in the United States since 2003 when eight cases of locally acquired P. vivax malaria were identified in Palm Beach County, FL (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Despite these cases, the risk of locally acquired malaria remains extremely low in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Most imported cases of malaria in the United States are diagnosed during summer and early fall. (cdc.gov)
  • About 2,000 cases of malaria are diagnosed in the United States each year. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC recently issued a Health Alert Network Health Advisory in response to several confirmed cases of locally acquired malaria in Florida and Texas. (aabb.org)
  • We can predict which villages will have the most malaria cases, even when these villages are only a few miles apart," said study lead author Julie Pourtois , a PhD student in biology at the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences . (stanford.edu)
  • With this blend of data, the researchers asked which of these variables best explained malaria patterns and trained a model to predict the monthly malaria cases across 195 villages. (stanford.edu)
  • They also found a strong relationship between poverty and reported malaria cases, indicating that many people living in poverty were not getting care at health centers, and making clear the need to improve health care access. (stanford.edu)
  • In the 6 countries of the subregion, the reported number of malaria cases fell by 97% between 2000 and 2020. (bvsalud.org)
  • Northern Uganda has the highest number of registered cases of malaria in the country, government data show. (voanews.com)
  • Lukwago said the campaign would later be scaled up to include 50 more districts where cases of malaria are also high, as part of the Uganda Malaria Reduction Strategic Plan 2014-2020. (voanews.com)
  • The researchers verified the malaria-related association at chromosome 4 site using Sequenom iPLEX MassArray genotyping on individuals from the discovery set and on almost 14,000 more malaria cases and controls from The Gambia, Ghana, Malawi, Tanzania, Burkina Faso, and Cameroon. (genomeweb.com)
  • Another pattern the study uncovered, which affirms findings from previous studies, is that the number of malaria cases in the Amazon tended to shoot up in the dry season. (mongabay.com)
  • From 30 million malaria cases in the 1940s, China brought down that number over the last decades, to finally achieve no cases in the last four years, the WHO said. (xinhuanet.com)
  • No cases were reported in China in the last four years, warranting the malaria-free credential by the WHO. (xinhuanet.com)
  • By 2009, there were about 225 million cases of clinical malaria and 781,000 deaths. (nih.gov)
  • Speaking to media persons during the launch of the teams at the corporation building in the City on Monday, MCC Health Standing Committee president Prakash B Salian said that malaria cases had decreased in the city compared to last year. (deccanherald.com)
  • In July last year, 1,500 malaria cases were reported in the city and this year it has decreased to 957. (deccanherald.com)
  • These cases again show us how insidious malaria really is and remind us of the power of science to make an incredible difference in people's lives," said Phillips. (asbmb.org)
  • Some 2,000 people in the U.S., including 120 in Texas, still are diagnosed with malaria annually, but those cases are universally linked to travel outside the country. (asbmb.org)
  • Any person who has been to a malarious area and who subsequently develops a fever or influenza-like symptoms should seek medical care, which should include a blood smear for malaria. (cdc.gov)
  • Malaria symptoms usually start within 10-15 days of getting bitten by an infected mosquito. (who.int)
  • Initial manifestations of the disease-common to all malaria species-are similar to flu-like symptoms, and can resemble other conditions such as sepsis, gastroenteritis, and viral diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Travellers taking preventative malaria medications may develop symptoms once they stop taking the drugs. (wikipedia.org)
  • In some people, symptoms of malaria may not appear until months or years after the bite of an infected mosquito. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In June, the Texas Department of State Health Services reported its first locally acquired case of malaria in nearly 30 years, which serves as a reminder of how persistent some diseases can be, Phillips said. (asbmb.org)
  • In the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae , the ecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) appears to have evolved to both control egg development when synthesized by females 2 and to induce mating refractoriness when sexually transferred by males 3 . (nature.com)
  • Because egg development and mating are essential reproductive traits, understanding how Anopheles females integrate these hormonal signals can spur the design of new malaria control programs. (nature.com)
  • 3. Estimates of malaria species are based on best available data from multiple sources. (cdc.gov)
  • 7. P. knowlesi is a malaria species with a simian host (macaque). (cdc.gov)
  • This species of malaria has no known resistance to antimalarials. (cdc.gov)
  • Malaria is a serious and potentially fatal disease transmitted through the bite of an infective female anopheline mosquito. (cdc.gov)
  • Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • In areas where the disease is common, malaria should be confirmed if possible before treatment is started due to concerns of increasing drug resistance. (wikipedia.org)
  • The researchers found malaria burden is low in residential areas and high in areas with flooded rice fields, suggesting that malaria is more of a rural disease in the study area - something that's not always true elsewhere. (stanford.edu)
  • This is an important first step towards bringing advances in disease ecology and modeling for disease prediction to local communities in settings that need them the most: those with high burdens of malaria, widespread poverty and low access to health care," said senior author Andres Garchitorena, a researcher at the French Research Institute for Sustainable Development and associate scientific director at Pivot. (stanford.edu)
  • Rungrawee Tipmontree, chief of the Malaria Taskforce of Vector-Borne Diseases Division at the Public Health Ministry's Department of Disease Control, said one reason was due to the large number of people crossing from Myanmar to Thailand. (bangkokpost.com)
  • In its sixteenth year of commemoration, the Malaria Day in the Americas 2022 provides an opportunity for countries in the Americas to encourage the participation of all actors and stakeholders with the theme "Reaching Zero Malaria" in the fight against the disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • As malaria is a global health priority that continues to affect millions of people worldwide, there is an urgent need for readily accessible research on the disease, especially when working with 'last mile' communities where it is often logistically or financially difficult to apply current research," says Chris Flowers, founder of JCFF. (eurekalert.org)
  • China's efforts against malaria started in the 1950s, as the disease was rampant in the southern part of the country, close to other hotspots in mainland Southeast Asia. (xinhuanet.com)
  • Their research focuses on identifying and characterizing vulnerable metabolic pathways in parasitic protozoa that carry the disease with the goal of developing new drugs for malaria as well as neglected tropical diseases such as African sleeping sickness. (asbmb.org)
  • When I initiated a new program on malaria, I was motivated by the importance of disease and the number of people who are sickened by it. (asbmb.org)
  • Scientists have identified a new experimental malaria drug able to cope with resistant strains of the deadly disease with just one dose. (swissinfo.ch)
  • In experiments on mice with malaria, the team found that NITD609 works in a different way from other antimalarial drugs and that one oral dose was enough to clear the disease. (swissinfo.ch)
  • Although medications and insecticides have made malaria rare in the United States and in most high-resource countries, the disease remains common and deadly in many areas. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Malaria is a serious disease that affects 200 million people every year and is found in tropical areas of the world. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Since 2000, malaria interventions have contributed to a 60 percent decline in malaria mortality rates around the world, averting approximately 6.2 million deaths primarily in young children. (ipsnews.net)
  • Although malaria is both preventable and treatable, it continues to have devastating health effects around the world. (bvsalud.org)
  • World malaria report 2022. (medscape.com)
  • 2022. Available at https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2022 . (medscape.com)
  • In collaboration with Madagascar's national malaria control program and Pivot, a local health care organization, the researchers focused on a region in southeastern Madagascar. (stanford.edu)
  • In the Lancet article, researchers reported examining blood samples from patients with so-called uncomplicated malaria from a number of sites in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Myanmar. (voanews.com)
  • Past studies have highlighted the role that both the sickle cell hemoglobin trait and the presence of blood from the O group can play in protecting against malaria, the researchers explained. (genomeweb.com)
  • By scouring other regions in the genome that have reportedly undergone balancing selection events, meanwhile, the researchers identified half a dozen other variants with less pronounced ties to malaria that fell near genes belonging to ancient balanced polymorphism haplotypes. (genomeweb.com)
  • Meanwhile, Medical News Today recently learned how researchers at the University of California-Davis discovered that a hybrid malaria mosquito that is resistant to insecticides used in bed-nets has emerged in Mali. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The Malaria Box is meant to be a starting point for researchers at universities or small companies, who wouldn't otherwise have access to a starting ground of 200 promising molecules. (popsci.com)
  • Researchers compared deforestation patterns to malaria rates in nine states in the Brazilian Amazon. (mongabay.com)
  • The researchers write that these forest patches contain the shaded, watery, forest-edge habitat preferred by the mosquitos that transmit malaria. (mongabay.com)
  • Researchers have discovered several compounds that can cure mice of malaria in a single dose. (popsci.com)
  • Though the researchers zeroed in on just a handful of molecules that were effective against malaria, others may still lurk in the 100,000-compound library. (popsci.com)
  • The fact is that we can't eradicate mosquito-borne malaria and the border is the highest risk area because dense forests in mountainous areas make perfect habitats for mosquitos. (bangkokpost.com)
  • An estimated 627,000 people died from malaria in 2020, mostly children younger than 5 years. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Guideline] Treatment of Malaria: Guidelines for Clinicians (United States). (medscape.com)
  • A major challenge will be to continually assess the changing epidemiology of malaria as control and elimination efforts prove successful to ensure that appropriate tools and interventions are developed and effectively deployed. (nih.gov)
  • During his tenure, Martin has played a lead role in mobilizing global political will, government resources, and innovations to scale life-saving interventions for the global malaria campaign. (malarianomore.org)
  • Its new plan, Action and Investment to defeat Malaria 2016-2030 (AIM) - for a malaria-free world , in conjunction with the World Health Organization's (WHO) Global Technical Strategy (GTS) for Malaria 2016-2030 plan, provides a framework to achieve malaria elimination by 2030 as put forth in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). (ipsnews.net)
  • They will test the blood on a rapid testing kit and if it showed positive for malaria, the patient will be given the entire course of medicines. (thehindu.com)
  • Dr. Arun Kumar said that six health personnel have been trained to test and provide medicines to those tested positive for Malaria. (thehindu.com)