INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.
The white liquid secreted by the mammary glands. It contains proteins, sugar, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
'Dairying' is not a term used in medical definitions; it refers to the practice of keeping dairy animals for milk production and its related processes, which is an agricultural or farming concept.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
MAMMARY GLANDS in the non-human MAMMALS.
Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.
Diseases of domestic and mountain sheep of the genus Ovis.
The processes of milk secretion by the maternal MAMMARY GLANDS after PARTURITION. The proliferation of the mammary glandular tissue, milk synthesis, and milk expulsion or let down are regulated by the interactions of several hormones including ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; PROLACTIN; and OXYTOCIN.
A genus of achlorophyllic algae in the family Chlorellaceae, and closely related to CHLORELLA. It is found in decayed matter; WATER; SEWAGE; and SOIL; and produces cutaneous and disseminated infections in various VERTEBRATES including humans.
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.
Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.
Serum albumin from cows, commonly used in in vitro biological studies. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
A species of VARICELLOVIRUS that causes INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS and other associated syndromes in CATTLE.
Infections with bacteria of the family PASTEURELLACEAE.
The type species of DELTARETROVIRUS that causes a form of bovine lymphosarcoma (ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS) or persistent lymphocytosis.
A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.
Disturbances of MILK secretion in either SEX, not necessarily related to PREGNANCY.
A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals.
A group of viruses in the genus PESTIVIRUS, causing diarrhea, fever, oral ulcerations, hemorrhagic syndrome, and various necrotic lesions among cattle and other domestic animals. The two species (genotypes), BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 , exhibit antigenic and pathological differences. The historical designation, BVDV, consisted of both (then unrecognized) genotypes.
Diseases of the domestic or wild goat of the genus Capra.
Ruminants of the family Bovidae consisting of Bubalus arnee and Syncerus caffer. This concept is differentiated from BISON, which refers to Bison bison and Bison bonasus.
A species of DELTAPAPILLOMAVIRUS infecting cattle.
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.
The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.
Infections with species of the genus MYCOPLASMA.
A species of CORYNEBACTERIUM isolated from abscesses of warm-blooded animals.
'Human Milk' is the secretion from human mammary glands, primarily composed of water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and various bioactive components, which serves as the complete source of nutrition for newborn infants, supporting their growth, development, and immune system.
Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned RUMINANTS of the genus Capra, in the family Bovidae, closely related to the SHEEP.
A genus of asporogenous bacteria that is widely distributed in nature. Its organisms appear as straight to slightly curved rods and are known to be human and animal parasites and pathogens.
A species of gram-negative bacteria causing MASTITIS; ARTHRITIS; and RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES in CATTLE.
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Genus of bacteria in the family PASTEURELLACEAE, comprising multiple species that do not ferment trehalose. Species include MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA; M. glucosida, M. granulomatis, M. ruminalis, and M. varigena.
Enzymes that cause coagulation in plasma by forming a complex with human PROTHROMBIN. Coagulases are produced by certain STAPHYLOCOCCUS and YERSINIA PESTIS. Staphylococci produce two types of coagulase: Staphylocoagulase, a free coagulase that produces true clotting of plasma, and Staphylococcal clumping factor, a bound coagulase in the cell wall that induces clumping of cells in the presence of fibrinogen.
An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.
Acute disease of cattle caused by the bovine viral diarrhea viruses (DIARRHEA VIRUSES, BOVINE VIRAL). Often mouth ulcerations are the only sign but fever, diarrhea, drop in milk yield, and loss of appetite are also seen. Severity of clinical disease varies and is strain dependent. Outbreaks are characterized by low morbidity and high mortality.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria normally commensal in the flora of CATTLE and SHEEP. But under conditions of physical or PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS, it can cause MASTITIS in sheep and SHIPPING FEVER or ENZOOTIC CALF PNEUMONIA in cattle. Its former name was Pasteurella haemolytica.
The nursing of an infant at the breast.
A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.
A lymphoid neoplastic disease in cattle caused by the bovine leukemia virus. Enzootic bovine leukosis may take the form of lymphosarcoma, malignant lymphoma, or leukemia but the presence of malignant cells in the blood is not a consistent finding.
An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.
Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.
'Housing, Animal' refers to the physical structure or environment designed and constructed to provide shelter, protection, and specific living conditions for various domestic or captive animals, meeting their biological and behavioral needs while ensuring their welfare and well-being.
An infection occurring in PUERPERIUM, the period of 6-8 weeks after giving birth.
The science of breeding, feeding and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition.
A bacterium which causes mastitis in cattle and occasionally in man.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
The conic organs which usually give outlet to milk from the mammary glands.
Infections with bacteria of the order MYCOPLASMATALES.
A species of PNEUMOVIRUS causing an important respiratory infection in cattle. Symptoms include fever, conjunctivitis, and respiratory distress.

The indirect hemagglutination test for the detection of antibodies in cattle naturally infected mycoplasmas. (1/613)

Stable mycoplasma antigens for the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) were prepared employing glutaraldehyde treated sheep erythrocytes sensitized with Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium antigens. Employing these antigens mycoplasma antibodies were detected in sera from cattle which had mastitic symptoms due to natural infection with either M. agalactiae subsp. bovis or M. bovigenitalium. A total of 200 cows from four herds were examined at varying intervals for the presence of M. agalactiae subsp. bovis and for the detection of antibody using growth inhibition and IHA tests. Mycoplasmas were isolated from 37 animals. Growth inhibiting antibody was detected from 56 of the 200 animals. In the IHA tests, antibody titer greater than or equal to 1:80 were detected in 148 animals, 76 of these having antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:160, while sera of 116 normal control animals had no growth inhibiting antibody and none had IHA antibody titers greater than 1:40. M. bovigenitalium was isolated from the milk of three of 26 animals in a fifth herd during an outbreak of mastitis. Growth inhibiting antibodies were demonstrated in the sera of ten of the 26 animals. However, the IHA test detected antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:160 in 13 animals and of 1:80 in one of the 26 animals. To determine the specificity of the IHA tests, M. agalactiae subsp. bovis and M. bovigenitalium antigens were reacted with rabbit hyperimmune typing sera produced against 12 species of bovine mycoplasmatales. Homologous antisera showed IHA antibody titers of 1:1280 and 1:2560 against M. agalactiae subsp. bovis and M. bovigenitalium respectively, whereas heterologous antisera showed IHA antibody titers of less than or equal to 1:20. Also eight type-specific bovine antisera were reacted with M agalactiae subsp. bovis and M. bovigenitalium antigens in homologous and heterologous tests. Homoogous reactions showed IHA antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:320, whereas heterologous reactions showed IHA titers of less than or equal to 1:20. This IHA test promises to be useful for the detection of bovine mycoplasma antibodies in sera from cattle infected with M. agalactiae subsp. bovis or M. bovigenitalium. Thes test is sensitive, reproducible and specific and the technique is relatively simple and rapid. The antigens were stable for at least seven months.  (+info)

Bovine mastitis in Ontario due to Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis. (2/613)

Bovine mastitis caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis was first diagnosed in 16 of 55 cows in an Ontario herd in Feburary 1972. A total of 182 of 598 (30.4%) cows from 33 of 64 (51.5%) farms in widely separated areas of the province were culturally positive. Herd incidence varied from 15 to 40% with one closed herd having an incidence of 61%. Four herds were investigated culturally and serologically by the growth inhibition test for 15 months. In the acute phase the organism was present in the milk in extremely high numbers and could still be isolated from a few cows after eight to 12 months. The sera from 89.5% of the animals with clinical mycoplasma mastitis produced a zone of surface "film" and/or colony inhibition and some cows remained positive for six to 12 months. The disease was experimentally reproduced with a pure culture of the organism isolated from the milk of a cow from one of the herds.  (+info)

Identification of nonlipophilic corynebacteria isolated from dairy cows with mastitis. (3/613)

Nonlipophilic corynebacteria associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy cows were found to belong to four species: Corynebacterium amycolatum, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, and Corynebacterium minutissimum. These species may easily be confused. However, clear-cut differences between C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis were found in their acid production from maltotriose and ethylene glycol, susceptibility to vibriostatic agent O129, and alkaline phosphatase. Absence of growth at 20 degrees C and lack of alpha-glucosidase and 4MU-alpha-D-glycoside hydrolysis activity differentiated C. amycolatum from C. pseudotuberculosis and C. ulcerans. The mastitis C. pseudotuberculosis strains differed from the biovar equi and ovis reference strains and from caprine field strains in their colony morphologies and in their reduced inhibitory activity on staphylococcal beta-hemolysin. C. amycolatum was the most frequently isolated nonlipophilic corynebacterium.  (+info)

Molecular analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: epidemiological investigation of mastitis outbreaks in Irish dairy herds. (4/613)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogen in both humans and animals. This bacterium, most often associated with respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis patients, was found to be the causative agent in bovine mastitis outbreaks among 11 Irish dairy herds. Epidemiological findings suggested that the infection was spread to all herds by teat wipes that had been contaminated with this organism. Two molecular-typing strategies were used in an attempt to determine the genomic relationship(s), if any, of the P. aeruginosa strains isolated from the various herds and to verify whether the same strain was responsible for each outbreak. Thirty-six isolates from the mastitis outbreaks were tested and compared to fourteen clinical isolates from Cork University Hospital. With one exception, all outbreak-linked strains produced identical patterns when ribotyped with ClaI and PvuII enzymes. Eight of the clinical isolates gave the same ClaI ribotype pattern as the mastitis-causing strains. However, PvuII proved more discriminatory, with only the outbreak isolates producing identical patterns. Similar results were obtained with RW3A-primed DNA amplification fingerprinting, with all outbreak isolates except one displaying the same fingerprint array. The clinical strains produced several fingerprint patterns, all of which were different from those of the mastitis-causing isolates. Fine-resolution DNA fingerprinting with a fluorescence-labelled RW3A primer also identified a number of low-molecular-weight polymorphisms that would have remained undetected by conventional methods. These data support the view that the same P. aeruginosa strain was responsible for the mastitis outbreaks in all 11 herds.  (+info)

Coagulase gene polymorphism of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy cattle in different geographical areas. (5/613)

The objectives of this study were to investigate the coagulase gene polymorphism of Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from bovine mastitic milk and to determine the resistance of predominant and rare coagulase genotypes to bovine blood neutrophil bactericidal activities. A total of 453 isolates were collected from four countries: the Czech Republic, France, Korea and the United States. The isolates were subtyped into 40 types by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the coagulase gene. Twenty-three strains from predominant and rare genotypes were evaluated for their ability to resist neutrophil bactericidal activities. There were significant (P < 0.01) differences in the average percent neutrophil killing of the predominant (16.7%) and rare (39.7%) genotypes when bacteria were opsonized with antiserum. The results indicate that the profiles of coagulase genotype differ among geographic locations, and only a few genotypes prevail in each location. In addition, the predominant genotypes were more resistant to neutrophil bactericidal activities than rare genotypes.  (+info)

Effect of vitamin B2 on somatic cell counts in milk of clinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. (6/613)

Effects of intravenous injection of Vitamin B2 (VB2) on the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reductivity of peripheral blood neutrophils and the somatic cell counts (SCC) in quarter milk of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis were investigated. The NBT reductivities of neutrophils were enhanced at 2 days after single injection of VB2 (5.0 and 2.5 mg/kg), and were also enhanced at 4 days after initial injection of continuous 3 days of VB2 (2.5 mg/kg). The SCC in quarter milk were significantly decreased at 3, 7 and 14 days after initial injection of continuous 3 days of VB2 (2.5 mg/kg), however, S. aureus in the infected quarter was not cured bacteriologically by VB2 injection.  (+info)

Streptococcus pluranimalium sp. nov., from cattle and other animals. (7/613)

Strains from subclinical mastitis, from the genital tract and tonsils of cattle, from tonsils of a goat and a cat and from the crop and the respiratory tract of canaries were found to constitute a new streptococcal species, for which the name Streptococcus pluranimalium sp. nov. is proposed. Sequencing of 16S rRNA showed that Streptococcus thoraltensis and Streptococcus hyovaginalis were its closest known phylogenetic relatives. The new species showed some phenotypic resemblance to the poorly described species Streptococcus acidominimus, but whole-cell protein analysis and 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the new species was only distantly related to the type strain of S. acidominimus. Identification of these bacteria, which showed heterogeneous biochemical reaction patterns, was most reliably made by whole-cell protein analysis. Nevertheless, a number of biochemical reactions can be used to differentiate S. pluranimalium from other animal streptococci. Strain LMG 14177T, isolated from mastitic milk of a dairy cow, was designated as the type strain of S. pluranimalium sp. nov.  (+info)

An epidemiologic study of disease in 32 registered Holstein dairy herds in British Columbia. (8/613)

Data recorded in a herd health management system were obtained from 32 registered Holstein dairy herds from British Columbia. Frequencies of disease were described, and the effect of herd, age, year, season, and the interrelationships between diseases within a lactation on the occurrence of disease were evaluated. Lactational incidence rates were computed for diseases with a short period of risk (ie, udder edema, milk fever, retained placenta, metritis, displaced abomasum, and ketosis), whereas for diseases with a longer period of risk (ie, cystic ovaries, mastitis and stable footrot), incidence densities were calculated. Overall, the disease incidence was low and showed an increase in frequency by year, which we attributed to more observing and complete recording by the owner, rather than an actual increase in disease incidence. Most diseases occurred early in lactation and their frequency increased with lactation number; the exception was udder edema, which occurred mainly during the first 2 lactations. An informal path model of disease interrelationships was made conditional on herd. Based on the results we inferred 2 independent pathways: one started by udder edema, and the other by milk fever. Udder edema was directly associated with mastitis occurrence from 0 to 30 d in lactation, metritis, and cystic ovaries. Mastitis from 0-30 d in lactation increased the risk of both mastitis from 31-150 d in lactation and cystic ovaries. Both of these increased the risk of late lactation mastitis. Milk fever was directly related with displaced abomasum, which increased the risk of footrot. In general, diseases that occurred in early lactation tended to increase the risk of other diseases later in lactation.  (+info)

Mastitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the breast tissue, usually caused by an infection. It typically occurs in breastfeeding women, when bacteria from the baby's mouth enter the milk ducts through a cracked or damaged nipple, leading to infection and inflammation. However, mastitis can also occur in non-breastfeeding women, often as a result of blocked milk ducts or milk remaining in the breast after weaning.

Symptoms of mastitis may include breast pain, tenderness, swelling, warmth, redness, and fever. In some cases, pus or blood may be present in the breast milk. If left untreated, mastitis can lead to more severe complications such as abscess formation. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection, pain relief medication, and continued breastfeeding or pumping to prevent further blockage of the milk ducts.

Bovine mastitis is a common inflammatory condition that affects the mammary gland (udder) of dairy cows. It's primarily caused by bacterial infections, with Escherichia coli (E. coli), Streptococcus spp., and Staphylococcus aureus being some of the most common pathogens involved. The infection can lead to varying degrees of inflammation, which might result in decreased milk production, changes in milk composition, and, if left untreated, potentially severe systemic illness in the cow.

The clinical signs of bovine mastitis may include:
- Redness and heat in the affected quarter (or quarters) of the udder
- Swelling and pain upon palpation
- Decreased milk production or changes in milk appearance (such as flakes, clots, or watery consistency)
- Systemic signs like fever, loss of appetite, and depression in severe cases

Mastitis can be classified into two main types: clinical mastitis, which is characterized by visible signs of inflammation, and subclinical mastitis, where the infection might not present with obvious external symptoms but could still lead to decreased milk quality and production.

Prevention and control measures for bovine mastitis include good milking practices, maintaining a clean and dry environment for the cows, practicing proper udder hygiene, administering antibiotics or other treatments as necessary, and regularly monitoring milk for signs of infection through somatic cell count testing.

Medically, "milk" is not defined. However, it is important to note that human babies are fed with breast milk, which is the secretion from the mammary glands of humans. It is rich in nutrients like proteins, fats, carbohydrates (lactose), vitamins and minerals that are essential for growth and development.

Other mammals also produce milk to feed their young. These include cows, goats, and sheep, among others. Their milk is often consumed by humans as a source of nutrition, especially in dairy products. However, the composition of these milks can vary significantly from human breast milk.

"Dairying" is not a medical term. It refers to the industry or practice of producing and processing milk and milk products, such as butter, cheese, and yogurt, typically from cows but also from other animals like goats and sheep. Dairying involves various activities including breeding and raising dairy animals, milking, processing, and marketing milk and milk products. It is not a medical concept or procedure.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

Mammary glands are specialized exocrine glands found in mammals, including humans and other animals. These glands are responsible for producing milk, which is used to nurse offspring after birth. The mammary glands are located in the breast region of female mammals and are usually rudimentary or absent in males.

In animals, mammary glands can vary in number and location depending on the species. For example, humans and other primates have two mammary glands, one in each breast. Cows, goats, and sheep, on the other hand, have multiple pairs of mammary glands located in their lower abdominal region.

Mammary glands are made up of several structures, including lobules, ducts, and connective tissue. The lobules contain clusters of milk-secreting cells called alveoli, which produce and store milk. The ducts transport the milk from the lobules to the nipple, where it is released during lactation.

Mammary glands are an essential feature of mammals, as they provide a source of nutrition for newborn offspring. They also play a role in the development and maintenance of the mother-infant bond, as nursing provides opportunities for physical contact and bonding between the mother and her young.

Cattle diseases are a range of health conditions that affect cattle, which include but are not limited to:

1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Also known as "shipping fever," BRD is a common respiratory illness in feedlot cattle that can be caused by several viruses and bacteria.
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): A viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and reproductive issues.
3. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It primarily affects the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea and weight loss.
4. Digital Dermatitis: Also known as "hairy heel warts," this is a highly contagious skin disease that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness and decreased productivity.
5. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): Also known as "pinkeye," IBK is a common and contagious eye infection in cattle that can cause blindness if left untreated.
6. Salmonella: A group of bacteria that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in cattle, including diarrhea, dehydration, and septicemia.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms in cattle, including abortion, stillbirths, and kidney damage.
8. Blackleg: A highly fatal bacterial disease that causes rapid death in young cattle. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and vaccination is recommended for prevention.
9. Anthrax: A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Cattle can become infected by ingesting spores found in contaminated soil, feed or water.
10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle. It is characterized by fever and blisters on the feet, mouth, and teats. FMD is not a threat to human health but can have serious economic consequences for the livestock industry.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or controlled through good management practices, such as vaccination, biosecurity measures, and proper nutrition. Regular veterinary care and monitoring are also crucial for early detection and treatment of any potential health issues in your herd.

I'm happy to help, but I want to clarify that the term "sheep diseases" refers to a wide range of health issues that can affect sheep populations. It's not a single medical condition with a specific definition. Here are some examples of common diseases that can affect sheep:

1. Ovine Johne's Disease (OJD): A chronic, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It affects the intestines and can cause weight loss, diarrhea, and death.
2. Footrot: A highly contagious bacterial infection that affects the feet of sheep, causing lameness, swelling, and pain. It's caused by the bacteria Dichelobacter nodosus.
3. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. It affects the lymph nodes and can cause abscesses, weight loss, and death.
4. Contagious Ecthyma (Orf): A highly contagious viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes of sheep, causing sores and lesions.
5. Mastitis: An inflammation of the mammary gland in sheep, usually caused by a bacterial infection. It can cause decreased milk production, fever, and loss of appetite.
6. Pneumonia: A respiratory infection that can affect sheep, causing coughing, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by various bacteria or viruses.
7. Enterotoxemia: A potentially fatal disease caused by the overproduction of toxins in the intestines of sheep, usually due to a bacterial infection with Clostridium perfringens.
8. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM): A neurological disorder that affects the brain of sheep, causing symptoms such as blindness, circling, and seizures. It's often caused by a thiamine deficiency or excessive sulfur intake.
9. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can affect sheep, causing abortion, stillbirth, and neurological symptoms.
10. Blue tongue: A viral disease that affects sheep, causing fever, respiratory distress, and mouth ulcers. It's transmitted by insect vectors and is often associated with climate change.

Lactation is the process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals, including humans, for the nourishment of their young. This physiological function is initiated during pregnancy and continues until it is deliberately stopped or weaned off. The primary purpose of lactation is to provide essential nutrients, antibodies, and other bioactive components that support the growth, development, and immune system of newborns and infants.

The process of lactation involves several hormonal and physiological changes in a woman's body. During pregnancy, the hormones estrogen and progesterone stimulate the growth and development of the mammary glands. After childbirth, the levels of these hormones drop significantly, allowing another hormone called prolactin to take over. Prolactin is responsible for triggering the production of milk in the alveoli, which are tiny sacs within the breast tissue.

Another hormone, oxytocin, plays a crucial role in the release or "let-down" of milk from the alveoli to the nipple during lactation. This reflex is initiated by suckling or thinking about the baby, which sends signals to the brain to release oxytocin. The released oxytocin then binds to receptors in the mammary glands, causing the smooth muscles around the alveoli to contract and push out the milk through the ducts and into the nipple.

Lactation is a complex and highly regulated process that ensures the optimal growth and development of newborns and infants. It provides not only essential nutrients but also various bioactive components, such as immunoglobulins, enzymes, and growth factors, which protect the infant from infections and support their immune system.

In summary, lactation is the physiological process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals for the nourishment of their young. It involves hormonal changes, including the actions of prolactin, oxytocin, estrogen, and progesterone, to regulate the production, storage, and release of milk.

Prototheca is a genus of algae that lack chlorophyll and cannot photosynthesize. They are typically found in aquatic environments, soil, and decaying organic matter. Some species of Prototheca can cause infections in humans and animals, known as protothecosis. These infections primarily affect the skin and subcutaneous tissues, but they can also involve other organs such as the eyes, liver, and lungs. Protothecosis is an uncommon disease, and it mainly affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or organ transplants. The infection is caused by the direct invasion of the algae into the body, and it can be difficult to treat due to the limited number of antifungal agents that are effective against Prototheca species.

Staphylococcal infections are a type of infection caused by Staphylococcus bacteria, which are commonly found on the skin and nose of healthy people. However, if they enter the body through a cut, scratch, or other wound, they can cause an infection.

There are several types of Staphylococcus bacteria, but the most common one that causes infections is Staphylococcus aureus. These infections can range from minor skin infections such as pimples, boils, and impetigo to serious conditions such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and toxic shock syndrome.

Symptoms of staphylococcal infections depend on the type and severity of the infection. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, either topical or oral, depending on the severity and location of the infection. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary for more severe infections. It is important to note that some strains of Staphylococcus aureus have developed resistance to certain antibiotics, making them more difficult to treat.

Staphylococcus aureus is a type of gram-positive, round (coccal) bacterium that is commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals and humans. It is a facultative anaerobe, which means it can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.

Staphylococcus aureus is known to cause a wide range of infections, from mild skin infections such as pimples, impetigo, and furuncles (boils) to more severe and potentially life-threatening infections such as pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and sepsis. It can also cause food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome.

The bacterium is often resistant to multiple antibiotics, including methicillin, which has led to the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains that are difficult to treat. Proper hand hygiene and infection control practices are critical in preventing the spread of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA.

Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) is not a medical term per se, but a biochemical term. It is widely used in medical and biological research. Here's the definition:

Bovine Serum Albumin is a serum albumin protein derived from cows. It is often used as a stabilizer, an emulsifier, or a protein source in various laboratory and industrial applications, including biochemical experiments, cell culture media, and diagnostic kits. BSA has a high solubility in water and can bind to many different types of molecules, making it useful for preventing unwanted interactions between components in a solution. It also has a consistent composition and is relatively inexpensive compared to human serum albumin, which are factors that contribute to its widespread use.

Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is a species-specific virus that belongs to the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, and genus Varicellovirus. This virus is the causative agent of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), which is a significant respiratory disease in cattle. The infection can also lead to reproductive issues, including abortions, stillbirths, and inflammation of the genital tract (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis) in cows and infertility in bulls.

The virus is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, their respiratory secretions, or contaminated objects. Once an animal is infected, BoHV-1 establishes a lifelong latency in the nervous system, from where it can periodically reactivate and shed the virus, even without showing any clinical signs. This makes eradication of the virus challenging in cattle populations.

Vaccines are available to control IBR, but they may not prevent infection or shedding entirely. Therefore, ongoing management practices, such as biosecurity measures and surveillance programs, are essential to minimize the impact of this disease on cattle health and productivity.

Pasteurellaceae infections refer to illnesses caused by bacteria belonging to the family Pasteurellaceae. This family includes several genera of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, with the most common pathogenic genus being Pasteurella. These bacteria are commonly found as normal flora in the upper respiratory tracts of animals, including pets like cats and dogs, and can be transmitted to humans through bites, scratches, or contact with contaminated fluids.

Pasteurellaceae infections can cause a range of clinical manifestations, depending on the specific species involved and the site of infection. Common Pasteurella species that cause human infections include P. multocida and P. pneumotropica. Infections caused by these bacteria often present as localized skin or soft tissue infections, such as cellulitis, abscesses, or wound infections, following animal contact.

In addition to skin and soft tissue infections, Pasteurellaceae can also cause respiratory tract infections (pneumonia, bronchitis), septicemia, and, rarely, meningitis or endocarditis. Immunocompromised individuals, those with chronic lung disease, or those who have alcohol use disorder are at increased risk for severe Pasteurellaceae infections.

Treatment typically involves antibiotics active against gram-negative bacteria, such as amoxicillin/clavulanate, doxycycline, or fluoroquinolones. Prompt treatment is essential to prevent potential complications and the spread of infection.

Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that infects cattle and causes enzootic bovine leukosis, a neoplastic disease characterized by the proliferation of malignant B-lymphocytes. The virus primarily targets the animal's immune system, leading to a decrease in the number of white blood cells (leukopenia) and an increased susceptibility to other infections.

The virus is transmitted horizontally through close contact with infected animals or vertically from mother to offspring via infected milk or colostrum. The majority of BLV-infected cattle remain asymptomatic carriers, but a small percentage develop clinical signs such as lymphoma, weight loss, and decreased milk production.

BLV is closely related to human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), and both viruses belong to the Retroviridae family, genus Deltaretrovirus. However, it's important to note that BLV does not cause leukemia or any other neoplastic diseases in humans.

Streptococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, spherical bacteria that typically form pairs or chains when clustered together. These bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. They are non-motile and do not produce spores.

Streptococcus species are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Some strains are part of the normal flora of the body, while others can cause a variety of infections, ranging from mild skin infections to severe and life-threatening diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, and toxic shock syndrome.

The pathogenicity of Streptococcus species depends on various virulence factors, including the production of enzymes and toxins that damage tissues and evade the host's immune response. One of the most well-known Streptococcus species is Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A streptococcus (GAS), which is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and rheumatic fever.

It's important to note that the classification of Streptococcus species has evolved over time, with many former members now classified as different genera within the family Streptococcaceae. The current classification system is based on a combination of phenotypic characteristics (such as hemolysis patterns and sugar fermentation) and genotypic methods (such as 16S rRNA sequencing and multilocus sequence typing).

Lactation disorders are conditions or problems that affect a woman's ability to breastfeed her baby. These disorders can make it difficult for the mother to produce enough milk, or cause pain and discomfort during breastfeeding. Some common lactation disorders include:

1. Insufficient Glandular Tissue (IGT): This condition occurs when a woman has limited breast tissue, which can make it difficult for her to produce enough milk to fully breastfeed her baby.
2. Engorgement: This happens when the breasts become overly full of milk, causing them to feel hard, swollen, and painful. Engorgement can make it difficult for the baby to latch on properly, which can lead to nipple damage and mastitis.
3. Mastitis: An infection of the breast tissue that can cause pain, redness, warmth, and flu-like symptoms. Mastitis often occurs when a milk duct becomes blocked, allowing bacteria to enter and infect the tissue.
4. Plugged Ducts: This condition occurs when a milk duct becomes clogged or blocked, causing milk to back up and leading to pain, swelling, and redness in the affected area.
5. Nipple Vasospasm: This is a painful spasm of the blood vessels in the nipples, which can cause burning, stinging, or throbbing sensations during or after breastfeeding.
6. Low Milk Supply: This condition occurs when a woman is unable to produce enough milk to meet her baby's needs. Low milk supply can have various causes, including hormonal imbalances, poor latch, and infrequent feedings.
7. Oversupply: This condition occurs when a woman produces too much milk, which can lead to engorgement, plugged ducts, and mastitis.

Prompt identification and management of lactation disorders are essential for ensuring the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby. Women who experience difficulty breastfeeding should consult their healthcare provider or a lactation consultant for guidance and support.

Staphylococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other animals. Many species of Staphylococcus can cause infections in humans, but the most notable is Staphylococcus aureus, which is responsible for a wide range of illnesses, from minor skin infections to life-threatening conditions such as pneumonia, endocarditis, and sepsis.

Staphylococcus species are non-motile, non-spore forming, and typically occur in grape-like clusters when viewed under a microscope. They can be coagulase-positive or coagulase-negative, with S. aureus being the most well-known coagulase-positive species. Coagulase is an enzyme that causes the clotting of plasma, and its presence is often used to differentiate S. aureus from other Staphylococcus species.

These bacteria are resistant to many commonly used antibiotics, including penicillin, due to the production of beta-lactamases. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a particularly problematic strain that has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics and can cause severe, difficult-to-treat infections.

Proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, and environmental cleaning are crucial measures for preventing the spread of Staphylococcus in healthcare settings and the community.

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a viral disease that primarily affects cattle, but can also infect other ruminants such as sheep and goats. The disease is caused by the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), which belongs to the family Flaviviridae and genus Pestivirus.

There are two biotypes of BVDV, type 1 and type 2, which can be further divided into various subtypes based on their genetic makeup. The virus can cause a range of clinical signs in infected animals, depending on the age and immune status of the animal, as well as the strain of the virus.

Acute infection with BVDV can cause fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, nasal discharge, and diarrhea, which can be severe and life-threatening in young calves. In addition, BVDV can cause reproductive problems such as abortion, stillbirth, and the birth of persistently infected (PI) calves. PI animals are those that were infected with BVDV in utero and have the virus continuously present in their bloodstream and other tissues throughout their lives. These animals serve as a source of infection for other cattle and can spread the virus to naive herds.

BVDV is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, such as saliva, nasal secretions, and feces. The virus can also be spread indirectly through contaminated feed, water, and equipment. Prevention and control measures for BVDV include biosecurity practices, vaccination, and testing to identify and remove PI animals from herds.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. "Goat diseases" refers to illnesses that affect goats specifically. It does not mean diseases that are caused by goats or related to them in some way. Here are some examples of goat diseases:

1. Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE): A viral disease that affects goats, causing arthritis, pneumonia, and sometimes encephalitis.
2. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A bacterial disease that causes abscesses in the lymph nodes of goats.
3. Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP): A contagious respiratory disease caused by mycoplasma bacteria.
4. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
5. Pasteurellosis: A bacterial disease that can cause pneumonia, septicemia, and other infections in goats.
6. Salmonellosis: A bacterial disease caused by Salmonella bacteria, which can cause diarrhea, fever, and septicemia in goats.
7. Soremouth (Orf): A viral disease that causes sores and scabs around the mouth and nose of goats.

These are just a few examples of diseases that can affect goats. If you have any specific questions about goat health or diseases, I would recommend consulting with a veterinarian who specializes in small ruminants.

I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "buffaloes." The term generally refers to large, hoofed mammals that are native to Africa and Asia. In English language slang, the term "buffalo" is sometimes used to describe a lie or exaggeration, but this usage is not related to the medical field. If you have more context about where you encountered this term, I may be able to provide a more specific answer.

Bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV-1) is a species of papillomavirus that primarily infects cattle, causing benign warts or papillomas in the skin and mucous membranes. It is not known to infect humans or cause disease in humans. BPV-1 is closely related to other papillomaviruses that can cause cancer in animals, but its role in human cancer is unclear.

BPV-1 is a double-stranded DNA virus that replicates in the nucleus of infected cells. It encodes several early and late proteins that are involved in viral replication and the transformation of host cells. BPV-1 has been extensively studied as a model system for understanding the molecular mechanisms of papillomavirus infection and oncogenesis.

In addition to its role in animal health, BPV-1 has also been used as a tool in biomedical research. For example, it can be used to transform cells in culture, providing a valuable resource for studying the properties of cancer cells and testing potential therapies. However, it is important to note that BPV-1 is not known to cause human disease and should not be used in any therapeutic context involving humans.

Streptococcal infections are a type of infection caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes). These bacteria can cause a variety of illnesses, ranging from mild skin infections to serious and potentially life-threatening conditions such as sepsis, pneumonia, and necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease).

Some common types of streptococcal infections include:

* Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) - an infection of the throat and tonsils that can cause sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
* Impetigo - a highly contagious skin infection that causes sores or blisters on the skin.
* Cellulitis - a bacterial infection of the deeper layers of the skin and underlying tissue that can cause redness, swelling, pain, and warmth in the affected area.
* Scarlet fever - a streptococcal infection that causes a bright red rash on the body, high fever, and sore throat.
* Necrotizing fasciitis - a rare but serious bacterial infection that can cause tissue death and destruction of the muscles and fascia (the tissue that covers the muscles).

Treatment for streptococcal infections typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect a streptococcal infection, as prompt treatment can help prevent serious complications.

"Cell count" is a medical term that refers to the process of determining the number of cells present in a given volume or sample of fluid or tissue. This can be done through various laboratory methods, such as counting individual cells under a microscope using a specialized grid called a hemocytometer, or using automated cell counters that use light scattering and electrical impedance techniques to count and classify different types of cells.

Cell counts are used in a variety of medical contexts, including hematology (the study of blood and blood-forming tissues), microbiology (the study of microscopic organisms), and pathology (the study of diseases and their causes). For example, a complete blood count (CBC) is a routine laboratory test that includes a white blood cell (WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin level, hematocrit value, and platelet count. Abnormal cell counts can indicate the presence of various medical conditions, such as infections, anemia, or leukemia.

Mycoplasma infections refer to illnesses caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Mycoplasma. These are among the smallest free-living organisms, lacking a cell wall and possessing a unique molecular structure. They can cause various respiratory tract infections (like pneumonia, bronchitis), urogenital infections, and other systemic diseases in humans, animals, and birds.

The most common Mycoplasma species that infect humans include M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium, M. hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Transmission usually occurs through respiratory droplets or sexual contact. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the site of infection but may include cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, fatigue, joint pain, rash, and genital discharge or pelvic pain in women. Diagnosis often requires specific laboratory tests due to their unique growth requirements and resistance to many common antibiotics. Treatment typically involves macrolide or fluoroquinolone antibiotics.

Corynebacterium pyogenes is a gram-positive, catalase-positive, non-motile, and non-spore-forming rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the respiratory tract and on the skin of animals. It can cause purulent infections such as abscesses, mastitis, pneumonia, and septicemia in various animal species, including cattle, sheep, goats, and swine.

In humans, Corynebacterium pyogenes is considered a rare cause of infection, and it has been isolated from cases of endocarditis, meningitis, and soft tissue infections. However, its clinical significance in human infections remains unclear, and further studies are needed to establish its role as a human pathogen.

It's important to note that Corynebacterium pyogenes is different from Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus), which is a major human pathogen causing various infections such as pharyngitis, impetigo, and necrotizing fasciitis.

Human milk, also known as breast milk, is the nutrient-rich fluid produced by the human female mammary glands to feed and nourish their infants. It is the natural and species-specific first food for human babies, providing all the necessary nutrients in a form that is easily digestible and absorbed. Human milk contains a balance of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive components that support the growth, development, and immunity of newborns and young infants. Its composition changes over time, adapting to meet the changing needs of the growing infant.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "goats" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is a common noun referring to the domesticated animal species Capra aegagrus hircus. If you have any questions about a specific medical condition or term, please provide that and I would be happy to help.

Corynebacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Some species of Corynebacterium can cause disease in humans, including C. diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria, and C. jeikeium, which can cause various types of infections in immunocompromised individuals. Other species are part of the normal flora and are not typically pathogenic. The bacteria are characterized by their irregular, club-shaped appearance and their ability to form characteristic arrangements called palisades. They are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.

"Mycoplasma bovis" is a species of bacteria that lack a cell wall and are characterized by their small size. They can cause various diseases in cattle, including pneumonia, mastitis (inflammation of the mammary gland), arthritis, and otitis (inflammation of the ear). The bacteria can be transmitted through direct contact between animals, contaminated milk, and aerosols. Infection with Mycoplasma bovis can result in decreased productivity and increased mortality in affected herds, making it a significant concern for the cattle industry. Diagnosis is often made through culture or PCR-based tests, and treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics, although resistance to certain antibiotics has been reported. Prevention strategies include biosecurity measures such as testing and culling infected animals, as well as good hygiene practices to limit the spread of the bacteria.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections refer to illnesses caused by the bacterium E. coli, which can cause a range of symptoms depending on the specific strain and site of infection. The majority of E. coli strains are harmless and live in the intestines of healthy humans and animals. However, some strains, particularly those that produce Shiga toxins, can cause severe illness.

E. coli infections can occur through various routes, including contaminated food or water, person-to-person contact, or direct contact with animals or their environments. Common symptoms of E. coli infections include diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. In severe cases, complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) can occur, which may lead to kidney failure and other long-term health problems.

Preventing E. coli infections involves practicing good hygiene, cooking meats thoroughly, avoiding cross-contamination of food during preparation, washing fruits and vegetables before eating, and avoiding unpasteurized dairy products and juices. Prompt medical attention is necessary if symptoms of an E. coli infection are suspected to prevent potential complications.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

"Mannheimia" is a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. These bacteria are commonly found in the upper respiratory tract of animals and are known to cause various diseases in domestic and wild animals. Some species of Mannheimia can also cause zoonotic infections in humans who come into close contact with infected animals.

The most well-known species of Mannheimia is M. haemolytica, which is a major pathogen in cattle and sheep, causing respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and shipping fever. Other species of Mannheimia include M. granulomatis, M. varigena, and M. succiniciproducens, among others.

Mannheimia bacteria are known to produce a variety of virulence factors, including hemolysins, endotoxins, and exotoxins, which contribute to their pathogenicity. Diagnosis of Mannheimia infections typically involves the isolation and identification of the bacteria from clinical samples, such as respiratory secretions or tissue samples, followed by confirmation using biochemical tests or molecular methods. Treatment usually involves the use of antibiotics, although the emergence of antibiotic resistance among Mannheimia species is a growing concern.

Coagulase is a type of enzyme produced by some bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus. This enzyme helps the bacteria to clot blood plasma by converting an inactive precursor (prothrombin) into thrombin, which then converts fibrinogen into fibrin to form a clot. The ability of S. aureus to produce coagulase is often used as a diagnostic criterion for this bacterium, and it also plays a role in the virulence of the organism by helping it to evade the host's immune system.

Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis. It primarily affects cattle but can also spread to other mammals including humans, causing a similar disease known as zoonotic tuberculosis. The infection in animals typically occurs through inhalation of infectious droplets or ingestion of contaminated feed and water.

In cattle, the disease often affects the respiratory system, leading to symptoms such as chronic coughing, weight loss, and difficulty breathing. However, it can also affect other organs, including the intestines, lymph nodes, and mammary glands. Diagnosis of BTB typically involves a combination of clinical signs, laboratory tests, and epidemiological data.

Control measures for BTB include regular testing and culling of infected animals, movement restrictions, and vaccination of susceptible populations. In many countries, BTB is a notifiable disease, meaning that cases must be reported to the authorities. Proper cooking and pasteurization of dairy products can help prevent transmission to humans.

Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease (BVD-MD) is a complex of diseases caused by the Bovine Virus Diarrhea virus (BVDV) and is a significant problem in the global cattle industry. The disease can manifest in various forms, from mild respiratory or reproductive issues to severe, life-threatening conditions such as mucosal disease.

Mucosal disease is the most acute form of BVD-MD and occurs when an animal that has been persistently infected (PI) with a specific strain of BVDV develops a secondary infection with a cytopathic biotype of the virus. PI animals are those that were infected in utero with BVDV before they developed immune competence, resulting in them shedding large amounts of the virus throughout their lives.

The secondary infection with the cytopathic biotype of BVDV causes extensive damage to the animal's lymphoid tissues and gastrointestinal tract, leading to severe clinical signs such as:

1. Profuse diarrhea
2. High fever (up to 41°C or 105.8°F)
3. Ulcerative lesions in the mouth, esophagus, and intestines
4. Severe dehydration
5. Depression and loss of appetite
6. Weight loss
7. Weakness
8. Increased respiratory rate
9. Swelling of the head, neck, and brisket
10. Death within 2-3 weeks after the onset of clinical signs

Morbidity and mortality rates in BVD-MD outbreaks can be high, causing significant economic losses for farmers due to decreased production, increased veterinary costs, and animal deaths. Prevention strategies include vaccination programs, biosecurity measures, and testing for PI animals to remove them from the herd.

"Mannheimia haemolytica" is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found as part of the normal flora in the upper respiratory tract of cattle and other ruminants. However, under certain conditions such as stress, viral infection, or sudden changes in temperature or humidity, the bacteria can multiply rapidly and cause a severe respiratory disease known as shipping fever or pneumonic pasteurellosis.

The bacterium is named "haemolytica" because it produces a toxin that causes hemolysis, or the breakdown of red blood cells, resulting in the characteristic clear zones around colonies grown on blood agar plates. The bacteria can also cause other symptoms such as fever, coughing, difficulty breathing, and depression.

"Mannheimia haemolytica" is a significant pathogen in the cattle industry, causing substantial economic losses due to mortality, reduced growth rates, and decreased milk production. Prevention and control measures include good management practices, vaccination, and prompt treatment of infected animals with antibiotics.

Breastfeeding is the process of providing nutrition to an infant or young child by feeding them breast milk directly from the mother's breast. It is also known as nursing. Breast milk is the natural food for newborns and infants, and it provides all the nutrients they need to grow and develop during the first six months of life.

Breastfeeding has many benefits for both the mother and the baby. For the baby, breast milk contains antibodies that help protect against infections and diseases, and it can also reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), allergies, and obesity. For the mother, breastfeeding can help her lose weight after pregnancy, reduce the risk of certain types of cancer, and promote bonding with her baby.

Breastfeeding is recommended exclusively for the first six months of an infant's life, and then continued along with appropriate complementary foods until the child is at least two years old or beyond. However, it is important to note that every mother and baby pair is unique, and what works best for one may not work as well for another. It is recommended that mothers consult with their healthcare provider to determine the best feeding plan for themselves and their baby.

Cloxacillin is a type of antibiotic known as a penicillinase-resistant penicillin. It is used to treat infections caused by bacteria that are resistant to other types of penicillins. Cloxacillin works by interfering with the ability of the bacterial cell wall to grow and multiply, ultimately leading to the death of the bacterium.

Cloxacillin is often used to treat skin infections, pneumonia, and other respiratory tract infections. It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and powder for injection. As with all antibiotics, it is important to take cloxacillin exactly as directed by a healthcare provider, and to complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms improve before all of the medication has been taken.

Like other penicillins, cloxacillin can cause allergic reactions in some people. It may also interact with other medications, so it is important to inform a healthcare provider of all other medications being taken before starting cloxacillin.

Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a slow-developing, persistent virus infection that primarily affects cattle. It is caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV), which is part of the retrovirus family. The term "enzootic" refers to an animal disease that is constantly present in a particular geographic area or population.

EBL is typically characterized by the development of malignant lymphosarcoma, a type of cancer affecting the lymphoid system, in mature animals. Infected animals may not show any clinical signs for several years, and some never develop the disease. However, when clinical symptoms do appear, they can include weight loss, decreased milk production, enlarged lymph nodes, difficulty swallowing, and paralysis.

The virus is primarily spread through contact with infected blood or other bodily fluids, such as during castration, dehorning, or veterinary procedures. It can also be transmitted from an infected mother to her calf through colostrum and milk. EBL has been reported in many countries worldwide, but control and eradication programs have significantly reduced its prevalence in some regions, including the United States and Western Europe.

It is important to note that enzootic bovine leukosis should not be confused with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also known as "mad cow disease," which is a completely different and unrelated condition affecting cattle.

Lactoferrin is a glycoprotein that belongs to the transferrin family. It is an iron-binding protein found in various exocrine secretions such as milk, tears, and saliva, as well as in neutrophils, which are a type of white blood cell involved in immune response. Lactoferrin plays a role in iron homeostasis, antimicrobial activity, and anti-inflammatory responses. It has the ability to bind free iron, which can help prevent bacterial growth by depriving them of an essential nutrient. Additionally, lactoferrin has been shown to have direct antimicrobial effects against various bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Its role in the immune system also includes modulating the activity of immune cells and regulating inflammation.

I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Housing, Animal" is not a standard term in medical terminology. Medical terminology typically relates to the human body, diseases, treatments, and healthcare practices. "Housing, Animal" would be more related to veterinary medicine or animal care fields, which pertain to the accommodation and environment provided for animals. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I'd be happy to help!

Puerperal infection, also known as childbed fever or postpartum infection, is a healthcare-associated infection that can occur in women following childbirth, miscarriage, or abortion. It's typically caused by bacteria that enter the reproductive system during these processes and can lead to inflammation and infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, or other pelvic organs.

The most common causative agents are Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus), Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Symptoms of puerperal infection can include fever, abdominal pain, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, and painful urination. If left untreated, the infection can lead to serious complications such as sepsis, infertility, or even death.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are crucial for managing puerperal infections and preventing complications. Good hygiene practices and proper sterilization of medical equipment can also help reduce the risk of developing this infection.

Animal husbandry is the practice of breeding and raising animals for agricultural purposes, such as for the production of meat, milk, eggs, or fiber. It involves providing proper care for the animals, including feeding, housing, health care, and breeding management. The goal of animal husbandry is to maintain healthy and productive animals while also being mindful of environmental sustainability and animal welfare.

Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a type of bacteria that commonly colonizes the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts of humans. It is Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, and forms chains when viewed under the microscope.

While S. agalactiae can be carried asymptomatically by many adults, it can cause serious infections in newborns, pregnant women, elderly individuals, and people with weakened immune systems. In newborns, GBS can lead to sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis, which can result in long-term health complications or even be fatal if left untreated.

Pregnant women are often screened for GBS colonization during the third trimester of pregnancy, and those who test positive may receive intrapartum antibiotics to reduce the risk of transmission to their newborns during delivery.

Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.

A nipple is a small projection or tubular structure located at the center of the areola, which is the darker circle of skin surrounding the nipple on the breast. The primary function of the nipple is to provide a pathway for milk flow from the mammary glands during lactation in females.

The nipple contains smooth muscle fibers that contract and cause the nipple to become erect when stimulated, such as during sexual arousal or cold temperatures. Nipples can come in various shapes, sizes, and colors, and some individuals may have inverted or flat nipples. It is essential to monitor any changes in the appearance or sensation of the nipples, as these could be indicative of underlying medical conditions, such as breast cancer.

Mycoplasmatales infections refer to illnesses caused by bacteria belonging to the order Mycoplasmatales, which are characterized as the smallest self-replicating organisms lacking a cell wall. The most common pathogens in this group include Mycoplasma pneumoniae, M. genitalium, M. hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia, while M. genitalium is associated with sexually transmitted infections, including urethritis, cervicitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. M. hominis and U. urealyticum are typically commensals but can cause invasive diseases such as septic arthritis, endocarditis, or meningitis, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

Infections caused by these organisms often present with nonspecific symptoms, making diagnosis challenging. Diagnosis usually involves serological tests, nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAATs), or culture methods. Treatment typically includes macrolides, tetracyclines, or fluoroquinolones, depending on the specific pathogen and its antibiotic susceptibility profile.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), bovine refers to a species-specific strain of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus that primarily infects cattle. It is a member of the Pneumoviridae family and Orthopneumovirus genus. This virus is closely related to human RSV, and it can cause respiratory infections in young calves, leading to symptoms such as nasal discharge, coughing, difficulty breathing, and pneumonia.

Bovine RSV shares many similarities with its human counterpart, including the ability to form syncytia (multinucleated giant cells) in infected tissues. However, bovine RSV is not known to infect humans or cause disease in humans. It is primarily studied as a model organism for understanding the biology and pathogenesis of RSV infections in general.

Mode of transmission Contagious mastitis also known as bovine mastitis Environmental mastitis Summer mastitis (which occurs in ... per acute mastitis acute mastitis sub acute mastitis chronic mastitis : This form includes no pain in the udder but little ... National Mastitis Council. 1996. Current Concepts of Bovine Mastitis, 4th ed., Arlington, VA. Fox LK et al. Survey of ... International Symposium on Bovine Mastitis. Indianapolis, IN, September, 1990. pp 82-91. Nickerson SC et al. Mastitis in dairy ...
The species can infect man and animal, causing mastitis. P. zopfii can cause bovine clinical mastitis in high milk-yielding ... Bovine mastitis outbreaks by P. zopfii is a global problem. It is reported from Europe, Asia, North America, and South America ... doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32992-0. Bovine Mastitis, Neelesh Sharma et al., 2012, Satish Serial Publishing House. ISBN 978-93- ... Antimicrobial susceptibility of Prototheca zopfii isolated from bovine mastitis., Władysław Wawron, Mariola Bochniarz, Tomasz ...
from bovine and buffalo mastitis cases. The whole genome of S. capitis will help researchers better understand the evolution ... "Genomic comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of mastitis-related staphylococci with a focus on adhesion, biofilm, and related ...
He was later awarded the degree of DVSc by the University of Melbourne for his work on bovine mastitis and other animal ... He was a world authority on bovine mastitis. Born at Hamua, north of Eketāhuna, in 1894, Hopkirk started his scientific career ...
K. variicola have also been isolated from cows suffering from bovine mastitis. Rosenblueth, Mónica; Martínez, Lucía; Silva, ... "Genome Sequences of Klebsiella variicola Isolates from Dairy Animals with Bovine Mastitis from Newfoundland, Canada". Genome ... "Klebsiella Species Associated with Bovine Mastitis in Newfoundland". PLOS ONE. 9 (9): e106518. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j6518P. doi ...
For instance, K. variicola has been identified as one of the causes of bovine mastitis. In plant systems, Klebsiella can be ... "Genome Sequences of Klebsiella variicola Isolates from Dairy Animals with Bovine Mastitis from Newfoundland, Canada". Genome ... "Klebsiella Species Associated with Bovine Mastitis in Newfoundland". PLOS ONE. 9 (9): e106518. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j6518P. doi ...
1962). "Bovine mastitis caused by a Mycoplasma species". Cornell Veterinarian. 52: 589-91. PMID 13952069. Askaa, G; Erno, H ( ... on the basis of biochemical reactions and its association with bovine mastitis. Later work, based on serological responses and ... Mastitis can cause a decline in potassium and lactoferrin. It also results in decreased casein, the major protein in milk. As ... In early bovine respiratory disease (BRD) cases, the lungs and airways are generally painful, so the animal will try to clear ...
R. toruloides has been linked to bovine mastitis, but its epidemiology has not yet been reported. Park, Young-Kyoung; Nicaud, ... "Diversity of yeasts from bovine mastitis in Southern Brazil". Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia. 25 (3): 154-6. doi:10.1016/ ...
Webarchive template wayback links, Bovine health, Medical tests, Veterinary procedures). ... The California mastitis test (CMT) is a simple cow-side indicator of the somatic cell count of milk. It operates by disrupting ... "California Mastitis Test" Archived 2009-01-03 at the Wayback Machine, Milking Management, retrieved 2008-11-18 Leach, KA; Green ... It provides a useful technique for detecting subclinical cases of mastitis. Whiteside described a reaction between sodium ...
"Mastitis and Ketosis: Health Problems of Lactating Does". www.tennesseemeatgoats.com. Schrevelius' Greek Lexicon, Translated ... ISBN 978-0-13-046256-5. Ruegg, Pamela L. "Diseases of Bovine Teats and Skin - Reproductive System". Merck Veterinary Manual. ... Pseudocowpox Warts caused by bovine papillomavirus Teat-end hyperkeratosis Dermatitis Frostbite Udder sores or necrotic ...
Serous exudate from bovine udder in E. coli mastitis at left. Normal milk at right. Gangrenous mastitis in a dairy cow. Cat ... When it occurs in breastfeeding mothers, it is known as puerperal mastitis, lactation mastitis, or lactational mastitis. When ... Mastitis can, in rare cases, occur in men. Inflammatory breast cancer has symptoms very similar to mastitis and must be ruled ... Mastitis episodes do not appear to influence lifetime risk of breast cancer. Mastitis does however cause great difficulties in ...
nov., a coagulase-variable species from bovine subclinical and mild clinical mastitis". International Journal of Systematic and ... "Draft Genome Sequence of Bovine Mastitis Isolate Staphylococcus agnetis CBMRN 20813338". Genome Announcements. 2 (5): e00883-14 ... Strains of this species were originally isolated from the milk and teats of cows with mastitis. This species is not known to ...
In veterinary medicine, it is a well-recognized cause of bovine mastitis, hence the name dys-galactiae. In some geographic ... Dys (bad) galactiae (milk) alludes to their propensity to cause bovine mastitis. Equi (horse) similis (like) infers similarity ... Several different animal species are susceptible to infection by S. dysgalactiae, but bovine mastitis and infectious arthritis ... S. dysgalactiae has been particularly linked to mastitis occurring during the summer time ("Summer mastitis"), and bacterial ...
"Preventing Bovine Mastitis by a Postmilking Teat Disinfectant Containing Acidified Sodium Chlorite". Journal of Dairy Science. ... ASC also is used as a teat dip for control of mastitis in dairy cattle. The U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, and ...
It can cause bovine mastitis (inflammation of the udder) in dairy cows. The species name "agalactiae" meaning "no milk", ... In cattle, GBS causes mastitis, an infection of the udder. It can produce an acute febrile disease or a subacute, more chronic ... Both lead to diminishing milk production (hence its name: agalactiae meaning "no milk"). Mastitis associated with GBS can have ... The CAMP factor acts synergistically with the staphylococcal β-haemolysin inducing enhanced haemolysis of sheep or bovine ...
Diarra MS, Petitclerc D, Lacasse P (2002). "Response of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis to exogenous iron ...
Angelopoulou A, Warda AK, Hill C, Ross RP (2019-11-02). "Non-antibiotic microbial solutions for bovine mastitis - live ... lysin LysKΔamidase all significantly reduced the activity of several Streptococcus species responsible for bovine mastitis, a ... "Synergistic streptococcal phage λSA2 and B30 endolysins kill streptococci in cow milk and in a mouse model of mastitis". ...
He published in the classic La Tuberculose Bovine : ses Dangers, ses Rapports avec la Tuberculose Humaine (The Bovine ... In the field of veterinary pathology he discovered the pathogen of endozootic mastitis, Streptococcus agalactiae. Nocard also ... It causes nocardiosis, a disease which manifests itself mainly in animals of economic importance, such as bovine farcy, for ... that the use of the tuberculin of Robert Koch could provide the foundations for the prevention of bovine tuberculosis. ...
April 2013). "Bacterial community profiling of milk samples as a means to understand culture-negative bovine clinical mastitis ... Mastitis has been linked to changes in human milk microbiota at the phylum level, lower microbial diversity, and decreased ... Addis MF, Tanca A, Uzzau S, Oikonomou G, Bicalho RC, Moroni P (July 2016). "The bovine milk microbiota: insights and ... Arroyo R, Martín V, Maldonado A, Jiménez E, Fernández L, Rodríguez JM (June 2010). "Treatment of infectious mastitis during ...
They have been linked with the spread of bovine mastitis in North America, and in certain tropical regions, they are capable of ... bovine mastitis, and Haemophilus spp. which cause bacterial conjunctivitis or 'pinkeye'. Hippelates are Neotropical and ...
In vitro studies have found thymol to be useful as an antifungal against food spoilage and bovine mastitis. Thymol demonstrates ...
... trimmers trim and care for bovine hooves, usually dairy cows. Hooves can be trimmed with a sharp knife while the cow is ... doi:10.1111/j.1740-0929.2006.00326.x. Lameness, behind infertility and mastitis, is the biggest cause of economic loss to a ... For dairy farm profitability, lameness, behind only infertility and mastitis, is the third most important cow health issue. ...
Dog (2013) The Udder (2014), shot on a small, rural, robotic dairy farm, is a clinical account of bovine mastitis. It is ...
The majority of cases are observed in dairy cattle as a cause of bovine mastitis as well as other domesticated animals. Cases ...
"Association af changes in the bacterial ecology of bovine mastitis with changes in the use of milking machines and ... The FDA has been criticised for allowing the use of recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) in dairy cows. rBGH-treated cows ... Juskevich JC, Guyer CG (August 1990). "Bovine growth hormone: human food safety evaluation". Science. 249 (4971): 875-84. ... after concluding that humans drinking such milk were unlikely to absorb biologically significant quantities of bovine IGF-1. A ...
S. agalactiae is also a common veterinary pathogen, because it can cause bovine mastitis (inflammation of the udder) in dairy ... In addition to human infections, GBS is a major cause of mastitis (an infection of the udder) in dairy cattle and an important ... ISBN 978-0-443-06839-3. Keefe GP (1997). "Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis: a review". Can Vet J. 38 (7): 199-204. PMC 1576741 ... 2017). "A 100-Year Review: Mastitis detection, management, and prevention". J. Dairy Sci. 100 (10381-10397): 10381-10397. doi: ...
Not limited to strains within the United States, instances of bovine mastitis due to S. canis have been reported in other areas ... This transfer resulted in S. canis mastitis on the udder of the cow, which appeared to be normal, leading to a prolonged ... Chaffer, M; Friedman, S; Saran, A & Younis, A (March 2005). "An outbreak of Streptococcus canis mastitis in a dairy herd in ... An outbreak of S. canis mastitis occurred from these transfers, but was controlled using antibiotic treatments and prevention ...
Research has incriminated Hydrotaea irritans as a vector of summer mastitis, a bovine infection that can be caused by multiple ... Researchers continue to monitor these vectors of disease as they have been connected with the spread of mastitis. H. acuta ... 1997). "Summer mastitis experimentally induced by Hydrotaea irritans exposed to bacteria". Medical and Veterinary Entomology. ... The research allowed flies inoculated with select bacteria from a sample representing summer mastitis to come in contact with ...
However, large warts may bleed, potentially leading to secondary infections, and florid warts of the teat can cause mastitis ... Campo, MS (2006). "Bovine papillomavirus: old system, new lessons?". In Campo, MS (ed.). Papillomavirus Research: From Natural ... Chambers G, Ellsmore VA, O'Brien PM, Reid SW, Love S, Campo MS, Nasir L (2003). "Association of bovine papillomavirus with the ... Bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) are a paraphyletic group of DNA viruses of the subfamily Firstpapillomavirinae of ...
The J-5 vaccine against the E. coli infections that lead to bovine mastitis was formulated as a result of research conducted at ... "ENVIRACOR™ J-5 aids in the control of clinical signs associated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) mastitis" (PDF). Pfizer Animal ...
The importance of sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing bovine mastitis Have you ever received a "no growth" result in a ... Some economically damaging mastitis pathogens like Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) are more difficult to identify than other ... Real-time PCR diagnostic tests provide mastitis results in 2.5-3 hours and can be relayed to the farmer the same day, while ... Find out more at thermofisher.com/mastitis. For Veterinary Use Only. For In Vitro Use Only. Regulatory requirements vary by ...
Acute phase proteins in bovine milk in an experimental model of Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis ...
Opportunity Assessment For Mastitis Detection Kits, Distribution Partner Search ... Market Study For Bovine Mastitis Detection Kits In Europe, US and Oceania Requirement ... Some of the sources that we referred to were - Journals and publications related to animal health and bovine mastitis disease ... We delivered a report covering : Regulatory Landscape Mastitis Detection Kits Market Characteristics Mastitis Detection Kits ...
Identification and characterization of a Trueperella pyogenes deficient in proteolytic activity isolated from bovine mastitis: ... Das Isolat stammte aus Milch einer an Mastitis erkrankten Kuh. Die genotypischen Methoden enthielten des Weiteren die ...
... 75(10). Steele, James H. et al. "Bovine mastitis" 75, no. 10 (1960). Steele, James H. et al. "Bovine mastitis ... Title : Bovine mastitis Personal Author(s) : Steele, James H.;Zinn, Raymond;Courter, Robert;Galton, Mildred M.; Published Date ...
The potential of MLVA (Multiple Loci VNTR Analysis; VNTR, Variable Number of Tandem Repeats) for S. uberis mastitis isolates ... Streptococcus uberis is a common cause of bovine mastitis and recommended control measures, based on improved milking practice ... Evaluation of tandem repeats for MLVA typing of Streptococcus uberis isolated from bovine mastitis. Access & Citations. * 5056 ...
keywords = "Staphylococcus aureus, bovine mastitis, clonal complexes, pathogenesis",. author = "Bruno Campos and Amy Pickering ... We describe the diversity of S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis and the geographical distribution of S. aureus clones in ... We describe the diversity of S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis and the geographical distribution of S. aureus clones in ... We describe the diversity of S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis and the geographical distribution of S. aureus clones in ...
Bovine" by people in this website by year, and whether "Mastitis, Bovine" was a major or minor topic of these publications. ... "Mastitis, Bovine" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Mastitis, Bovine" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Mastitis, Bovine". ...
Subunit vaccine against mastitis caused by Streptococcus uberis, in injectable emulsion. ... find out the costs associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis and analyse the production losses associated with mastitis ... Subunit vaccine against mastitis caused by Streptococcus uberis, in injectable emulsion.. * This project has received financial ... A controlled field study investigating the effects of a mastitis vaccine in a Staphylococcus aureus positive dairy herd ...
Bovine mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that causes changes in the biochemical composition of milk and the ... Bovine mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that causes changes in the biochemical composition of milk and the ... Keep reading this informative Animal Wised article to learn all about the symptoms and treatment of bovine mastitis. ... If you want to read similar articles to Bovine Mastitis - Symptoms and Treatment, we recommend you visit our Bacterial diseases ...
Bovine mastitis is a worldwide problem in dairy farms. Are costs the same on every country? Are farmers all over the world ... Mastitis worlwide: Are costs and prevention strategies similar from one country to another?. Bovine mastitis is certainly a ... "How do you deal with mastitis in your country?", focusing on the main aspects relating to bovine mastitis: Costs, prevention ... In order to prevent bovine mastitis, the experts advised against using a single strategy, because there are many different ...
Bovine mastitis is a diseases of great impact on the health of the animals and especially on the economy of the farm and the ... Tags: Bovine, Bovine mastitis, disease, mastitis PREVIOUS. NEXT Leave a Reply Cancel reply. You must be logged in to post a ... Severe mastitis. What Bacteria Cause Bovine Mastitis?. Cow mastitis can be caused by a wide variety of bacteria. In general, ... Bovine mastitis: a worldwide disease. Bovine mastitis is one of the most common diseases of the dairy herd. It has a great ...
MRSA in Bovine Mastitis. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important bacterial pathogens in bovine mastitis, a disease ... Recently, ST130 MRSA isolated from bovine mastitis has been found to carry a novel mecA gene that eludes detection by ... The first report of MRSA in bovine mastitis milk comes from Belgium where in 1972 Devriese and Hommez isolated strains that, ... In the Republic of Korea a small proportion (0.4%) of MRSA was found among 3047 bacterial isolates from bovine mastitis milk ...
Home » Reference Guide » Bacteriology and Mycology » Milk Collection Guidelines for Bovine Mastitis Culture ... Milk Collection Guidelines for Bovine Mastitis Culture. The Diagnostic Services Bacteriology Laboratory can only test samples ... For more information on milk collection and bovine mastitis culture, please contact the laboratory at 902-566-0821. ... take samples directly from the cow using the aseptic technique as outlined by the National Mastitis Council (click here for ...
By knowing what is causing the mastitis on their farm, the dairyman and their herd veterinarian are able to use the appropriate ...
Kitchen, B. J. (1981) Bovine mastitis: milk compositional changes and related diagnostic tests. Journal of Dairy Research, 48 ( ... www.cambridge.org/core/article/bovine-mastitis-milk-compositional-changes-and-related-diagnostic-tests/ ...
... coli among bovine mastitis isolates. During the period 2010-2011, 773 E. coli were isolated from bovine clinical mastitis milk ... coli among bovine mastitis isolates. During the period 2010-2011, 773 E. coli were isolated from bovine clinical mastitis milk ... Identification of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli from Bovine Clinical Mastitis Using a Ceftiofur-Supplemented Medium. C. ... Identification of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli from Bovine Clinical Mastitis Using a Ceftiofur-Supplemented Medium.pdf ...
Remoteness of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis within bovine mastitis: A prospective milk-borne hazard.. Human brain system hubs ...
Bovine mastitis is considered one of the main health problems in animals destined for milk production worldwide and it is ... 1. Efficiency of tannins against bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis. The evaluated tannins showed good efficiency as ... 2. Comparison of the antimicrobial activities of tannins against species of bacteria associated with bovine mastitis; where: MC ... Cheng, W. N., and Han, S. G. (2020). "Bovine mastitis: Risk factors, therapeutic strategies, and alternative treatments - A ...
... aureus produces a variety of extracellular and cell wall associated components which are involved in the pathogenesis of bovine ... aureus isolates from bovine mastitis were either CP5 or CP8 in Norway [7]. For effective control of bovine mastitis caused by S ... Molecular Typing Of Capsular Polysaccharides of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated From Cases of Bovine Mastitis by PCR Volume 1 - ... Capsular serotyping of 274 bovine mastitis isolates of S. aureus from Europe, showed that the majority of isolates from Denmark ...
Osman Fungi Associated With Cases of Bovine Mastitis in Khartoum State, Sudan January - June 2017 [Abstract] ... Fungi Associated With Cases of Bovine Mastitis in Khartoum State, Sudan. Posted on January 29, 2017. January 29, 2017. by admin ...
A nylon membrane-based filter technique was developed to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of mastitis control teat dip ... Speedy procedure for testing the effectiveness of teat dip articulations as agents for bovine mastitis control. ... The data presented in this report suggests that this method is useful in the initial assessment of newly developed bovine teat ... A nylon membrane-based filter technique was developed to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of mastitis control teat dip ...
Mode of transmission Contagious mastitis also known as bovine mastitis Environmental mastitis Summer mastitis (which occurs in ... per acute mastitis acute mastitis sub acute mastitis chronic mastitis : This form includes no pain in the udder but little ... National Mastitis Council. 1996. Current Concepts of Bovine Mastitis, 4th ed., Arlington, VA. Fox LK et al. Survey of ... International Symposium on Bovine Mastitis. Indianapolis, IN, September, 1990. pp 82-91. Nickerson SC et al. Mastitis in dairy ...
Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Iran. Sat Sep 23 08:55:12 2023 ... Bovine mastitis PFGE Iran field gel-electrophoresis antimicrobial susceptibility Microbiology Veterinary Sciences. ... 2009) Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Iran. Veterinary Microbiology. pp. ...
What is the size of the Bovine Mastitis Market?. The Bovine Mastitis Market is estimated to be worth USD 1.84 Billion by 2027 ... Economy by Business Leaders Leading Players of bovine mastitis market size:. Factors impacting the global bovine mastitis ... Bovine Mastitis Market Size Will Achieve USD 1.84 Billion by 2027 at a CAGR of 5.2%. Mavra Paschalis November 21, 2023 4 min ... Here are some important aspects of the bovine mastitis market 2023-2030:. Define the Research Objectives: The first step in the ...
F.) lindau leaf extracts against bovine mastitis. Authors: Aussara Panya. Hataichanok Pundith. Supawadee Thongyim. Thida ... Mastitis caused by bacterial infection has negative impacts on milk quality and animal health, and ultimately causes economic ... which is a critical pathogenesis of mastitis-causing sepsis shock. To control the bacterial infection and to minimise the LPS ... nutans extract has great potential to be further developed as an alternative therapeutic agent for mastitis treatment. ...
The efficacy of each medicine in treating mastitis caused by E. coli intramammary infection (E. coli IMI)was followed: 31.2% ... it can be predicted that piroline will have a bright future in treating cow intramammary mastitis. ... The study aims to investigate the efficacy of piroline and antibiotics in the treatment of bovine mastitiscaused by ... "Clinical Study on the Treatment of Piroline against Bovine Mastitis," The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine: Vol. 41: Iss. 1 ...
  • a high number of somatic cells is associated with a reduction in milk production (over 200,000 cells/ml indicates subclinical mastitis). (animalwised.com)
  • Andrew Biggs (UK), among others, commented on the economic impact - direct and indirect costs - that bovine mastitis, whether clinical or subclinical, has on a holding. (mastitisvaccination.com)
  • Condensed tannins were quantified in the barks of selected tree species, and the antibacterial activity of these substances against clinical and subclinical isolates of bovine mastitis were evaluated. (ncsu.edu)
  • Biofilm Formation of blaCTX-M positive Enterobacteriales Isolated from Bovine Milk with Subclinical Mastitis. (comu.edu.tr)
  • Forty five Staphylococcus aureus obtained from the milk of dairy cattle with clinical and subclinical mastitis in and around Puducherry, India and S. aureus strain Reynolds (Capsular polysaccharide type 5) and S. aureus strain Wrights (Capsular polysaccharide type 8) were used as standard reference for identification of Capsular polysaccharide types of S. aureus by PCR Identification of S. aureus isolates [10]. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • Streptococci caused bovine subclinical mastitis. (cdc.gov)
  • lates by biochemical methods was described in a study of the subclinical mastitis-associated pathogen S . uberis ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Keep reading this informative Animal Wised article to learn all about the symptoms and treatment of bovine mastitis . (animalwised.com)
  • In addition to showing good performance as antimicrobial agents, these tannins indicated potential applications in the development of natural medicines for the treatment of bovine mastitis. (ncsu.edu)
  • The study aims to investigate the efficacy of piroline and antibiotics in the treatment of bovine mastitiscaused by Streptococcus uberis (S. uberis) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) during dry-milk period. (chula.ac.th)
  • Antimicrobial agents were selected mainly based on their relevance to the treatment of bovine mastitis in Switzerland. (gstsvs.ch)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bovine mastitis worldwide. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Identification of predominant SNPs as a novel method for genotyping bovine Staphylococcus aureus isolates. (musc.edu)
  • Forty five Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cases of bovine mastitis were subjected to Molecular typing by Polymerase chain reaction to determine their capsular polysaccaharide type. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • Bacteria that are known to cause mastitis include: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus uberis Brucella melitensis Corynebacterium bovis Mycoplasma spp. (wikipedia.org)
  • A major mastitis-causing pathogen (MCP) associated with biofilms in bovine mastitis is Staphylococcus aureus. (ntu.edu.tw)
  • During the period 2010-2011, 773 E. coli were isolated from bovine clinical mastitis milk samples collected in 80 dairy farms in Northern Italy. (unimi.it)
  • Subunit vaccine against mastitis caused by Streptococcus uberis , in injectable emulsion. (hipra.com)
  • 2008). Identification of immunoreactive extracellular proteins of Streptococcus agalactiae in bovine mastitis . (up.pt)
  • 2009). Leukocyte populations and cytokine expression in the mammary gland in a mouse model of Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis . (up.pt)
  • BANAMINE (flunixin meglumine injection) is indicated for the control of pyrexia associated with bovine respiratory disease, endotoxemia and acute bovine mastitis. (drugs.com)
  • The available information on the prevalence of virulence determinants and their functional relevance during the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis are also discussed. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Despite significant advances in our understanding of the disease, clinical and sub-clinical mastitis remains a problem in dairy herds and prevalence rates in many countries remain similar to those published decades ago. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Studies on the prevalence of encapsulated strains in bovines shows the considerable variability that exist in the prevalence of serotype 5 and 8 capsules among bovine mammary isolates of S. aureus from different countries (Tollerstud et al. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • No data regarding the prevalence of capsular serotypes of S. aureus causing bovine mastitis is available in India. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • Knowing and understanding the full pathogen load is critical to solving a farmer's mastitis infection rate in the herd. (thebeefsite.com)
  • Also, antibiotics administered to cows with mastitis could result in a "no growth" result, and the farmer is left unsure whether the cow had mastitis or the antibiotic cleared the pathogen. (thebeefsite.com)
  • It's critical to know what pathogen you are dealing with to help make the best mastitis treatment or management decision. (thebeefsite.com)
  • We also describe studies investigating the evolution of bovine S. aureus and the importance of host-adaptation in its emergence as a mastitis pathogen. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Mastitis in cow's udders is typically caused by infection by a pathogen. (hindawi.com)
  • The real downside to a "no growth" result is that it costs farmers time and money-time because additional testing will be required to get a conclusive result, and money because during the culture growth time, M. bovis and other mastitis-causing pathogens may spread to other cows, causing a negative economic impact to a farmer's bottom line. (thebeefsite.com)
  • the veterinarian will inform you as with regards to the treatment for mastitis in cows. (animalwised.com)
  • The udders of cows must be kept in a healthy state to avoid the appearance of mastitis. (veterinariadigital.com)
  • Some authors (Smith, 2015) mention that the moment of birth of cows is a period of greater risk for the appearance of mastitis. (veterinariadigital.com)
  • Thus, dairy cows are eight times more likely to develop mastitis if they suffered milk fever at parturition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mastitis is stressful for both cows and farmers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Milk from cows suffering from mastitis has an increased somatic cell count. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mode of transmission Contagious mastitis also known as bovine mastitis Environmental mastitis Summer mastitis (which occurs in summer months in heifers or unmilked cows) Mastitis is most often transmitted by repetitive contact with the milking machine, and through contaminated hands or materials. (wikipedia.org)
  • Milk from cows with mastitis also has a higher somatic cell count. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thefollowing analysis on milk samples demonstrated that there was no piroline residue in those treated cows' milk.Based on these data, it can be predicted that piroline will have a bright future in treating cow intramammary mastitis. (chula.ac.th)
  • Non-duplicate isolates (n = 1244) were obtained from cows with acute clinical mastitis in eight countries during 2015-2016 for centrally antimicrobial susceptibility testing according CLSI standards. (hal.science)
  • Mastitis-resistant (15) and mastitis-susceptible (28) phenotypic extremes were identified from 224 lactating dairy cows on commercial dairy farm located in Utah based on multiple criteria of mastitis resistance over an 8-month period. (usda.gov)
  • These situations increase the potential for infections such as environmental mastitis, an udder infection in dairy cows that is caused from environmental conditions rather than a traditional bacterial infection. (greenamerica.org)
  • When one or more cows suffer from mastitis, economic losses associated with the reduced production of milk occur. (hindawi.com)
  • These farmers use a traditional method of tagging cows with mastitis tying colored belts to their legs. (hindawi.com)
  • To solve the problem of tagging cows that suffer from mastitis, a radio frequency identification device is utilized herein. (hindawi.com)
  • Occasional human infection was reported as a result of the consumption of homemade cheese or unpasteurized milk from cows with mastitis. (cdc.gov)
  • per acute mastitis acute mastitis sub acute mastitis chronic mastitis : This form includes no pain in the udder but little compositional changes in the milk. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using this method, we were able to determine that this protocol was both a rapid and effective method for evaluating the efficacy of our iodine- and bronopol-containing teat dips against a variety of mastitis-causing strains of bacteria such as E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. uberis, E. faecalis, and S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae, as well as the fungal strain C. albicans. (primescholarslibrary.org)
  • We studied a collection of fi eld transposon left junction amplicon showed a size of 380 bp isolates of bovine GCS S . dysgalactiae subsp. (cdc.gov)
  • Escherichia coli causes a significant number of clinical mastitis cases in dairy cattle worldwide. (unimi.it)
  • Surveillance reports recorded that the efficacy of most antibiotics is substantially preserved but detection of E. coli from clinical mastitis cases producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and plasmid-encoded AmpC beta-lactamases has been reported. (unimi.it)
  • Currently, an accepted treatment is through a combination of local intra-udder and systemic treatment with penicillin in terms of the bacteriological cure of mild and moderate clinical mastitis cases caused by gram-positive organisms. (milksa.co.za)
  • Clinical mastitis cases from 12 farms were enrolled in the study. (milksa.co.za)
  • Of the 1972 clinical mastitis cases registered, 345 met all criteria for inclusion in the final database. (milksa.co.za)
  • The authors concluded that bacteriological cure of local penicillin treatment for mild and moderate clinical mastitis cases was not inferior to the combination of local and systemic treatment using a 15% non-inferiority margin. (milksa.co.za)
  • The Business Research Company referred to various sources such as government organizations and veterinary associations like National Mastitis Council to understand current regulatory landscape and any future proposed laws. (thebusinessresearchcompany.com)
  • For the best possible results from the laboratory, take samples directly from the cow using the aseptic technique as outlined by the National Mastitis Council (click here for reference). (upei.ca)
  • The goal of our study was to determine the species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of CNS in bovine mastitis milk samples in Switzerland. (gstsvs.ch)
  • Villanueva, GT & Morales, SC 2017, ' Antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens isolated from clinical mastitis in intensive bovine breeding) ', Revista Electronica de Veterinaria . (edu.pe)
  • Antibiotic therapy is the primary treatment for bovine mastitis, but the drawbacks of this strategy include poor cure rate and economic losses from the need to discard milk with antibiotic residues. (ntu.edu.tw)
  • Mastitis worldwide is arguably the most important disease of dairy cattle and thus far only cured with antibiotic administration. (milksa.co.za)
  • Mastitis is a multi-factorial disease, since the infection depends on germs, environmental conditions, and the characteristics of the cow. (animalwised.com)
  • For this reason, a good vaccination strategy against bovine mastitis, is necessary because it helps to boost specific immunity and reduce the severity of mastitis as well as reducing the spread of infection. (mastitisvaccination.com)
  • However, when the infection becomes more serious, that is, mastitis appears, a large number of other cells, called neutrophils, are generated with up to 1 million cells/milliliter in milk. (veterinariadigital.com)
  • Mastitis, a potentially fatal mammary gland infection, is the most common disease in dairy cattle in the United States and worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
  • When infected with sub-clinical mastitis, a cow does not show any visible signs of infection or abnormalities in milk or on the udder. (wikipedia.org)
  • This data would help in formulating vaccine based strategies for control of mastitis. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • Prevention and control of mastitis requires consistency in sanitizing the cow barn facilities, proper milking procedure and segregation of infected animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the predominant cause of bovine intra-mammary infections. (gstsvs.ch)
  • Some economically damaging mastitis pathogens like Mycoplasma bovis ( M. bovis ) are more difficult to identify than other pathogens. (thebeefsite.com)
  • In order to prevent bovine mastitis, the experts advised against using a single strategy , because there are many different pathogens and, because they have different mechanisms of action, it is impossible to control them all in the same way. (mastitisvaccination.com)
  • Sub-Clinical mastitis : The form in which the milk and udder of the milch animal appear normal and can be diagnosed by testing of milk samples for various compositional changes and presence of pathogens and somatic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • This current VetPath study shows that mastitis pathogens were susceptible to most antimicrobials with exceptions of staphylococci against penicillin and streptococci against erythromycin or tetracycline. (hal.science)
  • Bovine mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that causes changes in the biochemical composition of milk and the gland tissue. (animalwised.com)
  • Mastitis occurs when white blood cells (leukocytes) are released into the mammary gland, usually in response to bacteria invading the teat canal or occasionally by chemical, mechanical, or thermal trauma on the udder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Have you ever received a "no growth" result in a bacterial culture when trying to diagnose mastitis? (thebeefsite.com)
  • Feeding calves on milk may introduce some mastitis causing bacteria strain in the oral cavity of the calf where it will stay dormant until it is transmitted elsewhere. (wikipedia.org)
  • That is when the bacteria activates and causes mastitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treatment of mild to moderate clinical bovine mastitis caused by gram-positive bacteria: A noninferiority randomized trial of local penicillin treatment alone or combined with systemic treatment. (milksa.co.za)
  • In addition to the cells that defend the integrity of the udder, other components appear to combat mastitis. (veterinariadigital.com)
  • In this mastitis, there are no obvious clinical signs or abnormal udder examination. (veterinariadigital.com)
  • Bovine mastitis is the persistent, inflammatory reaction of the udder tissue due to physical trauma or microorganisms infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clinical symptoms Clinical mastitis : The form in which macroscopic changes in the milk and udder of the milch animal is easily detectable by the milker. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aim of this study was to determine if a MacConkey agar medium supplemented with 8 mg/L of ceftiofur (MC-CEF) could be a useful tool to identify cephalosporin-resistant and multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli among bovine mastitis isolates. (unimi.it)
  • Discard several streams of milk from the teat (strict foremilk) and observe milk and mammary quarters for signs of clinical mastitis. (upei.ca)
  • A nylon membrane-based filter technique was developed to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of mastitis control teat dip products. (primescholarslibrary.org)
  • The data presented in this report suggests that this method is useful in the initial assessment of newly developed bovine teat dips, as well as other medical formulations. (primescholarslibrary.org)
  • We identified RASGRP1 as a candidate gene and found teat length as an important trait in mastitis resistance. (usda.gov)
  • Seventeen QTLs overlapped previously-reported QTLs of traits relevant to mastitis, including four QTLs for teat length. (usda.gov)
  • Based on overlap with previously-identified QTLs, teat length appears to be an important trait in mastitis resistance. (usda.gov)
  • This review summarizes the past 16 years of research on bovine S. aureus population genetics, and molecular pathogenesis that have been conducted worldwide. (ed.ac.uk)
  • We suggest that greater investment in research into the genetic and molecular basis of bovine S. aureus pathogenesis is essential for the identification of novel therapeutic and vaccine targets. (ed.ac.uk)
  • S. aureus produces a variety of extracellular and cell wall associated components which are involved in the pathogenesis of bovine, ovine and caprine mastitis [1]. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • If improved vaccines against bovine mastitis are to be generated, more studies are required to elucidate the role of these polysaccharides in the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis [7]. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • Between March 2011 and February 2012, a total of 120 CNS were isolated from mastitis milk samples from 117 different animals at 77 farms. (gstsvs.ch)
  • If you want to read similar articles to Bovine Mastitis - Symptoms and Treatment , we recommend you visit our Bacterial diseases category. (animalwised.com)
  • The objetive of the present study is to determine antibiotics' resistance developed by bacterial agents that produce bovine mastitis in intensive of four farming in Lurin. (edu.pe)
  • Bacteriological cure was assessed based on the bacterial species identified in the milk sample from the clinical mastitis case, and two follow-up samples collected approximately two and three weeks after treatment was ended. (milksa.co.za)
  • Using a high-density SNP array, we screened single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with mastitis resistance in Holstein dairy cattle. (usda.gov)
  • A novel information system for detecting mastitis in dairy cattle and managing their milking processes in the milking parlor is designed. (hindawi.com)
  • Experimental results reveal that our proposed system can reduce the risk of milking cattle with mastitis and improve efficiency of milk production. (hindawi.com)
  • The supplement is available to download on http://www.irishveterinaryjournal.com The various topics covered include global perspectives on the dairy industry, potential applications of HACCP-like approaches to control, exploration of the contagious-environmental mastitis paradigm, therapeutic strategies and nutritional influences on the immune response. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nocardia species also cause infections in animals, including bovine mastitis and sporotrichoid nocardiosis in horses. (medscape.com)
  • Banamine rapidly reduces fever, and alleviates pain and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal disorders, mastitis, visceral pain and respiratory disease. (medi-vet.com)
  • Octanoic acid effectively clears biofilms (95% eradication at 1X minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC) and infrequently induces S. aureus small colony variants (SCVs) that may cause recurrent mastitis. (ntu.edu.tw)
  • Although herd management programs have helped to reduce the number of clinical cases, S. aureus mastitis remains a major disease burden. (ed.ac.uk)
  • We describe the diversity of S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis and the geographical distribution of S. aureus clones in different continents. (ed.ac.uk)
  • 2000). Moreover, the presence of S. aureus in raw milk is a public health problem, because it was reported that 95% of S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis were either CP5 or CP8 in Norway [7]. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • For effective control of bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus in a particular geographical location, a careful characterization of the prevalent strains in the target population is essential [6]. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • The client was interested in a report on the following - A leading Japanese company would like to sell mastitis detection kits in Europe, US and New Zealand through partners. (thebusinessresearchcompany.com)
  • Recently, ST130 MRSA isolated from bovine mastitis has been found to carry a novel mecA gene that eludes detection by conventional PCR tests. (frontiersin.org)
  • The system comprises three major subsystems-the mastitis detection device, the information display device, and the cloud database. (hindawi.com)
  • The mastitis detection device can detect and evaluate the degree of mastitis immediately before the milking operations are carried out. (hindawi.com)
  • The following two subsections discuss the detection of mastitis by monitoring the electrical conductivity of the milk [ 1 - 5 ] and the information and communication technologies (ICTs) that are used to construct the health detection system [ 6 - 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Bovine mastitis is one of the most common diseases of the dairy herd. (veterinariadigital.com)
  • In the complex milieu of the modern dairy farm, it is the interaction of production diseases including mastitis, their relationship with nutritional strategy, housing, environment and the fundamental influence of social and attitudinal factors that make prevention and control such a challenge. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Identification of genomic variants associated with mastitis resistance is an ongoing endeavor for which genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using high-density arrays provide a valuable tool. (usda.gov)
  • Some of the sources that we referred to were - Journals and publications related to animal health and bovine mastitis disease are searched to gather information related to epidemiology and disease economics. (thebusinessresearchcompany.com)
  • To fully understand bovine mastitis disease, it is necessary to explain how cow udders work. (veterinariadigital.com)
  • Importantly, clinical mastitis represents only the 'tip of the iceberg' and it is the significance of the sub-clinical disease that is frequently underestimated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While there will always be more to learn about mastitis at the cellular and molecular levels, a significant body of knowledge already exists, which should allow us to optimally manage and prevent the disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A decrease in the incidence of bovine mastitis, the costliest disease in the dairy industry, can be facilitated through genetic marker-assisted selective breeding programs. (usda.gov)
  • Mastitis is a common disease in dairy farms. (hindawi.com)
  • Together with management, vaccination is a key tool within any general mastitis control plan. (mastitisvaccination.com)
  • Your opinion is very important to us, so we encourage you to contact our team of experts on Mastitis Vaccination to ask any questions or discuss any concerns you may have about mastitis. (mastitisvaccination.com)
  • If even one cow suffers from mastitis and the farmers fail to notice the problem, then all the milk in the milk tank must be drained off and the farmer must disinfect the tank. (hindawi.com)
  • This study investigated the effects of cyclic adenosine monophosphate modulating during cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) pre-maturation and the role of melatonin on in vitro maturation (IVM) of bovine COCs. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mastitis worlwide: Are costs and prevention strategies similar from one country to another? (mastitisvaccination.com)
  • focusing on the main aspects relating to bovine mastitis: Costs, prevention and status monitoring. (mastitisvaccination.com)
  • If the cow has mastitis in one or more udders, its milk cannot be drunk. (hindawi.com)
  • For example, in Figure 1 , the two rear udders suffer from the mastitis, and the farmer ties two colored belts to the two hind legs to indicate the positions of these udders. (hindawi.com)
  • The farmer can monitor the health of the cow and milk udders without mastitis. (hindawi.com)
  • This work highlights the high need to set additional clinical breakpoints for antimicrobials frequently used to treat mastitis. (hal.science)
  • Studies on capsular serotyping of isolates are important for the rational design of mastitis vaccines, containing staphylococcal capsular antigens. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • The levels of total whey proteins (Mainly bovine serum albumin, immunoglobulins) (Na and Cl ions) and other ions (Cu, Fe, Zn) various enzymes and certain glycoproteins increase significantly. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, the Industry for the bovine mastitis market is growing rapidly, driven by factors covered in the report. (flintreviewer.com)
  • Identification of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli from Bovine Clinical Mastitis Using a Ceftiofur-Supplemented Medium / C. Locatelli, A. Barberio, S. Bonamico, A. Casula, P. Moroni, V. Bronzo. (unimi.it)
  • Other indications of mastitis may be abnormalities in milk such as a watery appearance, flakes, or clots. (wikipedia.org)
  • One QTL includes the RAS guanyl releasing protein 1 (RASGRP1) gene, a candidate gene for mastitis resistance. (usda.gov)
  • The RASGRP1 gene, overlapped by one QTL, is a candidate gene for mastitis resistance. (usda.gov)
  • For more information on milk collection and bovine mastitis culture, please contact the laboratory at 902-566-0821. (upei.ca)
  • An experienced farmer can observe clinical mastitis with the naked eye, but nonclinical mastitis cannot be easily observed, and its diagnosis requires laboratory equipment. (hindawi.com)