A plant species of the family FABACEAE used to study GENETICS because it is DIPLOID, self fertile, has a small genome, and short generation time.
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. It is distinct from Sweet Clover (MELILOTUS), from Bush Clover (LESPEDEZA), and from Red Clover (TRIFOLIUM).
A plant species of the family FABACEAE widely cultivated for ANIMAL FEED.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes formation of root nodules on some, but not all, types of sweet clover, MEDICAGO SATIVA, and fenugreek.
Knobbed structures formed from and attached to plant roots, especially of LEGUMES, which result from symbiotic infection by nitrogen fixing bacteria such as RHIZOBIUM or FRANKIA. Root nodules are structures related to MYCORRHIZAE formed by symbiotic associations with fungi.
The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.
The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Symbiotic combination (dual organism) of the MYCELIUM of FUNGI with the roots of plants (PLANT ROOTS). The roots of almost all higher plants exhibit this mutually beneficial relationship, whereby the fungus supplies water and mineral salts to the plant, and the plant supplies CARBOHYDRATES to the fungus. There are two major types of mycorrhizae: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae.
Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.
The process in certain BACTERIA; FUNGI; and CYANOBACTERIA converting free atmospheric NITROGEN to biologically usable forms of nitrogen, such as AMMONIA; NITRATES; and amino compounds.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, nonsporeforming rods which usually contain granules of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that activate PLANT ROOT NODULATION in leguminous plants. Members of this genus are nitrogen-fixing and common soil inhabitants.
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. This genus was formerly known as Tetragonolobus. The common name of lotus is also used for NYMPHAEA and NELUMBO.
The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.
PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.
A genus of OOMYCETES in the family Saprolegniaceae. It causes root rot in plants and is also a pathogen of FISHES.
The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of "beans" belong to this family.
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.
The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.
Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
The presence of two or more genetic loci on the same chromosome. Extensions of this original definition refer to the similarity in content and organization between chromosomes, of different species for example.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.
Partial cDNA (DNA, COMPLEMENTARY) sequences that are unique to the cDNAs from which they were derived.
Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE.
New immature growth of a plant including stem, leaves, tips of branches, and SEEDLINGS.
Very young plant after GERMINATION of SEEDS.
Acetic acid derivatives of the heterocyclic compound indole. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
A hemoglobin-like oxygen-binding hemeprotein present in the nitrogen-fixing root nodules of leguminous plants. The red pigment has a molecular weight approximately 1/4 that of hemoglobin and has been suggested to act as an oxido-reduction catalyst in symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.
A phylum of fungi that are mutualistic symbionts and form ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE with PLANT ROOTS.
Diseases of plants.
Plant hormones that promote the separation of daughter cells after mitotic division of a parent cell. Frequently they are purine derivatives.
A variable annual leguminous vine (Pisum sativum) that is cultivated for its rounded smooth or wrinkled edible protein-rich seeds, the seed of the pea, and the immature pods with their included seeds. (From Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1973)
A genus of gram negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, plants, and marine mud.
Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.
The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Derivatives of ethylene, a simple organic gas of biological origin with many industrial and biological use.
The parts of plants, including SEEDS.
A family of gram-negative bacteria which are saprophytes, symbionts, or plant pathogens.
Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Naphthalene derivatives containing the -CH2CCO2H radical at the 1-position, the 2-position, or both. Compounds are used as plant growth regulators to delay sprouting, exert weed control, thin fruit, etc.
A genus of mitosporic Phyllachoraceae fungi which contains at least 40 species of plant parasites. They have teleomorphs in the genus Glomerella (see PHYLLACHORALES).
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
A group of plant cells that are capable of dividing infinitely and whose main function is the production of new growth at the growing tip of a root or stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE known for the edible beans.
The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.
A thin layer of cells forming the outer integument of seed plants and ferns. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is a source of SPARTEINE, lupanine and other lupin alkaloids.
A group of cells at the base of a leaf in certain plants that, by rapidly losing water, brings about changes in the position of the leaves. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
An annual legume. The SEEDS of this plant are edible and used to produce a variety of SOY FOODS.
The initial stages of the growth of SEEDS into a SEEDLINGS. The embryonic shoot (plumule) and embryonic PLANT ROOTS (radicle) emerge and grow upwards and downwards respectively. Food reserves for germination come from endosperm tissue within the seed and/or from the seed leaves (COTYLEDON). (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants.
Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.
A genus of fungi in the family Entomophthoraceae, order Entomorphthorales. They are primarily parasites of insects and spiders, but have been found to cause mycotic infections of the nose in man and horses.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
The reproductive organs of plants.
An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.
A thioredoxin subtype that is ubiquitously found in the plant kingdom. It reduces a variety of seed storage proteins and may play a role in the germination process of seeds.
A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
A plant genus of the family OROBANCHACEAE. Lacking chlorophyll, they are nonphotosynthetic parasitic plants. The common name is similar to Broom or Scotch Broom (CYTISUS) or Butcher's Broom (RUSCUS) or Desert Broom (BACCHARIS) or Spanish Broom (SPARTIUM) or Brome (BROMUS).
A localized proliferation of plant tissue forming a swelling or outgrowth, commonly with a characteristic shape and unlike any organ of the normal plant. Plant tumors or galls usually form in response to the action of a pathogen or a pest. (Holliday, P., A Dictionary of Plant Pathology, 1989, p330)
A FLAVOPROTEIN enzyme for AMMONIA assimilation in BACTERIA, microorganisms and PLANTS. It catalyzes the oxidation of 2 molecules of L-GLUTAMATE to generate L-GLUTAMINE and 2-oxoglutarate in the presence of NAD+.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
A plant genus of the FABACEAE family known for the seeds used as food.
Plant tissue that carries nutrients, especially sucrose, by turgor pressure. Movement is bidirectional, in contrast to XYLEM where it is only upward. Phloem originates and grows outwards from meristematic cells (MERISTEM) in the vascular cambium. P-proteins, a type of LECTINS, are characteristically found in phloem.
A plant genus in the family FABACEAE which is the source of edible beans and the lectin PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS.
A strand of primary conductive plant tissue consisting essentially of XYLEM, PHLOEM, and CAMBIUM.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
A group of compounds which can be described as benzo-pyrano-furano-benzenes which can be formed from ISOFLAVONES by internal coupling of the B ring to the 4-ketone position. Members include medicarpin, phaseolin, and pisatin which are found in FABACEAE.
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
A plant species of the family FABACEAE that yields edible seeds, the familiar peanuts, which contain protein, oil and lectins.
A part of the embryo in a seed plant. The number of cotyledons is an important feature in classifying plants. In seeds without an endosperm, they store food which is used in germination. In some plants, they emerge above the soil surface and become the first photosynthetic leaves. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

On the species of origin: diagnosing the source of symbiotic transcripts. (1/168)

BACKGROUND: Most organisms have developed ways to recognize and interact with other species. Symbiotic interactions range from pathogenic to mutualistic. Some molecular mechanisms of interspecific interaction are well understood, but many remain to be discovered. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from cultures of interacting symbionts can help identify transcripts that regulate symbiosis, but present a unique challenge for functional analysis. Given a sequence expressed in an interaction between two symbionts, the challenge is to determine from which organism the transcript originated. For high-throughput sequencing from interaction cultures, a reliable computational approach is needed. Previous investigations into GC nucleotide content and comparative similarity searching provide provisional solutions, but a comparative lexical analysis, which uses a likelihood-ratio test of hexamer counts, is more powerful. RESULTS: Validation with genes whose origin and function are known yielded 94% accuracy. Microbial (non-plant) transcripts comprised 75% of a Phytophthora sojae-infected soybean (Glycine max cv Harasoy) library, contrasted with 15% or less in root tissue libraries of Medicago truncatula from axenic, Phytophthora medicaginis-infected, mycorrhizal, and rhizobacterial treatments. Mycorrhizal libraries contained about 23% microbial transcripts; an axenic plant library contained a similar proportion of putative microbial transcripts. CONCLUSIONS: Comparative lexical analysis offers numerous advantages over alternative approaches. Many of the transcripts isolated from mixed cultures were of unknown function, suggesting specificity to symbiotic metabolism and therefore candidates likely to be interesting for further functional investigation. Future investigations will determine whether the abundance of non-plant transcripts in a pure plant library indicates procedural artifacts, horizontally transferred genes, or other phenomena.  (+info)

A phosphate transporter gene from the extra-radical mycelium of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices is regulated in response to phosphate in the environment. (2/168)

The majority of vascular flowering plants are able to form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. These symbioses, termed arbuscular mycorrhizas, are mutually beneficial, and the fungus delivers phosphate to the plant while receiving carbon. In these symbioses, phosphate uptake by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus is the first step in the process of phosphate transport to the plant. Previously, we cloned a phosphate transporter gene involved in this process. Here, we analyze the expression and regulation of a phosphate transporter gene (GiPT) in the extra-radical mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices during mycorrhizal association with carrot or Medicago truncatula roots. These analyses reveal that GiPT expression is regulated in response to phosphate concentrations in the environment surrounding the extra-radical hyphae and modulated by the overall phosphate status of the mycorrhiza. Phosphate concentrations, typical of those found in the soil solution, result in expression of GiPT. These data imply that G. intraradices can perceive phosphate levels in the external environment but also suggest the presence of an internal phosphate sensing mechanism.  (+info)

Overlapping plant signal transduction pathways induced by a parasitic nematode and a rhizobial endosymbiont. (3/168)

Root-knot nematodes and rhizobia establish interactions with roots characterized by the de novo induction of host structures, termed giant cells and nodules, respectively. Two transcription regulators, PHAN and KNOX, required for the establishment of meristems were previously shown to be expressed in tomato giant cells. We isolated the orthologues of PHAN and KNOX (Mt-phan and Mt-knox-1) from the model legume Medicago truncatula, and established the spatial distribution of their expression in situ. We confirmed that Mt-phan and Mt-knox-1 are expressed in lateral root initials and in nematode-induced giant cells and showed that they are expressed in nodules induced by Sinorhizobium meliloti. Expression of both genes becomes spatially restricted as the nodules develop. We further examined nematode feeding sites for the expression of two genes involved in nodule formation, ccs52 (encodes a mitotic inhibitor) and ENOD40 (encodes an early, nodulation mitogen), and found transcripts of both genes to be present in and around giant cells induced in Medicago. Collectively, these results reveal common elements of host responses to mutualistic and parasitic plant endosymbionts and imply that overlapping regulatory pathways lead to giant cells and nodules. We discuss these pathways in the context of phytohormones and parallels between beneficial symbiosis and disease.  (+info)

Salmonella Typhimurium infections transmitted by chlorine-pretreated clover sprout seeds. (4/168)

Raw seed sprouts have caused numerous outbreaks of enteric infections. Presoaking seeds in a 20,000 mg/liter (ppm) calcium hypochlorite solution before sprouting is recommended to reduce bacterial contamination and infection risk. In 1999, the authors investigated an outbreak of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium infections in Colorado. In a case-control study, they matched 20 cases with 58 controls by age, sex, and telephone prefix; 10 (52%) of 19 cases and no controls recalled eating raw alfalfa-style sprouts in the 5 days before the patient's illness (p < 0.00001). Traceback implicated clover sprouts grown from seeds shared by two sprouters. The time period and region over which these sprouts were sold matched the occurrences of 112 culture-confirmed illnesses. Only one of the sprouters presoaked seeds as recommended, and fewer infections were attributable to this sprouter (0.29 vs. 1.13 culture-confirmed infections/50-pound (110.1-kg) bag of seed). After recall of the implicated sprouts and seed, S. Typhimurium illnesses declined. Contaminated raw clover sprouts can cause outbreaks of enteric illness. Presoaking contaminated seeds in a 20,000 mg/liter calcium hypochlorite solution reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of infection. Until safer production methods are developed, persons eating raw sprouts continue to risk developing potentially serious gastrointestinal illness.  (+info)

Medicago truncatula plants overexpressing the early nodulin gene enod40 exhibit accelerated mycorrhizal colonization and enhanced formation of arbuscules. (5/168)

The mutualistic symbiosis between flowering plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is extremely abundant in terrestrial ecosystems. In this symbiosis, obligately biotrophic fungi colonize the root of the host plants, which can benefit from these fungi by enhanced access to mineral nutrients in the soil, especially phosphorus. One of the main goals of research on this symbiosis is to find plant genes that control fungal development in the host plant. In this work, we show that mycorrhizal colonization is regulated by enod40, an early nodulin gene known to be involved in the nodule symbiosis of legumes with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Medicago truncatula plants overexpressing enod40 exhibited stimulated mycorrhizal colonization in comparison with control plants. Overexpression of enod40 promoted fungal growth in the root cortex and increased the frequency of arbuscule formation. Transgenic lines with suppressed levels of enod40 transcripts, likely via a cosuppression phenomenon induced by the transgene, exhibited reduced mycorrhizal colonization. Hence, enod40 might be a plant regulatory gene involved in the control of the mycorrhizal symbiosis.  (+info)

Immunodominant membrane proteins from two phytoplasmas in the aster yellows clade (chlorante aster yellows and clover phyllody) are highly divergent in the major hydrophilic region. (6/168)

The mechanisms by which phytoplasmas interact with their hosts are not understood. Mollicute membrane proteins may play a role in such interactions and therefore the amp genes encoding immunodominant proteins from two phytoplasmas, aster yellows and clover phyllody, which fall within the largest taxonomic subclade of the phytoplasmas, have been cloned and characterized. The putative translation products, antigenic membrane proteins (Amps), of these genes have properties which are typical for bacterial membrane proteins, and which suggest that each has a single large extracellular hydrophilic domain held by a transmembrane region near the C-terminus, with only a short C-terminal intracellular sequence. Both of the Amps characterized here have bacterial leader sequences which are cleaved during maturation. Whilst the signal peptide and transmembrane regions of the two proteins are very similar, the major hydrophilic domains are highly divergent in both size and sequence. The Amps from the two phytoplasmas are also different in structure and sequence from the immunodominant membrane proteins of three other phytoplasmas whose genes have been cloned previously.  (+info)

The molecular genetic linkage map of the model legume Medicago truncatula: an essential tool for comparative legume genomics and the isolation of agronomically important genes. (7/168)

BACKGROUND: The legume Medicago truncatula has emerged as a model plant for the molecular and genetic dissection of various plant processes involved in rhizobial, mycorrhizal and pathogenic plant-microbe interactions. Aiming to develop essential tools for such genetic approaches, we have established the first genetic map of this species. Two parental homozygous lines were selected from the cultivar Jemalong and from the Algerian natural population (DZA315) on the basis of their molecular and phenotypic polymorphism. RESULTS: An F2 segregating population of 124 individuals between these two lines was obtained using an efficient manual crossing technique established for M. truncatula and was used to construct a genetic map. This map spans 1225 cM (average 470 kb/cM) and comprises 289 markers including RAPD, AFLP, known genes and isoenzymes arranged in 8 linkage groups (2n = 16). Markers are uniformly distributed throughout the map and segregation distortion is limited to only 3 linkage groups. By mapping a number of common markers, the eight linkage groups are shown to be homologous to those of diploid alfalfa (M. sativa), implying a good level of macrosynteny between the two genomes. Using this M. truncatula map and the derived F3 populations, we were able to map the Mtsym6 symbiotic gene on linkage group 8 and the SPC gene, responsible for the direction of pod coiling, on linkage group 7. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that Medicago truncatula is amenable to diploid genetic analysis and they open the way to map-based cloning of symbiotic or other agronomically-important genes using this model plant.  (+info)

Pharmacological analysis of nod factor-induced calcium spiking in Medicago truncatula. Evidence for the requirement of type IIA calcium pumps and phosphoinositide signaling. (8/168)

Bacterial Nod factors trigger a number of cellular responses in root hairs of compatible legume hosts, which include periodic, transient increases in cytosolic calcium levels, termed calcium spiking. We screened 13 pharmaceutical modulators of eukaryotic signal transduction for effects on Nod factor-induced calcium spiking. The purpose of this screening was 2-fold: to implicate enzymes required for Nod factor-induced calcium spiking in Medicago sp., and to identify inhibitors of calcium spiking suitable for correlating calcium spiking to other Nod factor responses to begin to understand the function of calcium spiking in Nod factor signal transduction. 2-Aminoethoxydiphenylborate, caffeine, cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), 2,5-di-(t-butyl)-1,4-hydroquinone, and U-73122 inhibit Nod factor-induced calcium spiking. CPA and U-73122 are inhibitors of plant type IIA calcium pumps and phospholipase C, respectively, and implicate the requirement for these enzymes in Nod factor-induced calcium spiking. CPA and U-73122 inhibit Nod factor-induced calcium spiking robustly at concentrations with no apparent toxicity to root hairs, making CPA and U-73122 suitable for testing whether calcium spiking is causal to subsequent Nod factor responses.  (+info)

'Medicago truncatula' is not a medical term, but a scientific name for a plant species. It is commonly known as barrel medic or yellow trefoil and is native to the Mediterranean region. It is a model organism in the field of plant genetics and molecular biology due to its small genome size and ease of transformation. While it does not have direct medical applications, studies on this plant can contribute to our understanding of fundamental biological processes and may have indirect implications for human health.

"Medicago" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, also known as the legume or pea family. It includes several species that are important forage crops and green manure, such as Medicago sativa (alfalfa or lucerne) and Medicago lupulina (black medic). These plants have the ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere through their root nodules, which benefits the soil and other nearby plants. They are often used in rotational grazing systems and for erosion control.

'Medicago sativa' is the scientific name for a plant species more commonly known as alfalfa. In a medical context, alfalfa is often considered a herbal supplement and its medicinal properties include being a source of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. It has been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of conditions such as kidney problems, asthma, arthritis, and high cholesterol levels. However, it's important to note that the effectiveness of alfalfa for these uses is not conclusively established by scientific research and its use may have potential risks or interactions with certain medications. Always consult a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

"Sinorhizobium meliloti" is a species of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that forms nodules on the roots of leguminous plants, such as alfalfa and clover. These bacteria have the ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which can then be used by the plant for growth and development. This symbiotic relationship benefits both the bacterium and the plant, as the plant provides carbon sources to the bacterium, while the bacterium provides the plant with a source of nitrogen.

"Sinorhizobium meliloti" is gram-negative, motile, and rod-shaped, and it can be found in soil and root nodules of leguminous plants. It has a complex genome consisting of a circular chromosome and several plasmids, which carry genes involved in nitrogen fixation and other important functions. The bacteria are able to sense and respond to various environmental signals, allowing them to adapt to changing conditions and establish successful symbioses with their host plants.

In addition to its agricultural importance, "Sinorhizobium meliloti" is also a model organism for studying the molecular mechanisms of symbiotic nitrogen fixation and bacterial genetics.

Root nodules in plants refer to the specialized structures formed through the symbiotic relationship between certain leguminous plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, most commonly belonging to the genus Rhizobia. These nodules typically develop on the roots of the host plant, providing an ideal environment for the bacteria to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, a form that can be directly utilized by the plant for growth and development.

The formation of root nodules begins with the infection of the plant's root hair cells by Rhizobia bacteria. This interaction triggers a series of molecular signals leading to the differentiation of root cortical cells into nodule primordia, which eventually develop into mature nodules. The nitrogen-fixing bacteria reside within these nodules in membrane-bound compartments called symbiosomes, where they reduce atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia through an enzyme called nitrogenase.

The plant, in turn, provides the bacteria with carbon sources and other essential nutrients required for their growth and survival within the nodules. The fixed nitrogen is then transported from the root nodules to other parts of the plant, enhancing its overall nitrogen nutrition and promoting sustainable growth without the need for external nitrogen fertilizers.

In summary, root nodules in plants are essential structures formed through symbiotic associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, allowing leguminous plants to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form while also benefiting the environment by reducing the reliance on chemical nitrogen fertilizers.

In the context of medicine and biology, symbiosis is a type of close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms. Generally, one organism, called the symbiont, lives inside or on another organism, called the host. This interaction can be mutually beneficial (mutualistic), harmful to the host organism (parasitic), or have no effect on either organism (commensal).

Examples of mutualistic symbiotic relationships in humans include the bacteria that live in our gut and help us digest food, as well as the algae that live inside corals and provide them with nutrients. Parasitic symbioses, on the other hand, involve organisms like viruses or parasitic worms that live inside a host and cause harm to it.

It's worth noting that while the term "symbiosis" is often used in popular culture to refer to any close relationship between two organisms, in scientific contexts it has a more specific meaning related to long-term biological interactions.

A plant root is not a medical term per se, but it is a term from botany, which is the study of plants. However, I can certainly provide a definition for you.

Plant roots are the underground organs of a plant that typically grow downward into the soil. They serve several important functions, including:

1. Anchorage: Roots help to stabilize the plant and keep it upright in the ground.
2. Absorption: Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, which are essential for the plant's growth and development.
3. Conduction: Roots conduct water and nutrients up to the above-ground parts of the plant, such as the stem and leaves.
4. Vegetative reproduction: Some plants can reproduce vegetatively through their roots, producing new plants from root fragments or specialized structures called rhizomes or tubers.

Roots are composed of several different tissues, including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and vascular tissue. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the root, which secretes a waxy substance called suberin that helps to prevent water loss. The cortex is the middle layer of the root, which contains cells that store carbohydrates and other nutrients. The endodermis is a thin layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue and regulates the movement of water and solutes into and out of the root. The vascular tissue consists of xylem and phloem, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between fungi and the roots of most plant species. In a mycorrhizal association, fungi colonize the root tissues of plants and extend their mycelial networks into the surrounding soil. This association enhances the nutrient uptake capacity of the host plant, particularly with regards to phosphorus and nitrogen, while the fungi receive carbohydrates from the plant for their own growth and metabolism.

Mycorrhizal fungi can be broadly classified into two types: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae (or arbuscular mycorrhizae). Ectomycorrhizae form a sheath around the root surface, while endomycorrhizae penetrate the root cells and form structures called arbuscules, where nutrient exchange occurs. Mycorrhizal associations play crucial roles in maintaining ecosystem stability, promoting plant growth, and improving soil structure and fertility.

"Plant proteins" refer to the proteins that are derived from plant sources. These can include proteins from legumes such as beans, lentils, and peas, as well as proteins from grains like wheat, rice, and corn. Other sources of plant proteins include nuts, seeds, and vegetables.

Plant proteins are made up of individual amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. While animal-based proteins typically contain all of the essential amino acids that the body needs to function properly, many plant-based proteins may be lacking in one or more of these essential amino acids. However, by consuming a variety of plant-based foods throughout the day, it is possible to get all of the essential amino acids that the body needs from plant sources alone.

Plant proteins are often lower in calories and saturated fat than animal proteins, making them a popular choice for those following a vegetarian or vegan diet, as well as those looking to maintain a healthy weight or reduce their risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Additionally, plant proteins have been shown to have a number of health benefits, including improving gut health, reducing inflammation, and supporting muscle growth and repair.

Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen gas (N2) in the air is converted into ammonia (NH3) or other chemically reactive forms, making it available to plants and other organisms for use as a nutrient. This process is essential for the nitrogen cycle and for the growth of many types of plants, as most plants cannot utilize nitrogen gas directly from the air.

In the medical field, nitrogen fixation is not a commonly used term. However, in the context of microbiology and infectious diseases, some bacteria are capable of fixing nitrogen and this ability can contribute to their pathogenicity. For example, certain species of bacteria that colonize the human body, such as those found in the gut or on the skin, may be able to fix nitrogen and use it for their own growth and survival. In some cases, these bacteria may also release fixed nitrogen into the environment, which can have implications for the ecology and health of the host and surrounding ecosystems.

Gene expression regulation in plants refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and RNA from the genes present in the plant's DNA. This regulation is crucial for normal growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli in plants. It can occur at various levels, including transcription (the first step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence is copied into RNA), RNA processing (such as alternative splicing, which generates different mRNA molecules from a single gene), translation (where the information in the mRNA is used to produce a protein), and post-translational modification (where proteins are chemically modified after they have been synthesized).

In plants, gene expression regulation can be influenced by various factors such as hormones, light, temperature, and stress. Plants use complex networks of transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and small RNAs to regulate gene expression in response to these signals. Understanding the mechanisms of gene expression regulation in plants is important for basic research, as well as for developing crops with improved traits such as increased yield, stress tolerance, and disease resistance.

"Sinorhizobium" is a genus of bacteria that can form nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of certain leguminous plants, such as beans and alfalfa. These bacteria are able to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which the plant can then use for growth. This symbiotic relationship benefits both the plant and the bacteria - the plant receives a source of nitrogen, while the bacteria receive carbon and other nutrients from the plant.

The genus "Sinorhizobium" is part of the family Rhizobiaceae and includes several species that are important for agriculture and the global nitrogen cycle. Some examples of "Sinorhizobium" species include S. meliloti, which forms nodules on alfalfa and other Medicago species, and S. fredii, which forms nodules on soybeans and other Glycine species.

It's worth noting that the taxonomy of nitrogen-fixing bacteria has undergone significant revisions in recent years, and some "Sinorhizobium" species have been reclassified as members of other genera. However, the genus "Sinorhizobium" remains a valid and important group of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

A gene in plants, like in other organisms, is a hereditary unit that carries genetic information from one generation to the next. It is a segment of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contains the instructions for the development and function of an organism. Genes in plants determine various traits such as flower color, plant height, resistance to diseases, and many others. They are responsible for encoding proteins and RNA molecules that play crucial roles in the growth, development, and reproduction of plants. Plant genes can be manipulated through traditional breeding methods or genetic engineering techniques to improve crop yield, enhance disease resistance, and increase nutritional value.

"Melilotus" is the genus name for a group of plants commonly known as sweet clover or melilot. These plants are part of the Fabaceae family, which includes legumes. While "Melilotus" itself is not a medical term, some of its species have been used in traditional medicine and may be mentioned in medical literature.

The two most common species are Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover) and Melilotus albus (white sweet clover). The plants contain coumarin derivatives, which can have anticoagulant properties. However, it is essential to note that consuming large amounts of these plants or their extracts can lead to adverse effects, including bleeding disorders.

In a medical context, "Melilotus" may be mentioned in relation to its potential medicinal uses, side effects, or interactions with other medications. Still, it is not considered a standard pharmaceutical drug or a widely accepted medical treatment. Always consult a healthcare professional before using any plant or herbal remedy for medicinal purposes.

Rhizobium is not a medical term, but rather a term used in microbiology and agriculture. It refers to a genus of gram-negative bacteria that can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into ammonia, which can then be used by plants as a nutrient. These bacteria live in the root nodules of leguminous plants (such as beans, peas, and clover) and form a symbiotic relationship with them.

The host plant provides Rhizobium with carbon sources and a protected environment within the root nodule, while the bacteria provide the plant with fixed nitrogen. This mutualistic interaction plays a crucial role in maintaining soil fertility and promoting plant growth.

While Rhizobium itself is not directly related to human health or medicine, understanding its symbiotic relationship with plants can have implications for agricultural practices, sustainable farming, and global food security.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Lotus" does not have a specific medical definition in the context of human health or medicine. The lotus is a flowering plant that is often used as a symbol in various cultural and spiritual contexts, but it does not directly relate to medical terminology. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I'd be happy to help answer those!

A plant genome refers to the complete set of genetic material or DNA present in the cells of a plant. It contains all the hereditary information necessary for the development and functioning of the plant, including its structural and functional characteristics. The plant genome includes both coding regions that contain instructions for producing proteins and non-coding regions that have various regulatory functions.

The plant genome is composed of several types of DNA molecules, including chromosomes, which are located in the nucleus of the cell. Each chromosome contains one or more genes, which are segments of DNA that code for specific proteins or RNA molecules. Plants typically have multiple sets of chromosomes, with each set containing a complete copy of the genome.

The study of plant genomes is an active area of research in modern biology, with important applications in areas such as crop improvement, evolutionary biology, and medical research. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies have made it possible to determine the complete sequences of many plant genomes, providing valuable insights into their structure, function, and evolution.

Genetically modified plants (GMPs) are plants that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering techniques to exhibit desired traits. These modifications can be made to enhance certain characteristics such as increased resistance to pests, improved tolerance to environmental stresses like drought or salinity, or enhanced nutritional content. The process often involves introducing genes from other organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, into the plant's genome. Examples of GMPs include Bt cotton, which has a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that makes it resistant to certain pests, and golden rice, which is engineered to contain higher levels of beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. It's important to note that genetically modified plants are subject to rigorous testing and regulation to ensure their safety for human consumption and environmental impact before they are approved for commercial use.

Aphanomyces is a genus of fungi-like oomycetes that are widely distributed in various environments, including soil and water. These organisms are known to cause diseases in plants, particularly in crops such as rice, corn, and legumes. The most well-known species is Aphanomyces euteiches, which causes a serious disease in peas and other legumes called "root rot." This disease can lead to significant yield losses in affected crops.

It's worth noting that while Aphanomyces species are often referred to as water molds, they are not true fungi but rather stramenopiles, which are more closely related to brown algae and diatoms. Nonetheless, they share many characteristics with fungi and are commonly studied in mycology, the branch of biology that deals with fungi.

Fabaceae is the scientific name for a family of flowering plants commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family. This family includes a wide variety of plants that are important economically, agriculturally, and ecologically. Many members of Fabaceae have compound leaves and produce fruits that are legumes, which are long, thin pods that contain seeds. Some well-known examples of plants in this family include beans, peas, lentils, peanuts, clover, and alfalfa.

In addition to their importance as food crops, many Fabaceae species have the ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into the soil through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria that live in nodules on their roots. This makes them valuable for improving soil fertility and is one reason why they are often used in crop rotation and as cover crops.

It's worth noting that Fabaceae is sometimes still referred to by its older scientific name, Leguminosae.

"Trifolium" is not a medical term. It is actually the genus name for a group of plants commonly known as clover. These plants belong to the family Fabaceae and are found in many temperate regions around the world. Some species, like red clover (Trifolium pratense), are used in herbal medicine for various purposes, such as treating respiratory conditions, skin inflammations, and menopausal symptoms. However, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional before using any herbal remedies.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic material present in the cells of all living organisms, including plants. In plants, DNA is located in the nucleus of a cell, as well as in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Plant DNA contains the instructions for the development, growth, and function of the plant, and is passed down from one generation to the next through the process of reproduction.

The structure of DNA is a double helix, formed by two strands of nucleotides that are linked together by hydrogen bonds. Each nucleotide contains a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine, forming the rungs of the ladder that make up the double helix.

The genetic information in DNA is encoded in the sequence of these nitrogenous bases. Large sequences of bases form genes, which provide the instructions for the production of proteins. The process of gene expression involves transcribing the DNA sequence into a complementary RNA molecule, which is then translated into a protein.

Plant DNA is similar to animal DNA in many ways, but there are also some differences. For example, plant DNA contains a higher proportion of repetitive sequences and transposable elements, which are mobile genetic elements that can move around the genome and cause mutations. Additionally, plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, which are not present in animal cells, and these structures contain their own DNA.

In medical terms, "seeds" are often referred to as a small amount of a substance, such as a radioactive material or drug, that is inserted into a tissue or placed inside a capsule for the purpose of treating a medical condition. This can include procedures like brachytherapy, where seeds containing radioactive materials are used in the treatment of cancer to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Similarly, in some forms of drug delivery, seeds containing medication can be used to gradually release the drug into the body over an extended period of time.

It's important to note that "seeds" have different meanings and applications depending on the medical context. In other cases, "seeds" may simply refer to small particles or structures found in the body, such as those present in the eye's retina.

I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.

Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.

Synteny, in the context of genetics and genomics, refers to the presence of two or more genetic loci (regions) on the same chromosome, in the same relative order and orientation. This term is often used to describe conserved gene organization between different species, indicating a common ancestry.

It's important to note that synteny should not be confused with "colinearity," which refers to the conservation of gene content and order within a genome or between genomes of closely related species. Synteny is a broader concept that can also include conserved gene order across more distantly related species, even if some genes have been lost or gained in the process.

In medical research, synteny analysis can be useful for identifying conserved genetic elements and regulatory regions that may play important roles in disease susceptibility or other biological processes.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Proanthocyanidins are a type of polyphenolic compound that are found in various plants, including fruits, vegetables, and bark. They are also known as condensed tannins or oligomeric procyanidins (OPCs). These compounds are characterized by their ability to form complex structures through the linkage of flavan-3-ol units.

Proanthocyanidins have been studied for their potential health benefits, which may include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular protective effects. They have also been shown to have a positive impact on collagen stability, which may contribute to their potential role in promoting skin and joint health.

Foods that are rich in proanthocyanidins include grapes (and red wine), berries, apples, cocoa, and green tea. These compounds can be difficult for the body to absorb, but supplements containing standardized extracts of proanthocyanidins are also available.

It's important to note that while proanthocyanidins have shown promise in laboratory and animal studies, more research is needed to fully understand their potential health benefits and safety profile in humans. As with any supplement, it's always a good idea to talk to your healthcare provider before starting to take proanthocyanidins.

Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) are short, single-pass DNA sequences that are derived from cDNA libraries. They represent a quick and cost-effective method for large-scale sequencing of gene transcripts and provide an unbiased view of the genes being actively expressed in a particular tissue or developmental stage. ESTs can be used to identify and study new genes, to analyze patterns of gene expression, and to develop molecular markers for genetic mapping and genome analysis.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) in plants refers to the long, single-stranded molecules that are essential for the translation of genetic information from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) into proteins. RNA is a nucleic acid, like DNA, and it is composed of a ribose sugar backbone with attached nitrogenous bases (adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine).

In plants, there are several types of RNA that play specific roles in the gene expression process:

1. Messenger RNA (mRNA): This type of RNA carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a sequence of three-base code units called codons. These codons specify the order of amino acids in a protein.
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA): tRNAs are small RNA molecules that serve as adaptors between the mRNA and the amino acids during protein synthesis. Each tRNA has a specific anticodon sequence that base-pairs with a complementary codon on the mRNA, and it carries a specific amino acid that corresponds to that codon.
3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): rRNAs are structural components of ribosomes, which are large macromolecular complexes where protein synthesis occurs. In plants, there are several types of rRNAs, including the 18S, 5.8S, and 25S/28S rRNAs, that form the core of the ribosome and help catalyze peptide bond formation during protein synthesis.
4. Small nuclear RNA (snRNA): These are small RNA molecules that play a role in RNA processing, such as splicing, where introns (non-coding sequences) are removed from pre-mRNA and exons (coding sequences) are joined together to form mature mRNAs.
5. MicroRNA (miRNA): These are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by binding to complementary sequences in target mRNAs, leading to their degradation or translation inhibition.

Overall, these different types of RNAs play crucial roles in various aspects of RNA metabolism, gene regulation, and protein synthesis in plants.

"Trigonella" is the genus name for a group of plants in the Fabaceae (legume) family, which includes many species such as fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Fenugreek is an herb that has been used in traditional medicine and cooking for centuries. The seeds, leaves, and roots of fenugreek are used in various forms including powder, tea, or supplements for their potential health benefits. However, it's important to note that while some studies suggest possible advantages, more research is needed to confirm these effects and establish appropriate dosages and safety guidelines. As always, consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

A medical definition for "plant shoots" may not be readily available, as the term is primarily used in botany and horticulture. However, I can provide you with a general definition:

Plant shoots refer to the above-ground portion of a plant, which typically includes structures like stems, leaves, flowers, and buds. Shoots originate from the seed or the growing tip of the plant and are responsible for photosynthesis, nutrient absorption, and reproduction. In some contexts, "plant shoots" might also refer to new growth that emerges from an existing plant, such as when a leaf or stem sprouts a new branch or flower.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "seedling" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is an agricultural and horticultural term that refers to a young plant grown from a seed, typically during the early stages of its growth. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help with those!

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is not exactly a medical term, but rather a scientific term used in the field of biochemistry and physiology. It is a type of auxin, which is a plant hormone that regulates various growth and development processes in plants. IAA is the most abundant and best-studied natural auxin.

Medically, indole-3-acetic acid may be mentioned in the context of certain medical conditions or treatments related to plants or plant-derived substances. For example, some research has investigated the potential use of IAA in promoting wound healing in plants or in agricultural applications. However, it is not a substance that is typically used in medical treatment for humans or animals.

Leghemoglobin is a type of protein known as a hemeprotein, found in the root nodules of leguminous plants (plants belonging to the family Fabaceae or Leguminosae). These root nodules are formed through a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Rhizobia.

The primary function of leghemoglobin is to facilitate the process of nitrogen fixation by maintaining an optimal oxygen concentration within the root nodule cells, where the Rhizobia reside. By binding and releasing oxygen reversibly, leghemoglobin protects the nitrogen-fixing enzyme, nitrogenase, from being inactivated by excess oxygen. This ensures that the Rhizobia can effectively convert atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3), which is then utilized by the plant for its growth and development.

In summary, leghemoglobin is a crucial protein in the process of biological nitrogen fixation, allowing leguminous plants to grow without the need for added nitrogen fertilizers.

Chromosomes in plants are thread-like structures that contain genetic material, DNA, and proteins. They are present in the nucleus of every cell and are inherited from the parent plants during sexual reproduction. Chromosomes come in pairs, with each pair consisting of one chromosome from each parent.

In plants, like in other organisms, chromosomes play a crucial role in inheritance, development, and reproduction. They carry genetic information that determines various traits and characteristics of the plant, such as its physical appearance, growth patterns, and resistance to diseases.

Plant chromosomes are typically much larger than those found in animals, making them easier to study under a microscope. The number of chromosomes varies among different plant species, ranging from as few as 2 in some ferns to over 1000 in certain varieties of wheat.

During cell division, the chromosomes replicate and then separate into two identical sets, ensuring that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information. This process is critical for the growth and development of the plant, as well as for the production of viable seeds and offspring.

Glomeromycota is a phylum of fungi that form arbuscular mycorrhizae, which are symbiotic associations with the roots of most land plants. These fungi exist exclusively as tiny, threadlike structures called hyphae, which penetrate the cells of plant roots and form unique structures called arbuscules where nutrient exchange occurs. The fungi receive carbon from the plant in the form of sugars, while they provide essential mineral nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen to the plant.

Glomeromycota fungi have a mutualistic relationship with plants, helping them to grow and survive in nutrient-poor soils. They also play a crucial role in soil ecology by promoting aggregate formation, improving soil structure, and increasing its water-holding capacity. These fungi are found worldwide and can be detected in almost all terrestrial ecosystems.

It is worth noting that Glomeromycota fungi lack a sexual reproductive stage, and their identification and classification rely on the morphology of their vegetative structures and molecular data.

A plant disease is a disorder that affects the normal growth and development of plants, caused by pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or nematodes, as well as environmental factors like nutrient deficiencies, extreme temperatures, or physical damage. These diseases can cause various symptoms, including discoloration, wilting, stunted growth, necrosis, and reduced yield or productivity, which can have significant economic and ecological impacts.

Cytokinins are a type of plant growth hormone that play a crucial role in cell division, differentiation, and growth. They were first discovered in 1950s and named for their ability to promote cytokinesis, the process of cell division. Cytokinins belong to a class of compounds called adenine derivatives, which are structurally similar to nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA.

Cytokinins are produced in the roots and shoots of plants and are transported throughout the plant via the vascular system. They have been shown to regulate various aspects of plant growth and development, including shoot initiation, leaf expansion, apical dominance, and senescence. Cytokinins also interact with other hormones such as auxins, gibberellins, and abscisic acid to modulate plant responses to environmental stresses.

Cytokinins have been used in horticulture and agriculture to enhance crop yields, improve plant quality, and delay senescence. They are also being studied for their potential role in human health, particularly in the context of cancer research.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "peas" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Peas are a type of legume that is commonly consumed as a vegetable. They are rich in nutrients such as protein, fiber, vitamin C, and vitamin K. If you have any questions about the health benefits or potential risks of consuming peas, I would be happy to try to help with that.

'Agrobacterium' is a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are known for their ability to genetically transform plants. The most well-known species in this genus is 'Agrobacterium tumefaciens,' which causes a plant disease called crown gall. This bacterium has the natural ability to transfer a portion of its own DNA (called T-DNA) into the plant's genome, leading to the overproduction of certain plant hormones and ultimately resulting in the formation of tumor-like growths on the infected plant tissue.

This unique ability to transfer genetic material between species has made 'Agrobacterium' a valuable tool in molecular biology and genetic engineering. Scientists can use this bacterium as a vector to introduce foreign DNA into plants, allowing for the study and manipulation of plant genes. This technique is widely used in research and agriculture to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs) with desired traits such as resistance to pests, improved nutritional content, or increased yield.

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are natural or synthetic chemical substances that, when present in low concentrations, can influence various physiological and biochemical processes in plants. These processes include cell division, elongation, and differentiation; flowering and fruiting; leaf senescence; and stress responses. PGRs can be classified into several categories based on their mode of action and chemical structure, including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, and others. They are widely used in agriculture to improve crop yield and quality, regulate plant growth and development, and enhance stress tolerance.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lignin" is not a medical term. It is a term used in the field of biology and chemistry, particularly in botany and wood science. Lignin is a complex organic polymer that binds cellulose fibers together, providing strength and rigidity to the cell walls of plants. It is a major component of wood and bark.

If you have any medical terms you would like defined or any other questions, please let me know!

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Ethylenes" is not a medical term or a medical condition. Ethylene is actually a colorless gas with a sweet and musky odor, which belongs to the class of hydrocarbons called alkenes. It is used widely in industry, including the production of polyethylene, antifreeze, and other chemicals.

However, if you meant something else or need information on a specific medical topic related to ethylene or its derivatives, please provide more context or clarify your question, and I would be happy to help.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Plant Structures" is not a medical term. It is a term used in the field of botany to refer to the different parts of a plant, such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Each of these structures has specific functions that contribute to the overall growth, reproduction, and survival of the plant. If you have any questions related to biology or botany, I'd be happy to try and help answer them!

Rhizobiaceae is a family of bacteria that have the ability to fix nitrogen. These bacteria are gram-negative, motile, and rod-shaped. They are commonly found in the root nodules of leguminous plants, where they form a symbiotic relationship with the plant. The bacteria provide the plant with fixed nitrogen, while the plant provides the bacteria with carbon and a protected environment.

The most well-known genus of Rhizobiaceae is Rhizobium, which includes several species that are important for agriculture because of their ability to fix nitrogen in the root nodules of legumes. Other genera in this family include Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, and Sinorhizobium.

It's worth noting that while Rhizobiaceae bacteria are generally beneficial, they can sometimes cause disease in plants under certain conditions. For example, some strains of Rhizobium can cause leaf spots on certain crops.

A plant stem is not typically defined in a medical context, but rather in the field of botany. However, I can certainly provide a general biological definition for you.

In plants, stems are organs that serve primarily as support structures, holding leaves, flowers, and fruits aloft where they can receive sunlight and exchange gases. They also act as conduits, transporting water, nutrients, and sugars made during photosynthesis between the roots and shoots of a plant.

The stem is usually composed of three main tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground. The dermal tissue system forms the outermost layer(s) of the stem, providing protection and sometimes participating in gas exchange. The vascular tissue system contains the xylem (which transports water and nutrients upward) and phloem (which transports sugars and other organic compounds downward). The ground tissue system, located between the dermal and vascular tissues, is responsible for food storage and support.

While not a direct medical definition, understanding the structure and function of plant stems can be relevant in fields such as nutrition, agriculture, and environmental science, which have implications for human health.

Naphthaleneacetic acids (NAAs) are a type of synthetic auxin, which is a plant hormone that promotes growth and development. Specifically, NAAs are derivatives of naphthalene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, with a carboxylic acid group attached to one of the carbon atoms in the ring structure.

NAAs are commonly used in horticulture and agriculture as plant growth regulators. They can stimulate rooting in cuttings, promote fruit set and growth, and inhibit vegetative growth. NAAs can also be used in plant tissue culture to regulate cell division and differentiation.

In medical terms, NAAs are not typically used as therapeutic agents. However, they have been studied for their potential use in cancer therapy due to their ability to regulate cell growth and differentiation. Some research has suggested that NAAs may be able to inhibit the growth of certain types of cancer cells, although more studies are needed to confirm these findings and determine the safety and efficacy of NAAs as a cancer treatment.

'Colletotrichum' is a genus of fungi that are known to cause various plant diseases, including anthracnose. These fungi are characterized by the production of specialized structures called acervuli, which produce conidia (asexual spores) in a slimy matrix. The conidia are often dispersed by rainwater and splashing, leading to the spread of the disease. Some species of Colletotrichum can also cause diseases in humans, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

A meristem, in the context of plant biology, refers to a type of tissue found in plants that is responsible for their growth. These tissues are composed of cells that have the ability to divide and differentiate into various specialized cell types. Meristems are typically located at the tips of roots and shoots (apical meristems), as well as within the vascular bundles (cambial meristems) and in the cork layers (phellogen meristems). They contribute to the increase in length and girth of plant organs, allowing plants to grow throughout their life.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Cicer" is not a medical term or a widely recognized abbreviation in the medical field. It might be referring to Cicero, an ancient Roman philosopher and statesman, or it could have other meanings depending on the context. If you could provide more information about where you encountered this term, I would be happy to help you further.

Gene expression profiling is a laboratory technique used to measure the activity (expression) of thousands of genes at once. This technique allows researchers and clinicians to identify which genes are turned on or off in a particular cell, tissue, or organism under specific conditions, such as during health, disease, development, or in response to various treatments.

The process typically involves isolating RNA from the cells or tissues of interest, converting it into complementary DNA (cDNA), and then using microarray or high-throughput sequencing technologies to determine which genes are expressed and at what levels. The resulting data can be used to identify patterns of gene expression that are associated with specific biological states or processes, providing valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of diseases and potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

In recent years, gene expression profiling has become an essential tool in various fields, including cancer research, drug discovery, and personalized medicine, where it is used to identify biomarkers of disease, predict patient outcomes, and guide treatment decisions.

I apologize for the confusion, but "Plant Epidermis" is not a medical term. Instead, it is a term used in botany to describe the outermost layer of cells in plant tissues. The epidermis serves as a protective barrier for the plant, regulating gas exchange and water loss through stomata, and producing cutin, a waxy substance that helps prevent water loss.

In summary, "Plant Epidermis" is a term related to plant biology and not medicine.

"Lupinus" is not a medical term. It is the genus name for the group of plants commonly known as lupines or bluebonnets. Some people may use "lupinus" in a medical context to refer to an allergy or sensitivity to lupine beans or other parts of the lupine plant, which can cause symptoms such as rash, itching, and digestive issues. However, this is not a widely recognized medical condition and reactions to lupines are relatively rare. If you have any concerns about a potential allergy or sensitivity to lupines, it is best to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment.

A pulvinus is not a term that has a specific medical definition, but it is a term used in anatomy. A pulvinus refers to a small cushion-like structure, usually made up of modified muscle or nerve tissue. It is found in various parts of the body and serves to provide support, protection, or flexibility.

For example, in the eye, there are pulvinar nuclei, which are clusters of neurons located within the thalamus that play a role in visual processing. In botany, a pulvinus is a swelling at the base of a leaf petiole that helps control the movement of the leaf.

Therefore, while "pulvinus" may not have a specific medical definition, it is still a term used in anatomy and physiology to describe certain structures with similar characteristics.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "soybeans" are not a medical term. They are a type of legume that is commonly used in agriculture and food production. The medical community might discuss soybeans in the context of nutrition or allergies, but there isn't a formal medical definition for this term.

Here's some general information: Soybeans, scientifically known as Glycine max, are native to East Asia and are now grown worldwide. They are a significant source of plant-based protein and oil. Soybeans contain various nutrients, including essential amino acids, fiber, B vitamins, and minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc. They are used in various food products such as tofu, soy milk, tempeh, and miso. Additionally, soybeans are also used in the production of industrial products, including biodiesel, plastics, and inks. Some people may have allergic reactions to soybeans or soy products.

In the context of medical terminology, "germination" is not typically used as a term to describe a physiological process in humans or animals. It is primarily used in the field of botany to refer to the process by which a seed or spore sprouts and begins to grow into a new plant.

However, if you are referring to the concept of germination in the context of bacterial or viral growth, then it could be defined as:

The process by which bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms become active and start to multiply, often after a period of dormancy or latency. This can occur when the microorganisms encounter favorable conditions, such as moisture, warmth, or nutrients, that allow them to grow and reproduce. In medical contexts, this term is more commonly used in relation to infectious diseases caused by these microorganisms.

Aphids, also known as plant lice, are small sap-sucking insects that belong to the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. They are soft-bodied and pear-shaped, with most species measuring less than 1/8 inch (3 millimeters) long.

Aphids feed on a wide variety of plants by inserting their needle-like mouthparts into the plant's vascular system to extract phloem sap. This feeding can cause stunted growth, yellowing, curling, or distortion of leaves and flowers, and may even lead to the death of the plant in severe infestations.

Aphids reproduce rapidly and can produce several generations per year. Many species give birth to live young (nymphs) rather than laying eggs, which allows them to increase their population numbers quickly. Aphids also have a complex life cycle that may involve sexual reproduction, parthenogenesis (reproduction without fertilization), and winged or wingless forms.

Aphids are an important pest in agriculture and horticulture, causing significant damage to crops and ornamental plants. They can also transmit plant viruses and produce honeydew, a sticky substance that attracts ants and supports the growth of sooty mold fungi.

Controlling aphids may involve cultural practices such as pruning, watering, and removing weeds; biological control using natural enemies such as lady beetles, lacewings, and parasitic wasps; or chemical control using insecticides.

Chromosome mapping, also known as physical mapping, is the process of determining the location and order of specific genes or genetic markers on a chromosome. This is typically done by using various laboratory techniques to identify landmarks along the chromosome, such as restriction enzyme cutting sites or patterns of DNA sequence repeats. The resulting map provides important information about the organization and structure of the genome, and can be used for a variety of purposes, including identifying the location of genes associated with genetic diseases, studying evolutionary relationships between organisms, and developing genetic markers for use in breeding or forensic applications.

'Entomophthora' is a genus of fungi that are known for their ability to infect and kill insects. These fungi are obligate parasites, meaning they can only complete their life cycle inside a living host. They are highly host-specific and have been reported to infect a wide range of insect species, including aphids, beetles, flies, and mosquitoes.

The infection process begins when the fungus releases spores that are dispersed by wind or water. When an insect comes into contact with these spores, they germinate and penetrate the insect's cuticle, eventually entering its body cavity. Once inside the host, the fungus grows and multiplies, producing toxins that can cause paralysis and other symptoms.

Eventually, the fungus produces a large number of spores within the insect's body, which are released when the infected insect dies and decomposes. These spores can then infect other nearby insects, continuing the life cycle of the fungus.

Entomophthora species have been studied as potential biological control agents for pest insects, as they can help to reduce populations without the use of chemical pesticides. However, more research is needed to fully understand their ecology and potential impacts on non-target organisms before they can be widely used in this way.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "flowers" is not a term that has a medical definition. The term "flowers" is commonly used to refer to the reproductive structures of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are characterized by having both male and female reproductive organs or separate male and female flowers.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health conditions, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you!

Nitrogen is not typically referred to as a medical term, but it is an element that is crucial to medicine and human life.

In a medical context, nitrogen is often mentioned in relation to gas analysis, respiratory therapy, or medical gases. Nitrogen (N) is a colorless, odorless, and nonreactive gas that makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. It is an essential element for various biological processes, such as the growth and maintenance of organisms, because it is a key component of amino acids, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds.

In some medical applications, nitrogen is used to displace oxygen in a mixture to create a controlled environment with reduced oxygen levels (hypoxic conditions) for therapeutic purposes, such as in certain types of hyperbaric chambers. Additionally, nitrogen gas is sometimes used in cryotherapy, where extremely low temperatures are applied to tissues to reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation.

However, it's important to note that breathing pure nitrogen can be dangerous, as it can lead to unconsciousness and even death due to lack of oxygen (asphyxiation) within minutes.

Thioredoxin h is also known as Thioredoxin-related protein 14 or TXNDC14. It is a member of the thioredoxin superfamily, which are small proteins containing a redox-active disulfide bond. These proteins play crucial roles in various cellular processes such as redox regulation, protein folding, and antioxidant defense.

Thioredoxin h is localized to the mitochondria and has been shown to have oxidoreductase activity. It contains a conserved active site sequence (WCGPC) that is involved in its redox function. Thioredoxin h may play a role in regulating the redox state of proteins within the mitochondria, which can impact various cellular functions such as energy metabolism and apoptosis.

However, it's important to note that research on Thioredoxin h is still ongoing, and its specific functions and mechanisms are not yet fully understood.

A multigene family is a group of genetically related genes that share a common ancestry and have similar sequences or structures. These genes are arranged in clusters on a chromosome and often encode proteins with similar functions. They can arise through various mechanisms, including gene duplication, recombination, and transposition. Multigene families play crucial roles in many biological processes, such as development, immunity, and metabolism. Examples of multigene families include the globin genes involved in oxygen transport, the immune system's major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, and the cytochrome P450 genes associated with drug metabolism.

Orobanche is not a medical term, but a genus of parasitic plants in the family Orobanchaceae. These plants are known as broomrapes and are holoparasites, meaning they rely entirely on other plants for nutrients. They have no chlorophyll and cannot photosynthesize. Instead, they tap into the roots of nearby host plants to extract water and nutrients.

While Orobanche itself is not a medical term, some species of this plant can have negative impacts on human health. For example, if these parasitic plants infect crops, they can reduce yield and quality, leading to economic losses for farmers. In addition, some people may have allergic reactions to the pollen of these plants. However, it's important to note that direct contact with Orobanche plants is unlikely to cause any significant health problems for most people.

A plant tumor, also known as a gall or neoplasm, is an abnormal growth that occurs in plants. These growths can be caused by various factors such as genetic mutations, bacterial or viral infections, and physical injuries. However, the most well-known cause of plant tumors are crown galls, which are induced by the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

When this bacterium infects a plant through a wound, it transfers a portion of its DNA (T-DNA) into the plant's cells. The T-DNA contains genes that encode enzymes responsible for the production of auxins and cytokinins, two types of plant hormones that promote cell division and growth. As a result, the infected plant cells start to divide uncontrollably, leading to the formation of a tumor-like growth.

Plant tumors can vary in size and appearance, ranging from small bumps to large, disfigured growths. While they are not typically harmful to the plant, they can reduce its aesthetic value and economic productivity. In some cases, plant tumors may also provide a habitat for pests and diseases, which can further harm the plant.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lens Plant" is not a term commonly used in medicine. It seems that you might be referring to a type of plant that is known by that name in some contexts. The Len's Plant, also known as *Lenophyllum consanguineum*, is a species of flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae, which is native to Texas and Mexico. It is a small, low-growing succulent with fleshy leaves that forms mats or cushions.

If you were asking about a medical condition related to the eye's lens, there are various conditions that can affect the lens of the eye, such as cataracts (clouding of the lens), presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision due to hardening of the lens), or astigmatism (irregular curvature of the lens). If you have any concerns about your eyes or vision, I would recommend consulting with an eye care professional.

Phloem is the living tissue in vascular plants that transports organic nutrients, particularly sucrose, a sugar, from leaves, where they are produced in photosynthesis, to other parts of the plant such as roots and stems. It also transports amino acids and other substances. Phloem is one of the two types of vascular tissue, the other being xylem; both are found in the vascular bundles of stems and roots. The term "phloem" comes from the Greek word for bark, as it often lies beneath the bark in trees and shrubs.

"Phaseolus" is a term that refers to a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae, also known as the pea family. The most common and well-known species in this genus is "Phaseolus vulgaris," which is commonly called the common bean. This includes many familiar varieties such as kidney beans, black beans, navy beans, pinto beans, and green beans.

These plants are native to the Americas and have been cultivated for thousands of years for their edible seeds (beans) and pods (green beans). They are an important source of protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals in many diets around the world.

It's worth noting that "Phaseolus" is a taxonomic term used in the scientific classification of plants, and it does not have a specific medical definition. However, the beans from these plants do have various health benefits and potential medicinal properties, such as being associated with reduced risk of heart disease, improved gut health, and better blood sugar control.

A plant vascular bundle is not a medical term, but rather a term used in botany to describe the arrangement of specialized tissues that transport water, nutrients, and sugars within plants. Here's a brief overview of its anatomy:

A vascular bundle typically consists of two types of conducting tissues: xylem and phloem. Xylem is responsible for water transportation from the roots to other parts of the plant, while phloem translocates sugars and other organic nutrients throughout the plant. These tissues are encased in a protective sheath called the bundle sheath, which may contain additional supportive cells.

In some plants, vascular bundles can also include meristematic tissue (cambium) that facilitates secondary growth by producing new xylem and phloem cells. The arrangement of these tissues within a vascular bundle varies among plant species, but the primary function remains consistent: to provide structural support and enable long-distance transport of essential resources for plant survival and growth.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Pterocarpans are a type of chemical compound known as flavonoids, which are found naturally in plants. They are specifically classified as a subgroup of pterocarpanoids and have a characteristic chemical structure consisting of two benzene rings joined by a heterocyclic pyran ring.

Pterocarpans are produced through the phenylpropanoid pathway, which is a metabolic route used by plants to synthesize various compounds with diverse biological activities. These compounds have been found to possess a range of pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects.

Some examples of pterocarpans include medicarpin, maackiain, and glyceollins. They are commonly found in leguminous plants such as soybeans, kudzu, and red clover. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the potential therapeutic applications of pterocarpans due to their diverse biological activities.

In genetics, sequence alignment is the process of arranging two or more DNA, RNA, or protein sequences to identify regions of similarity or homology between them. This is often done using computational methods to compare the nucleotide or amino acid sequences and identify matching patterns, which can provide insight into evolutionary relationships, functional domains, or potential genetic disorders. The alignment process typically involves adjusting gaps and mismatches in the sequences to maximize the similarity between them, resulting in an aligned sequence that can be visually represented and analyzed.

Sequence homology, amino acid, refers to the similarity in the order of amino acids in a protein or a portion of a protein between two or more species. This similarity can be used to infer evolutionary relationships and functional similarities between proteins. The higher the degree of sequence homology, the more likely it is that the proteins are related and have similar functions. Sequence homology can be determined through various methods such as pairwise alignment or multiple sequence alignment, which compare the sequences and calculate a score based on the number and type of matching amino acids.

'Arachis hypogaea' is the scientific name for the peanut plant. It is a legume crop that grows underground, which is why it is also known as a groundnut. The peanut plant produces flowers above ground, and when the flowers are pollinated, the ovary of the flower elongates and grows downwards into the soil where the peanut eventually forms and matures.

The peanut is not only an important food crop worldwide but also has various industrial uses, including the production of biodiesel, plastics, and animal feed. The plant is native to South America and was domesticated by indigenous peoples in what is now Brazil and Peru thousands of years ago. Today, peanuts are grown in many countries around the world, with China, India, and the United States being the largest producers.

A cotyledon is a seed leaf in plants, which is part of the embryo within the seed. Cotyledons are often referred to as "seed leaves" because they are the first leaves to emerge from the seed during germination and provide nutrients to the developing plant until it can produce its own food through photosynthesis.

In some plants, such as monocotyledons, there is only one cotyledon, while in other plants, such as dicotyledons, there are two cotyledons. The number of cotyledons is a characteristic that is used to classify different types of plants.

Cotyledons serve important functions during the early stages of plant growth, including providing energy and nutrients to the developing plant, protecting the embryo, and helping to anchor the seed in the soil. Once the plant has established its root system and begun to produce true leaves through photosynthesis, the cotyledons may wither or fall off, depending on the species.

... laxispira Heyn Medicago minima (L.) Bart. Medicago polymorpha L. Medicago praecox DC. Medicago sauvagei Nègre Medicago ... Medicago huberi E. Small Medicago rostrata (Boiss. & Bal.) E. Small Medicago lupulina L. Medicago secundiflora Durieu Medicago ... Medicago italica (Miller) Fiori Medicago lesinsii E. Small Medicago littoralis Rohde ex Lois. Medicago murex Willd. Medicago ... Medicago noeana Boiss. Medicago rugosa Desr. Medicago rotata Boiss. Medicago scutellata (L.) Miller Medicago shepardii Post ...
... is a species of flowering plant in the Fabaceae family. It can be found throughout the Middle East. It forms a ... "Medicago noeana Boiss". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved September 5 ... "Medicago noeana Boiss". World Flora Online. The World Flora Online Consortium. n.d. Retrieved September 5, 2020. International ... Medicago, Taxa named by Pierre Edmond Boissier, Flora of Syria, Flora of Lebanon and Syria, All stub articles, Trifolieae stubs ...
... is a plant species of the genus Medicago. It is found throughout the Middle East. It forms a symbiotic ... Medicago, Flora of Lebanon and Syria, All stub articles, Trifolieae stubs). ...
Licensed under CC0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Medicago italica​, . Encyclopedia of Life. "Medicago italica ... Medicago italica is a species of in the family Fabaceae. This article incorporates text from a free content work. ...
... , the Southern medick, is a plant species of the genus Medicago It is found throughout the Mediterranean ... Medicago disciformis and Medicago turbinata". J. Clin. Pathol. 36 (2): 195-6. doi:10.1136/jcp.36.2.195. PMC 498150. PMID ... "Medicago-Sinorhizobium symbiotic specificity evolution and the geographic expansion of Medicago". J. Evol. Biol. 18 (6): 1547- ... seed pods seeds Rhodes, L. (2016). "Medicago turbinata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T176613A19401503. doi: ...
"Medicago doliata Carmign. - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 2022-02-04. Mifsud, Stephen (2002-08-23). "Medicago ... Medicago doliata is a species of annual herb in the family Fabaceae. They have a self-supporting growth form and compound, ... Licensed under CC0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Medicago doliata​, . Encyclopedia of Life. " ... Medicago, Flora of Malta, Flora of Lebanon and Syria). ...
... "medicago" Search for "medicago" on Wikipedia. Muricopsis medicago, a sea snail All pages with titles beginning with Medicago ... Medicago is a genus of flowering plants in the bean family Fabaceae. Medicago may also refer to: Medicago Inc., a Canadian ... Look up Medicago in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... page lists articles associated with the title Medicago. If an ... biotechnology company, currently developing a COVID-19 vaccine Alfalfa (Medicago sativa; cavalry clover) sometimes called just ...
... , the spotted medick, spotted burclover, heart clover, is a flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae ... Medicago, Flora of Lebanon and Syria, Flora of the Arabian Peninsula, Flora of Egypt, Flora of Malta, All stub articles, ...
... is a plant species of the genus Medicago. It is found throughout the Mediterranean basin. It forms a ... USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Medicago scutellata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant ... Medicago, Taxa named by Philip Miller, All stub articles, Trifolieae stubs). ...
... , the ciliate medick, is a plant species of the genus Medicago. It is found throughout the Mediterranean basin ... It is considered by some to be a subspecies of Medicago intertexta. International Legume Database & Information Services v t e ... Medicago, Flora of Malta, All stub articles, Trifolieae stubs). ...
... is a plant species of the genus Medicago. It is native to the Mediterranean basin but is found worldwide. It ... Medicago, Plants described in 1753, Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus, Flora of Lebanon and Syria, Flora of Malta, All stub articles ...
... contains the following subspecies: Medicago suffruticosa subsp. leiocarpa Medicago suffruticosa subsp. ... Medicago suffruticosa is a species of plant from the family Fabaceae in the genus Medicago. Small prostrated plant with light ... suffruticosa "Medicago suffruticosa". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2023-08-09. v t e (Articles with 'species' microformats, Medicago ...
"Medicago - Pipeline". Medicago Inc. 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020. "Medicago - About us". Medicago Inc. 2020. Archived from the ... Medicago (2022). "Our History". Medicago. "Philip Morris International Inc. Update on Holding of Medicago Inc". Philip Morris. ... "Medicago and GSK announce the approval by Health Canada of COVIFENZ, an Adjuvanted Plant-Based COVID-19 Vaccine". Medicago. 24 ... "Medicago - Technologies". Medicago Inc. 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2020. "New ...
... )", Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO Wikimedia Commons has media related to Medicago ... Medicago lupulina, commonly known as black medick, nonesuch, or hop clover, is a plant of dry grassland belonging to the legume ... Medicago lupulina is an annual or short-lived perennial plant,: 168 growing each year from adventitious buds on the roots. ... The generic name Medicago is derived, via Latin medica, from Ancient Greek Μηδική (Mēdikḗ) "Median", because alfalfa was ...
... is a flowering plant species in the pea and bean family Fabaceae. Common names include moon trefoil, shrub ... It is the only member of the genus Medicago which is used as an ornamental. M. arborea is sometimes misidentified as Cytisus, ... Lesinš, Karlis Adolfs; Lesinš, Irma (1979). Genus Medicago (Leguminosae). The Hague, The Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk bv Publishers ... ISBN 90-6193-598-9. "Medicago arborea". 778 (1753). Flora of China. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) ...
... , the hedgehog medick, Calvary clover, or Calvary medick, is a flowering plant of the family Fabaceae. It is ... Medicago, Taxa named by Philip Miller, Flora of Malta, All stub articles, Trifolieae stubs). ...
... is a plant species of the genus Medicago. It is found primarily in the Mediterranean basin. It forms a ... USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Medicago littoralis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant ... Medicago, Flora of Malta, All stub articles, Trifolieae stubs). ...
... is a plant species of the genus Medicago. It is native to the Mediterranean basin but is found worldwide. It ... Medicago, Flora of Lebanon, Flora of Malta, All stub articles, Trifolieae stubs). ...
... is an annual, non-climbing species of the genus Medicago. It is found in the Mediterranean basin from ... "Medicago-Sinorhizobium symbiotic specificity evolution and the geographic expansion of Medicago". J. Evol. Biol. 18 (6): 1547- ... seed pods seeds "ILDIS page on Medicago constricta". Retrieved 2008-11-17. Béna, G.; Lyet, A.; Huguet, T. & Olivier, I. (2005 ... Heyn, Chaia Clara (1963). The Annual Species of Medicago. Jerusalem, Israel: The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University. pp. 108- ...
... is a plant species of the genus Medicago. It is found primarily in the southern Mediterranean basin. It ... seed pods seeds USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Medicago laciniata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: ... Medicago, Taxa named by Philip Miller, Flora of Lebanon and Syria, All stub articles, Trifolieae stubs). ...
"Medicago rugosa Desr. - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 2022-02-04. Mifsud, Stephen (2002-08-23). "Medicago rugosa ( ... Medicago rugosa, the wrinkled medick, is a species of annual herb in the family Fabaceae. They have a self-supporting growth ... Licensed under CC0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Medicago rugosa​, . Encyclopedia of Life. " ...
The Medicago truncatula Consortium Medicago truncatula Hapmap Project TIGR's link to Genome Browser and Gene Index The Medicago ... "Medicago Sequencing - genome statistics". medicago.org. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2022. "JCVI ... NCGR European Research Programmes on the model legume Medicago truncatula Why sequence medicago truncatula? Wikispecies has ... Medicago truncatula, the barrelclover, strong-spined medick, barrel medic, or barrel medick, is a small annual legume native to ...
... , the spiny medick, is a plant species of the genus Medicago. It is found throughout the Mediterranean basin. It ... Medicago, Flora of Lebanon and Syria, Flora of Malta, All stub articles, Trifolieae stubs). ...
... , the crown medick, is a plant species of the genus Medicago. It is found throughout the Mediterranean basin. ...
... namely the Medicago minima and the Medicago rigidula. When the Medicago rigidula is grown alone without a competitor, it tends ... In comparison to Medicago rigidula grown on soil with thyme, Medicago rigidula grown on soil without thyme has higher biomass. ... Medicago rigidula is an annual with flowers blooming in March and April. The flower of Medicago rigidula is yellow and ... Although the Medicago rigidula is currently on the IUCN Red List, it is listed as LC or least concern. It has a stable current ...
pods seeds "Medicago rotata Boiss". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved ... Medicago rotata is a species of flowering plant in the Fabaceae family. It is found throughout the eastern Mediterranean from ... "Medicago rotata Boiss". World Flora Online. The World Flora Online Consortium. n.d. Retrieved September 5, 2020. International ... Medicago, Taxa named by Pierre Edmond Boissier, All stub articles, Trifolieae stubs). ...
... , the ray-podded medick, is a plant species of the genus Medicago. It is found throughout the eastern ... Medicago, Plants described in 1753, Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus, Flora of Lebanon and Syria, All stub articles, Trifolieae ...
Seed pods Seeds Medicago orbicularis - MHNT USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Medicago orbicularis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). ... Medicago orbicularis is a plant species found throughout the Mediterranean basin and along the European Black Sea coast. It ... Medicago, Flora of Lebanon, Flora of Lebanon and Syria, Flora of Malta, All stub articles, Trifolieae stubs). ...
... is a plant species of the genus Medicago. It is found around the Adriatic Sea. International Legume ...
... is a plant species of the genus Medicago. It is native to much of Europe and Asia, but is found throughout the ... "Medicago falcata L. , Plants of the World Online , Kew Science". International Legume Database & Information Services v t e ( ... Medicago, Plants described in 1753, Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus, All stub articles, Trifolieae stubs, Flora of Lebanon and ...
Medicago laxispira Heyn Medicago minima (L.) Bart. Medicago polymorpha L. Medicago praecox DC. Medicago sauvagei Nègre Medicago ... Medicago huberi E. Small Medicago rostrata (Boiss. & Bal.) E. Small Medicago lupulina L. Medicago secundiflora Durieu Medicago ... Medicago italica (Miller) Fiori Medicago lesinsii E. Small Medicago littoralis Rohde ex Lois. Medicago murex Willd. Medicago ... Medicago noeana Boiss. Medicago rugosa Desr. Medicago rotata Boiss. Medicago scutellata (L.) Miller Medicago shepardii Post ...
Genus: Medicago. Species: Medicago arborea. Subspecies: M. a. subsp. arborea - M. a. subsp. citrina - M. a. subsp. strasseri ... Medicago arborea. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 08 Jun 2021.. *Hassler, M. 2021. Medicago arborea. ... Medicago arborea. Accessed: 08 Jun 2021.. *USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Medicago arborea in the ... Medicago arborea. Taxonavigation[edit]. Taxonavigation: Fabales Classification System: APG IV Superregnum: Eukaryota Regnum: ...
Medicago polymorpha L.. California Bur Clover. STATS. Introduced. CC = *. CW = 3. MOC = 1. ...
The source for news on entrepreneurship & innovation in the Midwest.. ...
Medicago arabica (L.) Huds.. Taxonomic Serial No.: 503718 (Download Help) Medicago arabica TSN 503718 ...
Lucerne PHOTOS OF LUCERNE Photo of Medicago sativa L. Medicago sativa L. - (Alfalfa, Lucerne) Perennial plant of the Pea family ... Photo of Medicago sativa L.. Medicago sativa L. - (Alfalfa, Lucerne). Perennial plant of the Pea family -Fabaceae- up to 80 cm ...
Crystal Structure of Histidine-containing Phosphotransfer Protein MtHPt1 from Medicago truncatula ... Medicago truncatula. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: MtHPt, 11441941, MTR_2g020770, MtrunA17_Chr2g0286781. EC: 2.7.3. ... Here, we report the crystal structure of an HPt protein from Medicago truncatula (MtHPt1) determined at 1.45 Å resolution and ... Medicago truncatula histidine-containing phosphotransfer protein: Structural and biochemical insights into the cytokinin ...
Medicago archiducis-nicolai G. Sirjaev 矩镰荚苜蓿 ...
This image has a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) license. If you have questions, contact Carol W. Witham carolwwitham[AT]gmail.com ...
Medicago minima var. compacta Neyraut, moreMedicago minima var. longiseta Dc., Medicago minima var. pubescens Webb, Medicago ... Etymology: Medicago is derived from Medike, or medick, the Greek name for alfalfa, which came to Greece from Medea, while ... 3 [Medicago polymorpha L.], but softly pubescent throughout; stipules entire or minutely toothed; lvs often smaller and shorter ...
This image has a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 (CC BY-NC 3.0) license. If you have questions, contact Luigi Rignanese luirig[AT]gmail.com ...
Timeline for Species Medicago truncatula [TaxId:3880] from d.126.1.6 automated matches: *Species Medicago truncatula [TaxId: ... PDB entries in Species: Medicago truncatula [TaxId: 3880]:. *Domain(s) for 6nib: *. Domain d6niba_: 6nib A: [366587]. automated ... Lineage for Species: Medicago truncatula [TaxId: 3880]. *Root: SCOPe 2.07 *. Class d: Alpha and beta proteins (a+b) [53931] ( ... Species Medicago truncatula [TaxId:3880] from d.126.1.6 automated matches appears in the current release, SCOPe 2.08. ...
Medicago polymorpha is a plant species of the genus Medicago. It is native to the Mediterranean basin but is found throughout ... Source: Wikipedia, , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicago_polymorpha, CC BY-SA 3.0 . Photo: (c) Kevin Thiele, some rights ...
PRNewswire/ - Medicago Inc. (TSX: MDG), a biotechnology company focused on developing highly effective and competitive vaccines ... About Medicago Medicago is a clinical-stage biotechnology company, developing effective and competitive vaccines based on ... in Medicagos Annual Information Form filed on March 24, 2010 with the regulatory authorities. Medicago assumes no obligation ... The forward-looking statements are not historical facts, but reflect Medicagos current expectations regarding future results ...
Latest news and deals relating to the Medicago Inc.s pipeline products Reasons to Get this Report * Evaluate Medicago Inc.s ... Just Published: "Medicago Inc. - Product Pipeline Review - 2015". Just Published: "Medicago Inc. - Product Pipeline Review - ... Global Markets Directs, Medicago Inc. - Product Pipeline Review - 2015, provides an overview of the Medicago Inc.s ... Assess the growth potential of Medicago Inc. in its therapy areas of focus About Fast Market Research Fast Market Research is a ...
onLoad="init(b_art.php?art=fab_lupinus,b_art.php?art=fab_lupulina)" > ...
News stories and articles referencing Medicago on European Pharmaceutical Review ...
Medicago said it was able to produce a VLP of the coronavirus just 20 days after receiving the SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that ... Medicagos technology only requires the genetic sequence of a viral strain, not the live virus. So the company can crank out a ... Medicago also is using its technology to develop antibodies to treat COVID-19 by attacking the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The company is ... Medicago said human trials could begin as early as this summer. If approved, the therapy will be manufactured at company ...
Website designed by Intrigue. Additional accessible formats for this information are available upon request. Contact Us for more information ...
LES INSECTES POLLINISATEURS DE LA LUZERNE (MEDICAGO SATIVA L.) EN FRANCE. J. N. TASEI, Murielle PICARD and S. CARRE Without ... INFLUENCE DE LA DATE DE LA PRÉCOUPE DE LA LUZERNE (MEDICAGO SATIYA L.) SUR SA POLLINISATION Apidologie 2, 173-195 (1971). ... PREMIÈRES OBSERVATIONS SUR LA POLLINISATION ET LA COULURE DES FLEURS DE LUZERNE EN CHARENTES (MEDICAGO SATIVA L.) Apidologie 3 ...
They overexpressed two genes (MtPHY1 and MtPAP1) involved in phosphate production in legume Medicago truncatula. ... Improved Phosphate Uptake in Alfalfa Seeds by Overexpression of Genes from Medicago truncatula. September 23, 2011 ... Improved Phosphate Uptake in Alfalfa Seeds by Overexpression of Genes from Medicago truncatula ... Improved Phosphate Uptake in Alfalfa Seeds by Overexpression of Genes from Medicago truncatula ...
Although nodule numbers were slightly reduced at an early stage of the infection in EFR-Medicago when compared to control lines ... Expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana immune receptor EFR in Medicago truncatula reduces infection by a root pathogenic ... Expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana immune receptor EFR in Medicago truncatula reduces infection by a root pathogenic ... from Arabidopsis thaliana to the legume Medicago truncatula. Constitutive EFR expression led to EFR accumulation and activation ...
Medicago sativa Research Information. Alfalfa allergy information and photos, Richland county, South Carolina ... Alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Home « South Carolina « Richland « Medicago « Medicago sativa Family: FABACEAE Genus: Medicago ... Allergenicity: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a moderate allergen.. Pollination: Occurs in following seasons depending on ...
Medicago sativa Research Information. Alfalfa allergy information and photos, Caswell county, North Carolina ... Alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Home « North Carolina « Caswell « Medicago « Medicago sativa Family: FABACEAE Genus: Medicago ... Allergenicity: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a moderate allergen.. Pollination: Occurs in following seasons depending on ...
KLOSTER, A.M. y ZURBRIGGEN, G.. Producción y persistencia de una mezcla de alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) y festuca alta (Festuca ... The mixture of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is widely adopted in the Pampas ...
or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. ...
Were trialling a new app switcher feature to help our users move between our science apps. For now weve just listed some of our more popular apps, but soon we hope to show more and roll it out across all our science websites.. Let us know what you think via the link at the bottom of the app switcher.. ...
Medicago truncatula is a long-established model for the study of legume biology. Here we describe the draft sequence of the M. ... The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses. Young ND, Debellé F, Oldroyd GE, Geurts R, ... M. truncatula is a close relative of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a widely cultivated crop with limited genomics tools and ...
The alfalfa (Medicago sativa) belongs to Fabaceae (the Pea family). It is a perennial herb that is native to the Mediterranean ... ȃE } S V ̑ N ŁA w Medicago sativa B p Alfalfa B ...
  • Medicago species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the common swift, flame, latticed heath, lime-speck pug, nutmeg, setaceous Hebrew character, and turnip moths and case-bearers of the genus Coleophora, including C. frischella (recorded on M. sativa) and C. fuscociliella (feeds exclusively on Medicago spp. (wikipedia.org)
  • Medicago rupestris M. Bieb Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa) M. s. caerulea M. s. falcata (Medicago falcata) M. s. f. var. (wikipedia.org)
  • viscosa M. s. glomerata M. s. sativa Medicago saxatilis M. Bieb Medicago suffruticosa Ramond ex DC. (wikipedia.org)
  • Photo of Medicago sativa L. (botanical-online.com)
  • Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a moderate allergen. (pollenlibrary.com)
  • Producción y persistencia de una mezcla de alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) y festuca alta (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (scielo.org.ar)
  • The mixture of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (scielo.org.ar)
  • M. truncatula is a close relative of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a widely cultivated crop with limited genomics tools and complex autotetraploid genetics. (jcvi.org)
  • Microsatellite marker-based genetic diversity analysis and developing synthetic varieties in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. (slu.se)
  • Cultivated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an allogamous autotetraploid species with 2n = 4x = 32 chromosomes. (slu.se)
  • Genome-Wide Identification of bHLH Transcription Factor in Medicago sativa in Response to Cold Stress. (bvsalud.org)
  • Other than alfalfa, several of the creeping members of the family (such as Medicago lupulina and Medicago truncatula) have been used as forage crops. (wikipedia.org)
  • Medicago is derived from Medike, or medick, the Greek name for alfalfa, which came to Greece from Medea, while minima means of diminutive size. (swbiodiversity.org)
  • Medicago is a genus of flowering plants, commonly known as medick or burclover, in the legume family (Fabaceae). (wikipedia.org)
  • The species Medicago truncatula is a model legume due to its relatively small stature, small genome (450-500 Mbp), short generation time (about 3 months), and ability to reproduce both by outcrossing and selfing. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we report the crystal structure of an HPt protein from Medicago truncatula (MtHPt1) determined at 1.45 Å resolution and refined to an R-factor of 16.7% using low-temperature synchrotron-radiation X-ray diffraction data. (rcsb.org)
  • They overexpressed two genes (MtPHY1 and MtPAP1 ) involved in phosphate production in legume Medicago truncatula . (isaaa.org)
  • Expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana immune receptor EFR in Medicago truncatula reduces infection by a root pathogenic bacterium, but not nitrogen-fixing rhizobial symbiosis. (jic.ac.uk)
  • To test this in a direct reductionist approach, we transferred the Brassicaceae-specific PRR ELONGATION FACTOR-THERMO UNSTABLE RECEPTOR (EFR), conferring recognition of the bacterial EF-Tu protein, from Arabidopsis thaliana to the legume Medicago truncatula. (jic.ac.uk)
  • Medicago truncatula is a long-established model for the study of legume biology. (jcvi.org)
  • Especially legumes like Glycine max or Medicago truncatula have an increased numbers of MOT1-family members for supplying their symbionts with molybdate for nitrogenase activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2005) constructed a molecular phylogeny of 23 Sinorhizobium strains and tested the symbiotic ability of six strains with 35 Medicago species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, they propose that the geographical distribution of strains limits the distribution of particular Medicago species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Medicago arborea L. Medicago citrina (Font Quer) Greuter Medicago strasseri Greuter, Matthas & Risse Medicago hypogaea E. Small Medicago heyniana Greuter Medicago radiata L. Medicago biflora (Griseb. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2021. Medicago arborea in Kew Science Plants of the World Online . (wikimedia.org)
  • Medicago arborea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) , U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. (wikimedia.org)
  • Medicago archiducis-nicolai Sirjaev Medicago cretacea M. Bieb. (wikipedia.org)
  • E. Small Medicago lupulina L. Medicago secundiflora Durieu Medicago cancellata M. Bieb. (wikipedia.org)
  • Medicago lupulina and M. scutellata were represented by one sample each as outgroups. (slu.se)
  • Medicago laciniata (L.) Miller Medicago lanigera Winkl. (wikipedia.org)
  • Medicago laciniata (L.) Mill. (uct.ac.za)
  • Medicago diverged from Glycine (soybean) about 53-55 million years ago (in the early Eocene), from Lotus (deervetch) 49-51 million years ago (also in the Eocene), and from Trigonella 10-22 million years ago (in the Miocene). (wikipedia.org)
  • Medicago scutellata (L.) Miller Medicago shepardii Post Medicago ciliaris (L.) Krocker Medicago granadensis Willd. (wikipedia.org)
  • Medicago is a leader in proprietary plant-based technology that uses VLPs to develop protein-based vaccines, instead of relying on animal products or live viruses. (wraltechwire.com)
  • While past vaccines have used chicken egg cells, most often, as the host to grow the necessary protein, Medicago uses tobacco plant cells to do the same thing. (ctvnews.ca)
  • That timeline puts Medicago well behind the likes of Pfizer, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson, but the company still anticipates a need for its shot in the coming months or years, Petit said. (fiercepharma.com)
  • Medicago is developing VLP vaccines to protect against pandemic and seasonal influenza, using a transient expression system which produces recombinant vaccine antigens in non-transgenic plants. (prnewswire.com)
  • Medicago - a Canadian company with a biomanufacturing facility in Durham - has used it to produce an experimental plant-based vaccine for COVID-19, the coronavirus disease that has now reached a global pandemic level. (wraltechwire.com)
  • Looking forward, Medicago is also building a 473,612-square-foot complex in Quebec City where it could eventually produce 1 billion pandemic vaccine doses a year, Petit said. (fiercepharma.com)
  • Evolution and classification of Medicago: 1-727. (kew.org)
  • As for its COVID-19 vaccine, Medicago has its sights set on a third-quarter 2021 authorization in Canada, Petit said. (fiercepharma.com)
  • Medicago is a clinical-stage biotechnology company, developing effective and competitive vaccines based on proprietary Virus-Like Particles (VLP) and manufacturing technologies. (prnewswire.com)
  • Over the past year, as the vast majority of Canadians got their COVID-19 vaccines, a tiny minority within a minority emerged: people who insisted they were simply holding out for Medicago. (ctvnews.ca)
  • Canada is a signatory to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Protocol, and its partnership with Philip Morris subsidiary Medicago provoked criticism from some tobacco control groups. (seatca.org)
  • At the time, there was no guarantee that Medicago, which is based in Quebec City, would ever see its COVID-19 vaccine approved for use. (ctvnews.ca)
  • Medicago has the right to change the prices shown in price lists at any time and to invoice at prices current at the date of receipt of an order. (medicago.se)
  • If you would like to pay with PayPal you are welcome to e-mail us at [email protected] and we will set up the payment manually. (medicago.se)
  • The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses. (jcvi.org)
  • All those who have been vaccinated around me have had COVID without exception and I had nothing at all,' even though she was frequently hugging them maskless, said Lyne Pinet, another unvaccinated Quebecer who told CTV News that she plans to get a Medicago shot. (ctvnews.ca)
  • Medicago assumes no obligation to update the forward-looking statements, or to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those reflected in the forward-looking statements. (prnewswire.com)
  • This report provides comprehensive information on the current therapeutic developmental pipeline of Medicago Inc.'s, complete with comparative analysis at various stages, therapeutics assessment by drug target, mechanism of action (MoA), route of administration (RoA) and molecule type. (clickpress.com)
  • Global Markets Direct's, 'Medicago Inc. - Product Pipeline Review - 2015', provides an overview of the Medicago Inc.'s pharmaceutical research and development focus. (clickpress.com)
  • Medicago warrants that its products will conform to the standards stated in its product specification sheets in effect at the time of shipment. (medicago.se)
  • A plant-based Covid-19 vaccine developed by Canadian pharmaceutical firm Medicago "very likely won't be accepted" for emergency use approval by the World Health Organization because Medicago is partially owned by cigarette manufacturer Philip Morris International, a WHO official said Wednesday. (seatca.org)
  • In October 2020, Medicago agreed to supply up to 76 million vaccine doses to the Canadian government while receiving $173 million in government funding. (seatca.org)
  • With over 200 companies considered we were proud to be finalists in these two prestigious categories," said Andy Sheldon , President and CEO of Medicago. (prnewswire.com)
  • The pace of our initial progress in COVID-19 is attributable to the capacity of our plant-based platform, which is able to produce vaccine and antibody solutions to counteract this global health threat," said Medicago President and CEO Bruce Clark, Ph.D. "The ability to produce a candidate vaccine within 20 days after obtaining the gene is a critical differentiator for our proven technology. (wraltechwire.com)
  • These terms and conditions cover all sales of products and services by Medicago AB and any information and advice given whether charged for or not. (medicago.se)
  • No variation in these terms and conditions will apply unless agreed by Medicago AB in writing. (medicago.se)
  • Any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical facts may be deemed to be forward-looking, including those identified by the expressions "anticipate", "believe", "plan", "estimate", "expect", "intend", and similar expressions to the extent they relate to Medicago or its management. (prnewswire.com)
  • citation needed] This list is compiled from: Medicago retrorsa (Boiss. (wikipedia.org)
  • Medicago has the right to repair and return damaged products. (medicago.se)
  • Medicago products are NOT to be administered to humans or used for medical diagnosis if nothing else is stated. (medicago.se)
  • The stated warranties expressed and the remedy provided for any breach thereof, are in lieu of any other liabilities or obligations of Medicago for any damages whatsoever, arising out of or in connection either with the delivery, or with the Buyer's inability to use any of its products. (medicago.se)
  • In the pandemic's second year, Medicago is hoping to repeat that magic with plant-based prophylactics. (fiercepharma.com)