Malocclusion in which the mandible and maxilla are anteroposteriorly normal as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (i.e., in neutroclusion), but in which individual teeth are abnormally related to each other.
Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
Malocclusion in which the mandible is posterior to the maxilla as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (distoclusion).
Malocclusion in which the mandible is anterior to the maxilla as reflected by the first relationship of the first permanent molar (mesioclusion).
The measurement of the dimensions of the HEAD.
Any of the eight frontal teeth (four maxillary and four mandibular) having a sharp incisal edge for cutting food and a single root, which occurs in man both as a deciduous and a permanent tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p820)
A malocclusion in which maxillary incisor and canine teeth project over the mandiblar teeth excessively. The overlap is measured perpendicular to the occlusal plane and is also called vertical overlap. When the overlap is measured parallel to the occlusal plane it is referred to as overjet.
A condition in which certain opposing teeth fail to establish occlusal contact when the jaws are closed.
The phase of orthodontics concerned with the correction of malocclusion with proper appliances and prevention of its sequelae (Jablonski's Illus. Dictionary of Dentistry).
One of a pair of irregularly shaped bones that form the upper jaw. A maxillary bone provides tooth sockets for the superior teeth, forms part of the ORBIT, and contains the MAXILLARY SINUS.
The selective extraction of deciduous teeth during the stage of mixed dentition in accordance with the shedding and eruption of the teeth. It is done over an extended period to allow autonomous adjustment to relieve crowding of the dental arches during the eruption of the lateral incisors, canines, and premolars, eventually involving the extraction of the first premolar teeth. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The length of the face determined by the distance of separation of jaws. Occlusal vertical dimension (OVD or VDO) or contact vertical dimension is the lower face height with the teeth in centric occlusion. Rest vertical dimension (VDR) is the lower face height measured from a chin point to a point just below the nose, with the mandible in rest position. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p250)
The process of growth and differentiation of the jaws and face.
An abnormal opening or fissure between two adjacent teeth.
Extraoral devices for applying force to the dentition in order to avoid some of the problems in anchorage control met with in intermaxillary traction and to apply force in directions not otherwise possible.
A registration of any positional relationship of the mandible in reference to the maxillae. These records may be any of the many vertical, horizontal, or orientation relations. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)
The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.
Abnormal breathing through the mouth, usually associated with obstructive disorders of the nasal passages.
Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.
The curve formed by the row of TEETH in their normal position in the JAW. The inferior dental arch is formed by the mandibular teeth, and the superior dental arch by the maxillary teeth.
The complement of teeth in the jaws after the eruption of some of the permanent teeth but before all the deciduous teeth are absent. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
Loose, usually removable intra-oral devices which alter the muscle forces against the teeth and craniofacial skeleton. These are dynamic appliances which depend on altered neuromuscular action to effect bony growth and occlusal development. They are usually used in mixed dentition to treat pediatric malocclusions. (ADA, 1992)
Presentation devices used for patient education and technique training in dentistry.
Orthodontic techniques used to correct the malposition of a single tooth.
Loose-fitting removable orthodontic appliances which redirect the pressures of the facial and masticatory muscles onto the teeth and their supporting structures to produce improvements in tooth arrangements and occlusal relations.
The most posterior teeth on either side of the jaw, totaling eight in the deciduous dentition (2 on each side, upper and lower), and usually 12 in the permanent dentition (three on each side, upper and lower). They are grinding teeth, having large crowns and broad chewing surfaces. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p821)
Attachment of orthodontic devices and materials to the MOUTH area for support and to provide a counterforce to orthodontic forces.
The relationship of all the components of the masticatory system in normal function. It has special reference to the position and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth for the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p556, p472)
Recognition and elimination of potential irregularities and malpositions in the developing dentofacial complex.
Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313)
Genetic loci in the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex which encode polymorphic characteristics not related to immune responsiveness or complement activity, e.g., B loci (chicken), DLA (dog), GPLA (guinea pig), H-2 (mouse), RT-1 (rat), HLA-A, -B, and -C class I genes of man.
The planning, calculation, and creation of an apparatus for the purpose of correcting the placement or straightening of teeth.
Sucking of the finger. This is one of the most common manipulations of the body found in young children.
The third tooth to the left and to the right of the midline of either jaw, situated between the second INCISOR and the premolar teeth (BICUSPID). (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p817)
Skills, techniques, standards, and principles used to improve the art and symmetry of the teeth and face to improve the appearance as well as the function of the teeth, mouth, and face. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p108)
A physical misalignment of the upper (maxilla) and lower (mandibular) jaw bones in which either or both recede relative to the frontal plane of the forehead.
A dental specialty concerned with the prevention and correction of dental and oral anomalies (malocclusion).
The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve.
An orthodontic method used for correcting narrow or collapsed maxillary arches and functional cross-bite. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry),
Devices used for influencing tooth position. Orthodontic appliances may be classified as fixed or removable, active or retaining, and intraoral or extraoral. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p19)
Acquired responses regularly manifested by tongue movement or positioning.
Contact between opposing teeth during a person's habitual bite.
Any suction exerted by the mouth; response of the mammalian infant to draw milk from the breast. Includes sucking on inanimate objects. Not to be used for thumb sucking, which is indexed under fingersucking.
A dental health survey developed to evaluate a patient's orthodontic treatment need and priority for orthodontic care. The index is based on an assessment of degree of MALOCCLUSION and the potential aesthetic and dental health benefit of the treatment under consideration.
Dental devices such as RETAINERS, ORTHODONTIC used to improve gaps in teeth and structure of the jaws. These devices can be removed and reinserted at will.
An occlusion resulting in overstrain and injury to teeth, periodontal tissue, or other oral structures.
Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth.
The facial skeleton, consisting of bones situated between the cranial base and the mandibular region. While some consider the facial bones to comprise the hyoid (HYOID BONE), palatine (HARD PALATE), and zygomatic (ZYGOMA) bones, MANDIBLE, and MAXILLA, others include also the lacrimal and nasal bones, inferior nasal concha, and vomer but exclude the hyoid bone. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p113)
A condition marked by abnormal protrusion of the mandible. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the maxilla and face or facial bones.
The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.
Congenital or acquired asymmetry of the face.
Training or retraining of the buccal, facial, labial, and lingual musculature in toothless conditions; DEGLUTITION DISORDERS; TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS; MALOCCLUSION; and ARTICULATION DISORDERS.
Muscles of facial expression or mimetic muscles that include the numerous muscles supplied by the facial nerve that are attached to and move the skin of the face. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the PITUITARY GLAND.
One of the eight permanent teeth, two on either side in each jaw, between the canines (CUSPID) and the molars (MOLAR), serving for grinding and crushing food. The upper have two cusps (bicuspid) but the lower have one to three. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p822)
Either one of the two small elongated rectangular bones that together form the bridge of the nose.
The posterior process on the ramus of the mandible composed of two parts: a superior part, the articular portion, and an inferior part, the condylar neck.
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the teeth.
A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.
Devices that babies can suck on when they are not feeding. The extra sucking can be comforting to the babies and pacify them. Pacifiers usually are used as a substitute for the thumb in babies who suck on their thumb or fingers almost constantly.
Measurement of tooth characteristics.
A facial expression which may denote feelings of pleasure, affection, amusement, etc.
Wires of various dimensions and grades made of stainless steel or precious metal. They are used in orthodontic treatment.
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)
The location of the maxillary and the mandibular condyles when they are in their most posterior and superior positions in their fossae of the temporomandibular joint.
The emergence of a tooth from within its follicle in the ALVEOLAR PROCESS of the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE into the ORAL CAVITY. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth.
The concurrent or retrospective review by practicing physicians or other health professionals of the quality and efficiency of patient care practices or services ordered or performed by other physicians or other health professionals (From The Facts On File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988).
Surgery performed to repair or correct the skeletal anomalies of the jaw and its associated dental and facial structures (e.g. CLEFT PALATE).
A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws.

Mandibular shape and skeletal divergency. (1/91)

Pre-treatment lateral cephalograms of 41 skeletal Class I girls aged 11 to 15 were divided according to MP-SN angle: lower than 28 degrees (hypodivergent, 10 girls), between 31 and 34 degrees (normodivergent, 18 girls), or larger than 37 degrees (hyperdivergent, 13 girls). The mandibular outlines were traced and digitized, and differences in shape were quantified using the elliptic Fourier series. Size differences were measured from the areas enclosed by the mandibular outlines. Shape differences were assessed by calculating a morphological distance (MD) between the size-independent mean mathematical reconstructions of the mandibular outlines of the three divergency classes. Mandibular shape was different in the three classes: large variations were found in hyperdivergent girls versus normodivergent girls (MD = 4.61), while smaller differences were observed in hypodivergent girls (MD versus normodivergent 2.91). Mean size-independent mandibular shapes were superimposed on an axis passing through the centres of gravity of the condyle and of the chin. Normodivergent and hyperdivergent mandibles differed mostly at gonion, the coronoid process, sigmoid notch, alveolar process, posterior border of the ramus, and along the mandibular plane. A significant size effect was also found, with smaller mandibles in the hyperdivergent girls.  (+info)

An appraisal of the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) Index and a suggested new weighting system. (2/91)

The PAR Index was developed to measure treatment outcome in orthodontics. Validity was improved by weighting the scores of some components to reflect their relative importance. However, the index still has limitations, principally due to the high weight assigned to overjet. Difficulties also arise from the application of one weighting system to all malocclusions, since occlusal features vary in importance in different classes of malocclusion. The present study examined PAR Index validity using orthodontic consultant assessments as the 'Gold standard' and clinical ranking of occlusal features and statistical modelling to derive a new weighting system, separate for each malocclusion class. Discriminant and regression analyses were used to derive new criteria for measuring treatment outcome. As a result a new and more sensitive method of assessment is suggested which utilizes a combination of point and percentage reductions in PAR scores. This was found to have better correlations with the 'Gold standard' than the PAR nomogram.  (+info)

Craniofacial morphology in 6-year-old Icelandic children. (3/91)

The purpose of the study was to describe the craniofacial characteristics of 6-year-old Icelandic children, make a normative standard for children with an Angle Class I molar relationship, and compare them to those with an Angle Class II molar relationship. The material consisted of the radiographs of 363 children, 184 (50.7 per cent) boys and 179 (49.3 per cent) girls with a mean age of 6 years 7 months (range: 5 years 7 months-7 years 8 months). Twenty-two reference points were digitized and processed by standard methods with the Dentofacial Planner computer software program. The 33 variables calculated included both angular and linear. Two sample t-tests were used to study the differences between different groups. Only minimal differences could be noted between sexes in sagittal and vertical angular measurements. Linear measurements, on the other hand, were usually larger for the boys. When compared with Norwegian material of the same age group, similar trends were observed between sexes in both studies, but the Icelandic children showed slightly more mandibular prognathism and a lower mandibular plane angle. When compared with children with an Angle Class I molar relationship, children with an Angle Class II molar relationship did not have a different maxillary prognathism nor a different mandibular length. Cranial base dimensions were all significantly greater and the cranial base flexure was also significantly more obtuse in the distal group.  (+info)

Evaluation of apical root resorption following extraction therapy in subjects with Class I and Class II malocclusions. (4/91)

The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of root resorption during orthodontic treatment, and to examine the relationship between tooth movement and apical root resorption. Twenty-seven Class I and 27 Class II patients treated with edgewise mechanics following first premolar extractions were selected. The following measurements were made on the pre- and post-treatment cephalograms: upper central incisor to palatal plane distance, the inclination of upper central incisor to the FH and AP planes, the perpendicular distances from the incisor tip to the AP and PTV planes, and incisor apex to PTV. The amount of apical root resorption of the maxillary central incisors was determined for each patient by subtracting the post-treatment tooth length from the pre-treatment tooth length measured directly on cephalograms. Intra-group differences were evaluated by the Student's t-test and inter-group differences by the Mann-Whitney U-test. For correlations the Pearson correlation coefficient was used. The results show that there was a mean of approximately 1 mm (P < 0.01) of apical root shortening in Class I patients, but in Class II division I subjects the mean root resorption was more than 2 mm (P < 0.001). The inter-group differences were statistically significant. No significant correlations were found between the amount of apical root resorption and tooth inclination, or the duration of active treatment.  (+info)

Properties of the ANB angle and the Wits appraisal in the skeletal estimation of Angle's Class III patients. (5/91)

The aims of the present study were: (1) to investigate the statistical differences in jaw relationship assessments with the ANB angle and the Wits appraisal in Angle Class III children, and (2) to suggest guidelines for the use of these two parameters in this group of children. Seventy-five Angle Class I children with anterior crowding (male, 37; female, 38) and 96 Angle Class III children with anterior crossbite (male, 38; female, 58) were examined. All had undergone treatment that started at 8 or 9 years of age. Pre-treatment lateral cephalograms were used cross-sectionally for the analysis. The mean age was 8 years 7 months +/- 9 months in the Class I subjects, and 9 years 0 month +/- 7 months in the Class III subjects. To compare the assessments using ANB angle and the Wits appraisal in the Angle's Class III subjects, nine measured values from each individual subject were converted into Z scores in relation to the means and standard deviations of the two parameters in the Angle Class I subjects. The jaw discrepancy is assessed more severely using the ANB angle than by the Wits appraisal in these Angle Class III subjects. The paired t-test showed that the Z score of the ANB angle was significantly smaller than that of the Wits appraisal (P < 0.001). In Angle Class III subjects with a counter-clockwise mandibular rotation and a flattened occlusal plane, the ANB angle is a more critical cephalometric parameter than the Wits appraisal.  (+info)

Cleft type and Angle's classification of malocclusion in Korean cleft patients. (6/91)

This study was performed to investigate the contributing factors, such as cleft type, side of cleft, patient's age, and gender, associated with Angle's classification of malocclusion in Korean cleft patients. The records of 250 cleft patients (175 males, 75 females) who attended the Department of Orthodontics, Seoul National University Dental Hospital between 1988 and 1999 were examined. The percentages of subjects with cleft lip (CL), cleft lip and alveolus (CLA), cleft palate (CP), and cleft lip and palate (CLP) were 7.6, 19.2, 9.6, and 63.6, respectively. The overall distributions of unilateral and bilateral clefts were 76 and 24 per cent, respectively. The overall percentages of Class I, II, and III malocclusions were 18.5, 8.8, and 72.7. The frequency of Class III malocclusions was most prevalent in all age groups. Bivariate analysis showed that whilst gender was not significant, the type of cleft significantly influenced the development of a Class III malocclusion (P < 0.01). Using logistic regression analysis, subjects in the CP (P < 0.05) and CLP groups (P < 0.01) were 3.9 and 5.5 times more likely to have a Class III malocclusion than those in the CL group. There was, however, no statistical difference in the prevalence of a Class III malocclusion between the CL and the CLA groups (P > 0.05). When the degree of cleft involvement in the palate increased, so did the predominance of a Class III malocclusion.  (+info)

Maxillary retention: is longer better? (7/91)

Two different maxillary retention regimes were compared to ascertain if differences in posttreatment relapse existed. The patient pool was derived from subjects being treated at two orthodontic departments in the west of Scotland. Group 1 (20 patients) followed a 6 month regime using removable upper Hawley retainers for a period of 3 months full time and 3 months nights only. Group 2 (18 patients) followed a 1 year regime of 6 months full time and 6 months nights only. The results revealed that maxillary incisor alignment, as determined by Little's irregularity index, had relapsed by an average of 50 per cent of the end of retention value 3 months out of retention in Group 1 but only 23 per cent in Group 2. Although the actual mean values for relapse were 0.77 and 0.23 mm, respectively, seven subjects in Group 1 showed relapse of more than 3 mm as compared with only one in Group 2. This suggests that retaining a case for 1 year rather than 6 months is clinically beneficial.  (+info)

An investigation of cervicovertebral morphology in different sagittal skeletal growth patterns. (8/91)

The purpose of the present study was to examine and compare cervicovertebral morphology in subjects with different sagittal skeletal patterns. The material comprised lateral head films of 90 untreated subjects, 45 girls and 45 boys, aged 13-15 years. The radiographs were obtained in the natural head position using a fluid level method. The subjects were divided into three groups according to ANB angle: ANB angle between 1 and 5 degrees (skeletal Class I), larger than 5 degrees (skeletal Class II), and smaller than 1 degree (skeletal Class III). Each ANB group consisted of 30 subjects, 15 girls and 15 boys. Twenty-nine linear and four area measurements were used to assess cervicovertebral morphology. Differences between the ANB groups and between genders were assessed by means of analysis of variance and the least significant difference test. In addition, cephalometric measurements for all subjects were subjected to discriminant analysis. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there were statistically significant differences in the measurements of the lumen length of C1, inferior depths of C2 and C4, anterior intervertebral spaces of C2 and C3, posterior intervertebral space of C3, and anterior and posterior body heights of C4 among the ANB groups. The total length of C1, inferior depths of C2-C5, anterior intervertebral spaces of C2-C4, posterior intervertebral space of C2, anterior body heights of C4 and C5, and posterior body heights of C3-C5 demonstrated significant gender differences. The results of the discriminant analysis indicated that 54.4 per cent of the original grouped cases were correctly classified in the total sample. The final discriminant model was able to classify correctly 20 of the 30 Class I subjects (66.7 per cent), 17 of the 30 Class II subjects (56.7 per cent), and 12 of the 30 Class III subjects (40.0 per cent).  (+info)

Malocclusion, Angle Class I is a type of dental malocclusion where the misalignment of teeth is not severe enough to affect the overall function or appearance of the bite significantly. Named after Edward Angle, the founder of modern orthodontics, this classification indicates that the mesiobuccal cusp of the upper first molar is aligned with the buccal groove of the lower first molar. Although the bite appears normal, there might be crowding, spacing, or rotations present in the teeth, which can lead to aesthetic concerns and potential periodontal issues if left untreated.

Malocclusion is a term used in dentistry and orthodontics to describe a misalignment or misrelation between the upper and lower teeth when they come together, also known as the bite. It is derived from the Latin words "mal" meaning bad or wrong, and "occludere" meaning to close.

There are different types of malocclusions, including:

1. Class I malocclusion: The most common type, where the upper teeth slightly overlap the lower teeth, but the bite is otherwise aligned.
2. Class II malocclusion (overbite): The upper teeth significantly overlap the lower teeth, causing a horizontal or vertical discrepancy between the dental arches.
3. Class III malocclusion (underbite): The lower teeth protrude beyond the upper teeth, resulting in a crossbite or underbite.

Malocclusions can be caused by various factors such as genetics, thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, premature loss of primary or permanent teeth, and jaw injuries or disorders. They may lead to several oral health issues, including tooth decay, gum disease, difficulty chewing or speaking, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction. Treatment for malocclusions typically involves orthodontic appliances like braces, aligners, or retainers to realign the teeth and correct the bite. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary.

Malocclusion, Angle Class II is a type of dental malocclusion where the relationship between the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw) is such that the lower molar teeth are positioned posteriorly relative to the upper molar teeth. This results in an overbite, which means that the upper front teeth overlap the lower front teeth excessively. The classification was proposed by Edward Angle, an American orthodontist who is considered the father of modern orthodontics. In this classification system, Class II malocclusion is further divided into three subclasses (I, II, and III) based on the position of the lower incisors relative to the upper incisors.

Malocclusion, Angle Class III is a type of orthodontic problem characterized by a misalignment of the teeth and jaws. This classification was first described by Edward Angle, an American dentist who is considered the father of modern orthodontics. In Class III malocclusion, the lower jaw (mandible) protrudes forward beyond the upper jaw (maxilla), resulting in a misaligned bite.

In this condition, the lower front teeth are positioned in front of the upper front teeth when the jaws are closed. This can lead to various dental and skeletal problems, such as abnormal tooth wear, difficulty in chewing and speaking, and aesthetic concerns. Class III malocclusion can be mild, moderate, or severe and may require orthodontic treatment, including braces, appliances, or even surgery, to correct the problem.

Cephalometry is a medical term that refers to the measurement and analysis of the skull, particularly the head face relations. It is commonly used in orthodontics and maxillofacial surgery to assess and plan treatment for abnormalities related to the teeth, jaws, and facial structures. The process typically involves taking X-ray images called cephalograms, which provide a lateral view of the head, and then using various landmarks and reference lines to make measurements and evaluate skeletal and dental relationships. This information can help clinicians diagnose problems, plan treatment, and assess treatment outcomes.

An incisor is a type of tooth that is primarily designed for biting off food pieces rather than chewing or grinding. They are typically chisel-shaped, flat, and have a sharp cutting edge. In humans, there are eight incisors - four on the upper jaw and four on the lower jaw, located at the front of the mouth. Other animals such as dogs, cats, and rodents also have incisors that they use for different purposes like tearing or gnawing.

An overbite, also known as "malocclusion of class II division 1" in dental terminology, is an orthodontic condition where the upper front teeth excessively overlap the lower front teeth when biting down. This means that the upper incisors are positioned too far forward or the lower incisors are too far back. A slight overbite is considered normal and healthy, as it allows the front teeth to perform their functions properly, such as biting and tearing food. However, a significant overbite can lead to various problems like difficulty in chewing, speaking, and maintaining good oral hygiene. It may also cause wear and tear on the teeth, jaw pain, or even contribute to temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). Orthodontic treatment, such as braces or aligners, is often recommended to correct a severe overbite and restore proper bite alignment.

An open bite, in dental terminology, refers to a type of malocclusion (or misalignment) where the upper and lower teeth do not make contact with each other when the jaw is closed. More specifically, the front teeth of both the upper and lower jaws fail to meet or overlap normally, creating an opening in the bite. This condition can lead to various problems such as difficulty in biting, chewing, speaking clearly, and even cause temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). Open bite can be caused by several factors including thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, genetic factors, or abnormal jaw development. Treatment usually involves orthodontic intervention, possibly with the use of appliances or even surgery in severe cases.

Orthodontics is a specialized branch of dentistry that focuses on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of dental and facial irregularities. The term "corrective" in this context refers to the use of appliances (such as braces, aligners, or other devices) to move teeth into their proper position and correct malocclusion (bad bite). This not only improves the appearance of the teeth but also helps to ensure better function, improved oral health, and overall dental well-being.

The goal of corrective orthodontics is to create a balanced and harmonious relationship between the teeth, jaws, and facial structures. Treatment may be recommended for children, adolescents, or adults and can help address various issues such as crowding, spacing, overbites, underbites, crossbites, open bites, and jaw growth discrepancies. A combination of techniques, including fixed or removable appliances, may be used to achieve the desired outcome. Regular follow-up appointments are necessary throughout treatment to monitor progress and make any necessary adjustments.

The maxilla is a paired bone that forms the upper jaw in vertebrates. In humans, it is a major bone in the face and plays several important roles in the craniofacial complex. Each maxilla consists of a body and four processes: frontal process, zygomatic process, alveolar process, and palatine process.

The maxillae contribute to the formation of the eye sockets (orbits), nasal cavity, and the hard palate of the mouth. They also contain the upper teeth sockets (alveoli) and help form the lower part of the orbit and the cheekbones (zygomatic arches).

Here's a quick rundown of its key functions:

1. Supports the upper teeth and forms the upper jaw.
2. Contributes to the formation of the eye sockets, nasal cavity, and hard palate.
3. Helps shape the lower part of the orbit and cheekbones.
4. Partakes in the creation of important sinuses, such as the maxillary sinus, which is located within the body of the maxilla.

"Serial extraction" is not a widely recognized or established term in medical or dental literature. However, within the context of dentistry, it could potentially refer to the sequential removal of multiple teeth during separate appointments. This approach may be used when extracting multiple problematic teeth to minimize the risk of complications such as excessive bleeding, swelling, or infection that can arise from removing numerous teeth at once. It is essential to consult a dental professional for a precise understanding and application of this term in a medical context.

The term "vertical dimension" is used in dentistry, specifically in the field of prosthodontics, to refer to the measurement of the distance between two specific points in the vertical direction when the jaw is closed. The most common measurement is the "vertical dimension of occlusion," which is the distance between the upper and lower teeth when the jaw is in a balanced and comfortable position during resting closure.

The vertical dimension is an important consideration in the design and fabrication of dental restorations, such as dentures or dental crowns, to ensure proper function, comfort, and aesthetics. Changes in the vertical dimension can occur due to various factors, including tooth loss, jaw joint disorders, or muscle imbalances, which may require correction through dental treatment.

Maxillofacial development refers to the growth and formation of the bones, muscles, and soft tissues that make up the face and jaw (maxillofacial region). This process begins in utero and continues throughout childhood and adolescence. It involves the coordinated growth and development of multiple structures, including the upper and lower jaws (maxilla and mandible), facial bones, teeth, muscles, and nerves.

Abnormalities in maxillofacial development can result in a range of conditions, such as cleft lip and palate, jaw deformities, and craniofacial syndromes. These conditions may affect a person's appearance, speech, chewing, and breathing, and may require medical or surgical intervention to correct.

Healthcare professionals involved in the diagnosis and treatment of maxillofacial developmental disorders include oral and maxillofacial surgeons, orthodontists, pediatricians, geneticists, and other specialists.

A diastema is a gap or space that occurs between two teeth. The most common location for a diastema is between the two upper front teeth (central incisors). Diastemas can be caused by various factors, including:

1. Tooth size discrepancy: If the size of the teeth is smaller than the size of the jawbone, spaces may occur between the teeth. This is a common cause of diastema in children as their jaws grow and develop faster than their teeth. In some cases, these gaps close on their own as the permanent teeth erupt and fully emerge.
2. Thumb sucking or pacifier use: Prolonged thumb sucking or pacifier use can exert pressure on the front teeth, causing them to protrude and creating a gap between them. This habit typically affects children and may result in a diastema if it persists beyond the age of 4-5 years.
3. Tongue thrust: Tongue thrust is a condition where an individual pushes their tongue against the front teeth while speaking or swallowing. Over time, this force can push the front teeth forward and create a gap between them.
4. Missing teeth: When a person loses a tooth due to extraction, decay, or injury, the surrounding teeth may shift position and cause gaps to form between other teeth.
5. Periodontal disease: Advanced periodontal (gum) disease can lead to bone loss and receding gums, which can result in spaces between the teeth.
6. Genetic factors: Some people have a natural tendency for their front teeth to be widely spaced due to genetic predisposition.

Diastemas can be closed through various orthodontic treatments, such as braces or aligners, or by using dental restorations like bonding, veneers, or crowns. The appropriate treatment option depends on the underlying cause of the diastema and the individual's overall oral health condition.

Extraoral traction appliances are orthodontic devices used to correct significant dental and skeletal discrepancies, typically in cases of severe malocclusion. These appliances are worn externally on the face or head, and they work by applying gentle force to the teeth and jaws to guide them into proper alignment.

Extraoral traction appliances can be used to treat a variety of orthodontic problems, including:

* Protruding front teeth (overjet)
* Severe crowding or spacing
* Class II or Class III malocclusions (where the upper and lower jaws do not align properly)
* Jaw growth abnormalities

There are several types of extraoral traction appliances, including:

1. **Headgear:** This is the most common type of extraoral appliance. It consists of a metal frame that attaches to braces on the back teeth and a strap that fits around the head or neck. The strap applies pressure to the teeth and jaws, helping to correct alignment issues.
2. **Facemask:** A facemask is used to treat Class III malocclusions, where the lower jaw protrudes forward. It consists of a metal frame that attaches to braces on the upper teeth and a strap that fits around the head. The strap pulls the upper jaw forward, helping to align it with the lower jaw.
3. **Reverse pull headgear:** This type of appliance is used to treat patients with a receding chin or small lower jaw. It works by applying pressure to the back of the head, which encourages the growth and development of the lower jaw.
4. **Jaw separators:** These are used in cases where the jaws need to be separated to allow for proper alignment. They consist of two metal bars that fit over the upper and lower teeth, with a screw mechanism that gradually increases the space between them.

Extraoral traction appliances can be uncomfortable to wear at first, but most patients adjust to them over time. It is important to follow the orthodontist's instructions carefully when wearing these appliances to ensure proper alignment and prevent damage to the teeth and jaws.

A Jaw Relation Record (also known as a "mounted cast" or "articulated record") is a dental term used to describe the process of recording and replicating the precise spatial relationship between the upper and lower jaws. This information is crucial in various dental treatments, such as designing and creating dental restorations, dentures, or orthodontic appliances.

The Jaw Relation Record typically involves these steps:

1. Determining the optimal jaw position (occlusion) during a clinical procedure called "bite registration." This is done by using various materials like waxes, silicones, or impression compounds to record the relationship between the upper and lower teeth in a static position or at specific movements.
2. Transferring this bite registration to an articulator, which is a mechanical device that simulates jaw movement. The articulator holds dental casts (replicas of the patient's teeth) and allows for adjustments based on the recorded jaw relationship.
3. Mounting the dental casts onto the articulator according to the bite registration. This creates an accurate representation of the patient's oral structures, allowing dentists or technicians to evaluate, plan, and fabricate dental restorations that will fit harmoniously in the mouth and provide optimal function and aesthetics.

In summary, a Jaw Relation Record is a critical component in dental treatment planning and restoration design, as it captures and replicates the precise spatial relationship between the upper and lower jaws.

The mandible, also known as the lower jaw, is the largest and strongest bone in the human face. It forms the lower portion of the oral cavity and plays a crucial role in various functions such as mastication (chewing), speaking, and swallowing. The mandible is a U-shaped bone that consists of a horizontal part called the body and two vertical parts called rami.

The mandible articulates with the skull at the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) located in front of each ear, allowing for movements like opening and closing the mouth, protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement. The mandible contains the lower teeth sockets called alveolar processes, which hold the lower teeth in place.

In medical terminology, the term "mandible" refers specifically to this bone and its associated structures.

Mouth breathing is a condition characterized by the regular habit of breathing through the mouth instead of the nose during awake states and sometimes during sleep. This can occur due to various reasons such as nasal congestion, deviated septum, enlarged tonsils or adenoids, or structural abnormalities in the jaw or airway. Prolonged mouth breathing can lead to several oral and general health issues, including dry mouth, bad breath, gum disease, and orthodontic problems. It can also affect sleep quality and cognitive function.

Histocompatibility antigens, class I are proteins found on the surface of most cells in the body. They play a critical role in the immune system's ability to differentiate between "self" and "non-self." These antigens are composed of three polypeptides - two heavy chains and one light chain - and are encoded by genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6 in humans.

Class I MHC molecules present peptide fragments from inside the cell to CD8+ T cells, also known as cytotoxic T cells. This presentation allows the immune system to detect and destroy cells that have been infected by viruses or other intracellular pathogens, or that have become cancerous.

There are three main types of class I MHC molecules in humans: HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C. The term "HLA" stands for human leukocyte antigen, which reflects the original identification of these proteins on white blood cells (leukocytes). The genes encoding these molecules are highly polymorphic, meaning there are many different variants in the population, and matching HLA types is essential for successful organ transplantation to minimize the risk of rejection.

The dental arch refers to the curved shape formed by the upper or lower teeth when they come together. The dental arch follows the curve of the jaw and is important for proper bite alignment and overall oral health. The dental arches are typically described as having a U-shaped appearance, with the front teeth forming a narrower section and the back teeth forming a wider section. The shape and size of the dental arch can vary from person to person, and any significant deviations from the typical shape or size may indicate an underlying orthodontic issue that requires treatment.

Mixed dentition is a stage of dental development in which both primary (deciduous) teeth and permanent teeth are present in the mouth. This phase typically begins when the first permanent molars erupt, around the age of 6, and continues until all of the primary teeth have been replaced by permanent teeth, usually around the age of 12-13.

During this stage, a person will have a mix of smaller, temporary teeth and larger, more durable permanent teeth. Proper care and management of mixed dentition is essential for maintaining good oral health, as it can help to prevent issues such as crowding, misalignment, and decay. Regular dental check-ups and proper brushing and flossing techniques are crucial during this stage to ensure the best possible outcomes for long-term oral health.

Functional Orthodontic Appliances are removable or fixed devices used in orthodontics to correct the alignment and/or positioning of jaw bones and/or teeth. They work by harnessing the power of muscle function and growth to achieve desired changes in the dental arches and jaws. These appliances are typically used in growing children and adolescents, but can also be used in adults in certain cases. Examples of functional orthodontic appliances include activators, bionators, twin blocks, and Herbst appliances. The specific type of appliance used will depend on the individual patient's needs and treatment goals.

Dental models are replicas of a patient's teeth and surrounding oral structures, used in dental practice and education. They are typically created using plaster or other materials that harden to accurately reproduce the shape and position of each tooth, as well as the contours of the gums and palate. Dental models may be used for a variety of purposes, including treatment planning, creating custom-fitted dental appliances, and teaching dental students about oral anatomy and various dental procedures. They provide a tactile and visual representation that can aid in understanding and communication between dentists, patients, and other dental professionals.

Tooth movement, in a dental and orthodontic context, refers to the physical change in position or alignment of one or more teeth within the jaw bone as a result of controlled forces applied through various orthodontic appliances such as braces, aligners, or other orthodontic devices. The purposeful manipulation of these forces encourages the periodontal ligament (the tissue that connects the tooth to the bone) to remodel, allowing the tooth to move gradually over time into the desired position. This process is crucial in achieving proper bite alignment, correcting malocclusions, and enhancing overall oral function and aesthetics.

Activator appliances are a type of removable orthodontic device used to expand the arch of the teeth and make other adjustments to the bite. They are typically made of acrylic material and may include metal components such as screws or wires that can be adjusted to apply pressure to specific teeth or areas of the jaw.

The activator appliance works by using gentle forces to gradually move the teeth into their desired positions over time. It is often used in conjunction with other orthodontic treatments, such as braces or aligners, to help achieve optimal results. The appliance may be worn for several hours each day or overnight, depending on the specific treatment plan.

Activator appliances are typically custom-made for each patient based on a detailed evaluation of their oral structure and bite pattern. They can be used to treat a variety of orthodontic issues, including overbites, underbites, crossbites, and crowded teeth. Regular adjustments and follow-up appointments with an orthodontist are necessary to ensure that the appliance is working effectively and to make any necessary modifications to the treatment plan.

In the context of dentistry, a molar is a type of tooth found in the back of the mouth. They are larger and wider than other types of teeth, such as incisors or canines, and have a flat biting surface with multiple cusps. Molars are primarily used for grinding and chewing food into smaller pieces that are easier to swallow. Humans typically have twelve molars in total, including the four wisdom teeth.

In medical terminology outside of dentistry, "molar" can also refer to a unit of mass in the apothecaries' system of measurement, which is equivalent to 4.08 grams. However, this usage is less common and not related to dental or medical anatomy.

Orthodontic anchorage procedures refer to the methods and techniques used in orthodontics to achieve stable, controlled movement of teeth during treatment. The term "anchorage" describes the point of stability around which other teeth are moved.

There are two main types of anchorage: absolute and relative. Absolute anchorage is when the force applied to move teeth does not cause any unwanted movement in the area providing stability. Relative anchorage is when some degree of reciprocal movement is expected in the area providing stability.

Orthodontic appliances, such as mini-screws, palatal implants, and headgear, are often used to provide additional anchorage reinforcement. These devices help control the direction and magnitude of forces applied during treatment, ensuring predictable tooth movement and maintaining proper alignment and occlusion (bite).

In summary, orthodontic anchorage procedures involve the strategic use of various appliances and techniques to establish a stable foundation for moving teeth during orthodontic treatment. This helps ensure optimal treatment outcomes and long-term stability of the dentition.

Dental occlusion refers to the alignment and contact between the upper and lower teeth when the jaws are closed. It is the relationship between the maxillary (upper) and mandibular (lower) teeth when they approach each other, as occurs during chewing or biting.

A proper dental occlusion, also known as a balanced occlusion, ensures that the teeth and jaw joints function harmoniously, reducing the risk of tooth wear, damage, and temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Malocclusion, on the other hand, refers to improper alignment or contact between the upper and lower teeth, which may require orthodontic treatment or dental restorations to correct.

Interceptive orthodontics refers to a branch of orthodontics that focuses on the early interception and treatment of dental or oral issues in children, typically between the ages of 6 and 10. The goal of interceptive orthodontics is to correct developing problems before they become more serious and require extensive treatment in the future.

Interceptive orthodontic treatments may include the use of appliances such as space maintainers, palatal expanders, or partial braces to guide the growth and development of the teeth and jaws. These treatments can help to:

* Create more space for crowded teeth
* Correct bite problems
* Improve facial symmetry
* Guide jaw growth and development
* Reduce the risk of tooth damage due to thumb sucking or tongue thrusting habits

By addressing these issues early on, interceptive orthodontics can help to prevent more extensive and costly treatments later in life. It is important to note that not all children will require interceptive orthodontic treatment, and a thorough evaluation by an orthodontist is necessary to determine the most appropriate course of action for each individual case.

Tooth mobility, also known as loose teeth, refers to the degree of movement or displacement of a tooth in its socket when lateral forces are applied. It is often described in terms of grades:

* Grade 1: Tooth can be moved slightly (up to 1 mm) with finger pressure.
* Grade 2: Tooth can be moved up to 2 mm with finger pressure.
* Grade 3: Tooth can be moved more than 2 mm or can be removed from its socket with manual pressure.

Increased tooth mobility can be a sign of periodontal disease, trauma, or other dental conditions and should be evaluated by a dentist. Treatment may include deep cleaning, splinting, or surgery to restore stability to the affected teeth.

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I genes are a group of genes that encode proteins found on the surface of most nucleated cells in the body. These proteins play a crucial role in the immune system by presenting pieces of protein from inside the cell to T-cells, which are a type of white blood cell. This process allows the immune system to detect and respond to cells that have been infected by viruses or become cancerous.

MHC class I genes are highly polymorphic, meaning there are many different variations of these genes in the population. This diversity is important for the immune system's ability to recognize and respond to a wide variety of pathogens. The MHC class I proteins are composed of three main regions: the heavy chain, which is encoded by the MHC class I gene; a short peptide, which is derived from inside the cell; and a light chain called beta-2 microglobulin, which is not encoded by an MHC gene.

There are three major types of MHC class I genes in humans, known as HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C. These genes are located on chromosome 6 and are among the most polymorphic genes in the human genome. The products of these genes are critical for the immune system's ability to distinguish between self and non-self, and play a key role in organ transplant rejection.

Orthodontic appliance design refers to the creation and development of medical devices used in orthodontics, which is a branch of dentistry focused on the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of dental and facial irregularities. The design process involves creating a customized treatment plan for each patient, based on their specific needs and goals.

Orthodontic appliances can be removable or fixed and are used to move teeth into proper alignment, improve jaw function, and enhance the overall appearance of the smile. Some common types of orthodontic appliances include braces, aligners, palatal expanders, and retainers.

The design of an orthodontic appliance typically involves several factors, including:

1. The specific dental or facial problem being addressed
2. The patient's age, overall health, and oral hygiene habits
3. The patient's lifestyle and personal preferences
4. The estimated treatment time and cost
5. The potential risks and benefits of the appliance

Orthodontic appliance design is a complex process that requires a thorough understanding of dental anatomy, biomechanics, and materials science. It is typically performed by an orthodontist or a dental technician with specialized training in this area. The goal of orthodontic appliance design is to create a device that is both effective and comfortable for the patient, while also ensuring that it is safe and easy to use.

I could not find a specific medical definition for "fingersucking" as it is more of a behavior rather than a medical condition. However, fingersucking can sometimes be associated with certain medical or developmental issues in children. For example, persistent fingering sucking beyond the age of 5 years may indicate a developmental issue such as a sensory processing disorder or a behavioral problem like attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Prolonged fingersucking can also lead to dental problems such as malocclusion and dental caries.

A cuspid, also known as a canine tooth or cuspid tooth, is a type of tooth in mammals. It is the pointiest tooth in the dental arch and is located between the incisors and bicuspids (or premolars). Cuspids have a single cusp or pointed tip that is used for tearing and grasping food. In humans, there are four cuspids, two on the upper jaw and two on the lower jaw, one on each side of the dental arch.

Dental esthetics refers to the branch of dentistry concerned with the aesthetic appearance of teeth and smile. It involves the use of various dental treatments and procedures to improve the color, shape, alignment, and position of teeth, thereby enhancing the overall facial appearance and self-confidence of a person. Some common dental esthetic treatments include tooth whitening, dental veneers, composite bonding, orthodontic treatment (braces), and dental implants. It is important to note that dental esthetics not only focuses on improving the appearance but also maintaining or improving oral health and function.

Retrognathia is a dental and maxillofacial term that refers to a condition where the mandible (lower jaw) is positioned further back than normal, relative to the maxilla (upper jaw). This results in the chin appearing recessed or set back, and can lead to various functional and aesthetic problems. In severe cases, retrognathia can interfere with speaking, chewing, and breathing, and may require orthodontic or surgical intervention for correction.

Orthodontics is a specialized branch of dentistry that focuses on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of dental and facial irregularities. This involves correcting teeth that are improperly positioned, often using braces or other appliances to move them into the correct position over time. The goal of orthodontic treatment is to create a healthy, functional bite and improve the appearance of the teeth and face.

Orthodontists are dental specialists who have completed additional training beyond dental school in order to become experts in this field. They use various techniques and tools, such as X-rays, models of the teeth, and computer imaging, to assess and plan treatment for each individual patient. The type of treatment recommended will depend on the specific needs and goals of the patient.

Orthodontic treatment can be beneficial for people of all ages, although it is most commonly started during childhood or adolescence when the teeth and jaws are still growing and developing. However, more and more adults are also seeking orthodontic treatment to improve their smile and oral health.

The "chin" is the lower, prominent part of the front portion of the jaw in humans and other animals. In medical terms, it is often referred to as the mentum or the symphysis of the mandible. The chin helps in protecting the soft tissues of the mouth and throat during activities such as eating, speaking, and swallowing. It also plays a role in shaping the overall appearance of the face. Anatomically, the chin is formed by the fusion of the two halves of the mandible (lower jawbone) at the symphysis menti.

Palatal expansion technique is a dental or orthodontic treatment procedure that aims to widen the upper jaw (maxilla) by expanding the palate. This is typically done using a device called a palatal expander, which is attached to the upper molars and applies pressure to gradually separate the two bones that form the palate (the maxillary bones). As the appliance is activated (usually through turning a screw or key), it gently expands the palatal suture, allowing for an increase in the width of the upper dental arch. This procedure can help correct crossbites, crowding, and other jaw alignment issues. It's commonly used in children and adolescents but may also be employed in adults with certain conditions.

Orthodontic appliances are devices used in orthodontics, a branch of dentistry focused on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of dental and facial irregularities. These appliances can be fixed or removable and are used to align teeth, correct jaw relationships, or modify dental forces. They can include braces, aligners, palatal expanders, space maintainers, and headgear, among others. The specific type of appliance used depends on the individual patient's needs and the treatment plan developed by the orthodontist.

Tongue habits refer to the specific and repetitive ways in which an individual's tongue moves or rests inside their mouth. These habits can include things like tongue thrusting, where the tongue presses against the front teeth during speech or swallowing; tongue sucking, where the tongue is placed against the roof of the mouth; or improper tongue positioning during rest, where the tongue may be positioned too far forward in the mouth or rest against the bottom teeth.

Tongue habits can have an impact on dental and oral health, as well as speech development and clarity. For example, persistent tongue thrusting can lead to an open bite, where the front teeth do not come together when the mouth is closed. Improper tongue positioning during rest can also contribute to the development of a deep overbite or an anterior open bite.

In some cases, tongue habits may be related to underlying conditions such as muscle weakness or sensory integration disorders. Speech-language pathologists and orthodontists may work together to assess and address tongue habits in order to improve oral function and overall health.

Dental occlusion, centric refers to the alignment and contact of the opposing teeth when the jaw is closed in a neutral position, specifically with the mandible (lower jaw) positioned in maximum intercuspation. This means that all teeth are in full contact with their corresponding teeth in the opposite jaw, and the condyles of the mandible are seated in the most posterior portion of the glenoid fossae (the sockets in the skull where the mandible articulates). Centric occlusion is an important concept in dentistry as it serves as a reference point for establishing proper bite relationships during restorative dental treatment.

"Sucking behavior" is not a term typically used in medical terminology. However, in the context of early childhood development and behavior, "non-nutritive sucking" is a term that may be used to describe an infant or young child's habitual sucking on their thumb, fingers, or pacifiers, beyond what is necessary for feeding. This type of sucking behavior can provide a sense of security, comfort, or help to self-soothe and manage stress or anxiety.

It's important to note that while non-nutritive sucking is generally considered a normal part of early childhood development, persistent sucking habits beyond the age of 2-4 years may lead to dental or orthodontic problems such as an overbite or open bite. Therefore, it's recommended to monitor and address these behaviors if they persist beyond this age range.

The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) is a clinical tool used in orthodontics to assess and determine the need for orthodontic treatment based on dental health components and aesthetic considerations. It was developed to standardize the process of determining treatment priority and eligibility in various healthcare systems.

The IOTN consists of two parts: the Dental Health Component (DHC) and the Aesthetic Component (AC).

1. Dental Health Component (DHC): This part evaluates malocclusion based on specific dental health criteria, which are further divided into five grades:

Grade 1: Little or no treatment needed. The occlusion is satisfactory with minor discrepancies that do not require active orthodontic treatment.

Grade 2: Treatment might be beneficial. There are definite but slight anomalies that would benefit from orthodontic care, although they may not necessarily require immediate attention.

Grade 3: Treatment is clearly necessary. Moderate anomalies are present, and treatment is required to prevent significant worsening of dental health or aesthetics.

Grade 4: Treatment is needed to avoid severe dental disease. Significant malocclusion is present, which may lead to functional impairment, periodontal issues, or tooth wear if left untreated.

Grade 5: Immediate treatment is required. Severe malocclusions are present that can cause significant functional impairment and/or severe dental health problems if not treated promptly.

2. Aesthetic Component (AC): This part assesses the impact of malocclusion on a patient's appearance and self-perception, using a scale from 1 to 10, with 1 being the most attractive and 10 being the least attractive. The scale is based on the perceptions of laypeople rather than dental professionals.

The IOTN helps healthcare providers prioritize orthodontic treatment for patients who need it most, ensuring that limited resources are allocated fairly and efficiently.

Orthodontic appliances, removable, are dental devices that can be removed and inserted by the patient as needed or directed. These appliances are designed to align and straighten teeth, correct bite issues, and improve the function and appearance of the teeth and jaws. They are typically made from materials such as plastic, metal, or acrylic and may include components like wires, springs, or screws. Examples of removable orthodontic appliances include aligners, retainers, and space maintainers. The specific type and design of the appliance will depend on the individual patient's orthodontic needs and treatment goals.

Dental occlusion, traumatic is a term used to describe an abnormal bite or contact between the upper and lower teeth that results in trauma or injury to the oral structures. This can occur when there is a discrepancy in the alignment of the teeth or jaws, such as an overbite, underbite, or crossbite, which causes excessive force or pressure on certain teeth or tissues.

Traumatic dental occlusion can result in various dental and oral health issues, including tooth wear, fractures, mobility of teeth, gum recession, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. It is important to diagnose and treat traumatic dental occlusion early to prevent further damage and alleviate any discomfort or pain. Treatment options may include orthodontic treatment, adjustment of the bite, restoration of damaged teeth, or a combination of these approaches.

In medical terms, a "lip" refers to the thin edge or border of an organ or other biological structure. However, when people commonly refer to "the lip," they are usually talking about the lips on the face, which are part of the oral cavity. The lips are a pair of soft, fleshy tissues that surround the mouth and play a crucial role in various functions such as speaking, eating, drinking, and expressing emotions.

The lips are made up of several layers, including skin, muscle, blood vessels, nerves, and mucous membrane. The outer surface of the lips is covered by skin, while the inner surface is lined with a moist mucous membrane. The muscles that make up the lips allow for movements such as pursing, puckering, and smiling.

The lips also contain numerous sensory receptors that help detect touch, temperature, pain, and other stimuli. Additionally, they play a vital role in protecting the oral cavity from external irritants and pathogens, helping to keep the mouth clean and healthy.

The facial bones, also known as the facial skeleton, are a series of bones that make up the framework of the face. They include:

1. Frontal bone: This bone forms the forehead and the upper part of the eye sockets.
2. Nasal bones: These two thin bones form the bridge of the nose.
3. Maxilla bones: These are the largest bones in the facial skeleton, forming the upper jaw, the bottom of the eye sockets, and the sides of the nose. They also contain the upper teeth.
4. Zygomatic bones (cheekbones): These bones form the cheekbones and the outer part of the eye sockets.
5. Palatine bones: These bones form the back part of the roof of the mouth, the side walls of the nasal cavity, and contribute to the formation of the eye socket.
6. Inferior nasal conchae: These are thin, curved bones that form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and help to filter and humidify air as it passes through the nose.
7. Lacrimal bones: These are the smallest bones in the skull, located at the inner corner of the eye socket, and help to form the tear duct.
8. Mandible (lower jaw): This is the only bone in the facial skeleton that can move. It holds the lower teeth and forms the chin.

These bones work together to protect vital structures such as the eyes, brain, and nasal passages, while also providing attachment points for muscles that control chewing, expression, and other facial movements.

Prognathism is a dental and maxillofacial term that refers to a condition where the jaw, particularly the lower jaw (mandible), protrudes or sticks out beyond the normal range, resulting in the forward positioning of the chin and teeth. It can be classified as horizontal or vertical, depending on whether the protrusion is side-to-side or up-and-down.

This condition can be mild or severe and may affect one's appearance and dental health. In some cases, it can also cause issues with speaking, chewing, and breathing. Prognathism can be a result of genetic factors or certain medical conditions, such as acromegaly or gigantism. Treatment options for prognathism include orthodontic treatment, surgery, or a combination of both.

Maxillofacial abnormalities, also known as craniofacial anomalies, refer to a broad range of structural and functional disorders that affect the development of the skull, face, jaws, and related soft tissues. These abnormalities can result from genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. They can vary in severity, from minor cosmetic issues to significant impairments of vital functions such as breathing, speaking, and eating.

Examples of maxillofacial abnormalities include cleft lip and palate, craniosynostosis (premature fusion of the skull bones), hemifacial microsomia (underdevelopment of one side of the face), and various other congenital anomalies. These conditions may require multidisciplinary treatment involving surgeons, orthodontists, speech therapists, and other healthcare professionals to address both functional and aesthetic concerns.

The skull base is the lower part of the skull that forms the floor of the cranial cavity and the roof of the facial skeleton. It is a complex anatomical region composed of several bones, including the frontal, sphenoid, temporal, occipital, and ethmoid bones. The skull base supports the brain and contains openings for blood vessels and nerves that travel between the brain and the face or neck. The skull base can be divided into three regions: the anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, and posterior cranial fossa, which house different parts of the brain.

Facial asymmetry refers to a condition in which the facial features are not identical or proportionate on both sides of a vertical line drawn down the middle of the face. This can include differences in the size, shape, or positioning of facial features such as the eyes, ears, nose, cheeks, and jaw. Facial asymmetry can be mild and barely noticeable, or it can be more severe and affect a person's appearance and/or functionality of the mouth and jaw.

Facial asymmetry can be present at birth (congenital) or can develop later in life due to various factors such as injury, surgery, growth disorders, nerve damage, or tumors. In some cases, facial asymmetry may not cause any medical problems and may only be of cosmetic concern. However, in other cases, it may indicate an underlying medical condition that requires treatment.

Depending on the severity and cause of the facial asymmetry, treatment options may include cosmetic procedures such as fillers or surgery, orthodontic treatment, physical therapy, or medication to address any underlying conditions.

Myofunctional therapy, also known as orofacial myofunctional therapy, is a type of treatment that aims to correct improper muscle function in the face and mouth. It typically involves a series of exercises and techniques designed to improve oral rest posture, swallowing patterns, chewing, and speech. The goal of myofunctional therapy is to restore normal muscle function, which can help alleviate a variety of symptoms such as tongue thrust, mouth breathing, sleep-disordered breathing, and even some orthodontic problems. This type of therapy is usually provided by a trained speech-language pathologist, dentist, or orthodontist.

Facial muscles, also known as facial nerves or cranial nerve VII, are a group of muscles responsible for various expressions and movements of the face. These muscles include:

1. Orbicularis oculi: muscle that closes the eyelid and raises the upper eyelid
2. Corrugator supercilii: muscle that pulls the eyebrows down and inward, forming wrinkles on the forehead
3. Frontalis: muscle that raises the eyebrows and forms horizontal wrinkles on the forehead
4. Procerus: muscle that pulls the medial ends of the eyebrows downward, forming vertical wrinkles between the eyebrows
5. Nasalis: muscle that compresses or dilates the nostrils
6. Depressor septi: muscle that pulls down the tip of the nose
7. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi: muscle that raises the upper lip and flares the nostrils
8. Levator labii superioris: muscle that raises the upper lip
9. Zygomaticus major: muscle that raises the corner of the mouth, producing a smile
10. Zygomaticus minor: muscle that raises the nasolabial fold and corner of the mouth
11. Risorius: muscle that pulls the angle of the mouth laterally, producing a smile
12. Depressor anguli oris: muscle that pulls down the angle of the mouth
13. Mentalis: muscle that raises the lower lip and forms wrinkles on the chin
14. Buccinator: muscle that retracts the cheek and helps with chewing
15. Platysma: muscle that depresses the corner of the mouth and wrinkles the skin of the neck.

These muscles are innervated by the facial nerve, which arises from the brainstem and exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen. Damage to the facial nerve can result in facial paralysis or weakness on one or both sides of the face.

The Sella Turcica, also known as the Turkish saddle, is a depression or fossa in the sphenoid bone located at the base of the skull. It forms a housing for the pituitary gland, which is a small endocrine gland often referred to as the "master gland" because it controls other glands and makes several essential hormones. The Sella Turcica has a saddle-like shape, with its anterior and posterior clinoids forming the front and back of the saddle, respectively. This region is of significant interest in neuroimaging and clinical settings, as various conditions such as pituitary tumors or other abnormalities may affect the size, shape, and integrity of the Sella Turcica.

A bicuspid valve, also known as a mitral valve in the heart, is a heart valve that has two leaflets or cusps. It lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle and helps to regulate blood flow between these two chambers of the heart. In a healthy heart, the bicuspid valve opens to allow blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle and closes tightly to prevent blood from flowing back into the left atrium during contraction of the ventricle.

A congenital heart defect known as a bicuspid aortic valve occurs when the aortic valve, which normally has three leaflets or cusps, only has two. This can lead to narrowing of the valve (aortic stenosis) or leakage of the valve (aortic regurgitation), which can cause symptoms and may require medical treatment.

The nasal bones are a pair of small, thin bones located in the upper part of the face, specifically in the middle of the nose. They articulate with each other at the nasal bridge and with the frontal bone above, the maxillae (upper jaw bones) on either side, and the septal cartilage inside the nose. The main function of the nasal bones is to form the bridge of the nose and protect the nasal cavity. Any damage to these bones can result in a fracture or broken nose.

The mandibular condyle is a part of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the human body. It is a rounded eminence at the end of the mandible (lower jawbone) that articulates with the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone in the skull, allowing for movements such as opening and closing the mouth, chewing, speaking, and swallowing. The mandibular condyle has both a fibrocartilaginous articular surface and a synovial joint capsule surrounding it, which provides protection and lubrication during these movements.

Tooth abnormalities refer to any variations or irregularities in the size, shape, number, structure, or development of teeth that deviate from the typical or normal anatomy. These abnormalities can occur in primary (deciduous) or permanent teeth and can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, systemic diseases, or localized dental conditions during tooth formation.

Some examples of tooth abnormalities include:

1. Microdontia - teeth that are smaller than normal in size.
2. Macrodontia - teeth that are larger than normal in size.
3. Peg-shaped teeth - teeth with a narrow, conical shape.
4. Talon cusps - additional cusps or points on the biting surface of a tooth.
5. Dens invaginatus - an abnormal development where the tooth crown has an extra fold or pouch that can trap bacteria and cause dental problems.
6. Taurodontism - teeth with large pulp chambers and short roots.
7. Supernumerary teeth - having more teeth than the typical number (20 primary and 32 permanent teeth).
8. Hypodontia - missing one or more teeth due to a failure of development.
9. Germination - two adjacent teeth fused together, usually occurring in the front teeth.
10. Fusion - two separate teeth that have grown together during development.

Tooth abnormalities may not always require treatment unless they cause functional, aesthetic, or dental health issues. A dentist can diagnose and manage tooth abnormalities through various treatments, such as fillings, extractions, orthodontic care, or restorative procedures.

Bruxism is the medical term for grinding or clenching your teeth. It's often an unconscious habit that can occur during the day or at night (nocturnal bruxism). Mild bruxism may not require treatment, but chronic, severe grinding can lead to jaw disorders, headaches, and damaged teeth.

There are several potential causes of bruxism, including stress, anxiety, certain medications, alcohol and drug use, and sleep disorders. Dentists often diagnose bruxism based on the visible signs of wear on your teeth, or they may ask you about symptoms you're experiencing. Treatment for bruxism can include stress management techniques, dental guards to protect your teeth during sleep, and in some cases, medication.

A pacifier, also known as a soother or dummy, is a rubber, plastic, or silicone teething device that is designed to be sucked upon. It has a nipple-like part that the baby or infant sucks on to derive a sense of security, comfort, and relaxation. Pacifiers are often used to help soothe a crying or fussy baby, to help them fall asleep, or to calm them during stressful situations. They come in various shapes, sizes, and colors, and can be orthodontic or non-orthodontic. It is recommended that pacifier use should be stopped by the age of 2-3 years to prevent dental and speech development issues.

Odontometry is a term used in dentistry that refers to the measurement of teeth, particularly the size and length of teeth or tooth roots. It is often used in forensic dentistry for identification purposes, such as in age estimation, sex determination, or individual identification of human remains. The measurements can be taken using various methods, including radiographs (x-rays), calipers, or specialized software.

In some contexts, odontometry may also refer to the process of measuring the amount of dental work required for a particular treatment plan, although this usage is less common.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "smiling" is not typically considered a medical term. It's a part of normal human behavior and facial expression. A smile usually refers to the action of turning up the corners of the mouth to signal pleasure, affection, amusement, or approval. However, in a medical context, a person may be unable to smile due to various conditions, such as facial paralysis caused by Bell's palsy or a stroke. In such cases, the ability to smile can be an important part of rehabilitation and recovery.

Orthodontic wires are typically made of stainless steel, nickel-titanium alloy, or other shape memory alloys, and are used in orthodontics to move teeth into the desired position. They are attached to brackets bonded to the teeth and exert a continuous force to align the teeth and correct malocclusions (bites that do not fit together correctly). The wires come in various sizes, shapes, and materials, each with specific properties that make them suitable for different stages of treatment. Some wires are flexible and used during the initial alignment phase, while others are more rigid and used during the finishing phase to achieve precise tooth movements.

Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMD) refer to a group of conditions that cause pain and dysfunction in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the muscles that control jaw movement. The TMJ is the hinge joint that connects the lower jaw (mandible) to the skull (temporal bone) in front of the ear. It allows for movements required for activities such as eating, speaking, and yawning.

TMD can result from various causes, including:

1. Muscle tension or spasm due to clenching or grinding teeth (bruxism), stress, or jaw misalignment
2. Dislocation or injury of the TMJ disc, which is a small piece of cartilage that acts as a cushion between the bones in the joint
3. Arthritis or other degenerative conditions affecting the TMJ
4. Bite problems (malocclusion) leading to abnormal stress on the TMJ and its surrounding muscles
5. Stress, which can exacerbate existing TMD symptoms by causing muscle tension

Symptoms of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders may include:
- Pain or tenderness in the jaw, face, neck, or shoulders
- Limited jaw movement or locking of the jaw
- Clicking, popping, or grating sounds when moving the jaw
- Headaches, earaches, or dizziness
- Difficulty chewing or biting
- Swelling on the side of the face

Treatment for TMD varies depending on the severity and cause of the condition. It may include self-care measures (like eating soft foods, avoiding extreme jaw movements, and applying heat or cold packs), physical therapy, medications (such as muscle relaxants, pain relievers, or anti-inflammatory drugs), dental work (including bite adjustments or orthodontic treatment), or even surgery in severe cases.

Centric relation is a term used in dentistry to describe the relationship between the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw) when the condyles (the rounded ends of the lower jaw bone) are in the most superior, anterior, and posterior position in the glenoid fossae (the sockets in the skull where the condyles sit). This is considered to be a neutral and reproducible position that can be used as a reference point for establishing proper occlusion (bite) and jaw alignment during dental treatment, such as constructing dentures or performing orthodontic treatment.

It's important to note that there are different philosophies and schools of thought regarding the definition and clinical significance of centric relation, and not all dentists agree on its importance or relevance in practice.

Tooth eruption is the process by which a tooth emerges from the gums and becomes visible in the oral cavity. It is a normal part of dental development that occurs in a predictable sequence and timeframe. Primary or deciduous teeth, also known as baby teeth, begin to erupt around 6 months of age and continue to emerge until approximately 2-3 years of age. Permanent or adult teeth start to erupt around 6 years of age and can continue to emerge until the early twenties.

The process of tooth eruption involves several stages, including the formation of the tooth within the jawbone, the movement of the tooth through the bone and surrounding tissues, and the final emergence of the tooth into the mouth. Proper tooth eruption is essential for normal oral function, including chewing, speaking, and smiling. Any abnormalities in the tooth eruption process, such as delayed or premature eruption, can indicate underlying dental or medical conditions that require further evaluation and treatment.

Mastication is the medical term for the process of chewing food. It's the first step in digestion, where food is broken down into smaller pieces by the teeth, making it easier to swallow and further digest. The act of mastication involves not only the physical grinding and tearing of food by the teeth but also the mixing of the food with saliva, which contains enzymes that begin to break down carbohydrates. This process helps to enhance the efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption in the subsequent stages of the digestive process.

Peer review in the context of health care is a process used to maintain standards and improve the quality of healthcare practices, research, and publications. It involves the evaluation of work or research conducted by professionals within the same field, who are considered peers. The purpose is to provide an objective assessment of the work, identify any errors or biases, ensure that the methods and conclusions are sound, and offer suggestions for improvement.

In health care, peer review can be applied to various aspects including:

1. Clinical Practice: Healthcare providers regularly review each other's work to maintain quality standards in patient care, diagnoses, treatment plans, and adherence to evidence-based practices.

2. Research: Before research findings are published in medical journals, they undergo a rigorous peer-review process where experts assess the study design, methodology, data analysis, interpretation of results, and conclusions to ensure the validity and reliability of the research.

3. Publications: Medical journals use peer review to evaluate and improve the quality of articles submitted for publication. This helps to maintain the credibility and integrity of the published literature, ensuring that it is accurate, unbiased, and relevant to the field.

4. Education and Training Programs: Peer review is also used in evaluating the content and delivery of medical education programs, continuing professional development courses, and training curricula to ensure they meet established standards and are effective in enhancing the knowledge and skills of healthcare professionals.

5. Healthcare Facilities and Institutions: Accreditation bodies and regulatory authorities use peer review as part of their evaluation processes to assess the quality and safety of healthcare facilities and institutions, identifying areas for improvement and ensuring compliance with regulations and standards.

Orthognathic surgical procedures are a type of surgery used to correct jaw misalignments and improve the bite and function of the jaws. The term "orthognathic" comes from the Greek words "orthos," meaning straight or correct, and "gnathos," meaning jaw. These surgeries are typically performed by oral and maxillofacial surgeons in conjunction with orthodontic treatment to achieve proper alignment of the teeth and jaws.

Orthognathic surgical procedures may be recommended for patients who have significant discrepancies between the size and position of their upper and lower jaws, which can result in problems with chewing, speaking, breathing, and sleeping. These procedures can also improve facial aesthetics by correcting jaw deformities and imbalances.

The specific surgical procedure used will depend on the nature and extent of the jaw misalignment. Common orthognathic surgical procedures include:

1. Maxillary osteotomy: This procedure involves making cuts in the upper jawbone (maxilla) and moving it forward or backward to correct a misalignment.
2. Mandibular osteotomy: This procedure involves making cuts in the lower jawbone (mandible) and moving it forward or backward to correct a misalignment.
3. Genioplasty: This procedure involves reshaping or repositioning the chin bone (mentum) to improve facial aesthetics and jaw function.
4. Orthognathic surgery for sleep apnea: This procedure involves repositioning the upper and/or lower jaws to open up the airway and improve breathing during sleep.

Orthognathic surgical procedures require careful planning and coordination between the surgeon, orthodontist, and patient. The process typically involves taking detailed measurements and images of the jaw and teeth, creating a surgical plan, and undergoing orthodontic treatment to align the teeth prior to surgery. After surgery, patients may need to wear braces or other appliances to maintain the alignment of their teeth and jaws during healing.

The masseter muscle is a strong chewing muscle in the jaw. It is a broad, thick, quadrilateral muscle that extends from the zygomatic arch (cheekbone) to the lower jaw (mandible). The masseter muscle has two distinct parts: the superficial part and the deep part.

The superficial part of the masseter muscle originates from the lower border of the zygomatic process of the maxilla and the anterior two-thirds of the inferior border of the zygomatic arch. The fibers of this part run almost vertically downward to insert on the lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible and the coronoid process.

The deep part of the masseter muscle originates from the deep surface of the zygomatic arch and inserts on the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible, blending with the temporalis tendon.

The primary function of the masseter muscle is to elevate the mandible, helping to close the mouth and clench the teeth together during mastication (chewing). It also plays a role in stabilizing the jaw during biting and speaking. The masseter muscle is one of the most powerful muscles in the human body relative to its size.

"Class I and Class III malocclusion sub-groupings related to headform type". The Angle Orthodontist. 62 (1): 35-42, discussion ... The Angle Orthodontist. 65 (6): 423-430. ISSN 0003-3219. PMID 8702068. Martone, V. D.; Enlow, D. H.; Hans, M. G.; Broadbent, B ... The Angle Orthodontist. 58 (4): 309-320. ISSN 0003-3219. PMID 3207212. Lange, D. W.; Kalra, V.; Broadbent, B. H.; Powers, M.; ... Angle Orthodontist. 66 (5): 393-400. ISSN 0003-3219. PMID 8893109. Pracharktam, Nonglak; Nelson, Suchitra; Hans, Mark G.; ...
Cousley, Richard R. J. (2014-09-01). "Molar intrusion in the management of anterior openbite and 'high angle' Class II ... malocclusions". Journal of Orthodontics. 41 Suppl 1: S39-46. doi:10.1179/1465313314Y.0000000108. ISSN 1465-3133. PMID 25138365 ...
Long-term skeletal and dental effects and treatment timing for function appliances in Class II malocclusion. The Angle ... They are mostly used to reduce the projection of the front teeth (increased overjet) in patients with class II malocclusion. ... The use of functional appliances to correct Class II malocclusion can also have psychological benefits. O'Brien at el. (2003) ... Whilst functional appliances have been suggested for treatment of Class III malocclusion, their limited success has been ...
He designed fixed and removable inclined planes to correct Angle Class II malocclusions. He also designed the first soft-rubber ...
The Angle classification divides occlusion and malocclusion into four distinct classes: normal occlusion, Class I, II, and III ... Angle delineated three distinct forms of malocclusion, as determined by the occlusal relationship of the first molars: Class I ... Edward Angle has 46 patents to his name. In the 1890s, Edward H. Angles proposed a classification system for malocclusion, ... As for Classes II and III malocclusion, it depends whether or not the line of occlusion is accurate. Once a molar position is ...
... or Banded Type Herbst Appliance on Class II division 1 Malocclusion". The Angle Orthodontist. 78 (2): 361-369. doi:10.2319/ ... Pancherz H. Treatment of class II malocclusions by jumping the bite with the Herbst appliance. A cephalometric investigation. ... The Herbst appliance is indicated for the noncompliance treatment of Class II skeletal malocclusions with retrognathic mandible ... The appliance not only corrected a dental Class II to a dental Class I but also offered a marked improvement of the classic ...
Ülgen, M. and Schmuth, G.P.F. : Effects of Activator Therapy on the Angle Class II Division 1 Malocclusions, German Journal of ... Ülgen, M., and Gögen, H.: Effect on the B-point of Cervical Headger Therapy of Angle Class II Division ! Malocclusions, Turkish ... Erbay, E., and Ülgen, M.: Profile Changes of the Angle Class I Malocclusions Treated with and without Extraction, Turkish ... Ülgen, M., and Yolalan, C.: Evaluation of Angle Class III Malocclusions with Coben Cephalometric Analysis, Turkish Journal of ...
Alam, MK (October 2018). "Treatment of Angle Class I malocclusion with severe crowding by extraction of four premolars: a case ... Most malocclusion studies to date have focused on Class III malocclusions. Genetic studies for Class II and Class I ... According to Angle, malocclusion is any deviation of the occlusion from the ideal. However, assessment for malocclusion should ... It is also possible to have different classes of malocclusion on left and right sides. Class I (Neutrocclusion): Here the molar ...
... the Angle's classification of malocclusion has commonly been used for many years. This system has also been adapted in an ... Class I: Mandibular incisors contact the maxillary incisors in the middle third or on the cingulum of the palatal surface Class ... "The Angle classification as a parameter of malocclusion". American Journal of Orthodontics. 51 (6): 465-466. doi:10.1016/0002- ... This class may be further subdivided into division I and division II: Division I includes maxillary incisors which are ...
Angle's Classification is devised in 1899 by father of Orthodontic, Dr Edward Angle to describe the classes of malocclusion, ... Angle's Classification describes 3 classes of malocclusion: Class I: The molar relationship of the occlusion is normal or as ... Class II div 1: class II relationship with proclined upper central incisors (overjet) Class II div 2: class II relationship ... ISBN 978-953-307-687-4. "Angle's Classification of Malocclusion". Archived from the original on 2008-02-13. Retrieved 2007-10- ...
"Treatment effects produced by Fränkel appliance in patients with class II, division 1 malocclusion". The Angle Orthodontist. 72 ... This was used primarily in Class 2 Division 1 and 2. Used in patients with Class 3 malocclusion. In this appliance the lip pads ... This was mainly used for Class 1 and Class 2 Division 1 malocclusion. Acrylic Components Buccal Shield - They were about 2.5mm ... and bionator appliances in the treatment of Class II malocclusion". American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial ...
Edward Angle devised the first simple classification system for malocclusions, such as Class I, Class II, and so on. His ... Angle contributed greatly to the design of orthodontic and dental appliances, making many simplifications. He founded the first ... The headgear application is one of the most useful appliances available to the orthodontist when looking to correct a Class II ... They are often used to correct underbites, as well as malocclusions, overbites, open bites, gaps, deep bites, cross bites, ...
... angle class i MeSH C07.793.494.630 - malocclusion, angle class ii MeSH C07.793.494.650 - malocclusion, angle class iii MeSH ...
... and prosthodontic treatment is indicated where there is a Class I molar relationships in the absence of malocclusion Class III ... This can be linked to lower maxillary to mandibular plane angles. A more acute mandibular angle and flatter chin may develop as ... A tendency toward a class III malocclusion identified in maxillary hypodontia, and; Reduced lower posterior facial height in ... This management is indicated in hypodontia cases of Class I molar relationship with severe crowding in the mandibular anterior ...
In class II (division I) malocclusion the overjet is increased as the maxillary central incisors are protruded. Class II ... Once an assessment is made that there is dental crowding (a bad bite), the Angle classification of malocclusion is based only ... Class II malocclusion, either with prominent upper incisors (Class II division 1) or exceedingly crowded and collapsed upper ... and is always associated with a class II molar relationship. In essence, Class II Div 2 malocclusion is a common description ...
A class II skeletal and dental malocclusion was observed in Myrtis' remains. Other reported dental issues are the ectopic ... The Angle Orthodontist. Angle. 81 (1): 169-177. doi:10.2319/012710-58.1. PMC 8926360. PMID 20936971. "Myrtis has been named " ... Angle Orthod. 78 (1): 152-6. doi:10.2319/012107-30.1. PMID 18193954. Media related to Myrtis reconstruction in the National ...
He eventually enrolled himself at Angle School of Orthodontia, where he was part of first graduating class in 1900. He then ... The essays were pertaining to design of the orthodontic appliances and diagnosis of different malocclusions. Pullen over his ... was an American orthodontist who was the graduate of the first class from Angle School of Orthodontia in 1900. Pullen is known ... Eastern Association of Graduates of Angle School of Orthodontia - member "Obituary Notice". The Angle Orthodontist. 5 (2): 154- ...
The x-rays showed that many Class II and III malocclusions were due to improper jaw relations as opposed to misaligned teeth. ... Brodie AG (1931). "A discussion on the Newest Angle Mechanism". The Angle Orthodontist. 1: 32-38. Angle EH (1928). "The latest ... Brodie AG (1956). "Orthodontic Concepts Prior to the Death of Edward Angle". The Angle Orthodontist. 26: 144-155. Matasa CG, ... The field's influential contributors include Norman William Kingsley (1829-1913) and Edward Angle (1855-1930). Angle created ...
The Frankel appliance were developed by Rolf Frankel in 1957 for treatment of Class I, II, III Malocclusions . William Clark ... The United States was introduced to Fixed Orthodontics by Edward Angle. Norman William Kingsley was the first person to show " ... In the Anterior-Posterior dimension, appliances such as Class II and Class III are used. Appliances used in transverse ... Class III Tandem Bow Carriere® Motion™ Appliance for Class III Correction Face Mask Rapid Molar Intruder Mesial Jet T Bar ...
This procedure is often used in treatment of patients who have Class 2 malocclusion. The cause is often the result of loss of E ... Tipping movement occurs where the first molars are angled backwards when the second molar has not erupted yet. In addition, the ... Karlsson, Ingela; Bondemark, Lars (2006-11-01). "Intraoral maxillary molar distalization". The Angle Orthodontist. 76 (6): 923- ... The Angle Orthodontist. 78 (1): 167-175. doi:10.2319/102506-438. PMID 18193963. Muse, Dween S.; Fillman, Michael J.; William J ...
The entire controversy between Angle and Case started when Angle claimed that the use of Intermaxillary elastics were first ... His first paper was entitled Dental Education and Mechanics which was published in Ohio State Journal of Dental Science in 1881 ... these figures were divisive due to their views on extraction of teeth vs non-extraction of teeth when treating malocclusions in ... Case is also known for his part in the Extraction Debate of 1911 that happened between Edward Angle and Case. He was born in ...
If the CR shows a less severe class 3 malocclusion or teeth not in anterior crossbite, this may mean that their anterior ... The Angle Orthodontist. 73 (5): 515-524. ISSN 0003-3219. PMID 14580018. Bresolin, D.; Shapiro, P. A.; Shapiro, G. G.; Chapko, M ... Another term for an anterior crossbite due to dental interferences is Pseudo Class III Crossbite or Malocclusion. Single tooth ... Al-Hummayani, Fadia M. (2017-03-05). "Pseudo Class III malocclusion". Saudi Medical Journal. 37 (4): 450-456. doi:10.15537/smj. ...
Louis Edward Angle (orthodontist) and Vilray Blair (surgeon) started to work together and Blair stressed the importance of ... It is estimated that nearly 30% of the general population present with malocclusions that are in great need of orthodontic ... Kim H, Sakamoto T, Yamaguchi H, Sueishi K (2017). "Evaluation of Chewing Movement in Skeletal Class III Patients with ... Bourdiol P, Soulier-Peigue D, Lachaze P, Nicolas E, Woda A, Hennequin M (2017). "Only severe malocclusion correlates with ...
Any deviations are known as malocclusions, and they are separated by class. Also known as neutrocclusion, MAL/1 occurs when the ... Distoversion (DV) - occurs when a tooth is in the correct anatomic position in the dental arch but is angled more behind than ... Malocclusion is the imperfect positioning of the teeth when the jaw is closed. In dogs and cats with normal occlusion, the ... This type of malocclusion is further classified by type: Rostral cross bite (RXB) - one or more of the upper incisors are ...
Class 3 elastics are used when the molar relationship is close to Class 1 malocclusion. Class 3 malocclusions due to skeletal ... Others, including Edward Angle, the father of orthodontics, suggest that Calvin Case was the first to use intermaxillary ... looking at the effect of Class 2 elastics in correcting class II malocclusions concluded that Class II elastics are effective ... "Correction of Class II malocclusion with Class II elastics: A 2013 systematic review of 11 studies". American Journal of ...
"Long-term stability of surgical-orthodontic correction of class III malocclusions with long-face syndrome". Med Oral Patol Oral ... Tourne, Luc P. M. (September 1990). "The long face syndrome and impairment of the nasopharyngeal airway". The Angle ... Angle Orthodontist. 75 (5): 736-746. PMID 16283813. Schendel, S. A.; Eisenfeld, J.; Bell, W. H.; Epker, B. N.; Mishelevich, D. ... there is excess of lower facial height usually associated with lower occlusal and mandibular plane angles." This is often ...
Some of the malocclusions that can be treated with this appliance included Class II Division I, Class II Division II, Class III ... The outer arms are bent upwards depending on the angle that is desired for the occlusal plane. He placed the hooks on the ... Wunderer made a modification of the activator to be used for the patients with Class III malocclusions. The appliance was split ... ideal for correction of class II malocclusion, being based on tooth size, these appliances aptly coined EGAs (Eruptive Guidance ...
Burgaz MA, Eraydın F, Esener SD, Ülkür E (September 2018). "Patient with Severe Skeletal Class II Malocclusion: Double Jaw ... The bony cut is made from the sigmoid notch to the mandibular angle with an osteotome. The bony fragment at the proximal end is ... "Stability after surgical-orthodontic correction of skeletal Class III malocclusion. I. Mandibular setback". The International ... The incision for EVRO is made on the most superficial layer of the skin, approximately 1 to 2 cm below the mandibular angle. ...
Class 2 and class 3 malocclusion with skeletal abnormalities. Patients with adequate spacing in dentition Cases of anodontia/ ... Norman, F. (April 1965). "Serial Extraction". Angle Orthod. 35 (35): 149-57. PMID 14280966. Proffit, William R.; Fields, Henry ... In cases of class 1 malocclusion that show harmony between skeletal and muscular system Cases which present with arch length ... Serial extraction should be limited essentially to class 1 malocclusion with an initial normal sagittal jaw relationship and ...
... to distalize the upper 1st molars to create space for eruption of impacted teeth or allowing correction of Class 2 malocclusion ... or low mandibular plane angles. Nancy Acrylic Button TMA Springs (0.032 in) Wire component includes closed helix, small ... pendulum appliance including distal screw and uprighting activation for non-compliance therapy of Class-II malocclusion in ... Hilgers, J. J. (1992-11-01). "The pendulum appliance for Class II non-compliance therapy". Journal of Clinical Orthodontics. 26 ...
This study aimed to compare the efficiency of 4-premolar extraction protocol in Class I malocclusion and 2-maxillary premolar ... extraction protocol in complete Class II malocclusions. Group 1 consisted of... ... Má oclusão de Angle Classe I. Má oclusão de Angle Classe II. Ortodontia Corretiva. ... Treatment efficiency of Class I four-premolar and Class II malocclusion two maxillary premolar extraction protocols ...
Narmada, I. B., Sesaria, I. P., & Sami, S. A. (2023). Non-extraction Orthodontic Treatment in Angle Class I Malocclusion with ... Narmada, Ida Bagus ; Sesaria, Ike P. ; Sami, Syafiri A. / Non-extraction Orthodontic Treatment in Angle Class I Malocclusion ... Narmada, IB, Sesaria, IP & Sami, SA 2023, Non-extraction Orthodontic Treatment in Angle Class I Malocclusion with Severe ... Dive into the research topics of Non-extraction Orthodontic Treatment in Angle Class I Malocclusion with Severe Crowding, Deep ...
Vertical control in the treatment of Angles Class II Division 1 malocclusion associated with anterior open bite using a ... This study assessed the dental and skeletal changes seen in individuals with Angles Class II Division 1 malocclusion ... with palatal expander is an efficient option for treating hyperdivergent patients with Angles Class II Division1 malocclusion ... RESULTS: Reduction in the S-N-A angle (-0.56º ± 1.76) was the only change that was not statistically significant. There were ...
... perception of soft tissue profiles of Class III adults, and to evaluate which cephalometric variables are likely to influence ... Malocclusion, Angle Class II / psychology* * Mandible / pathology * Maxilla / pathology * Nasal Bone / pathology ... Orthodontists and laypersons aesthetic assessment of Class III subjects referred for orthognathic surgery Eur J Orthod. 2009 ... This study was undertaken to compare laypersons and professionals perception of soft tissue profiles of Class III adults, and ...
"Class I and Class III malocclusion sub-groupings related to headform type". The Angle Orthodontist. 62 (1): 35-42, discussion ... The Angle Orthodontist. 65 (6): 423-430. ISSN 0003-3219. PMID 8702068. Martone, V. D.; Enlow, D. H.; Hans, M. G.; Broadbent, B ... The Angle Orthodontist. 58 (4): 309-320. ISSN 0003-3219. PMID 3207212. Lange, D. W.; Kalra, V.; Broadbent, B. H.; Powers, M.; ... Angle Orthodontist. 66 (5): 393-400. ISSN 0003-3219. PMID 8893109. Pracharktam, Nonglak; Nelson, Suchitra; Hans, Mark G.; ...
Once the Angle dental class was identified, it was recorded if there were signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders ( ... There is no statistically significant difference between the two groups (χ2 = 1.057, p , 0.05). Subjects with Angle Class I ( ... There is no statistically significant difference between the two groups (χ2=1.057, p,0.05). Subjects with a first molar class ... Once the Angle dental class was identified, it was recorded if there were signs and symptoms of TMJ dysfunctions and occlusal ...
Among treated patients the CoA segment (the maxillary length) and the ANB angle (the antero-posterior relation of the maxilla ... We show that untreated subjects develop different Class III craniofacial growth patterns as compared to patients submitted to ... In this paper we use Bayesian networks to determine and visualise the interactions among various Class III malocclusion ... We identify the focal morphological areas of the treatment for Class III malocclusion as the CoA segment (the maxillary length ...
... type of malocclusion, and the position of the root apices. The present case report is aimed at outlining the orthodontic ... Analysis of the occlusion revealed angle class I malocclusion with significant crowding of the maxillary and mandibular ... Class I. Canine-first premolar transposition(2)Class II. Canine-lateral incisor transposition(3)Class III. Canine-first molar ... C. Filho, M. A. Cardoso, T. L. An, and F. A. Bertoz, "Maxillary canine-first premolar transposition," Angle Orthodontist, vol. ...
... with Angles class I malocclusion compared to previous reports of higher prevalence in Angles class II and III malocclusion (5 ... the prevalence of peg-shaped laterals was lower in Angles class III but higher in Angles class I. ... The prevalence of peg-shaped laterals in Angles class III malocclusion has been reported to be about 3% with an equal sex ... In a previous study, the prevalence of peg-shaped laterals in patients with Angles class II division 1 malocclusion was ...
Slide to already back to later H. Tang, Y. T. Du S.... Orthodontics treatment of a child with Angle Class II malocclusion after ... Hughes evaluation to already this subject in order to crack NEET exam... Of a child with Angle Class II malocclusion after ... Early orthodontics treatment of a child with Angle Class II malocclusion after mandibular retrusion. growth and development as ... 2017 1 2 with Angle Class II malocclusion after mandibular retrusion orthopedics Monday, July 31, Dr.Dentiste Dental! Clinic, ...
Malocclusion, Angle Class III Preferred Concept UI. M0012947. Scope Note. Malocclusion in which the mandible is anterior to the ... Malocclusion, Angle Class III Preferred Term Term UI T024792. Date01/01/1999. LexicalTag EPO. ThesaurusID NLM (1979). ... Angle Class III Habsburg Jaw Hapsburg Jaw Prognathism, Mandibular Underbite Previous Indexing. Malocclusion (1966-1978). See ... Angle refers to Edward Hartley Angle, American orthodontist. Scope Note. Malocclusion in which the mandible is anterior to the ...
A nonextraction approach is demonstrated in an adult high-angle patient with a skeletal Class malocclusion and severe crowding ... Class II Correction in an Adult High-Angle Patient Using Low-Friction Mechanics and Skeletal Anchorage ... Compensatory Treatment of a Complex Class III Malocclusion DR. GILBERTO DA CRUZ BEZERRA JR., DDS, MSD , DR. JULIANA AZEVEDO ... When an adult patient presents for retreatment of a moderate skeletal Class II malocclusion and deep bite, both dental and ...
Class I malocclusion. This condition is very common. It features crooked teeth or those that protrude at abnormal angles. In ... Class III malocclusion. Known as an underbite, in which the lower jaw is too big or the upper jaw too small, Class III ... For example, research suggests that there is little benefit to early orthodontics for Class II malocclusion (commonly known as ... early treatment for Class I malocclusion occurs in two phases, each two years long. ...
Angle Class III (mesio-occlusion): The mesiobuccal groove of the mandibular first molar is mesial to the mesiobuccal cusp of ... Management of severe class II malocclusion with fixed functional appliance: Forsus. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2011 May 1. 12(3):216 ... In Class II, Division 1, the molar relationship is Class II, but the maxillary anterior teeth are flared labial. In Class II, ... Angle Class II (disto-occlusion): The mandibular first molar articulates distal to the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first ...
Results: The central, right and left upper lip inclination angle in the lateral and three-quarter views in the Test group were ... Three-dimensional lip morphology in skeletal Class I malocclusion with labial inclination of the upper central incisors. M ... Conclusions: The upper lip wholly showed labial inclination and forward protrusion in Class I malocclusion with labial ... Article: Three-dimensional lip morphology in skeletal Class I malocclusion with labial inclination of the upper central ...
... with Class III skeletal malocclusion. Group MAMP will consist of 18 individuals treated with Class III elastic anchored in a ... Group BAMP will consist of 25 individuals treated with a Class III elastic anchored in two miniplates positioned in the infra- ... Comparison of dentoalveolar changes and efficiency of Class II treatment with two ... ... the miniscrew-anchored maxillary protraction with Class III elastics (MAMP) and with fixed nickel titanium coil springs ( ...
Learn how to treat a moderate adult skeletal Class III case without surgery using camouflage and a supporting maxillary ... Camouflage treatment of skeletal class III malocclusion with asymmetry using a bone-borne rapid maxillary expander, Angle ... Camouflage treatment of skeletal class III malocclusion with asymmetry using a bone-borne rapid maxillary expander, Angle ... Camouflage treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion with multiloop edgewise arch wire and modified Class III elastics by ...
To investigate long-term outcomes of dentoskeletal changes induced by facemask therapy using skeletal anchorage in Class III ... anchored facemask treatment in growing patients with skeletal class III malocclusions ... Angle Orthod (2022) 92 (3): 307-314.. This article has been cited by the following articles in journals that are participating ... Comparative assessment of facemask therapy with and without skeletal anchorage in growing Class III patients with unilateral ...
Three dimensional study of the mandibular occlusal plane in Angle class ? malocclusion with facial asymmetry. Yuqiao Wang, ... Three dimensional study of the mandibular occlusal plane in Angle class ? malocclusion with facial asymmetry. ...
Three dimensional study of the mandibular occlusal plane in Angle class ? malocclusion with facial asymmetry. Yuqiao Wang, ... Three dimensional study of the mandibular occlusal plane in Angle class ? malocclusion with facial asymmetry. ...
Aims: To find the association between different Angles classes of malocclusion and to estimate the distribution of hypodontia ... Results: No clear association was found between Angles classes and hypodontia, females showed higher prevalence of hypodontia ... Then the sample was divided into 3 groups depending on Angles classification of malocclusion. ... Angles classification and hypodontia, is there an association?. Afrah Kh Al-Hamdany, Neam R Al-Saleem, Aisha A Qasim ...
Oral examination revealed micrognathia, class II malocclusion, and chronic trimus. Erupted teeth were of normal size, shape and ... mandible with a steep mandibular angle, eruption of the permanent teeth, and congenitally missing left upper second premolar ... Experiences and lessons. Proper characterization of the clinical features and genetic defects of HGPS is of utmost importance ... severe malocclusion, and problems with swallowing, feeding, and speech. However, Ullrich et al[23] evaluated 25 patients with ...
... skeletal Class II and Class II subdivision malocclusions with mandibular midline deviation. This study describes Ertty System® ... The two female patients presented with Class II malocclusion subdivision and maxillary midline deviation. Results: It was ... achieved correct alignment and leveling, Class I dental relation and correction of upper midline. Conclusion: The success and ... This system is indicated to correct uni- or bilateral maxillary dental Class II malocclusion in permanent dentition both in ...
Kirjavainen, M. & Kirjavainen, T. Upper airway dimensions in class II malocclusion. Effects of headgear treatment. Angle Orthod ... REM: rapid eye movement sleep; SNA, smaller angle which is formed by sella(S), nasion(N), and A point; ANB, smaller angle which ... smaller angle which is formed by sella(S), nasion(N), and A point; ANB, smaller angle which is formed by A point, nasion(N), ... smaller angle which is formed by sella(S), nasion(N), and A point; ANB, smaller angle which is formed by A point, nasion(N), ...
... an acute nasolabial angle, a short columella, a convex upper lip, and class III malocclusion. We report 3 cases of prenatally ... Perspective: Mandatory Radiology Education for Medical Students. Academic radiology Farmakis, S. G., Chertoff, J. D., Straus, C ... Yet radiology education requirements in US medical schools are variable with only a minority of schools requiring a clerkship ... Radiology education of medical students is increasingly important given the intersection of radiology with virtually all ...
A twenty-four year old female patient with a skeletal Class III malocclusion, open bite and laterognathia, was firstly treated ... The combined orthodontic-surgical treatment provided the Class I occlusion with aesthetic and functionally satisfactory results ... Skeletal malocclusions, especially those with a prominent vertical component, always present a challenge for the ... malocclusion, angle class III; open bite; orthognathic surgery; orthodontics, corrective; treatment outcome. ...
We selected 26 Brazilian children with vertical growth pattern and Angle Class II, division 1 malocclusions, aged between 7 ... Anteroposterior evaluation of position of the mandible in dolicofacial children with Angle class II, division 1 malocclusion. ... it is proposed to evaluate the anteroposterior position of mandible in children with Angle Class II, division 1 malocclusions, ... Avaliação anteroposterior da posição da mandíbula em crianças dolicofaciais com má oclusão Classe II, divisão 1 de Angle. pt. ...
Aparelhos de Tração Extrabucal Má Oclusão Classe III de Angle Técnica de Expansão Palatina Cefalometria Criança Feminino ... To investigate the hypothesis that there is difference in the treatment outcomes of milder skeletal Class III malocclusion ... During treatment of milder skeletal Class III malocclusion, facemask therapy along with a miniscrew exhibits fewer negative ... A comparative assessment of orthodontic treatment outcomes of mild skeletal Class III malocclusion between facemask and ...
Read the article Class III Malocclusion Treatment Strategies: Case Report on R Discovery, your go-to avenue for effective ... Article on Class III Malocclusion Treatment Strategies: Case Report, published in Journal of Contemporary Orthodontics 4 on ... Evaluation of collum angle of maxillary incisors on impacted vs non impacted canine Side: A CBCT analysis Open Access ...
  • There was vertical control of the lower facial third, which reduced the maxillomandibular gap by restricting maxillary growth and encouraging mandibular growth, demonstrating that therapy with headgear coupled with palatal expander is an efficient option for treating hyperdivergent patients with Angle's Class II Division1 malocclusion associated with open bite. (bvsalud.org)
  • Angles classification of malocclusion was determined using the first maxillary and first mandibular molar relationship. (ispub.com)
  • Group MAMP will consist of 18 individuals treated with Class III elastic anchored in a hybrid expander (with two palatal miniscrews) and 2 miniscrews in the distal of the mandibular permanent canines. (fapesp.br)
  • Group BAMP will consist of 25 individuals treated with a Class III elastic anchored in two miniplates positioned in the infra-zygomatic crest and two miniplates in the mesial of the mandibular permanent canines. (fapesp.br)
  • She displayed severe Class III antero-posterior relationships, a reverse anterior overjet, maxillary transverse constriction, and wide buccal corridors, with moderate crowding in the maxillary arch and minimal crowding in the mandibular arch. (jco-online.com)
  • Cephalometric analysis found a skeletal Class III pattern, with an ANB angle of -4.7° caused by a combination of maxillary retrusion and mandibular protrusion ( Table 1 ). (jco-online.com)
  • 5,7 Our solution was to use a transparent thermoformed retainer in the mandibular arch to maintain the lingual inclination of the compensated lower incisors while the Class III elastics were applied ( Fig. 2 ). (jco-online.com)
  • It is contraindicated in case of skeletal asymmetries, protrusion of maxillary and mandibular teeth, skeletal Class II and Class II subdivision malocclusions with mandibular midline deviation. (unesp.br)
  • The objective of this study was to evaluate the tooth crown inclination in maxillary and mandibular arches in Class III malocclusion individuals, to identify the presence and magnitude of compensation. (bvsalud.org)
  • III malocclusions, the maxillary posterior teeth exhibited smaller palatal inclination than normal, while the mandibular incisors and second molars presented greater lingual inclination. (bvsalud.org)
  • It was concluded that the analysis of inclinations of all crowns of both dental arches in Class III malocclusions, compared with normal standards, evidenced the presence of natural compensation for maxillary posterior teeth, with reduced palatal inclination, as well as increased lingual inclination in mandibular incisors. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2 The most prevalent feature of this malocclusion is mandibular retrusion. (bhmedsoc.com)
  • But predominantly has dental effects like the retroclination biphasic treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusion using Twin Block appliance coordinated with fixed orthodontics of maxillary incisors and proclination of mandibular incisors which aid in correction of incisor relationship. (bhmedsoc.com)
  • Treatment reduced the overbite, overjet and achieved Class II correction through combinations of maxillary incisor uprighting (U1-SN: -5.3 ± 5.3°), lower incisor proclination (L1-MP: 6.6 ± 6.8°), facial height increase (AFH: 5.1 ± 4.6 mm), ramal lengthening (Co-Go: 3.3 ± 2.4 mm) and mandibular length increase (Co-Pog: 5.9 ± 4.6 mm). (edu.au)
  • Over the treatment period (T1 to T2), the angles between the cranial base and maxillary (maxillary rotation) and mandibular stable structures (mandibular internal rotation) reduced by-0.1 ± 1.2 degrees and -0.3 ± 2.5 degrees, respectively. (edu.au)
  • The angles between mandibular stable structures and Go-Me (mandibular external rotation) and SN-GoMe (mandibular total rotation) increased by 0.6 ± 1.7 degrees and 0.9 ± 2.1 degrees, respectively. (edu.au)
  • Conclusions: On average, the maxillary and mandibular internal rotations were near zero during treatment, but the small and individually variable changes were not clearly associated with the Class II correction. (edu.au)
  • In comparison with the tooth-anchored groups, the bone-anchored groups showed significantly more increases in Sella-Nasion-Subspinale (°), Subspinale-Nasion-Supramentale(°) and significantly fewer increases in mandibular plane angle and the labial proclination angle of upper incisors. (e-kjo.org)
  • IMPA (angle of lower incisors and mandibular plane) decreased in groups with facemasks and increased in other groups. (e-kjo.org)
  • Treatment of a Class I malocclusion with a carious mandibular incisor and no Bolton discrepancy. (edp-dentaire.fr)
  • Malocclusion Malocclusion is abnormal contact between the maxillary and mandibular teeth. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We show that untreated subjects develop different Class III craniofacial growth patterns as compared to patients submitted to orthodontic treatment with rapid maxillary expansion and facemask therapy. (nature.com)
  • Recent technological advances in thermoactivated and superelastic wires and skeletal anchorage have enabled simpler compensatory orthodontic treatment of skeletal Class III patients without extractions or orthognathic surgery. (jco-online.com)
  • The aim of the current research was to study the frequency of the most usual malocclusion in adult Bulgarian non-growing orthodontics patients, referred for orthodontic treatment, as well as the correlation between examined malocclusions. (orthodontia-bg.com)
  • To determine the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs in Sudanese's Down syndrome individuals in Khartoum area. (unesp.br)
  • The study was conducted on 46 plaster casts of individuals with Class III malocclusion, of both genders (25 males and 21 females), with mean age 21 years and 1 month, with indication for compensatory orthodontic treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2 Growth modification is the major purpose of orthodontic treatment for children with mild Class III malocclusion. (e-kjo.org)
  • Successful treatment outcomes depend on the patient's age, concern about facial and dental aesthetics, motivation of the patient, functional requirements, type of malocclusion, and the position of the root apices. (hindawi.com)
  • Aim: The aim of the present study was to explore an association if any, between the dermatoglyphic patterns and type of malocclusion among the Malaysian dental and medical students. (manipal.edu)
  • Results: Statistically significant association was seen between the left thumb ridge pattern and type of malocclusion. (manipal.edu)
  • To resolve this type of malocclusion, various therapies have been proposed, some of which involve functional orthodontic or orthopedic appliances. (edu.pe)
  • Among treated patients the CoA segment (the maxillary length) and the ANB angle (the antero-posterior relation of the maxilla to the mandible) seem to be the skeletal subspaces that receive the main effect of the treatment. (nature.com)
  • Malocclusion in which the mandible is anterior to the maxilla as reflected by the first relationship of the first permanent molar (mesioclusion). (nih.gov)
  • The patient had a straight profile with a moderately prognathic mandible and a well-defined chin-throat angle. (jco-online.com)
  • In this study, it is proposed to evaluate the anteroposterior position of mandible in children with Angle Class II, division 1 malocclusions, to compare two different methods of evaluating the jaw position and verifying the correlation between these two methods. (unesp.br)
  • 1 This presentation of malocclusion is often complicated due to a skeletal discrepancy involving the maxilla and mandible. (bhmedsoc.com)
  • Bone-anchored maxillary protraction can promote greater maxillary forward movement and correct the Class III intermaxillary relationship better, in addition to showing less clockwise rotation of mandible and labial proclination of upper incisors. (e-kjo.org)
  • Materials and methods: Four patients, aged 9 and 10 years old, with a molar Angle class II relationship and canine class II relationships and with convex profile with retruded mandible are presented and discussed. (quintpub.com)
  • Diagnosis is based on a history of progressive facial asymmetry during the growth period and x-ray evidence of condylar deformity and antegonial notching (a depression in the inferior border of the mandible just anterior to the angle of the mandible). (msdmanuals.com)
  • This study assessed the dental and skeletal changes seen in individuals with Angle's Class II Division 1 malocclusion associated with anterior open bite treated with headgear coupled with palatal expander. (bvsalud.org)
  • Aims: To find the association between different Angle's classes of malocclusion and to estimate the distribution of hypodontia according to gender, number of missing teeth and the site of the missing teeth. (iasj.net)
  • Then the sample was divided into 3 groups depending on Angle's classification of malocclusion. (iasj.net)
  • Results: No clear association was found between Angle's classes and hypodontia, females showed higher prevalence of hypodontia than males. (iasj.net)
  • Occlusion status was clinically assessed using Angle's classification of malocclusion. (manipal.edu)
  • Angle's classi_cation was applied for determining the dental class. (orthodontia-bg.com)
  • 3. Edward Angle's classifications of malocclusion a. (foothill.edu)
  • A nonextraction approach is demonstrated in an adult high-angle patient with a skeletal Class malocclusion and severe crowding. (jco-online.com)
  • A twenty-four year old female patient with a skeletal Class III malocclusion, open bite and laterognathia, was firstly treated by orthodontic fixed appliances, whereas the dental decompensation of dentoalveolar structures was carried out and adjusted to their bone structures, thus enabling an adequate and sufficient reposition of the jaw. (rs.ba)
  • Subjects with Angle Class I (37.37%), deep bite (43.43%), and increased overjet (41.41%) showed a higher prevalence of TMD symptoms. (frontiersin.org)
  • The prevalence of peg-shaped laterals is significant to be of concern to dental specialists and orthodontists, more importantly appropriate treatment of associated malocclusion should be done along with the management of the peg-shaped laterals. (ispub.com)
  • Introduction: Class II sagittal anomalies have a prevalence of between 18-32% of the population. (edu.pe)
  • A total of 268 schoolchildren completed the questionnaire and were examined to determine the prevalence of caries and malocclusion. (who.int)
  • Several studies have questioned the potential role of malocclusion in the onset of TMDs, concluding that there is no evidence to assume an essential part of dental occlusion in TMDs pathophysiology ( 13 - 16 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The combined orthodontic-surgical treatment provided the Class I occlusion with aesthetic and functionally satisfactory results which were envisioned by the treatment plan. (rs.ba)
  • Individuals with loop ridge pattern on their left thumb showed high frequency of Class I normal occlusion and Class III malocclusion, and those with whorl ridge pattern were witnessed to have Class I malocclusion. (manipal.edu)
  • Class I occlusion is a "normal" bite. (orthodonticsindianapolis.com)
  • The present study attempts to evaluate cephalometrically the effects of Frankel's function regulator (FR-4) appliance on the treatment of Angle Class I skeletal anterior open bite malocclusion. (istanbul.edu.tr)
  • Forty Turkish children (26 girls and 14 boys), with Angle Class I skeletal anterior open bite, were randomly divided into two groups of 20 (13 girls and 7 boys). (istanbul.edu.tr)
  • The percentages of signs and symptoms were compared to determine the differences among the groups for TMDs, bruxism, joint sounds, deviation during the opening, reduced opening/lateral/protrusive movements, malocclusions, and myofascial pain. (frontiersin.org)
  • Treatment of an adult patient with severely crowded bimaxillary protrusive Class II malocclusion with atypical extractions. (edp-dentaire.fr)
  • It features crooked teeth or those that protrude at abnormal angles. (drnewhart.com)
  • According to the British Standards Institute classification (1983), Class II division 1 incisor relationship malocclusion is defined as the lower incisor tip lying posterior to the cingulum plateau of the upper incisors with an increased overjet and/or either proclined or normally inclined upper incisors. (bhmedsoc.com)
  • Shelley A. Asymmetric extraction treatment of an Angle Class II Division 2 subdivision left malocclusion with anterior and posterior crossbites. (edp-dentaire.fr)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate changes in facial soft tissue asymmetry over time after orthognathic surgery in Class III patients using three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry. (rsu.lv)
  • Treatment efficiency of Class I four-premolar and Class II malocclusion two maxillary. (usp.br)
  • In this paper we use Bayesian networks to determine and visualise the interactions among various Class III malocclusion maxillofacial features during growth and treatment. (nature.com)
  • A large variation in craniofacial growth in the vertical dimension should play a prominent role in orthodontist's approach to the diagnosis and treatment of malocclusion. (glassbox.tv)
  • In general, early treatment for Class I malocclusion occurs in two phases, each two years long. (drnewhart.com)
  • Fig. 1 18-year-old female patient with skeletal Class III relationship, reverse anterior overjet, maxillary transverse constriction, and wide buccal corridors before treatment. (jco-online.com)
  • Treatment goals included correction of the maxillary transverse constriction, reverse anterior overjet, Class III relationships, and prognathic profile. (jco-online.com)
  • The challenge was to apply short Class III elastics from the first day of treatment without leveling and aligning the lower arch, until a heavy stabilizing archwire could be ligated. (jco-online.com)
  • Skeletal malocclusions, especially those with a prominent vertical component, always present a challenge for the interdisciplinary approach to their treatment planning. (rs.ba)
  • To investigate the hypothesis that there is difference in the treatment outcomes of milder skeletal Class III malocclusion between facemask and facemask in combination with a miniscrew in growing patients . (bvsalud.org)
  • During treatment of milder skeletal Class III malocclusion , facemask therapy along with a miniscrew exhibits fewer negative side effects and delivers orthopedic forces more efficiently to the maxillary complex than facemask therapy alone. (bvsalud.org)
  • III malocclusions described, especially in lower incisors, would help clinicians when compensatory treatment is considered. (bvsalud.org)
  • Early treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusion using functional appliance not only corrects the skeletal disproportion by altering growth pattern but also creates a significant improvement of the facial profile which enhances the patient's self-esteem. (bhmedsoc.com)
  • 5 Twin Block appliances have been used in clinical orthodontics since 1977, for treatment of Skeletal Class II malocclusions. (bhmedsoc.com)
  • Early orthodontic/orthopedic treatment in patients with class II sagittal anomalies. (edu.pe)
  • Objective: To analyze the results obtained from early treatment in patients with Class II sagittal malocclusion through a literature review. (edu.pe)
  • Conclusions: There are orthodontic/orthopedic devices aimed at solving the characteristics of class II sagittal malocclusions, but before planning early treatment it is essential to provide an accurate diagnosis to evaluate the specific type of appliance that is required. (edu.pe)
  • The aim of this research was to examine differences between males and females in long-term stability (10 years) of treatment for skeletal Class III malocclusion. (springeropen.com)
  • Significant differences in the long-term stability of Class III treatment outcomes have been found between males and females, with a larger skeletal Class III relapse and lower long-term success rates in males. (springeropen.com)
  • There is a wide variety of individual responses to skeletal Class III malocclusion treatment, making it difficult to predict the outcome. (springeropen.com)
  • After reviewing the literature, there is an obvious need for longer follow-up studies with skeletal Class III patients to evaluate the stability of treatment outcomes and the effect of sex in the long-term stability [ 25 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Therefore, the present study aims to cephalometrically assess the differences between males and females in long-term stability (10 years) of skeletal Class III treatment outcomes with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) combined with face mask protraction and followed by fixed appliances. (springeropen.com)
  • Long-term stability of Class I premolar extraction treatment. (edp-dentaire.fr)
  • Disharmony in tooth size and its relation to the analysis and treatment of malocclusion. (edp-dentaire.fr)
  • Janson G. Class II subdivision treatment success rate with symmetric and asymmetric extraction protocols. (edp-dentaire.fr)
  • 2. Angle Class I or Class II dental malocclusion that required bilateral maxillary first premolar extraction and upper canine retraction as a part of the treatment plan. (who.int)
  • P hase I intervention in a skeletal Class III case can involve maxillary traction with a facemask, often combined with rapid maxillary expansion, followed by orthodontic correction using Class III mechanics. (jco-online.com)
  • This suggests an early prevention of malocclusions with the aim of optimal functional, aesthetic and long-term results to be achieved. (orthodontia-bg.com)
  • Class III malocclusion has been characterized by skeletal, evaluation of Class III malocclusion and tends to increase during treatment11, which allows to consider this therapeutic functional, and dental discrepancies, which may or may not be process as compensatory . (bvsalud.org)
  • Aims: To evaluate the dentofacial changes and growth rotational responses of Angle Class II division 1 patients treated with the Clark twin block functional appliance. (edu.au)
  • There was a significant association between malocclusion and oral symptoms and between DMFT score and functional limitations. (who.int)
  • malocclusion with facial asymmetry. (kenkyugroup.org)
  • Successful results were obtained with improvement in facial profile and correction of Class II malocclusion. (bhmedsoc.com)
  • The two female patients presented with Class II malocclusion subdivision and maxillary midline deviation. (unesp.br)
  • This case report describes a nonsurgical intervention in a postpubertal orthodontic patient with a moderate skeletal Class III malocclusion and compensated dentition. (jco-online.com)
  • This system is indicated to correct uni- or bilateral maxillary dental Class II malocclusion in permanent dentition both in children and adults. (unesp.br)
  • The presence of deep overbite showed correlation with abrasion, uni- or bilateral dental Class II. (orthodontia-bg.com)
  • Angle Class III malocclusion (58.7%) and Incisor III malocclusion (53.3%) represents the most prevalent types of malocclusions. (unesp.br)
  • Known as an underbite, in which the lower jaw is too big or the upper jaw too small, Class III malocclusion requires early intervention. (drnewhart.com)
  • Once the Angle dental class was identified, it was recorded if there were signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and occlusal interferences. (frontiersin.org)
  • A probable causal relationship between malocclusion and TMDs was supported for years and dental occlusion's role in predisposing and initiating temporomandibular disorders TMDs ( 9 , 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In the case of patients affected by Class III malocclusion (characterised by the protrusion of lower dental arch), skeletal imbalance is established early in life, becomes more pronounced during puberty, and continues to increase until skeletal maturation is complete 4 . (nature.com)
  • More importantly, peg-shaped laterals may be associated with some form of dental malocclusion. (ispub.com)
  • Results: It was achieved correct alignment and leveling, Class I dental relation and correction of upper midline. (unesp.br)
  • Dental mirror, periodontal probe, caliper and articulation paper were used for diagnostics of the existing malocclusions. (orthodontia-bg.com)
  • The dental class was distributed as follows: 57.52% Class I Angle, 34.35% Class II Angle (uni- or bilaterally), and 7.91% Class III Angle (uni or bilaterally). (orthodontia-bg.com)
  • Thirty patients (15 males and 15 females) with skeletal Class I and mesofacial patterns treated only with fixed appliances for dental problems served as the control group. (springeropen.com)
  • 1 The pathogenesis of this form of malocclusion includes recession of the upper jaw, protrusion of the lower jaw, or heteroplasia of both jaws. (e-kjo.org)
  • Canine-lateral incisor transposition (3) Class III . (hindawi.com)
  • Malocclusion was determined based on Angle and Incisor classification of malocclusion. (unesp.br)
  • Angle and Incisor class III malocclusions represent the commonest trait of malocclusion and reported more frequency in females than males. (unesp.br)
  • Lateral headfilms and coloured profile photographs of 18 skeletal Class III Caucasian adult patients (10 males, 8 females with a mean age of 24.5 years) prior to surgery, and nine adult Caucasian patients (four males, five females with a mean age of 27.4 years) with a dental Class I occlusion and no major skeletal discrepancy were included in the study. (nih.gov)
  • The central, right and left upper lip inclination angle in the lateral and three-quarter views in the Test group were significantly larger than those in the Control group. (3dmd.com)
  • The upper lip wholly showed labial inclination and forward protrusion in Class I malocclusion with labial inclination of the upper central incisors. (3dmd.com)
  • Three-dimensional lip morphology in skeletal Class I malocclusion with labial inclination of the upper central incisors. (3dmd.com)
  • The purpose of the present study was to examine the three-dimensional (3D) lip morphology in cases of skeletal Class I malocclusion with labial inclination of the upper central incisors. (3dmd.com)
  • Reduction in the S-N-A angle (-0.56º ± 1.76) was the only change that was not statistically significant. (bvsalud.org)
  • Methods: The sample will comprise 61 individuals, of both sexes, ages ranging from 9 to 13 years, with Class III skeletal malocclusion. (fapesp.br)
  • Class III malocclusion is associated with high sexual dimorphism, especially in individuals older than 13 years of age, with significant differences in growth between males and females during the pubertal and postpubertal stages, and in adulthood. (springeropen.com)
  • Due to the aesthetic concerns of the patients and their parents, it was decided to correct the malocclusion by only using clear aligners, without additional appliances. (quintpub.com)
  • Canine-first molar transposition (4) Class IV . (hindawi.com)
  • Edward Angle, who is considered the father of modern orthodontics, was the first to classify malocclusion.He based his classifications on the relative position of the maxillary first molar. (glassbox.tv)
  • Conclusions: The presentation of these case reports shows that the use of clear aligners in growing patients to correct canine and molar class II relationships with retruded mandibles is successful. (quintpub.com)
  • I level for the correction of malocclusion. (who.int)
  • Group 1 consisted of fifty patients retrospectively selected, initially presenting with Class I malocclusion, with an initial mean age of 13.66 years. (usp.br)
  • Group 2 consisted of 36 patients initially presenting with full Class II malocclusion, with an initial mean age of 14.47 years. (usp.br)
  • En postopératoire, 85% des patients se déclaraient satisfaits durésultatdel'interventionetquantàsoneffetsurleurqualitédevie.L'améliorationpostopératoirede l'esthétiquefacialedespatientsestapparueassociéeàuneaméliorationdelaqualitédeviepourtous lesaspectsconsidérés. (who.int)
  • Conclusion: Dermatoglyphics serves to strengthen the diagnostic impression of malocclusion at an early age and hence can aid in predicting malocclusion and plan preventive and interceptive orthodontics in pediatric patients. (manipal.edu)
  • Thirty patients (15 males and 15 females) with skeletal Class III malocclusion, who had been treated with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) combined with face mask protraction followed by fixed appliances, were selected sequentially. (springeropen.com)
  • For example, research suggests that there is little benefit to early orthodontics for Class II malocclusion (commonly known as an overbite). (drnewhart.com)
  • This study aimed to compare the efficiency of 4-premolar extraction protocol in Class I malocclusion and 2-maxillary premolar extraction protocol in complete Class II malocclusions. (usp.br)
  • 1) Class I . Canine-first premolar transposition (2) Class II . (hindawi.com)
  • The current study showed a relatively high frequency of malocclusion in adults. (orthodontia-bg.com)
  • 8 years 0 month-14 years 4 months) who exhibited skeletal Class I malocclusion with standard inclination of the upper central incisors. (3dmd.com)
  • We selected 26 Brazilian children with vertical growth pattern and Angle Class II, division 1 malocclusions, aged between 7 years and 8 months to 9 years and 6 months. (unesp.br)
  • Malocclusions are isoforms of disharmony: they express a form of organic integrity during the growth process by assimilating existing elements in a new synthesis. (nature.com)
  • Management of skeletal Class II cases depends on various factors including age, growth, compliance, and the severity of the malocclusion. (bhmedsoc.com)