Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.
A long, narrow, and flat bone commonly known as BREASTBONE occurring in the midsection of the anterior thoracic segment or chest region, which stabilizes the rib cage and serves as the point of origin for several muscles that move the arms, head, and neck.
The application of a vacuum across the surface of a wound through a foam dressing cut to fit the wound. This removes wound exudates, reduces build-up of inflammatory mediators, and increases the flow of nutrients to the wound thus promoting healing.
Making an incision in the STERNUM.
Infection occurring at the site of a surgical incision.
An accumulation of purulent material in the space between the PHARYNX and the CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. This usually results from SUPPURATION of retropharyngeal LYMPH NODES in patients with UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS, perforation of the pharynx, or head and neck injuries.
Localized circumscribed purulent area of inflammation in the periodontal tissue. It is a derivative of marginal periodontitis and commonly associated with suprabony and infrabony pockets and interradicular involvements, in contrast to periapical abscess which is attributable to pulp necrosis.
The removal of foreign material and devitalized or contaminated tissue from or adjacent to a traumatic or infected lesion until surrounding healthy tissue is exposed. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Secondary or systemic infections due to dissemination throughout the body of microorganisms whose primary focus of infection lies in the periodontal tissues.
Methods to repair breaks in tissue caused by trauma or to close surgical incisions.
Surgery performed on the heart.
Pathologic process consisting of a partial or complete disruption of the layers of a surgical wound.
A membrane in the midline of the THORAX of mammals. It separates the lungs between the STERNUM in front and the VERTEBRAL COLUMN behind. It also surrounds the HEART, TRACHEA, ESOPHAGUS, THYMUS, and LYMPH NODES.
The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing water or solution for therapy or diagnosis.
An opening or hole in the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, or pathological process.
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.
A double-layered fold of peritoneum that attaches the STOMACH to other organs in the ABDOMINAL CAVITY.
Surgical incision into the chest wall.
Tongues of skin and subcutaneous tissue, sometimes including muscle, cut away from the underlying parts but often still attached at one end. They retain their own microvasculature which is also transferred to the new site. They are often used in plastic surgery for filling a defect in a neighboring region.
A common inhabitant of the vagina and cervix and a potential human pathogen, causing infections of the male and female reproductive tracts. It has also been associated with respiratory disease and pharyngitis. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.
Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion.
A pathologic process consisting in the formation of pus.
The part of a human or animal body connecting the HEAD to the rest of the body.
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.
An accumulation of purulent material in the area between the PALATINE TONSIL and its capsule.
Paired but separate cavity within the THORACIC CAVITY. It consists of the space between the parietal and visceral PLEURA and normally contains a capillary layer of serous fluid that lubricates the pleural surfaces.
Severe cellulitis of the submaxillary space with secondary involvement of the sublingual and submental space. It usually results from infection in the lower molar area or from a penetrating injury to the mouth floor. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Acute inflammatory disease of the THYROID GLAND due to infections by BACTERIA; FUNGI; or other microorganisms. Symptoms include tender swelling, FEVER, and often with LEUKOCYTOSIS.

Life-threatening Mycoplasma hominis mediastinitis. (1/205)

Mycoplasma hominis infections are easily missed because conventional methods for bacterial detection may fail. Here, 8 cases of septic mediastinitis due to M. hominis are reported and reviewed in the context of previously reported cases of mediastinitis, sternum wound infection, pleuritis, or pericarditis caused by M. hominis. All 8 patients had a predisposing initial condition related to poor cardiorespiratory function, aspiration, or complications related to coronary artery surgery or other thoracic surgeries. Mediastinitis was associated with purulent pleural effusion and acute septic symptoms requiring inotropic medication and ventilatory support. Later, the patients had a tendency for indolent chronic courses with pleuritis, pericarditis, or open sternal wounds that lasted for several months. M. hominis infections may also present as mild sternum wound infection or as chronic local pericarditis or pleuritis without septic mediastinitis. Treatment includes surgical drainage and debridement. Antibiotics effective against M. hominis should be considered when treating mediastinitis of unknown etiology.  (+info)

Venous and arterial changes in pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, mitral stenosis and fibrosing mediastinitis. (2/205)

The pathogenesis of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is not known. The diagnosis of PVOD frequently relies on its histological changes since it is often difficult to distinguish clinically from primary pulmonary hypertension. This study carried out a systematic analysis of the pulmonary venous and arterial remodelling that occurs in PVOD (n=5) and compared these changes to two other diseases affecting the pulmonary veins, mitral stenosis (MS; n=6) and fibrosing mediastinitis (FM; n=2), using established morphometric techniques. In PVOD, pronounced intimal and adventitial thickening were noted in veins of all sizes and arterialization of veins >50 microm external diameter was found. Similar changes were evident in the arterial wall, but intimal thickening was less severe than in the veins and medial thickening was more pronounced in arteries <300 microm external diameter. Eccentric intimal fibrosis of the veins was also noted for the first time in PVOD, although this feature occurred less frequently (approximately one third) than in MS. Less pronounced structural remodelling was also encountered in the veins in cases of MS and FM. The severity of the venous changes in PVOD may aid its diagnosis and lend insight into its pathogenesis. However, the similarity of the vascular changes in each form of venous hypertension also suggests that pathology alone may not always differentiate between these disease states. The similarity of the vascular changes in the three forms of venous hypertension suggests that, as in pulmonary artery hypertension, pressure, per se, is one of the triggers to vascular remodelling.  (+info)

Practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. (3/205)

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this guideline is to provide recommendations for treating patients with the more common forms of histoplasmosis. PARTICIPANTS AND CONSENSUS PROCESS: A working group of 8 experts in this field was convened to develop this guideline. The working group developed and refined the guideline through a series of conference calls. OUTCOMES: The goal of treatment is to eradicate the infection when possible, although chronic suppression may be adequate for patients with AIDS and other serious immunosuppressive disorders. Other important outcomes are resolution of clinical abnormalities and prevention of relapse. EVIDENCE: The published literature on the management of histoplasmosis was reviewed. Controlled trials have been conducted that address the treatment of chronic pulmonary and disseminated histoplasmosis, but clinical experience and descriptive studies provide the basis for recommendations for other forms of histoplasmosis. VALUE: Value was assigned on the basis of the strength of the evidence supporting treatment recommendations, with the highest value assigned to controlled trials, according to conventions established for developing practice guidelines. BENEFITS AND COSTS: Certain forms of histoplasmosis cause life-threatening illnesses and result in considerable morbidity, whereas other manifestations cause no symptoms or minor self-limited illnesses. The nonprogressive forms of histoplasmosis, however, may reduce functional capacity, affecting work capacity and quality of life for several months. Treatment is clearly beneficial and cost-effective for patients with progressive forms of histoplasmosis, such as chronic pulmonary or disseminated infection. It remains unknown whether treatment improves the outcome for patients with the self-limited manifestations, since this patient population has not been studied. Other chronic progressive forms of histoplasmosis are not responsive to pharmacologic treatment. TREATMENT OPTIONS: Options for therapy for histoplasmosis include ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, amphotericin B (Fungizone; Bristol-Meyer Squibb, Princeton, NJ), liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome; Fujisawa, Deerfield, IL), amphotericin B colloidal suspension (ABCD, or Amphotec; Seques, Menlo Park, CA), and amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC, or Abelcet; Liposome, Princeton, NJ).  (+info)

Poststernotomy mediastinitis due to Staphylococcus aureus: comparison of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible cases. (4/205)

The objective of the study was to compare the outcome of poststernotomy mediastinitis (PSM) caused by methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MSSA, respectively). Hospital records of 41 patients with S. aureus PSM who were all treated by closed drainage from 1 April 1996 through 1 February 2000 were reviewed. PSM was caused by MRSA in 15 patients and by MSSA in 26. Follow-up (+/-SD) averaged 12.5+/-14.0 months per patient. Both groups had similar perioperative characteristics. Patients with MRSA PSM had a significantly lower actuarial survival rate than did patients with MSSA PSM (60.0%+/-12.6%, 52.5%+/-3.4%, and 26.3%+/-19.7% versus 84.6%+/-7.1%, 79.0%+/-8.6%, and 79.0%+/-8.65 at 1 month, and at 1 and 3 years, respectively; values are +/- SD; P=.04). PSM-related death and treatment failure were significantly higher in the MRSA group than in the MSSA group (P=.03 and.02, respectively). Logistic regression analysis revealed that MRSA was the only independent risk factor for overall mortality. In conclusion, the clinical outcome of PSM caused by MRSA is poorer than that caused by MSSA.  (+info)

Perfusionist-transmitted bacterial mediastinitis in a heart transplant recipient. (5/205)

We report the case of a 56-year-old man who developed bacterial mediastinitis with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after undergoing heart transplantation. He had a history of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and prior cardiac surgery. To find the source of nosocomial infection, we cultured nasal swab specimens from all hospital personnel involved in this operation. We used antibiotic sensitivity profiling and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to subtype the involved microorganism. The S. aureus isolates from the patient and the perfusionist were identical to each other and were different from the strains previously found in our hospital. It is almost certain that the S. aureus mediastinitis in this patient was transmitted from the perfusionist. We recommend obtaining cultures from hospital staff members when there is an outbreak of staphylococcal infection.  (+info)

Diagnostic validity of computed tomography for mediastinitis after cardiac surgery. (6/205)

BACKGROUND: Optimal treatment based on appropriate early diagnosis is essential in managing mediastinitis after cardiac surgery. We evaluated the accuracy of thoracic computerised tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of mediastinitis. METHODS: Forty-one patients in whom we performed CT after cardiac surgery were classified into two groups as follows; Six cases had mediastinitis requiring a redo surgical intervention (Group M). Thirty-five cases recovered without mediastinitis (Group C). Comparisons of CT findings in both groups were made retrospectively. RESULTS: In group M, CT and re-operations were performed 6.3+/-2.5 days and 8.0+/-5.2 days after previous operation, respectively. All but one of redo surgical procedures were mediastinal lavage and omental transplantation. Two patients died due to septic shock and multiple organ failure. CT in group M showed a soft tissue mass with contrast enhancement in 4 patients, bilateral pleural effusion in 5, free gas appearance in 4, and sternal dehiscence or destruction in 2 patients. Consequently, we regarded 4 of the 6 patients in this group as showing postoperative mediastinitis radiographically. In group C, CT performed 16.6+/-7.1 days after operations revealed findings suggestive of mediastinitis in 6 patients. Therefore, in terms of the validity of CT for the diagnosis of mediastinitis, the sensitivity was 67% and the specificity was 83%. CONCLUSION: The sensitivity of CT for diagnosis of mediastinitis after cardiac operations is unsatisfactory. Diagnosis by seeking infective changes in a multidisciplinary way is important in dealing with mediastinitis.  (+info)

A rare complication of tooth abscess--Ludwig's angina and mediastinitis. (7/205)

Deep neck infections are a rare but potentially fatal complication of pulpal abscess of the teeth. If an infection can progress rapidly from a toothache to a life-threatening infection, then it is critical that dentists be able to recognize the danger signs and identify the patients who are at risk. This article reviews a case of a seemingly innocuous toothache which rapidly progressed to Ludwig's angina and mediastinitis, and discusses how to recognize and manage these life-threatening infections.  (+info)

Self-expandable metallic stents for patients with recurrent esophageal carcinoma after failure of primary chemoradiotherapy. (8/205)

BACKGROUND: Recent advances in chemoradiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma have resulted in improved survival rates. However, there are few options for recurrent dysphagia due to refractory carcinoma after failure of primary chemoradiotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of self-expandable metallic stent placement for patients with recurrent esophageal carcinoma where definitive chemoradiotherapy has failed. METHODS: Thirteen consecutive patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, in whom self-expandable metallic stents were placed after failure of primary chemoradiotherapy, were studied retrospectively. All patients had esophageal obstruction or malignant fistula. RESULTS: The oral alimentation status of nine of 13 patients (69%) improved after successful placement of the stent. Following placement of the stent, fever (>38 degrees C) and severe chest pain occurred in 85% (11/13) of the patients. In all patients examined, C-reactive protein was elevated within 1 week of the operation. Esophageal perforation occurred in three patients. Stent-related mediastinitis and pneumonia developed in six (46%) and three (23%) patients, respectively. Seven of the 13 patients (54%) died of stent-related pulmonary complications. CONCLUSION: Although the placement of a self-expandable metallic stent for patients with recurrent esophageal carcinoma after failure of chemoradiotherapy improved their oral alimentation status, we found that this treatment increases the risk of life-threatening pulmonary complications.  (+info)

Mediastinitis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of the mediastinum, which is the area in the chest that separates the lungs and contains various vital structures such as the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, and major blood vessels. Mediastinitis can be caused by bacterial or fungal infections, trauma, or complications from medical procedures such as esophageal surgery or heart catheterization.

The symptoms of mediastinitis may include chest pain, fever, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath, cough, and neck stiffness. The diagnosis is typically made through imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, and confirmed with laboratory tests that identify the causative organism. Treatment usually involves antibiotics or antifungal medications to eliminate the infection, along with supportive care such as pain management, fluids, and nutrition. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to drain infected fluid or remove damaged tissue.

The sternum, also known as the breastbone, is a long, flat bone located in the central part of the chest. It serves as the attachment point for several muscles and tendons, including those involved in breathing. The sternum has three main parts: the manubrium at the top, the body in the middle, and the xiphoid process at the bottom. The upper seven pairs of ribs connect to the sternum via costal cartilages.

Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) is a medical treatment used to promote wound healing and prevent infection in acute or chronic wounds. It involves the application of controlled sub-atmospheric pressure to the surface of the wound, usually through the use of a vacuum-assisted device.

The negative pressure helps to remove excess fluid and infectious materials from the wound, while also promoting the growth of new tissue by increasing blood flow and stimulating cell proliferation. NPWT can be used in various types of wounds, including diabetic foot ulcers, pressure ulcers, surgical wounds, and traumatic injuries.

The therapy is typically administered through a sealed dressing that covers the wound and is connected to a vacuum pump. The negative pressure is applied continuously or intermittently, depending on the specific needs of the patient and the type of wound being treated. NPWT has been shown to be effective in reducing wound size, promoting healing, and improving overall clinical outcomes in many patients with complex wounds.

A sternotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision through the sternum, also known as the breastbone. This type of incision allows surgeons to access the thoracic cavity, which contains the heart and lungs. Sternotomies are often performed during open-heart surgery or other procedures that require access to the heart or major blood vessels. After the procedure, the sternum is typically wired or stapled back together to allow for proper healing.

A surgical wound infection, also known as a surgical site infection (SSI), is defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as an infection that occurs within 30 days after surgery (or within one year if an implant is left in place) and involves either:

1. Purulent drainage from the incision;
2. Organisms isolated from an aseptically obtained culture of fluid or tissue from the incision;
3. At least one of the following signs or symptoms of infection: pain or tenderness, localized swelling, redness, or heat; and
4. Diagnosis of surgical site infection by the surgeon or attending physician.

SSIs can be classified as superficial incisional, deep incisional, or organ/space infections, depending on the depth and extent of tissue involvement. They are a common healthcare-associated infection and can lead to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs.

A retropharyngeal abscess is a deep neck infection involving the potential space between the buccopharyngeal fascia and the alar fascia, primarily located in the retropharyngeal space. This space extends from the base of the skull to the mediastinum and contains loose connective tissue, fat, and lymph nodes. The infection usually originates from an upper respiratory tract infection or a penetrating injury to the posterior pharyngeal wall.

The abscess can cause swelling and compression of surrounding structures, leading to potentially serious complications such as airway obstruction, mediastinitis, or sepsis if left untreated. Symptoms may include neck pain, difficulty swallowing, fever, drooling, and decreased appetite. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans), and laboratory tests. Treatment usually involves surgical drainage of the abscess and antibiotic therapy to manage the infection.

A periodontal abscess is a localized collection of pus in the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, caused by an infection. It's typically characterized by symptoms such as pain, swelling, redness, and sometimes drainage of pus from the affected area. The infection usually arises from dental plaque that accumulates on the teeth and gums, leading to periodontal disease. If left untreated, a periodontal abscess can result in tissue destruction, bone loss, and even tooth loss. Treatment typically involves draining the abscess, removing any infected tissue, and providing oral hygiene instruction to prevent future infections. In some cases, antibiotics may also be prescribed to help clear up the infection.

Debridement is a medical procedure that involves the removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue to improve the healing process or prevent further infection. This can be done through various methods such as surgical debridement (removal of tissue using scalpel or scissors), mechanical debridement (use of wound irrigation or high-pressure water jet), autolytic debridement (using the body's own enzymes to break down and reabsorb dead tissue), and enzymatic debridement (application of topical enzymes to dissolve necrotic tissue). The goal of debridement is to promote healthy tissue growth, reduce the risk of infection, and improve overall wound healing.

A focal infection is a focus or source of infection that can spread and cause harm to other parts of the body. A "focal infection, dental" refers to an infection that originates in the teeth or surrounding tissues of the mouth and then spreads to other parts of the body. This can occur when bacteria or other pathogens from a dental infection enter the bloodstream and travel to distant sites, where they can cause inflammation, tissue damage, and illness.

Dental focal infections can be caused by various conditions, such as tooth decay, periodontal disease, abscesses, or other oral infections. The bacteria involved in dental infections are often part of the normal oral flora but can become pathogenic under certain circumstances, such as when they gain access to deeper tissues or the bloodstream due to trauma, surgery, or poor oral hygiene.

If left untreated, dental focal infections can lead to serious health complications, including heart disease, brain abscesses, and other systemic infections. It is essential to maintain good oral hygiene and seek professional dental care to prevent and treat dental infections, reducing the risk of developing focal infections and related health issues.

Wound closure techniques are methods used to bring the edges of a wound together, allowing for proper healing and minimizing the scar formation. The goal is to approximate the wound edges accurately while providing strength and support to the healing tissues. Several techniques can be employed depending on the type, location, and size of the wound. Some common wound closure techniques include:

1. Sutures (Stitches): A surgical thread is passed through the skin on either side of the wound and tied together to hold the edges in place. Sutures can be absorbable or non-absorbable, and various materials and needle types are used depending on the specific application.
2. Staples: Similar to sutures, staples are used to bring the wound edges together. They are typically faster to apply and remove than sutures, making them suitable for certain types of wounds, such as those on the scalp or torso.
3. Adhesive strips (Steri-Strips): These are thin adhesive bandages applied across the wound to keep the edges approximated. They are often used in conjunction with other closure techniques or for superficial wounds that do not require extensive support.
4. Tissue adhesives (Glues): A liquid adhesive is applied to the wound edges, which then hardens and forms a bond between them. This technique is typically used for minor wounds and can be less invasive than sutures or staples.
5. Skin closure tapes: These are specialized tapes that provide support to the healing wound while also protecting it from external factors. They can be used in combination with other closure techniques or on their own for superficial wounds.
6. Surgical sealants: These are medical-grade materials that create a barrier over the wound, helping to prevent infection and maintain moisture at the wound site. They can be used alongside other closure methods or as an alternative for certain types of wounds.

The choice of wound closure technique depends on various factors, including the location, size, and depth of the wound, patient preferences, and the healthcare provider's expertise. Proper wound care and follow-up are essential to ensure optimal healing and minimize scarring.

Cardiac surgical procedures are operations that are performed on the heart or great vessels (the aorta and vena cava) by cardiothoracic surgeons. These surgeries are often complex and require a high level of skill and expertise. Some common reasons for cardiac surgical procedures include:

1. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG): This is a surgery to improve blood flow to the heart in patients with coronary artery disease. During the procedure, a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is used to create a detour around the blocked or narrowed portion of the coronary artery.
2. Valve repair or replacement: The heart has four valves that control blood flow through and out of the heart. If one or more of these valves become damaged or diseased, they may need to be repaired or replaced. This can be done using artificial valves or valves from animal or human donors.
3. Aneurysm repair: An aneurysm is a weakened area in the wall of an artery that can bulge out and potentially rupture. If an aneurysm occurs in the aorta, it may require surgical repair to prevent rupture.
4. Heart transplantation: In some cases, heart failure may be so severe that a heart transplant is necessary. This involves removing the diseased heart and replacing it with a healthy donor heart.
5. Arrhythmia surgery: Certain types of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) may require surgical treatment. One such procedure is called the Maze procedure, which involves creating a pattern of scar tissue in the heart to disrupt the abnormal electrical signals that cause the arrhythmia.
6. Congenital heart defect repair: Some people are born with structural problems in their hearts that require surgical correction. These may include holes between the chambers of the heart or abnormal blood vessels.

Cardiac surgical procedures carry risks, including bleeding, infection, stroke, and death. However, for many patients, these surgeries can significantly improve their quality of life and longevity.

Surgical wound dehiscence is a medical condition that refers to the partial or complete separation of layers of a surgical incision after a surgical procedure, leading to the disruption of the wound closure. This can occur due to various factors such as infection, poor nutrition, increased tension on the sutures, hematoma or seroma formation, and patient's underlying health conditions like diabetes or immunodeficiency. Dehiscence may result in the exposure of internal tissues and organs, potentially causing severe complications such as infection, bleeding, or organ dysfunction. Immediate medical attention is required to manage this condition and prevent further complications.

The mediastinum is the medical term for the area in the middle of the chest that separates the two lungs. It contains various vital organs and structures, including:

* The heart and its blood vessels
* The trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (tube connecting the throat to the stomach)
* The thymus gland
* Lymph nodes
* Nerves, including the vagus nerve and phrenic nerves
* Connective tissue and fat

The mediastinum is enclosed by the breastbone in front, the spine in back, and the lungs on either side. Abnormalities in the structures contained within the mediastinum can lead to various medical conditions, such as tumors or infections.

Therapeutic irrigation, also known as lavage, is a medical procedure that involves the introduction of fluids or other agents into a body cavity or natural passageway for therapeutic purposes. This technique is used to cleanse, flush out, or introduce medication into various parts of the body, such as the bladder, lungs, stomach, or colon.

The fluid used in therapeutic irrigation can be sterile saline solution, distilled water, or a medicated solution, depending on the specific purpose of the procedure. The flow and pressure of the fluid are carefully controlled to ensure that it reaches the desired area without causing damage to surrounding tissues.

Therapeutic irrigation is used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including infections, inflammation, obstructions, and toxic exposures. It can also be used as a diagnostic tool to help identify abnormalities or lesions within body cavities.

Overall, therapeutic irrigation is a valuable technique in modern medicine that allows healthcare providers to deliver targeted treatment directly to specific areas of the body, improving patient outcomes and quality of life.

Esophageal perforation is a medical condition that refers to a hole or tear in the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This condition can occur as a result of various factors such as trauma, forceful vomiting (Boerhaave's syndrome), swallowing sharp objects, or complications from medical procedures like endoscopy.

Esophageal perforation is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment. If left untreated, it can lead to severe complications such as mediastinitis (inflammation of the tissue surrounding the heart), sepsis, and even death. Treatment typically involves surgical repair of the perforation, antibiotics to prevent infection, and supportive care to manage any associated symptoms or complications.

Sclerosis is a medical term that refers to the abnormal hardening or scarring of body tissues, particularly in the context of various degenerative diseases affecting the nervous system. The term "sclerosis" comes from the Greek word "skleros," which means hard. In these conditions, the normally flexible and adaptable nerve cells or their protective coverings (myelin sheath) become rigid and inflexible due to the buildup of scar tissue or abnormal protein deposits.

There are several types of sclerosis, but one of the most well-known is multiple sclerosis (MS). In MS, the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, leading to scarring and damage that disrupts communication between the brain and the rest of the body. This results in a wide range of symptoms, such as muscle weakness, numbness, vision problems, balance issues, and cognitive impairment.

Other conditions that involve sclerosis include:

1. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): Also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness, stiffness, and atrophy.
2. Systemic sclerosis: A rare autoimmune connective tissue disorder characterized by thickening and hardening of the skin and internal organs due to excessive collagen deposition.
3. Plaque psoriasis: A chronic inflammatory skin condition marked by red, scaly patches (plaques) resulting from rapid turnover and accumulation of skin cells.
4. Adhesive capsulitis: Also known as frozen shoulder, this condition involves stiffening and thickening of the shoulder joint's capsule due to scarring or inflammation, leading to limited mobility and pain.

The omentum, in anatomical terms, refers to a large apron-like fold of abdominal fatty tissue that hangs down from the stomach and loops over the intestines. It is divided into two portions: the greater omentum, which is larger and hangs down further, and the lesser omentum, which is smaller and connects the stomach to the liver.

The omentum has several functions in the body, including providing protection and cushioning for the abdominal organs, assisting with the immune response by containing a large number of immune cells, and helping to repair damaged tissues. It can also serve as a source of nutrients and energy for the body during times of starvation or other stressors.

In medical contexts, the omentum may be surgically mobilized and used to wrap around injured or inflamed tissues in order to promote healing and reduce the risk of infection. This technique is known as an "omentopexy" or "omentoplasty."

Thoracotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision on the chest wall to gain access to the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, and other vital organs. The incision can be made on the side (lateral thoracotomy), back (posterolateral thoracotomy), or front (median sternotomy) of the chest wall, depending on the specific surgical indication.

Thoracotomy is performed for various indications, including lung biopsy, lung resection, esophagectomy, heart surgery, and mediastinal mass removal. The procedure allows the surgeon to directly visualize and access the organs within the thoracic cavity, perform necessary procedures, and control bleeding if needed.

After the procedure, the incision is typically closed with sutures or staples, and a chest tube may be placed to drain any accumulated fluid or air from the pleural space around the lungs. The patient will require postoperative care and monitoring in a hospital setting until their condition stabilizes.

A surgical flap is a specialized type of surgical procedure where a section of living tissue (including skin, fat, muscle, and/or blood vessels) is lifted from its original site and moved to another location, while still maintaining a blood supply through its attached pedicle. This technique allows the surgeon to cover and reconstruct defects or wounds that cannot be closed easily with simple suturing or stapling.

Surgical flaps can be classified based on their vascularity, type of tissue involved, or method of transfer. The choice of using a specific type of surgical flap depends on the location and size of the defect, the patient's overall health, and the surgeon's expertise. Some common types of surgical flaps include:

1. Random-pattern flaps: These flaps are based on random blood vessels within the tissue and are typically used for smaller defects in areas with good vascularity, such as the face or scalp.
2. Axial pattern flaps: These flaps are designed based on a known major blood vessel and its branches, allowing them to cover larger defects or reach distant sites. Examples include the radial forearm flap and the anterolateral thigh flap.
3. Local flaps: These flaps involve tissue adjacent to the wound and can be further classified into advancement, rotation, transposition, and interpolation flaps based on their movement and orientation.
4. Distant flaps: These flaps are harvested from a distant site and then transferred to the defect after being tunneled beneath the skin or through a separate incision. Examples include the groin flap and the latissimus dorsi flap.
5. Free flaps: In these flaps, the tissue is completely detached from its original blood supply and then reattached at the new site using microvascular surgical techniques. This allows for greater flexibility in terms of reach and placement but requires specialized expertise and equipment.

Surgical flaps play a crucial role in reconstructive surgery, helping to restore form and function after trauma, tumor removal, or other conditions that result in tissue loss.

Mycoplasma hominis is a species of bacteria that lack a cell wall and are among the smallest free-living organisms. They are commonly found as part of the normal flora in the genitourinary tract of humans, particularly in the urethra, cervix, and vagina. However, they can also cause various infections, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems or in the presence of other risk factors.

M. hominis has been associated with several types of infections, including:

1. Genital tract infections: M. hominis can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), cervicitis, urethritis, and endometritis in women. In men, it may lead to urethritis and prostatitis.
2. Postpartum and post-abortion fever: M. hominis can contribute to febrile morbidity following delivery or abortion.
3. Respiratory tract infections: While rare, M. hominis has been implicated in some cases of respiratory tract infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
4. Joint and soft tissue infections: M. hominis can cause septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and other soft tissue infections, especially in patients with underlying joint diseases or compromised immune systems.
5. Central nervous system (CNS) infections: Although uncommon, M. hominis has been associated with CNS infections such as meningitis and brain abscesses, primarily in immunocompromised individuals.
6. Bloodstream infections: Bacteremia due to M. hominis is rare but can occur in immunocompromised patients or those with indwelling catheters.

Diagnosis of M. hominis infections typically involves the detection of the organism through various laboratory methods, such as culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or serological tests. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics that target mycoplasmas, such as macrolides (e.g., azithromycin) or tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline). However, resistance to certain antibiotics has been reported in some M. hominis strains.

Drainage, in medical terms, refers to the removal of excess fluid or accumulated collections of fluids from various body parts or spaces. This is typically accomplished through the use of medical devices such as catheters, tubes, or drains. The purpose of drainage can be to prevent the buildup of fluids that may cause discomfort, infection, or other complications, or to treat existing collections of fluid such as abscesses, hematomas, or pleural effusions. Drainage may also be used as a diagnostic tool to analyze the type and composition of the fluid being removed.

Coronary artery bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), is a surgical procedure used to improve blood flow to the heart in patients with severe coronary artery disease. This condition occurs when the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of fatty deposits, called plaques.

During CABG surgery, a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is grafted, or attached, to the coronary artery, creating a new pathway for oxygen-rich blood to flow around the blocked or narrowed portion of the artery and reach the heart muscle. This bypass helps to restore normal blood flow and reduce the risk of angina (chest pain), shortness of breath, and other symptoms associated with coronary artery disease.

There are different types of CABG surgery, including traditional on-pump CABG, off-pump CABG, and minimally invasive CABG. The choice of procedure depends on various factors, such as the patient's overall health, the number and location of blocked arteries, and the presence of other medical conditions.

It is important to note that while CABG surgery can significantly improve symptoms and quality of life in patients with severe coronary artery disease, it does not cure the underlying condition. Lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, smoking cessation, and medication therapy, are essential for long-term management and prevention of further progression of the disease.

Suppuration is the process of forming or discharging pus. It is a condition that results from infection, tissue death (necrosis), or injury, where white blood cells (leukocytes) accumulate to combat the infection and subsequently die, forming pus. The pus consists of dead leukocytes, dead tissue, debris, and microbes (bacteria, fungi, or protozoa). Suppuration can occur in various body parts such as the lungs (empyema), brain (abscess), or skin (carbuncle, furuncle). Treatment typically involves draining the pus and administering appropriate antibiotics to eliminate the infection.

In medical terms, the "neck" is defined as the portion of the body that extends from the skull/head to the thorax or chest region. It contains 7 cervical vertebrae, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and glands (such as the thyroid gland). The neck is responsible for supporting the head, allowing its movement in various directions, and housing vital structures that enable functions like respiration and circulation.

An abscess is a localized collection of pus caused by an infection. It is typically characterized by inflammation, redness, warmth, pain, and swelling in the affected area. Abscesses can form in various parts of the body, including the skin, teeth, lungs, brain, and abdominal organs. They are usually treated with antibiotics to eliminate the infection and may require drainage if they are large or located in a critical area. If left untreated, an abscess can lead to serious complications such as sepsis or organ failure.

A Peritonsillar Abscess (also known as a Quinsy) is a localized collection of pus in the peritonsillar space, which is the potential space between the tonsillar capsule and the pharyngeal constrictor muscle. It is a serious complication of tonsillitis or pharyngitis, often caused by bacterial infection. The abscess can cause severe pain, difficulty swallowing, fever, and swelling of the neck and face. If left untreated, it can lead to more severe complications such as airway obstruction or the spread of infection. Treatment typically involves drainage of the abscess, antibiotics, and supportive care.

The pleural cavity is the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura, which are the two membranes that surround the lungs. The visceral pleura covers the outside of the lungs, while the parietal pleura lines the inside of the chest wall. Under normal conditions, these two layers are in contact with each other, and the space between them is virtually nonexistent. However, when air, fluid or inflammation accumulates within this space, it results in the formation of a pleural effusion, which can cause discomfort and difficulty breathing.

Ludwig's angina is a severe cellulitis (a bacterial infection of the connective tissues) of the floor of the mouth, below the tongue, and around the neck area. It's named after Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig, who first described it in 1836. The condition can lead to airway obstruction and significant swelling in the neck, making swallowing difficult or impossible. If not treated promptly with antibiotics and sometimes surgical drainage, it can be life-threatening due to the potential for spread of infection to the brain or other critical areas. It's typically caused by mixed oral flora, often including Streptococcus species, Staphylococcus aureus, and anaerobes.

Suppurative thyroiditis is a rare type of thyroid gland inflammation that is caused by a bacterial infection. It is characterized by the formation of pus (suppuration) within the thyroid tissue. The infection can result from a direct spread of bacteria from adjacent structures, such as the upper respiratory tract or neck, or through the bloodstream due to an underlying infection elsewhere in the body.

Suppurative thyroiditis primarily affects people with pre-existing conditions that weaken the immune system, making them more susceptible to bacterial infections. These conditions may include diabetes, HIV/AIDS, or alcoholism. Additionally, it can occur in individuals who have recently undergone surgical procedures on the thyroid gland or after a traumatic injury to the area.

Symptoms of suppurative thyroiditis include fever, chills, painful swallowing, neck pain and swelling, difficulty breathing, hoarseness, and symptoms related to bacteremia (bacterial infection in the blood) if the infection spreads. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scan, and laboratory tests to identify the causative organism. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics to eliminate the bacterial infection and possible surgical drainage of the infected thyroid tissue in severe cases.

Acute mediastinitis can be confirmed by contrast x-rays since most cases of acute mediastinitis are due to esophageal ... Acute mediastinitis is an infectious process and can cause fever, chills, tachycardia. Pain can occur with mediastinitis but ... Therefore, acute mediastinitis can be classified into three categories: diffuse mediastinitis isolated mediastinal abscess ... There are two types of fibrosing mediastinitis: granulomatous and non-granulomatous. Granulomatous mediastinitis is due to a ...
Microbiology of mediastinitis. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156:333-6. Brook I, Microbiology of empyema in children and adolescents. ... These include extension of retropharyngeal cellulitis or abscess, mediastinitis following esophagus perforation, and dental or ...
Mediastinitis Rossi, Giovanni M.; Emmi, Giacomo; Corradi, Domenico; Urban, Maria L.; Maritati, Federica; Landini, Federica; ...
Mediastinitis Mediastinal fibrosis Mediastinum Alan Sandler (1997). "Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors". Semin Respir Crit Care Med ...
For example, it was used to investigate IgG4-related diseases: one paper reports about fibrosing mediastinitis being driven by ... CTLs in Fibrosing Mediastinitis Linked to Histoplasma capsulatum". The Journal of Immunology. 206 (3): 524-530. doi:10.4049/ ...
Lee, Mi Kyung; Choi, Soon Ho; Ryu, Dae Woong (2013-10-11). "Descending necrotizing Mediastinitis caused by Kocuria rosea: A ... descending necrotizing mediastinitis, brain abscess and meningitis. It is also occasionally isolated in the microbiome of ...
Fibrosing mediastinitis is a serious complication and can be fatal. Smokers with structural lung disease have higher ... While histoplasmosis is the most common cause of mediastinitis, this remains a relatively rare disease. Severe infections can ... These include recurrent pneumonia, respiratory failure, fibrosing mediastinitis, superior vena cava syndrome, pulmonary vessel ... fibrosing mediastinitis, interstitial nephritis, intestinal lymphangiectasia, and epididymitis. Histoplasmosis mimics colds, ...
It is required if a tear interferes with ventilation; if mediastinitis (inflammation of the tissues in the mid-chest) occurs; ...
mediastinal mass mediastinitis cardiac tamponade pericardial effusion thoracic vertebrae fractures in trauma patients. ... Mediastinum testis (unrelated structure in the scrotum) Mediastinal germ cell tumor Mediastinitis Mediastinal tumor List of ... Mediastinitis is inflammation of the tissues in the mediastinum, usually bacterial and due to rupture of organs in the ...
... not a well-known infectious agent of bacteriemic post-sternotomy mediastinitis". Anaerobe. 32: 32-33. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe. ...
... mediastinitis, hypertrophic osteopathy). A pneumooesophagram or positive contrast oesophagram can be helpful in delineating the ...
Other non-malignant causes include benign mediastinal tumors, aortic aneurysm, infections, and fibrosing mediastinitis. ...
It contains some of the most illuminating thoughts pertaining to distinction of mediastinitis from pleurisy; contagious nature ...
Infections can include mediastinitis, infectious myo- or pericarditis, endocarditis, cardiac device infection, pneumonia, ... but became ill with increasing temperature and he ultimately died from what the post mortem proved to be mediastinitis on the ...
... and mediastinitis. These bacteria account for 10-20% of anaerobic isolated recovered from pulmonary infections. It is difficult ...
Infected teeth can on rare occasions cause infection to spread leading to cavernous sinus thrombosis, mediastinitis, or ...
... particularly mediastinitis and sepsis. This is because they usually do not involve contamination of the mediastinum with ... Its treatment includes immediate antibiotic therapy to prevent mediastinitis and sepsis, surgical repair of the perforation, ...
... patient awoke and seemed fine for 24 hours but became ill with a fever and died three days after the surgery from mediastinitis ...
On 25 September 2018 their son Fernando Casado confirmed she died from a sharp mediastinitis during the filming of a tv series ...
"Investigation of Mediastinitis Due to Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci After Cardiothoracic Surgery". She also edited one book ...
... including mediastinitis and perforation of the esophagus. Endoscopic retrieval involves the use of a gastroscope or an optic ... when there is perforation of the esophagus or mediastinitis (inflammation of structures around the esophagus), and for narcotic ...
... to various facial spaces of the head and neck and lead to serious complications such as cervical cellulitis or mediastinitis. ...
Limited[clarification needed] biopsies are associated with a very small risk of pneumomediastinum or mediastinitis and an even- ...
The mortality rate of mouth infections that affect the deep neck space and lead to necrotizing mediastinitis or necrotizing ... then even more serious complications can occur like descending necrotizing mediastinitis (infection of the soft tissues that ... with surgery to washout the infection because they can compromise the airway and lead to fatal complications like mediastinitis ...
... mediastinitis, myocardial, perinephric, hepatic, and splenic abscesses, septic thrombophlebitis, and severe ocular infections, ...
Another uncommon form of histoplasmosis is a slowly progressing condition known as granulomatous mediastinitis, in which the ... A particularly dangerous condition is mediastinal fibrosis, in which a subset of individuals with granulomatous mediastinitis ...
... descending mediastinitis, thoracic empyema, pleuropulmonary suppuration, aspiration pneumonia, pneumothorax, mandibular or ...
Viral hepatitis Alcoholic hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis Cholecystitis Cholangitis Pancreatitis Peritonitis Mediastinitis ...
... while inferior spread of infection through the danger space can cause mediastinitis. It was first characterized in 1938. ...
Perforation of the esophagus can lead to mediastinitis or perforation of the stomach or bowel can lead to peritonitis Swelling ...
Acute mediastinitis can be confirmed by contrast x-rays since most cases of acute mediastinitis are due to esophageal ... Acute mediastinitis is an infectious process and can cause fever, chills, tachycardia. Pain can occur with mediastinitis but ... Therefore, acute mediastinitis can be classified into three categories: diffuse mediastinitis isolated mediastinal abscess ... There are two types of fibrosing mediastinitis: granulomatous and non-granulomatous. Granulomatous mediastinitis is due to a ...
Although long recognized as a complication of certain infectious diseases, most cases of mediastinitis are associated with ... Mediastinitis is a life-threatening condition with an extremely high mortality rate if recognized late or treated improperly. ... Mediastinitis substantially lengthens the hospital stay as well. Patients with postoperative mediastinitis stay in the hospital ... encoded search term (Mediastinitis) and Mediastinitis What to Read Next on Medscape ...
This code includes infectious mediastinitis from any cause. As usual, if a causative factor is present and known, also code it ... Retrieved from "https://ccmdb.kuality.ca/index.php?title=Mediastinitis,_infectious&oldid=137845" ...
70% of mediastinitis cases are descending necrotizing mediastinitis, due to the spread of infection from the head or neck3. In ... Mediastinitis is severe inflammation in the chest cavity and potentially causes death2. Mediastinitis can occur due to the ... Although descending necrotizing mediastinitis is rare, it has a high mortality rate of 37-60%1. Mediastinitis due to ... Bacterial virulence plays an important role in the occurrence of mediastinitis. Most cases of mediastinitis (60-70%) are caused ...
Mediastinitis - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional ... This procedure is complicated by mediastinitis in about 1% of cases (1 Reference Mediastinitis is inflammation of the ... Mediastinitis is inflammation of the mediastinum. Acute mediastinitis usually results from esophageal perforation or occurs ... Chronic fibrosing mediastinitis This condition usually is due to tuberculosis (TB) Tuberculosis (TB) Tuberculosis is a chronic ...
DIB, Jamil Elias et al. Ludwigs Angine with Evolution to Mediastinitis. Case Report. Rev. cir. traumatol. buco-maxilo-fac. ... This article presents a case of Ludwigs angina with evolution to mediastinitis that the use of thoracotomy and tracheostomy to ...
Nhat, L.X., Vinh, V.H., Thi, C.P. et al. Surgical management of descending necrotizing mediastinitis: strategy for thoracic ... Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis (DNM) is a serious but rare clinical condition that often occurs due to moderate to severe ... Descending necrotizing mediastinitis: an analysis of the effects of serial surgical debridement on patient mortality. J Thorac ... Descending necrotising mediastinitis: two case reports and review of the literature. Eur Respir Rev. 2010;19:141-9. ...
Rigid internal fixation of the sternum in postoperative mediastinitis. Arch Surg. 1994 May; 129(5):489-93. ...
Although acute mediastinitis is a fatal infection involving the connective tissues that fill the interpleural spaces and ... We report a case of potentially fatal cervical necrotizing fasciitis and descending necrotizing mediastinitis due to deep neck ...
Background: Descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) is a severe, life-threatening complication of oropharyngeal infections ... Background: Descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) is a severe, life-threatening complication of oropharyngeal infections ... Factors Associated with Post-Operative Complications in Multidisciplinary Treatment of Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis. ... Factors Associated with Post-Operative Complications in Multidisciplinary Treatment of Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis, ,, ...
Poststernotomy mediastinitis: Early risk factors identified but hard to modify. / Conti, Vincent. In: Journal of Thoracic and ... Poststernotomy mediastinitis: Early risk factors identified but hard to modify. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery ... Poststernotomy mediastinitis : Early risk factors identified but hard to modify. In: Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular ... Conti, V. (2018). Poststernotomy mediastinitis: Early risk factors identified but hard to modify. Journal of Thoracic and ...
Descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) is one of the most critical, and often lethal forms of mediastinitis that develop ... One of the most serious forms of mediastinitis is descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM), which is caused by the downward ... A rare case: Descending necrotizing mediastinitis. Barış Murat Ayvaci1, Eren Gökdağ2, 1 Department of Emergency Medicine, Prof ... De Freitas RP, Fahy CP, Brooker DS, Primrose WJ, McManus KG, McGuigan JA, et al. Descending necrotising mediastinitis: A safe ...
Mediastinitis. 43/M. Heart-lung transplant, immunosuppression. Sternal wound drainage. Penicillin. 6. 1996 (23). Pneumonia. 61/ ...
Mediastinitis, Meningitis, Epidural Abscess, Sepsis. No. 1) Contents from single-dose vials used for ,1 patient 2) Healthcare ...
Mediastinitis and fibrosing mediastinitis. In: Broaddus VC, Ernst JD, King TE, et al, eds. Murray and Nadels Textbook of ...
Fibrosing mediastinitis is a rare but well-known clinical manifestation of histoplasmosis. Contrast enhanced chest CT at the ... Fibrosing mediastinitis is a rare but well-known clinical manifestation of histoplasmosis. Contrast enhanced chest CT at the ... CT scanning is very useful in the evaluation of patients with suspected fibrosing mediastinitis. CT may define the extent of ... Stippled or dense calcification within the mass is present in most patients with fibrosing mediastinitis and may easily be seen ...
Return to Article Details Diffuse descending necrotizing mediastinitis: surgical treatment and outcomes in a single-centre ...
A case of suppurative Mediastinitis due to ulceration of tracheal cartilages. Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 1919;5 ...
... mediastinitis; conduction disturbances (SA/AV node); acute ischemic myocardial event; thrombus formation; low cardiac output; ...
... Tygecicline for the treatment of Multiresistant Gram negative rods causing Mediastinitis: case reports and critic analysis. ...
Mediastinitis and empyema ensue. Abscess in this space may push forward, occluding the airway at the level of the pharynx. It ... Mediastinitis and empyema may ensue, leading to death. Alternatively, infection may spread from the lateral pharyngeal space to ...
A Rare Case of Mediastinitis Following a Routine Dental Procedure in a Patient with History of Cardiac Surgery ... Mediastinitis is a rare, severe condition associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Mediastinitis, a life-threatening ... Mediastinitis may result from an infection extending from the oropharynx inferiorly through deep spaces of the neck as a ... A Rare Case of Mediastinitis Following a Routine Dental Procedure in a Patient with History of Cardiac Surgery. ...
... no clinically severe mediastinitis has been reported at the moment[4,11,26]. ...
Medical definition and related topics for words beginning with M.
Multiple Tracheobronchial Diverticula Presenting with Mediastinitis. Tanaka S, Takizawa H, Yoshiike F, Hirai K. Tanaka S, et al ...
Mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Risk factors and long-term survival. Circulation 1995; 92 (08) 2245- ... Risk factors for mediastinitis after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 77 (02) 676-683 ... European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery expert consensus statement on the prevention and management of mediastinitis. ...
Iatrogenic perforation of hypopharynx as a cause of severe descending necrotizing mediastinitis: A case report.. Smolar M, ... The authors present a case report of severe descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) etiologically of unrecognized traumatic ... Iatrogenic perforation of hypopharynx as a cause of severe descending necrotizing mediastinitis: A case report. Neuro ...
Purpose: Fibrosing mediastinitis (FM) is a rare disorder characterized by an excessive fibrotic reaction within the mediastinum ...
The diagnostic challenge of extrapulmonary tuberculosis : esophageal perforation, mediastinitis, pneumopericardium, and ...
  • Acute mediastinitis can be confirmed by contrast x-rays since most cases of acute mediastinitis are due to esophageal perforation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute mediastinitis usually results from esophageal perforation or occurs after median sternotomy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 1] Isolated mediastinitis is mostly caused by esophageal perforation and postoperative infections after sternotomy incisions in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, while DNM originates from odontogenic, pharyngeal, and other cervicofacial foci of infection. (turkjemergmed.org)
  • It is thought to be due to four different etiologies: direct contamination hematogenous or lymphatic spread extension of infection from the neck or retroperitoneum extension from the lung or pleura Acute mediastinitis is usually caused by bacteria and is most often due to perforation of the esophagus. (wikipedia.org)
  • It has a different cause, treatment, and prognosis than acute infectious mediastinitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute mediastinitis is an infectious process and can cause fever, chills, tachycardia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other causes of acute mediastinitis include infection secondary to cervical disease which arises from dental procedures, skin infections of the neck, neck trauma, or neck procedures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis is an acute mediastinitis, it is distinct because it does not originate from structures within the mediastinum. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Though rare in developed countries, acute mediastinitis can be caused by inhalation of bacterial spores such as Anthrax. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clinically, persons infected with anthrax can develop a hemorrhagic mediastinitis, which manifests as acute pulmonary hemorrhage and meningitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • This severe form represents 20% of acute mediastinitis cases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute mediastinitis is a rare and life-threatening infection of the mediastinal connective tissue that fills the intrapleural spaces and surrounds the median thoracic organs. (turkjemergmed.org)
  • We present a unique case of mediastinitis following a dental procedure in a 47 year old healthy male with a past surgical history of acute type 1 aortic dissection repaired with Dacron tube graft and re-suspension of his aortic valve, 16 months earlier. (najms.com)
  • The most dangerous complication of spread is acute necrotizing mediastinitis, which is difficult to treat and has a high mortality. (logicalimages.com)
  • Airway compromise and toxic appearance are signs of a very severe infection, and subcutaneous emphysema indicates acute mediastinitis, both requiring immediate intervention. (logicalimages.com)
  • Perforation, evolution of a mediastinitis or peritonitis with multi-organ failure are devastating complications with extremely high mortality and warrants immediate surgical treatment. (nih.gov)
  • If it goes unrecognized and is not repaired, there is a high likelihood that peritonitis, mediastinitis, or empyema could result. (sls.org)
  • Also, perforation of the esophagus or stomach may occur, leading to mediastinitis or peritonitis and the resultant complications. (12160.info)
  • It was diagnosed mediastinitis as a submandibular and submental abscess complication due to the impacted teeth' pericoronitis. (edu.pk)
  • This case suggests that disruption of fascial planes following cardiac surgery may predispose individuals to acquire anterior mediastinitis via a descending pathway long after completion of surgery. (najms.com)
  • Risk factors for mediastinitis after cardiac surgery. (thieme-connect.de)
  • However, infectious of other spaces can also lead to mediastinitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • This code includes infectious mediastinitis from any cause. (kuality.ca)
  • CT) scan revealing infectious mediastinitis. (najms.com)
  • Pretracheal space infection leads to mediastinitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, the term Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis implies that the infection of the mediastinum originated from a primary site in the head or neck and descended through fascial spaces into the mediastinum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mediastinitis due to the spreading of odontogenic infection is rare, but the mortality rate is high. (edu.pk)
  • This report presents the case of mediastinitis caused by the spreading of odontogenic infection in healthy males. (edu.pk)
  • The success of mediastinitis treatment due to the spread of odontogenic infection is determined by proper diagnosis and appropriate initial management. (edu.pk)
  • Mediastinitis can occur due to the spread of infection from the head or neck, pharyngeal, 3 and as complications of odontogenic infection 4,5 . (edu.pk)
  • Mediastinitis due to the spread of infection from pericoronitis of impacted teeth needs attention because impacted teeth are often ignored. (edu.pk)
  • Comprehensive treatment is needed when mediastinitis occurs due to odontogenic infection. (edu.pk)
  • Mediastinitis, a life-threatening infection, may occur during the postoperative period following cardiovascular surgery. (najms.com)
  • Mediastinitis may result from an infection extending from the oropharynx inferiorly through deep spaces of the neck as a descending necrotizing mediastinitis. (najms.com)
  • Mediastinitis after median sternotomy has a high mortality rate. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rigid internal fixation of the sternum in postoperative mediastinitis. (uchicago.edu)
  • Chronic sclerosing (or fibrosing) mediastinitis, while potentially serious, is caused by a long-standing inflammation of the mediastinum, leading to growth of acellular collagen and fibrous tissue within the chest and around the central vessels and airways. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are two types of fibrosing mediastinitis: granulomatous and non-granulomatous. (wikipedia.org)
  • Non-granulomatous fibrosing mediastinitis is caused by an idiopathic reaction to drugs and radiation therapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mediastinitis and fibrosing mediastinitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • CT scanning is helpful in detecting calcification in a lung nodule (histoplasmoma) and in evaluating patients with fibrosing mediastinitis and broncholithiasis. (medscape.com)
  • The adenopathy associated with fibrosing mediastinitis demonstrates relatively low signal intensity on T2-weighted images. (medscape.com)
  • Non-malignant etiologies encompassed SVC thrombosis, aortic aneurysm, or fibrosing mediastinitis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Fibrosing mediastinitis, covered in that article, is a rare but 100% fatal complication. (getbatsout.com)
  • Here, the fascia fuses with the pericardium and the parietal pleura, which explains the occurrence of empyema and pericardial effusion in mediastinitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pain can occur with mediastinitis but the location of the pain depends on which part of the mediastinum is involved. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most cases of mediastinitis in the United States occur following cardiovascular surgery. (medscape.com)
  • Conti, V 2018, ' Poststernotomy mediastinitis: Early risk factors identified but hard to modify ', Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery , vol. 155, no. 3, pp. 1052. (utmb.edu)
  • European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery expert consensus statement on the prevention and management of mediastinitis. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Mediastinitis is inflammation of the tissues in the mid-chest, or mediastinum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mediastinitis is severe inflammation in the chest cavity and potentially causes death 2 . (edu.pk)
  • Mediastinitis is inflammation of the mediastinum. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Reference Mediastinitis is inflammation of the mediastinum. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) was first described by Herman E. Pearse Jr., M.D. in 1938 and he stated, "the term 'mediastinitis' means little unless qualified by a description of its type and kind. (wikipedia.org)
  • Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis (DNM) is a serious but rare clinical condition that often occurs due to moderate to severe polymicrobial infections in the oropharyngeal region that spreads to the mediastinum region by the deep and cervical fascial plane connection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Background: Descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) is a severe, life-threatening complication of oropharyngeal infections with cervical necrotizing fasciitis. (unicatt.it)
  • Descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) is one of the most critical, and often lethal forms of mediastinitis that develop because of the downward spread of deep neck infections. (turkjemergmed.org)
  • Ayvaci BM, GökdaÄŸ E. A rare case: Descending necrotizing mediastinitis. (turkjemergmed.org)
  • One of the most serious forms of mediastinitis is descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM), which is caused by the downward spread of deep neck infections by gravity and negative intrathoracic pressure. (turkjemergmed.org)
  • Iatrogenic perforation of hypopharynx as a cause of severe descending necrotizing mediastinitis: A case report. (nel.edu)
  • The authors present a case report of severe descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) etiologically of unrecognized traumatic endotrach. (nel.edu)
  • Smolar M, Dzian A, Hamzik J, Saniova B, Laca L. Iatrogenic perforation of hypopharynx as a cause of severe descending necrotizing mediastinitis: A case report. (nel.edu)
  • Ludwig's Angine with Evolution to Mediastinitis. (bvsalud.org)
  • This article presents a case of Ludwig's angina with evolution to mediastinitis that the use of thoracotomy and tracheostomy to conduct assist control was needed. (bvsalud.org)
  • van der Brempt , X et al "Ludwig's angina and mediastinitis due to Streptococcus milleri: usefulness of computed tomography. (ersjournals.com)
  • Granulomatous mediastinitis is due to a granulomatous process of the mediastinal lymph nodes leading to fibrosis and chronic abscesses in the mediastinum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dental infections may lead to severe local or systemic infections such as endocarditis, brain abscesses and mediastinitis. (uwi.edu)
  • A delay in diagnosis and inadequate initial treatment can be a factor in the high mortality rate due to mediastinitis 6 . (edu.pk)
  • The diagnosis of mediastinitis was confirmed by CT of the neck and chest that revealed pneumomediastinum consistent with microperforation of the esophagus. (sages.org)
  • Odontogenic infections can spread and cause complications such as mediastinitis 1 . (edu.pk)
  • Once clinical symptoms of anthrax induced mediastinitis appear, disease is nearly 100% fatal. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although small in proportional terms, the actual number of patients affected by mediastinitis is substantial. (medscape.com)
  • Mediastinitis is a life-threatening condition that carries an extremely high mortality if recognized late or treated improperly. (medscape.com)
  • Mediastinitis is a rare, severe condition associated with increased morbidity and mortality. (najms.com)
  • After years of evolution, optimal therapy for mediastinitis is more clearly understood. (medscape.com)
  • Other causes of acute mediastinitis include infection secondary to cervical disease which arises from dental procedures, skin infections of the neck, neck trauma, or neck procedures. (wikipedia.org)
  • A total of 6607 patients were registered with a diagnosis of odontogenic abscess (10.38%), 151 of the patients were hospitalized, 116 of them were surgically treated (76.8%), and 6 of them (3.9%) manifested critical conditions such as sepsis and mediastinitis. (unifg.it)
  • Indications for an operative approach were progredient mediastinitis and sepsis. (sages.org)
  • Ubehandlet fører Boerhaaves syndrom til mediastinitis med sepsis og dødelig udgang i nærved 100% af tilfældene [1]. (ugeskriftet.dk)
  • Cases with notes and cuttings on true rheumatic pericarditis, pleurisy and pneumonia--and rheumatic and streptococcal mediastinal lymphadenitis and mediastinitis. (wellcomecollection.org)
  • Chronic sclerosing (or fibrosing) mediastinitis, while potentially serious, is caused by a long-standing inflammation of the mediastinum, leading to growth of acellular collagen and fibrous tissue within the chest and around the central vessels and airways. (wikipedia.org)
  • Approximately five percent of the reported cases are inhalation anthrax resulting from the inhalation of bacillus spores with subsequent development of hemorrhagic mediastinitis, toxemia, septicemia, and death. (cdc.gov)
  • European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery expert consensus statement on the prevention and management of mediastinitis. (ctsnet.org)
  • Treating tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, or other conditions associated with mediastinitis may prevent this complication. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mediastinitis represents an uncommon but potentially life-threatening complication following median sternotomy, with incidences ranging from 0.25-5% (1). (ctsnet.org)
  • An unusual complication of mediastinitis after cardiac surgery. (nih.gov)
  • A complication of postoperative mediastinitis. (nih.gov)
  • Mediastinitis is a life-threatening condition that carries an extremely high mortality if recognized late or treated improperly. (medscape.com)
  • Mediastinitis after median sternotomy has a high mortality rate. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Untreated or non-responsive to treatment odontogenic infections can cause severe consequences such as localized abscesses, deep neck infections (DNI), and mediastinitis, conditions where emergency procedures such as tracheostomy or cervicotomy could be needed. (unifg.it)
  • Here, the fascia fuses with the pericardium and the parietal pleura, which explains the occurrence of empyema and pericardial effusion in mediastinitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ved akut thorakotomi fandt man en 20 mm lang læsion i højre side af den distale del af øsofagus og svært inficeret pleura og mediastinum. (ugeskriftet.dk)
  • The possibility of infectious mediastinitis raised the concern for a micro-perforation post-endoscopy given the agitation of the patient during the procedure, but it was judged less likely by the infectious disease specialists. (acc.org)
  • Granulomatous mediastinitis is due to a granulomatous process of the mediastinal lymph nodes leading to fibrosis and chronic abscesses in the mediastinum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scarring can be severe, especially when it is caused by chronic mediastinitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A person may have a tear in their esophagus that causes mediastinitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Rupture of the distal esophagus followed by septic mediastinitis is a potentially life threatening event. (sages.org)
  • Non-granulomatous fibrosing mediastinitis is caused by an idiopathic reaction to drugs and radiation therapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Is there any known treatment for idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis? (medscape.com)
  • Because of suspected mediastinitis based on fat stranding and multiple prominent mediastinal lymph nodes documented on a CT scan, a sternotomy was carried out with mediastinal debridement, thymectomy and mediastinal lymphadenectomy as well as an explorative left cervicotomy with medio-jugular lymphadenectomy. (springer.com)
  • Successful treatment of mediastinitis after ventricular assist device implantation with rerouting of the outflow vascular prosthesis. (thieme-connect.de)
  • This article presents a case of Ludwig's angina with evolution to mediastinitis that the use of thoracotomy and tracheostomy to conduct assist control was needed. (bvsalud.org)
  • To lessen the risk of developing mediastinitis related to chest surgery, surgical wounds should be kept clean and dry after surgery. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cardiothoracic surgery recommended continued monitoring and no surgical intervention for mediastinitis at the time. (drexel.edu)
  • J. Morin, A. Hirsch and P. Chamoun, "Pulmonary Artery Bypass for Fibrosing Mediastinitis," International Journal of Clinical Medicine , Vol. 1 No. 2, 2010, pp. 70-72. (scirp.org)
  • Once clinical symptoms of anthrax induced mediastinitis appear, disease is nearly 100% fatal. (wikipedia.org)
  • Subsequent transforming insidious videoconferencing feeds: mediastinitis. (rusf.ru)
  • Poststernotomy mediastinitis: a classification to initiate and evaluate reconstructive management based on evidence from a structured review. (ctsnet.org)