Manganese
Manganese Poisoning
Superoxide Dismutase
Iron
Spectrophotometry, Atomic
Trace Elements
Peroxidases
Basidiomycota
Metalloporphyrins
Welding
Metals
Zinc
Metals, Heavy
Copper
Oxides
Oxidation-Reduction
Phanerochaete
Cation Transport Proteins
Photosystem II Protein Complex
Oxidative Stress
Cobalt
Radioisotopes
Lignin
Nickel
Hydrogen Peroxide
Catalase
Cations, Divalent
Oxygen
Organometallic Compounds
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
Inhalation Exposure
Polyporaceae
Magnesium
Mitochondria
Molecular Sequence Data
Chromium
Cadmium
Reactive Oxygen Species
Apoenzymes
Antioxidants
Benzyl Alcohols
Aminosalicylic Acid
Polyporales
Parenteral Nutrition, Home
High dietary manganese lowers heart magnesium in pigs fed a low-magnesium diet. (1/89)
Young pigs were fed a diet moderately high or low in manganese (Mn) (0.95 +/- 0.10 mmol Mn/kg, n = 8 or 0.040 +/- 0.003 mmol Mn/kg, n = 6) and deficient in magnesium (Mg) (4.1 mmol Mg/kg) for 5 wk. All eight pigs consuming the high Mn diet died following convulsive seizures, whereas only two of six died in the group fed low Mn. In an attempt to determine the cause of death, a subsequent study examined the interactive effect of deficient dietary Mg and Mn on the tissue distribution of Mg and Mn. Pigs were individually fed, for 5 wk, diets that contained: 4.1 mmol Mg/kg and 36.0 micromol Mn/kg, 4.1 mmol Mg/kg and 0.91 mmol Mn/kg, 4.1 mmol Mg/kg and 0.91 mmol Mn/kg with added ultratrace minerals, or 41.1 mmol Mg/kg and 0. 91 mmol Mn/kg, and ultratrace minerals. Liver and skeletal muscle Mn concentrations were significantly elevated by increased dietary Mn. Increased dietary Mn did not affect heart Mn, but heart Mg concentrations were significantly depressed by high, as compared to low, dietary Mn (38.7 +/- 3.3 vs. 32.7 +/- 2.6 mmol Mg/kg). These data suggest high dietary Mn may exacerbate Mg deficiency in heart muscle and thus may be a complicating factor in the deaths observed in Mg-deficient pigs. (+info)Manganese administration induces the increased production of dopamine sulfate and depletion of dopamine in Sprague-Dawley rats. (2/89)
Sprague-Dawley rats were used as an experimental model for investigating the effects of manganese poisoning on the serum levels of unsulfated and sulfated forms of dopamine and its biosynthetic precursors, L-Dopa and L-p-tyrosine. Groups of rats were treated daily with Mn(2+) (20 mg or 40 mg; in the form of MnSO(4)) or Na(+) (20 mg; in the form of Na(2)SO(4)). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the serum samples taken after a 50-day experimental period revealed that the serum level of dopamine sulfate increased by more than 10 times compared with untreated control rats or rats treated with sodium sulfate. In contrast, there was a dramatic decrease (by as much as 4.8 times) in the serum level of unsulfated dopamine in manganese-treated rats. The serum levels of L-Dopa sulfate and L-p-tyrosine sulfate were also markedly elevated, although not as much as those of dopamine sulfate. Meanwhile, the serum levels of unsulfated L-Dopa and L-p-tyrosine showed no dramatic changes. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis revealed in general an accumulation of manganese in the four organ samples taken from manganese-treated rats. Compared with liver, heart, and kidney, the highest degree of manganese accumulation in manganese-treated rats appeared to be in brain. These results together suggested a role for manganese in stimulating the dopamine-sulfating sulfotransferases in brain, thereby leading to the depletion of dopamine in vivo. (+info)Role of trace elements in cancer. (3/89)
The review considers trace elements including fluorine, copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt, chromium, selenium, molybdenum, tin, vanadium, silicon, and nickel from the standpoint of their role as either inhibitory or causative agents of cancer and also the possible use of their assay in biological fluids as diagnostic or prognostic aids in patients with cancer. (+info)Toxicology of choroid plexus: special reference to metal-induced neurotoxicities. (4/89)
The chemical stability in the brain underlies normal human thinking, learning, and behavior. Compelling evidence demonstrates a definite capacity of the choroid plexus in sequestering toxic heavy metal and metalloid ions. As the integrity of blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers, both structurally and functionally, is essential to brain chemical stability, the role of the choroid plexus in metal-induced neurotoxicities has become an important, yet under-investigated research area in neurotoxicology. Metals acting on the choroid plexus can be categorized into three major groups. A general choroid plexus toxicant can directly damage the choroid plexus structure such as mercury and cadmium. A selective choroid plexus toxicant may impair specific plexus regulatory pathways that are critical to brain development and function, rather than induce massive pathological alteration. The typical examples in this category include lead-induced alteration in transthyretin production and secretion as well as manganese interaction with iron in the choroid plexus. Furthermore, a sequestered choroid plexus toxicant, such as iron, silver, or gold, may be sequestered by the choroid plexus as an essential CNS defense mechanism. Our current knowledge on the toxicological aspect of choroid plexus research is still incomplete. Thus, the future research needs have been suggested to focus on the role of choroid plexus in early CNS development as affected by metal sequestration in this tissue, to explore how metal accumulation alters the capacity of the choroid plexus in regulation of certain essential elements involved in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases, and to better understand the blood-CSF barrier as a defense mechanism in overall CNS function. (+info)Nutritional support at home and in the community. (5/89)
Technical developments in feeding, together with the growth of support structures in the community has lead to a steady increase in the number of children receiving home enteral tube feeding and home parenteral nutrition. In many cases the adverse nutritional consequences of disease can be ameliorated or prevented, and long term parenteral nutrition represents a life saving intervention. Careful follow up of children receiving home nutritional therapy is necessary to establish the ratio of risks to benefits. A considerable burden is sometimes placed on family or other carers who therefore require adequate training and ongoing support. The respective responsibilities of different agencies relating to funding and support tasks require more clear definition. (+info)Differential cytotoxicity of Mn(II) and Mn(III): special reference to mitochondrial [Fe-S] containing enzymes. (6/89)
Manganese (Mn)-induced neurodegenerative toxicity has been associated with a distorted iron (Fe) metabolism at both systemic and cellular levels. In the current study, we examined whether the oxidation states of Mn produced differential effects on certain mitochondrial [Fe-S] containing enzymes in vitro. When mitochondrial aconitase, which possesses a [4Fe-4S] cluster, was incubated with either Mn(II) or Mn(III), both Mn species inhibited the activities of aconitase. However, the IC(10) (concentration to cause a 10% enzyme inhibition) for Mn(III) was ninefold lower than that for Mn(II). Following exposure of mitochondrial fractions with Mn(II) or Mn(III), there was a significant inhibition by either Mn species in activities of Complex I whose active site contains five to eight [Fe-S] clusters. The dose-time response curves reveal that Mn(III) was more effective in blocking Complex I activity than Mn(II). Northern blotting was used to examine the expression of mRNAs encoding transferrin receptor (TfR), which is regulated by cytosolic aconitase. Treatment of cultured PC12 cells with Mn(II) and Mn(III) at 100 microM for 3 days resulted in 21 and 58% increases, respectively, in the expression of TfR mRNA. Further studies on cell growth dynamics after exposure to 25-50 microM Mn in culture media demonstrated that the cell numbers were much reduced in Mn(III)-treated groups compared to Mn(II)-treated groups, suggesting that Mn(III) is more effective than Mn(II) in cell killing. In cells exposed to Mn(II) and Mn(III), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was significantly decreased by 24 and 16%, respectively. In contrast, rotenone and MPP+ did not seem to alter mtDNA levels. These in vitro results suggest that Mn(III) species appears to be more cytotoxic than Mn(II) species, possibly due to higher oxidative reactivity and closer radius resemblance to Fe. (+info)Studies on the evaluation of the toxicity of various salts of lead, manganese, platinum, and palladium. (7/89)
Preliminary studies have been conducted on various parameters in order to assess the possible and relative toxicities of a number of metallic salts. Upon oral administration in lethal-dose experiments, two soluble Pt4+ salts were more toxic than the other salts tested. Following intraperiotneal injection in lethal-dose experiments, PbCl2 was less toxic than several of the soluble or partially soluble salts of Pt4+, Pd2+, and Mn2+. An intake of a total of approximately 250 mg of Pt4+ per rat in the drinking fluid over a 30-day interval did not affect the activities of aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine demethylase in rat liver microsomes. In rats receiving soluble Pt4+ salts in the drinking fluid, the highest concentration of Pt was found in the kidney and an appreciiable concentration was found in the liver. (+info)Neurotoxicology of the brain barrier system: new implications. (8/89)
The concept of a barrier system in the brain has existed for nearly a century. The barrier that separates the blood from the cerebral interstitial fluid is defined as the blood-brain barrier, while the one that discontinues the circulation between the blood and cerebrospinal fluid is named the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Evidence in the past decades suggests that brain barriers are subject to toxic insults from neurotoxic chemicals circulating in blood. The aging process and some disease states render barriers more vulnerable to insults arising inside and outside the barriers. The implication of brain barriers in certain neurodegenerative diseases is compelling, although the contribution of chemical-induced barrier dysfunction in the etiology of any of these disorders remains poorly understood. This review examines what is currently understood about brain barrier systems in central nervous system disorders by focusing on chemical-induced neurotoxicities including those associated with nitrobenzenes, N-methyl-D-aspartate, cyclosporin A, pyridostigmine bromide, aluminum, lead, manganese, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, and 3-nitropropionic acid. Contemporary research questions arising from this growing understanding show enormous promises for brain researchers, toxicologists, and clinicians. (+info)Manganese is not a medical condition, but it's an essential trace element that is vital for human health. Here is the medical definition of Manganese:
Manganese (Mn) is a trace mineral that is present in tiny amounts in the body. It is found mainly in bones, the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Manganese helps the body form connective tissue, bones, blood clotting factors, and sex hormones. It also plays a role in fat and carbohydrate metabolism, calcium absorption, and blood sugar regulation. Manganese is also necessary for normal brain and nerve function.
The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for manganese is 2.3 mg per day for adult men and 1.8 mg per day for adult women. Good food sources of manganese include nuts, seeds, legumes, whole grains, green leafy vegetables, and tea.
In some cases, exposure to high levels of manganese can cause neurological symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease, a condition known as manganism. However, this is rare and usually occurs in people who are occupationally exposed to manganese dust or fumes, such as welders.
Manganese poisoning, also known as manganism, is a condition that results from excessive exposure to manganese. Manganese is an essential nutrient, but at high levels, it can become toxic to the body. The symptoms of manganese poisoning can be similar to those of Parkinson's disease and may include tremors, difficulty walking, and mood changes. In severe cases, manganese poisoning can lead to irreversible neurological damage. Exposure to manganese can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, and is often associated with occupational exposure in industries such as welding, mining, and manufacturing of batteries and fertilizers.
Manganese compounds refer to substances that contain manganese (Mn) combined with other elements. Manganese is a trace element that is essential for human health, playing a role in various physiological processes such as bone formation, enzyme function, and antioxidant defense. However, excessive exposure to manganese compounds can be harmful and may lead to neurological disorders.
Manganese can form compounds with various elements, including oxygen, chlorine, sulfur, and carbon. Some common examples of manganese compounds include:
* Manganese dioxide (MnO2): a black or brownish-black powder used in dry cell batteries, ceramics, and pigments.
* Manganese sulfate (MnSO4): a white or grayish-white crystalline solid used as a fertilizer and in animal feed supplements.
* Manganese chloride (MnCl2): a colorless or white solid used as a dehydrating agent, in electroplating, and as a source of manganese ions in chemical reactions.
* Manganese carbonate (MnCO3): a white or grayish-white powder used in the production of dry cell batteries, ceramics, and pigments.
It is important to note that while manganese compounds are essential for human health in small amounts, exposure to high levels of these substances can be toxic and may cause neurological symptoms similar to those seen in Parkinson's disease. Therefore, it is important to handle manganese compounds with care and follow appropriate safety precautions when working with them.
Medical Definition:
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide radicals (O2-) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This essential antioxidant defense mechanism helps protect the body's cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced during normal metabolic processes and can lead to oxidative stress when their levels become too high.
There are three main types of superoxide dismutase found in different cellular locations:
1. Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD or SOD1) - Present mainly in the cytoplasm of cells.
2. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD or SOD2) - Located within the mitochondrial matrix.
3. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EcSOD or SOD3) - Found in the extracellular spaces, such as blood vessels and connective tissues.
Imbalances in SOD levels or activity have been linked to various pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and aging-related disorders.
In the context of medicine, iron is an essential micromineral and key component of various proteins and enzymes. It plays a crucial role in oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and energy production within the body. Iron exists in two main forms: heme and non-heme. Heme iron is derived from hemoglobin and myoglobin in animal products, while non-heme iron comes from plant sources and supplements.
The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iron varies depending on age, sex, and life stage:
* For men aged 19-50 years, the RDA is 8 mg/day
* For women aged 19-50 years, the RDA is 18 mg/day
* During pregnancy, the RDA increases to 27 mg/day
* During lactation, the RDA for breastfeeding mothers is 9 mg/day
Iron deficiency can lead to anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Excessive iron intake may result in iron overload, causing damage to organs such as the liver and heart. Balanced iron levels are essential for maintaining optimal health.
Atomic spectrophotometry is a type of analytical technique used to determine the concentration of specific atoms or ions in a sample by measuring the intensity of light absorbed or emitted at wavelengths characteristic of those atoms or ions. This technique involves the use of an atomic spectrometer, which uses a source of energy (such as a flame, plasma, or electrode) to excite the atoms or ions in the sample, causing them to emit light at specific wavelengths. The intensity of this emitted light is then measured and used to calculate the concentration of the element of interest.
Atomic spectrophotometry can be further divided into two main categories: atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and atomic emission spectrophotometry (AES). In AAS, the sample is atomized in a flame or graphite furnace and the light from a lamp that emits light at the same wavelength as one of the elements in the sample is passed through the atoms. The amount of light absorbed by the atoms is then measured and used to determine the concentration of the element. In AES, the sample is atomized and excited to emit its own light, which is then measured and analyzed to determine the concentration of the element.
Atomic spectrophotometry is widely used in various fields such as environmental monitoring, clinical chemistry, forensic science, and industrial quality control for the determination of trace elements in a variety of sample types including liquids, solids, and gases.
Trace elements are essential minerals that the body needs in very small or tiny amounts, usually less than 100 milligrams per day, for various biological processes. These include elements like iron, zinc, copper, manganese, fluoride, selenium, and iodine. They are vital for maintaining good health and proper functioning of the human body, but they are required in such minute quantities that even a slight excess or deficiency can lead to significant health issues.
Peroxidases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of various substrates using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the electron acceptor. These enzymes contain a heme prosthetic group, which plays a crucial role in their catalytic activity. Peroxidases are widely distributed in nature and can be found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. They play important roles in various biological processes, including defense against oxidative stress, lignin degradation, and host-pathogen interactions. Some common examples of peroxidases include glutathione peroxidase, which helps protect cells from oxidative damage, and horseradish peroxidase, which is often used in laboratory research.
Basidiomycota is a phylum in the kingdom Fungi that consists of organisms commonly known as club fungi or club mushrooms. The name Basidiomycota is derived from the presence of a characteristic reproductive structure called a basidium, which is where spores are produced.
The basidiomycetes include many familiar forms such as mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi, and other types of polypores. They have a complex life cycle that involves both sexual and asexual reproduction. The sexual reproductive stage produces a characteristic fruiting body, which may be microscopic or highly visible, depending on the species.
Basidiomycota fungi play important ecological roles in decomposing organic matter, forming mutualistic relationships with plants, and acting as parasites on other organisms. Some species are economically important, such as edible mushrooms, while others can be harmful or even deadly to humans and animals.
Metalloporphyrins are a type of porphyrin molecule that contain a metal ion at their center. Porphyrins are complex organic compounds containing four modified pyrrole rings connected to form a planar, aromatic ring known as a porphine. When a metal ion is incorporated into the center of the porphyrin ring, it forms a metalloporphyrin.
These molecules have great biological significance, as they are involved in various essential processes within living organisms. For instance, heme, a type of iron-containing porphyrin, plays a crucial role in oxygen transport and storage in the body by forming part of hemoglobin and myoglobin molecules. Chlorophyll, another metalloporphyrin with magnesium at its center, is essential for photosynthesis in plants, algae, and some bacteria.
Metalloporphyrins have also found applications in several industrial and medical fields, including catalysis, sensors, and pharmaceuticals. Their unique structure and properties make them valuable tools for researchers and scientists to study and utilize in various ways.
I must apologize, but "welding" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. Welding is a process that is commonly used in manufacturing and construction to join two pieces of metal together by melting them and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten metal (the weld puddle) that cools to become a strong joint.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them for you.
In the context of medicine, there is no specific medical definition for 'metals.' However, certain metals have significant roles in biological systems and are thus studied in physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Some metals are essential to life, serving as cofactors for enzymatic reactions, while others are toxic and can cause harm at certain levels.
Examples of essential metals include:
1. Iron (Fe): It is a crucial component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and various enzymes involved in energy production, DNA synthesis, and electron transport.
2. Zinc (Zn): This metal is vital for immune function, wound healing, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis. It acts as a cofactor for over 300 enzymes.
3. Copper (Cu): Copper is essential for energy production, iron metabolism, antioxidant defense, and connective tissue formation. It serves as a cofactor for several enzymes.
4. Magnesium (Mg): Magnesium plays a crucial role in many biochemical reactions, including nerve and muscle function, protein synthesis, and blood pressure regulation.
5. Manganese (Mn): This metal is necessary for bone development, protein metabolism, and antioxidant defense. It acts as a cofactor for several enzymes.
6. Molybdenum (Mo): Molybdenum is essential for the function of certain enzymes involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids, proteins, and drugs.
7. Cobalt (Co): Cobalt is a component of vitamin B12, which plays a vital role in DNA synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and nerve function.
Examples of toxic metals include:
1. Lead (Pb): Exposure to lead can cause neurological damage, anemia, kidney dysfunction, and developmental issues.
2. Mercury (Hg): Mercury is highly toxic and can cause neurological problems, kidney damage, and developmental issues.
3. Arsenic (As): Arsenic exposure can lead to skin lesions, cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.
4. Cadmium (Cd): Cadmium is toxic and can cause kidney damage, bone demineralization, and lung irritation.
5. Chromium (Cr): Excessive exposure to chromium can lead to skin ulcers, respiratory issues, and kidney and liver damage.
Zinc is an essential mineral that is vital for the functioning of over 300 enzymes and involved in various biological processes in the human body, including protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, immune function, wound healing, and cell division. It is a component of many proteins and participates in the maintenance of structural integrity and functionality of proteins. Zinc also plays a crucial role in maintaining the sense of taste and smell.
The recommended daily intake of zinc varies depending on age, sex, and life stage. Good dietary sources of zinc include red meat, poultry, seafood, beans, nuts, dairy products, and fortified cereals. Zinc deficiency can lead to various health problems, including impaired immune function, growth retardation, and developmental delays in children. On the other hand, excessive intake of zinc can also have adverse effects on health, such as nausea, vomiting, and impaired immune function.
Heavy metals are a group of elements with a specific gravity at least five times greater than that of water. They include metals such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), thallium (Tl), and lead (Pb). These metals are considered toxic when they accumulate in the body beyond certain levels, interfering with various biological processes and causing damage to cells, tissues, and organs.
Heavy metal exposure can occur through various sources, including occupational exposure, contaminated food, water, or air, and improper disposal of electronic waste. Chronic exposure to heavy metals has been linked to several health issues, such as neurological disorders, kidney damage, developmental problems, and cancer. Monitoring and controlling exposure to these elements is essential for maintaining good health and preventing potential adverse effects.
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from Latin: *cuprum*) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Copper is found as a free element in nature, and it is also a constituent of many minerals such as chalcopyrite and bornite.
In the human body, copper is an essential trace element that plays a role in various physiological processes, including iron metabolism, energy production, antioxidant defense, and connective tissue synthesis. Copper is found in a variety of foods, such as shellfish, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and organ meats. The recommended daily intake of copper for adults is 900 micrograms (mcg) per day.
Copper deficiency can lead to anemia, neutropenia, impaired immune function, and abnormal bone development. Copper toxicity, on the other hand, can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in severe cases, liver damage and neurological symptoms. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balanced copper intake through diet and supplements if necessary.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "oxides" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Oxides are a class of chemical compounds that contain at least one oxygen atom and one other element. They can be formed through the process of oxidation, which involves the combination of oxygen with another substance.
In a broader sense, you might encounter the term "oxide" in a medical context when discussing various materials or substances used in medical devices, treatments, or research. For instance, titanium dioxide is a common ingredient in medical-grade sunscreens due to its ability to block and scatter UV light. However, it's important to note that the term "oxides" itself doesn't have a direct connection to medicine or human health.
Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons between two species. The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, hence the term "oxidation-reduction."
In biological systems, redox reactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, and signaling. The transfer of electrons in these reactions is often facilitated by specialized molecules called electron carriers, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2).
The oxidation state of an element in a compound is a measure of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost relative to its neutral state. In redox reactions, the oxidation state of one or more elements changes as they gain or lose electrons. The substance that is oxidized has a higher oxidation state, while the substance that is reduced has a lower oxidation state.
Overall, oxidation-reduction reactions are fundamental to the functioning of living organisms and are involved in many important biological processes.
"Phanerochaete" is a genus of saprotrophic fungi in the family Phanerochaetaceae. These fungi are characterized by their ability to degrade lignocellulosic materials, making them important decomposers in many ecosystems. They produce various extracellular enzymes that break down complex polymers such as cellulose and lignin, which are abundant in plant biomass. The genus Phanerochaete includes several species with medical relevance due to their potential role in human health and disease. For instance, some species have been studied for their ability to produce bioactive compounds with antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory properties. However, it is important to note that most Phanerochaete species are not typically associated with human diseases and are generally considered to be beneficial organisms in natural environments.
Cation transport proteins are a type of membrane protein that facilitate the movement of cations (positively charged ions) across biological membranes. These proteins play a crucial role in maintaining ion balance and electrical excitability within cells, as well as in various physiological processes such as nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and signal transduction.
There are several types of cation transport proteins, including:
1. Ion channels: These are specialized protein structures that form a pore or channel through the membrane, allowing ions to pass through rapidly and selectively. They can be either voltage-gated or ligand-gated, meaning they open in response to changes in electrical potential or binding of specific molecules, respectively.
2. Ion pumps: These are active transport proteins that use energy from ATP hydrolysis to move ions against their electrochemical gradient, effectively pumping them from one side of the membrane to the other. Examples include the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase) and calcium pumps (Ca2+ ATPase).
3. Ion exchangers: These are antiporter proteins that facilitate the exchange of one ion for another across the membrane, maintaining electroneutrality. For example, the sodium-proton exchanger (NHE) moves a proton into the cell in exchange for a sodium ion being moved out.
4. Symporters: These are cotransporter proteins that move two or more ions together in the same direction, often coupled with the transport of a solute molecule. An example is the sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT), which facilitates glucose uptake into cells by coupling its movement with that of sodium ions.
Collectively, cation transport proteins help maintain ion homeostasis and contribute to various cellular functions, including electrical signaling, enzyme regulation, and metabolic processes. Dysfunction in these proteins can lead to a range of diseases, such as neurological disorders, cardiovascular disease, and kidney dysfunction.
Photosystem II Protein Complex is a crucial component of the photosynthetic apparatus in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. It is a multi-subunit protein complex located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts. Photosystem II plays a vital role in light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, where it absorbs sunlight and uses its energy to drive the oxidation of water molecules into oxygen, electrons, and protons.
The protein complex consists of several subunits, including the D1 and D2 proteins, which form the reaction center, and several antenna proteins that capture light energy and transfer it to the reaction center. Photosystem II also contains various cofactors, such as pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), redox-active metal ions (manganese and calcium), and quinones, which facilitate the charge separation and electron transfer processes during photosynthesis.
Photosystem II Protein Complex is responsible for the initial charge separation event in photosynthesis, which sets off a series of redox reactions that ultimately lead to the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH and the synthesis of ATP, providing energy for the carbon fixation reactions in the Calvin cycle. Additionally, Photosystem II Protein Complex is involved in oxygen evolution, contributing to the Earth's atmosphere's oxygen levels and making it an essential component of global carbon fixation and oxygen production.
Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and the body's ability to detoxify them or repair the damage they cause. This imbalance can lead to cellular damage, oxidation of proteins, lipids, and DNA, disruption of cellular functions, and activation of inflammatory responses. Prolonged or excessive oxidative stress has been linked to various health conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging-related diseases.
Cobalt is a chemical element with the symbol Co and atomic number 27. It is a hard, silver-white, lustrous, and brittle metal that is found naturally only in chemically combined form, except for small amounts found in meteorites. Cobalt is used primarily in the production of magnetic, wear-resistant, and high-strength alloys, as well as in the manufacture of batteries, magnets, and pigments.
In a medical context, cobalt is sometimes used in the form of cobalt-60, a radioactive isotope, for cancer treatment through radiation therapy. Cobalt-60 emits gamma rays that can be directed at tumors to destroy cancer cells. Additionally, small amounts of cobalt are present in some vitamin B12 supplements and fortified foods, as cobalt is an essential component of vitamin B12. However, exposure to high levels of cobalt can be harmful and may cause health effects such as allergic reactions, lung damage, heart problems, and neurological issues.
Radioisotopes, also known as radioactive isotopes or radionuclides, are variants of chemical elements that have unstable nuclei and emit radiation in the form of alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, or conversion electrons. These isotopes are formed when an element's nucleus undergoes natural or artificial radioactive decay.
Radioisotopes can be produced through various processes, including nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and particle bombardment in a cyclotron or other types of particle accelerators. They have a wide range of applications in medicine, industry, agriculture, research, and energy production. In the medical field, radioisotopes are used for diagnostic imaging, radiation therapy, and in the labeling of molecules for research purposes.
It is important to note that handling and using radioisotopes requires proper training, safety measures, and regulatory compliance due to their ionizing radiation properties, which can pose potential health risks if not handled correctly.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lignin" is not a medical term. It is a term used in the field of biology and chemistry, particularly in botany and wood science. Lignin is a complex organic polymer that binds cellulose fibers together, providing strength and rigidity to the cell walls of plants. It is a major component of wood and bark.
If you have any medical terms you would like defined or any other questions, please let me know!
Chlorides are simple inorganic ions consisting of a single chlorine atom bonded to a single charged hydrogen ion (H+). Chloride is the most abundant anion (negatively charged ion) in the extracellular fluid in the human body. The normal range for chloride concentration in the blood is typically between 96-106 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).
Chlorides play a crucial role in maintaining electrical neutrality, acid-base balance, and osmotic pressure in the body. They are also essential for various physiological processes such as nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of membrane potentials, and digestion (as hydrochloric acid in the stomach).
Chloride levels can be affected by several factors, including diet, hydration status, kidney function, and certain medical conditions. Increased or decreased chloride levels can indicate various disorders, such as dehydration, kidney disease, Addison's disease, or diabetes insipidus. Therefore, monitoring chloride levels is essential for assessing a person's overall health and diagnosing potential medical issues.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nickel" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol Ni and atomic number 28. Nickel is a hard, silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. It is one of four elements that are ferromagnetic and is used as a common component in various alloys due to its properties such as resistance to corrosion and heat.
However, in a medical context, nickel may refer to:
* Nickel allergy: A type of allergic contact dermatitis caused by an immune system response to the presence of nickel in jewelry, clothing fasteners, or other items that come into contact with the skin. Symptoms can include redness, itching, and rash at the site of exposure.
* Nickel carbonyl: A highly toxic chemical compound (Ni(CO)4) that can cause respiratory and neurological problems if inhaled. It is produced during some industrial processes involving nickel and carbon monoxide and poses a health risk to workers if proper safety measures are not taken.
If you have any concerns about exposure to nickel or symptoms related to nickel allergy, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a colorless, odorless, clear liquid with a slightly sweet taste, although drinking it is harmful and can cause poisoning. It is a weak oxidizing agent and is used as an antiseptic and a bleaching agent. In diluted form, it is used to disinfect wounds and kill bacteria and viruses on the skin; in higher concentrations, it can be used to bleach hair or remove stains from clothing. It is also used as a propellant in rocketry and in certain industrial processes. Chemically, hydrogen peroxide is composed of two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms, and it is structurally similar to water (H2O), with an extra oxygen atom. This gives it its oxidizing properties, as the additional oxygen can be released and used to react with other substances.
Catalase is a type of enzyme that is found in many living organisms, including humans. Its primary function is to catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). This reaction helps protect cells from the harmful effects of hydrogen peroxide, which can be toxic at high concentrations.
The chemical reaction catalyzed by catalase can be represented as follows:
H2O2 + Catalase → H2O + O2 + Catalase
Catalase is a powerful antioxidant enzyme that plays an important role in protecting cells from oxidative damage. It is found in high concentrations in tissues that produce or are exposed to hydrogen peroxide, such as the liver, kidneys, and erythrocytes (red blood cells).
Deficiency in catalase activity has been linked to several diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging. On the other hand, overexpression of catalase has been shown to have potential therapeutic benefits in various disease models, such as reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.
Divalent cations are ions that carry a positive charge of +2. They are called divalent because they have two positive charges. Common examples of divalent cations include calcium (Ca²+), magnesium (Mg²+), and iron (Fe²+). These ions play important roles in various biological processes, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and bone metabolism. They can also interact with certain drugs and affect their absorption, distribution, and elimination in the body.
Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that constitutes about 21% of the earth's atmosphere. It is a crucial element for human and most living organisms as it is vital for respiration. Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, which carries it to tissues throughout the body where it is used to convert nutrients into energy and carbon dioxide, a waste product that is exhaled.
Medically, supplemental oxygen therapy may be provided to patients with conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, heart failure, or other medical conditions that impair the body's ability to extract sufficient oxygen from the air. Oxygen can be administered through various devices, including nasal cannulas, face masks, and ventilators.
Organometallic compounds are a type of chemical compound that contain at least one metal-carbon bond. This means that the metal is directly attached to carbon atom(s) from an organic molecule. These compounds can be synthesized through various methods, and they have found widespread use in industrial and medicinal applications, including catalysis, polymerization, and pharmaceuticals.
It's worth noting that while organometallic compounds contain metal-carbon bonds, not all compounds with metal-carbon bonds are considered organometallic. For example, in classical inorganic chemistry, simple salts of metal carbonyls (M(CO)n) are not typically classified as organometallic, but rather as metal carbonyl complexes. The distinction between these classes of compounds can sometimes be subtle and is a matter of ongoing debate among chemists.
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy, also known as Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy, is a technique used to investigate materials with unpaired electrons. It is based on the principle of absorption of energy by the unpaired electrons when they are exposed to an external magnetic field and microwave radiation.
In this technique, a sample is placed in a magnetic field and microwave radiation is applied. The unpaired electrons in the sample absorb energy and change their spin state when the energy of the microwaves matches the energy difference between the spin states. This absorption of energy is recorded as a function of the magnetic field strength, producing an ESR spectrum.
ESR spectroscopy can provide information about the number, type, and behavior of unpaired electrons in a sample, as well as the local environment around the electron. It is widely used in physics, chemistry, and biology to study materials such as free radicals, transition metal ions, and defects in solids.
Inhalation exposure is a term used in occupational and environmental health to describe the situation where an individual breathes in substances present in the air, which could be gases, vapors, fumes, mist, or particulate matter. These substances can originate from various sources, such as industrial processes, chemical reactions, or natural phenomena.
The extent of inhalation exposure is determined by several factors, including:
1. Concentration of the substance in the air
2. Duration of exposure
3. Frequency of exposure
4. The individual's breathing rate
5. The efficiency of the individual's respiratory protection, if any
Inhalation exposure can lead to adverse health effects, depending on the toxicity and concentration of the inhaled substances. Short-term or acute health effects may include irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, or lungs, while long-term or chronic exposure can result in more severe health issues, such as respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, or cancer.
It is essential to monitor and control inhalation exposures in occupational settings to protect workers' health and ensure compliance with regulatory standards. Various methods are employed for exposure assessment, including personal air sampling, area monitoring, and biological monitoring. Based on the results of these assessments, appropriate control measures can be implemented to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with inhalation exposure.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Polyporaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in mycology, which is the branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi.
Polyporaceae is a family of fungi that includes various types of polypores, which are characterized by having pores on the underside of their fruiting bodies (the above-ground reproductive structures) instead of gills. These fungi are mostly saprotrophic, meaning they decompose dead or decaying organic matter to obtain nutrients. Some species can also be parasitic and cause diseases in living trees.
Examples of genera within Polyporaceae include Trametes, Ganoderma, Fomes, and Irpex, among others. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, please feel free to ask!
Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various biological processes in the human body. It is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, including protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, blood glucose control, and blood pressure regulation. Magnesium also contributes to the structural development of bones and teeth.
In medical terms, magnesium deficiency can lead to several health issues, such as muscle cramps, weakness, heart arrhythmias, and seizures. On the other hand, excessive magnesium levels can cause symptoms like diarrhea, nausea, and muscle weakness. Magnesium supplements or magnesium-rich foods are often recommended to maintain optimal magnesium levels in the body.
Some common dietary sources of magnesium include leafy green vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, whole grains, and dairy products. Magnesium is also available in various forms as a dietary supplement, including magnesium oxide, magnesium citrate, magnesium chloride, and magnesium glycinate.
Mitochondria are specialized structures located inside cells that convert the energy from food into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the primary form of energy used by cells. They are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they generate most of the cell's supply of chemical energy. Mitochondria are also involved in various other cellular processes, such as signaling, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Mitochondria have their own DNA, known as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is inherited maternally. This means that mtDNA is passed down from the mother to her offspring through the egg cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to a variety of diseases and conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and aging.
In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."
1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.
2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.
3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.
4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).
Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Chromium is an essential trace element that is necessary for human health. It is a key component of the glucose tolerance factor, which helps to enhance the function of insulin in regulating blood sugar levels. Chromium can be found in various foods such as meat, fish, whole grains, and some fruits and vegetables. However, it is also available in dietary supplements for those who may not get adequate amounts through their diet.
The recommended daily intake of chromium varies depending on age and gender. For adults, the adequate intake (AI) is 20-35 micrograms per day for women and 35-50 micrograms per day for men. Chromium deficiency is rare but can lead to impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
It's important to note that while chromium supplements are marketed as a way to improve insulin sensitivity and blood sugar control, there is limited evidence to support these claims. Moreover, excessive intake of chromium can have adverse effects on health, including liver and kidney damage, stomach irritation, and hypoglycemia. Therefore, it's recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before taking any dietary supplements containing chromium.
Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that is a byproduct of the mining and smelting of zinc, lead, and copper. It has no taste or smell and can be found in small amounts in air, water, and soil. Cadmium can also be found in some foods, such as kidneys, liver, and shellfish.
Exposure to cadmium can cause a range of health effects, including kidney damage, lung disease, fragile bones, and cancer. Cadmium is classified as a known human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP).
Occupational exposure to cadmium can occur in industries that produce or use cadmium, such as battery manufacturing, metal plating, and pigment production. Workers in these industries may be exposed to cadmium through inhalation of cadmium-containing dusts or fumes, or through skin contact with cadmium-containing materials.
The general population can also be exposed to cadmium through the environment, such as by eating contaminated food or breathing secondhand smoke. Smoking is a major source of cadmium exposure for smokers and those exposed to secondhand smoke.
Prevention measures include reducing occupational exposure to cadmium, controlling emissions from industrial sources, and reducing the use of cadmium in consumer products. Regular monitoring of air, water, and soil for cadmium levels can also help identify potential sources of exposure and prevent health effects.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules containing oxygen, including peroxides, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and singlet oxygen. They are naturally produced as byproducts of normal cellular metabolism in the mitochondria, and can also be generated by external sources such as ionizing radiation, tobacco smoke, and air pollutants. At low or moderate concentrations, ROS play important roles in cell signaling and homeostasis, but at high concentrations, they can cause significant damage to cell structures, including lipids, proteins, and DNA, leading to oxidative stress and potential cell death.
An apoenzyme is the protein component of an enzyme that is responsible for its catalytic activity. It combines with a cofactor, which can be either an organic or inorganic non-protein molecule, to form the active enzyme. The cofactor can be a metal ion or a small organic molecule called a coenzyme.
The term "apoenzyme" is used to describe the protein portion of an enzyme after it has lost its cofactor. When the apoenzyme combines with the cofactor, the active holoenzyme is formed, which is capable of carrying out the specific biochemical reaction for which the enzyme is responsible.
In some cases, the loss of a cofactor can result in the complete loss of enzymatic activity, while in other cases, the apoenzyme may retain some residual activity. The relationship between an apoenzyme and its cofactor is specific, meaning that each cofactor typically only binds to and activates one particular type of apoenzyme.
Antioxidants are substances that can prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that the body produces as a reaction to environmental and other pressures. Antioxidants are able to neutralize free radicals by donating an electron to them, thus stabilizing them and preventing them from causing further damage to the cells.
Antioxidants can be found in a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains. Some common antioxidants include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and selenium. Antioxidants are also available as dietary supplements.
In addition to their role in protecting cells from damage, antioxidants have been studied for their potential to prevent or treat a number of health conditions, including cancer, heart disease, and age-related macular degeneration. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of using antioxidant supplements.
Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol with the chemical formula C6H5CH2OH. It is a colorless liquid with a mild, pleasant odor and is used as a solvent and preservative in cosmetics, medications, and other products. Benzyl alcohol can also be found as a natural component of some essential oils, fruits, and teas.
Benzyl alcohol is not typically considered a "drug" or a medication, but it may have various pharmacological effects when used in certain medical contexts. For example, it has antimicrobial properties and is sometimes used as a preservative in injectable medications to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. It can also be used as a local anesthetic or analgesic in some topical creams and ointments.
It's important to note that benzyl alcohol can be harmful or fatal to infants and young children, especially when it is used in high concentrations or when it is introduced into the body through intravenous (IV) routes. Therefore, it should be used with caution in these populations and only under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Aminosalicylic acid is an anti-inflammatory medication that is primarily used to treat inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. It works by reducing the production of chemicals in the body that cause inflammation in the intestines.
Aminosalicylic acid is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and enema formulations. The medication is typically taken at regular intervals, often several times a day, to maintain its effectiveness in reducing inflammation.
Common side effects of aminosalicylic acid include headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In some cases, the medication may cause more serious side effects such as kidney or liver problems, allergic reactions, or blood disorders. It is important to discuss any potential risks or side effects with a healthcare provider before starting treatment with aminosalicylic acid.
Polyporales is an order of class Agaricomycetes, division Basidiomycota, in the kingdom Fungi. This order consists of various wood-decay fungi, characterized by their typically annual growth rings and pores on the underside of the cap. The fruiting bodies or conks of these fungi can be either resupinate (crust-like) or pileate (cap-like). Polyporales includes several economically important species that cause decay in trees and timber, as well as some medicinal mushrooms. Examples of genera within this order include Polyporus, Trametes, Fomes, and Ganoderma.
Parenteral Nutrition, Home (HPN) is a medical definition referring to the specialized medical treatment in which nutrients are delivered directly into a patient's bloodstream through a vein outside of the gastrointestinal tract. This technique is used when a patient cannot receive adequate nutrition through enteral feeding or oral intake alone, often due to conditions such as severe malabsorption, intestinal failure, or chronic bowel disorders.
HPN specifically refers to the administration of parenteral nutrition in the home setting rather than in a hospital or healthcare facility. This approach allows patients to receive ongoing nutritional support while maintaining their quality of life and independence. HPN requires careful monitoring by healthcare professionals, including regular laboratory tests and clinical assessments, to ensure that the patient is receiving appropriate nutrition and to minimize potential complications such as infection, dehydration, or electrolyte imbalances.
Paraquat is a highly toxic herbicide that is used for controlling weeds and grasses in agricultural settings. It is a non-selective contact weed killer, meaning it kills any green plant it comes into contact with. Paraquat is a fast-acting chemical that causes rapid desiccation of plant tissues upon contact.
In a medical context, paraquat is classified as a toxicological emergency and can cause severe poisoning in humans if ingested, inhaled, or comes into contact with the skin or eyes. Paraquat poisoning can lead to multiple organ failure, including the lungs, kidneys, and liver, and can be fatal in severe cases. There is no specific antidote for paraquat poisoning, and treatment typically focuses on supportive care and managing symptoms.
It's important to note that paraquat is highly regulated and its use is restricted to licensed professionals due to its high toxicity. Proper protective equipment, including gloves, goggles, and respiratory protection, should be used when handling paraquat to minimize the risk of exposure.
Propulsive gait
Manganism
Manganese
Morvan's syndrome
Manganese(II) carbonate
Mephedrone
Alzheimer type II astrocyte
Manganese(II) chloride
Child development
Hereditary haemochromatosis
Monodominance
L-DOPA
Metal toxicity
Catalytic converter
Manganese deficiency (medicine)
Lead poisoning
Arsenic poisoning
List of MeSH codes (C10)
Dental amalgam controversy
Copper toxicity
Toxic heavy metal
List of ICD-9 codes 800-999: injury and poisoning
Magnesium
Thap Khlo district
Charles D. F. Phillips
Minamata disease
Lupin bean
Environmental disease
Donna Mergler
Loquat
Chronic manganese poisoning in the dry battery industry | Occupational & Environmental Medicine
Walking abnormalities: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Cases reported • Manganese Poisoning; Nervous System Diseases, Manganese-Induced; Nervous System Poisoning, Manganese;...
Strangers, patients, monsters, jailers, or children: How South African caregivers view their partners with manganese poisoning ...
MANGANESE POISONING IN SERENJE STRIKES 28 WORKERS AS 271 RECORD MANGANESE ABOVE NORMAL LEVEL IN THE BLOOD - Centre for...
Toxic Smoke and Mirrors - Mother Jones
Propulsive gait - Wikipedia
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
ATSDR - PHA - Evaluation of Current (1990 to 2003) and Future Chemical Exposures in the Vicinity of the Oak Ridge Reservation,...
Chorea in Children: Overview, Causes of Chorea, Pathophysiology and General Principles in Treatment of Chorea
eLCOSH : Hexavalent Chromium Exposure Control (HexChEC): Segment 3: Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)
Welding's toxic legacy - Center for Public Integrity
Neurotoxins: Definition, Epidemiology, Etiology
No. 13 of 2007
Metallic Glazes
Environmental Cases - Parker Waichman LLP
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
Storefront for Art and Architecture | Archive: Tough Love
Industrial Health
Selling oneself
Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document - Nitrilotriacetic Acid (NTA) - Canada.ca
Abnormal findings in the basal ganglia: a diagnostic clue for patients with diabetic striatopathy | BMJ Case Reports
Manganese and Welding Fume Exposure and Control - IAMAW
Cleveland Products Liability Attorney | Ohio Hazardous and Toxic Materials Lawyer
Organizing Notes: 06/01/2021 - 07/01/2021
Manganese news and latest updates
Vietnamese facility caught producing coffee from used batteries | Tuoi Tre News
Spr Mouse Gene Details | sepiapterin reductase | International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium
Sinemet CR - Side Effects, Uses, Dosage, Overdose, Pregnancy, Alcohol | RxWiki
DeCS - Términos Nuevos
Manganism7
- Since the lawsuits began in the 1970s, the position of the $5 billion welding-products industry had remained consistent: There are no reliable scientific data to prove welding fumes cause the Parkinson's-like syndrome known as parkinsonism-or "manganism" if manganese-related-that many longtime welders experience. (motherjones.com)
- From manganism to manganese -induced parkinsonism: a conceptual model based on the evolution of exposure. (cdc.gov)
- Manganese exposure scenarios in the last century generally have changed from the acute, high-level exposure conditions responsible for the occurrence of manganism to chronic exposure to much lower levels. (cdc.gov)
- The purpose and scope of this report are to explore the literature concerning manganese exposure and potential subclinical effects and biological pathways, impairment, and development of diseases such as Parkinsonism and manganism. (cdc.gov)
- Manganese toxicity/manganism is rare but accounted for 128 exposures in the United States in 2016. (medscape.com)
- Neurological health risks associated with exposure to welding fume and manganese poisoning or manganism, was identified years ago, primarily in miners, ore crushers, and ferroalloy workers. (goiam.org)
- Manganese poisoning - manganism - has symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease. (kelley-ferraro.com)
Dioxide8
- Metallic glazes can most easily be produced in oxidation by mixing a very high percentage of manganese dioxide with a low melting frit . (digitalfire.com)
- Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-2007-0331-3100, evaluation of potential exposures at an electrolytic manganese dioxide processing plant, Erachem Comilog, Inc., New Johnsonville, Tennessee. (cdc.gov)
- Manganese dioxide is used as the cathode (electron acceptor) material in standard and alkaline disposable dry cells and batteries. (medicalxpress.com)
- Ground coffee beans are mixed with dirt and rock dust and dyed in manganese dioxide taken from used batteries to produce dirty coffee at a facility in Dak Nong Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam. (tuoitrenews.vn)
- According to Assoc. Prof. Tran Hong Con, a chemistry expert from the Vietnam National University - Hanoi, the 'black powder' found inside D batteries is actually manganese dioxide that makes up the batteries' core. (tuoitrenews.vn)
- Manganese dioxide is a highly oxidant compound, and as little as 0.5 milligrams of it mixed in a liter of water is enough to cause manganese poisoning in humans, Con said. (tuoitrenews.vn)
- Manganese dioxide is used in the preparation of oxygen and chlorine, and in drying black paints. (metaglossary.com)
- Manganese dioxide, besides being a useful pigment, is a catalyst and a component of certain dry cell batteries. (cdc.gov)
Toxicity3
- Carbon monoxide poisoning Parkinson's disease Manganese Toxicity Medline Plus Knutsson E (1972). (wikipedia.org)
- Such chronic exposures may progressively extend the site of manganese deposition and toxicity from the globus pallidus to the entire area of the basal ganglia, including the substantia nigra pars compacta involved in Parkinson's disease. (cdc.gov)
- [18] However, professionals often use "lead poisoning" and "lead toxicity" interchangeably, and official sources do not always restrict the use of "lead poisoning" to refer only to symptomatic effects of lead. (wikipedia.org)
Carbon4
- Carbon monoxide poisoning is responsible for approximately 50,000 visits to the emergency department annually and results in about 1,200 deaths per year in the United States. (medscape.com)
- The incidence of carbon monoxide poisoning may increase during natural disasters owing to the improper use of portable electrical power generators. (medscape.com)
- It is also used to treat Parkinson's-like symptoms that may develop after encephalitis (swelling of the brain) or injury to the nervous system caused by carbon monoxide poisoning or manganese poisoning. (rxwiki.com)
- This medication is also used to treat Parkinson symptoms caused by carbon monoxide poisoning or manganese intoxication. (covid19jipmer.org)
Toxic5
- Manganese Poisoning is a toxic condition resulting from chronic exposure to manganese. (cejzambia.org)
- Upon learning that his patient had been welding for 25 years, and knowing that welding fumes contain manganese, a toxic metal, the specialist suggested the symptoms were work related. (motherjones.com)
- There is very important caution regarding the use of these recipes: Manganese fumes (produced during firing) are toxic, you must have a kiln venting system that works properly. (digitalfire.com)
- Manganese is both an essential nutrient and a toxic chemical, primarily obtained through diet, water, supplements, and environmental elements. (medicalxpress.com)
- On the other hand, excess manganese is toxic. (cdc.gov)
Inhalation4
- Inhalation and ingestion of manganese will be the focus of this report. (cdc.gov)
- The cutting of steel at BIW, and inhalation of dust, was causing manganese poisoning for Peter. (blogspot.com)
- In larger amounts, and apparently with far greater activity by inhalation, manganese can cause a poisoning syndrome in mammals, with neurological damage which is sometimes irreversible. (medicalxpress.com)
- Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. (neurotalk.org)
Parkinsonism6
- Eight (22·2%) were found to have neuropsychiatric manifestations, six (16·6%) had chronic manganese psychosis, one had left hemi-parkinsonism, and one had left choreoathetosis. (bmj.com)
- These conditions include mutations of genes which play important pathogenetic roles in both Parkinsonism and in the regulation of manganese transport and metabolism. (cdc.gov)
- Liver function is also important in manganese -related neurotoxicity and sub-clinical impairment may increase the risk of Parkinsonism. (cdc.gov)
- There is now considerable evidence that exposure to manganese at levels much lower than those observed historically can result in neurological impairment, and the term manganese-induced parkinsonism (MIP) appears more frequently in the literature. (goiam.org)
- Identifying these pathways opens up new possible options to prevent or treat manganese-induced parkinsonism and other disorders linked to elevated manganese exposure. (utexas.edu)
- The findings may be useful for the treatment for parkinsonism caused by manganese poisoning. (utexas.edu)
Fumes2
- Other Kelley Ferraro clients who were exposed to fumes from welding rods containing manganese have suffered a wide range of neurological problems. (kelley-ferraro.com)
- In 2004, Kelley Ferraro attorneys filed suits against manufacturers, suppliers and distributors of welding rods in Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court in Cleveland, Ohio, on behalf of clients suffering from manganese poisoning due to fumes from welding rods. (kelley-ferraro.com)
Neurological1
- An article written as part of an ongoing research effort by the Center to Protect Worker's Rights (CPWR), presents a brief review of the literature examining neurological health risks associated with exposure to welding fume and, in particular, manganese. (goiam.org)
Parkinson's1
- Overexposure to manganese has caused Parkinson's-like symptoms for thousands of welders. (motherjones.com)
Overexposure2
- Overexposure to welding fume constituents, particularly manganese, is of concern in the construction industry due to the prevalence of welding and the scarcity of engineering controls. (goiam.org)
- Manganese is an unregulated contaminant often found in drinking water, but safe levels of this metal are currently unknown, and prior research has indicated that overexposure to manganese may be harmful to children. (medicalxpress.com)
Arsenic2
- Contamination of groundwater with arsenic has been associated with epidemics of arsenic poisoning in some parts of south Asia. (medscape.com)
- [ 5 ] In 2016, the NPDS identified 769 exposures of arsenic poisoning in the United States. (medscape.com)
Basal ganglia1
- Among them, similar radiological findings on basal ganglia can be observed in patients with Wilson's disease, hepatic encephalopathy and poisoning (manganese and organic mercury). (bmj.com)
Cadmium2
- Pregnant women with lower concentrations of the trace mineral manganese or higher amounts of the metal cadmium in their blood may be more likely to develop preeclampsia, according to a new study. (medicalxpress.com)
- Whole blood lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) , total mercury (THg) manganese (Mn), and selenium (Se) concentrations are determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. (cdc.gov)
Occupational2
- Ms Tambatamba said the strange disease that was observed was Manganese Poisoning which resulted from repeated occupational exposure to manganese. (cejzambia.org)
- Immediate suspension of sourcing and processing fine manganese concentrate from Sanhi Limited of Kabwe until such a time when the investigation by a Joint Team compromising of the Ministry of Labour's Department of OSI and the Ministry of Health, Zambia Environmental Management Agency - ZEMA, Mine Safety Department and the Occupational Health and Safety Institute - SILICOSIS, are concluded," she said. (cejzambia.org)
Mercury2
- He had a negative history of chorea, diabetes mellitus, and exposure to manganese and organic mercury. (bmj.com)
- Acute to subacute ballism/chorea can also occur in patients with Huntington's disease, cerebrovascular disease, hepatic encephalopathy, Wilson's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, poisoning (manganese and organic mercury) and several drugs (levodopa, antidepressant, phenytoin and cocaine). (bmj.com)
Chromium1
- The arc temperature during welding can reach over 4200℃, causing the welding rod core, flux, and metal to undergo gasification, evaporation, and condensation, resulting in the production of a large amount of manganese chromium oxide and harmful smoke dust. (machinemfg.com)
Dust6
- A survey was carried out on 36 workers in the dry battery industry exposed to dust containing 65 to 70% manganese oxide. (bmj.com)
- An environmental study revealed a high concentration of manganese dust at the main working areas, far exceeding the accepted MAC. (bmj.com)
- The concentration of manganese dust in air showed some association with the prevalence and rapidity of effect on workers according to their occupation. (bmj.com)
- She said the development resulted in high dust films in the process of smelting at the plant which potentially increased the risk of workers over exposure to manganese in the platform, tapping and deking areas. (cejzambia.org)
- The requestors were concerned about exposure to cobalt and nickel in the filter mud, manganese dust in the production areas, and sulfuric acid mist in the cell rooms. (cdc.gov)
- During the February 20-22, 2008, site visit, we collected 16 full-shift PBZ air samples for sulfuric acid and 13 full-shift PBZ air samples for dust to evaluate employee exposure to metals such as manganese, cobalt, and nickel. (cdc.gov)
Concentrations1
- The highest PBZ concentrations of manganese were among operators working in the product preparation area, ore trammers, and CCOs in the digest area of the plant. (cdc.gov)
Ions3
- Depending on their oxidation state, manganese ions have various colors and are used industrially as pigments. (medicalxpress.com)
- Manganese(II) ions function as cofactors for a number of enzymes in higher organisms, where they are essential in detoxification of superoxide free radicals. (medicalxpress.com)
- Manganese (in the form of manganese ions) is an essential trace nutrient in all known forms of life. (cdc.gov)
Intoxication1
- Classically, "lead poisoning" or "lead intoxication" has been defined as exposure to high levels of lead typically associated with severe health effects. (wikipedia.org)
Acute2
- listeners succumb to acute manganese poisoning within 24 hours. (the-scp.foundation)
- [19] Lead poisoning may be acute (from intense exposure of short duration) or chronic (from repeat low-level exposure over a prolonged period), but the latter is much more common. (wikipedia.org)
20001
- [4] Descriptions of lead poisoning date to at least 2000 BC, [4] while efforts to limit lead's use date back to at least the 16th century. (wikipedia.org)
Welders3
- For several years, US District Judge Kathleen O'Malley-whose Ohio courtroom is the fact-finding venue for Tamraz and hundreds of other cases-had watched lawyers squabble over disclosure of alleged payments to researchers studying the effects of manganese on welders. (motherjones.com)
- The article is an overview of welding in construction and the preliminary results of an evaluation of a portable local exhaust ventilation (LEV) unit used to reduce manganese exposure among construction welders. (goiam.org)
- The article Manganese and Welding Fume Exposure and Control in Construction by John D. Meeker,1 Pam Susi, and Michael R. Flynn can be extremely helpful in understanding the effects of exposure and a means of engineering control that can reduce exposure to welders. (goiam.org)
Cobalt5
- Non-functional ceramic glazes having very high percentages of metallic oxides/carbonates (manganese, copper, cobalt, chrome). (digitalfire.com)
- Other metal oxides like copper and cobalt are also active fluxes and melt even better than manganese, but they are prone to forming crystals during cooling (the micro-crystals of copper completely matte the surface). (digitalfire.com)
- It can thus be beneficial to incorporate some copper or cobalt with the manganese in the recipe to promote the desired amount of crystallization. (digitalfire.com)
- Cobalt and copper have crystallized during cooling, manganese has formed an iridescent glass. (digitalfire.com)
- We found no cases of chronic manganese, cobalt, or nickel poisoning. (cdc.gov)
Chronic exposure1
- The mechanisms of manganese neurotoxicity from chronic exposure to very low levels are not well understood, but promising information is based on the concept of susceptibility that may place individuals exposed to manganese at a higher risk for developing Parkinsonian disturbances. (cdc.gov)
Copper1
- Title : Copper poisoning from vending machines Personal Author(s) : Hopper, Samuel H.;Adams, Harold S. (cdc.gov)
Symptoms1
- All workers with manganese levels above the recommended concentration limits but without symptoms have been relocated to areas of low risk of exposure. (cejzambia.org)
Prevention3
- Manganese phosphating is used as a treatment for rust and corrosion prevention on steel. (medicalxpress.com)
- Blood lead levels measured in previous NHANES programs have been the cornerstone of lead exposure surveillance in the U.S. The data have been used to document the burden and dramatic decline of elevated blood lead levels, to promote the reduction of lead use, and to help to redefine national lead poisoning prevention guidelines, standards, and abatement activities. (cdc.gov)
- Lead poisoning prevention and treatment : implementing a national program in developing countries / edited by Abraham M. George. (who.int)
Trace1
- Although necessary in the human diet in trace amounts, excessive quantities may lead to manganese poisoning. (metaglossary.com)
Shifts1
- However, if the ACGIH TLV for manganese is adjusted to account for the 12-hour work shifts, 16 PBZ air samples would have exceeded the adjusted TLV of 0.1 mg/m3. (cdc.gov)
Susceptibility1
- Manganese is important because it deoxidizes the melt and facilitates hot working of the steel by reducing the susceptibility to hot shortness. (metaglossary.com)
Levels1
- The Cabinet Minister said results revealed that 271, which was 96.4% of the employees, had blood levels of manganese above the normal level. (cejzambia.org)
Researchers1
- Somshuvra Mukhopadhyay, M.B.B.S., Ph.D., associate professor in the Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Hamm Centennial Fellow in Pharmacy, and a team of researchers have released new findings defining the first homeostatic regulatory pathway for manganese in mammalian systems. (utexas.edu)
Cardiovascular1
- A 'manganese bullet' targeting cardiovascular disease? (medicalxpress.com)
Lead6
- Drinking Water Lead Poisoning. (yourlawyer.com)
- Lead poisoning , also known as plumbism and saturnism , is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body. (wikipedia.org)
- [2] Lead poisoning poses a significantly increased risk to children as they are far more likely to ingest lead indirectly by chewing on toys or other objects that are coated in lead paint . (wikipedia.org)
- Exposure at work is a common cause of lead poisoning in adults with certain occupations at particular risk. (wikipedia.org)
- Lead poisoning is preventable. (wikipedia.org)
- Results of search for 'su:{Lead poisoning. (who.int)
Regulation1
- Assistant Professor Dr. Somshuvra Mukhopadhyay's manganese regulation research was recently featured by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) as one of its Papers of the Month. (utexas.edu)
Atomic1
- Element (Atomic # - 25 Atomic Weight - 54.93) Manganese increases the hardness of iron and steel. (metaglossary.com)
Colors1
- Manganese colors glass an amethyst color, and is responsible for the color of true amethyst. (metaglossary.com)
Rods2
- Following Jeff's diagnosis, the couple, who live in Grants Pass, Oregon, hired a lawyer and sued Lincoln Electric and four other makers of manganese-containing welding wire and electrodes-also called rods or sticks. (motherjones.com)
- Individuals in a variety of trades and occupations who worked in, with or near welding rods are at risk for manganese poisoning. (kelley-ferraro.com)
Intake1
- HealthDay)-Higher intake of manganese is associated with a lower type 2 diabetes risk among postmenopausal women, independent of known risk factors, according to a study published online April 15 in Diabetes Care. (medicalxpress.com)
Level in blood1
- The manganese level in blood was almost within the normal range. (bmj.com)
Health1
- Poisoning caused by any of the aforementioned heavy metals can have very adverse health effects, including death in serious cases," an expert from Vietnam's National Institute of Nutrition said. (tuoitrenews.vn)
Type1
- Ms Tambatamba revealed that SAFAL changed the type of manganese ore feed on 9th March 2022 to 5th September 2022. (cejzambia.org)
Iron2
- NTA has been proposed as a therapeutic chelating agent for manganese poisoning Footnote 2 and for the treatment of iron overloading, as it has a synergistic effect on the mobilization of iron by desferrioxamine. (canada.ca)
- The greatest demand for manganese is for the production of iron and steel. (cdc.gov)
Chemical2
- Manganese ( /ˈmæŋɡəniːz/ mang -gə-neez ) is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn . (medicalxpress.com)
- Listeners' bodies exude pentagonal ingots of elemental manganese (chemical element #25, or 5^2). (the-scp.foundation)
Years1
- Some years back Peter discovered that manganese mining in Africa was causing similar medical problems for workers . (blogspot.com)
Important2
- As a free element, manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels. (medicalxpress.com)
- Manganese is used to form many important alloys. (metaglossary.com)
Compound1
- Another common use of manganese is in a steel alloy compound that produces stronger steel resistant to wear. (metaglossary.com)
Found2
- We found that 2 PBZ air samples for manganese exceeded the NIOSH REL of 1 mg/m3, and 16 exceeded the ACGIH TLV of 0.2 mg/m3. (cdc.gov)
- Manganese is also found in pesticides and is used as a fuel additive in some gasolines. (metaglossary.com)