Memory Disorders
Memory
Alcohol Amnestic Disorder
Amnesia
Neuropsychological Tests
Cognition Disorders
Dementia
Immunologic Memory
Alzheimer Disease
Brain
Hippocampus
Memory, Episodic
Bipolar Disorder
Mental Disorders
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Maze Learning
Depressive Disorder, Major
Recognition (Psychology)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
Retention (Psychology)
Depressive Disorder
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Learning
Autistic Disorder
Fear
Psychotic Disorders
Phobic Disorders
Association Learning
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive
Analysis of Variance
Spatial Behavior
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Conduct Disorder
Learning Disorders
Prefrontal Cortex
Tic Disorders
Attention
Brain Mapping
Amygdala
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Psychomotor Performance
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
Conditioning, Classical
Schizophrenia
Borderline Personality Disorder
Temporal Lobe
Somatoform Disorders
Sleep Disorders
Cues
Aging
Photic Stimulation
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Repression, Psychology
Dissociative Disorders
Neuronal Plasticity
Comorbidity
Differential spatial memory impairment after right temporal lobectomy demonstrated using temporal titration. (1/2556)
In this study a temporal titration method to explore the extent to which spatial memory is differentially impaired following right temporal lobectomy was employed. The spatial and non-spatial memory of 19 left and 19 right temporal lobectomy (TL) patients was compared with that of 16 normal controls. The subjects studied an array of 16 toy objects and were subsequently tested for object recall, object recognition and memory for the location of the objects. By systematically varying the retention intervals for each group, it was possible to match all three groups on object recall at sub-ceiling levels. When memory for the position of the objects was assessed at equivalent delays, the right TL group revealed disrupted spatial memory, compared with both left TL and control groups (P < 0.05). MRI was used to quantify the extent of temporal lobe resection in the two groups and a significant correlation between hippocampal removal and both recall of spatial location and object name recall in the right TL group only was shown. These data support the notion of a selective (but not exclusive) spatial memory impairment associated with right temporal lobe damage that is related to the integrity of the hippocampal functioning. (+info)Improvement by nefiracetam of beta-amyloid-(1-42)-induced learning and memory impairments in rats. (2/2556)
1. We have previously demonstrated that continuous i.c.v. infusion of amyloid beta-peptide (A beta), the major constituent of senile plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, results in learning and memory deficits in rats. 2. In the present study, we investigated the effects of nefiracetam [N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl) acetamide, DM-9384] on A beta-(1-42)-induced learning and memory deficits in rats. 3. In the A beta-(1-42)-infused rats, spontaneous alternation behaviour in a Y-maze task, spatial reference and working memory in a water maze task, and retention of passive avoidance learning were significantly impaired as compared with A beta-(40-1)-infused control rats. 4. Nefiracetam, at a dose range of 1-10 mg kg(-1), improved learning and memory deficits in the A beta-(1-42)-infused rats when it was administered p.o. 1 h before the behavioural tests. 5. Nefiracetam at a dose of 3 mg kg(-1) p.o. increased the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the hippocampus of A beta-(1-42)-infused rats. 6. Nefiracetam increased dopamine turnover in the cerebral cortex and striatum of A beta-(1-42)-infused rats, but failed to affect the noradrenaline, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid content. 7. These results suggest that nefiracetam may be useful for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease. (+info)Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after autologous bone marrow transplantation and alpha-interferon immunotherapy. (3/2556)
A patient with a stage IV mantle cell lymphoma (according to the REAL classification) was treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation. One year later while on alpha-interferon immunotherapy she suffered from progressive loss of short-term memory and reported difficulties in recognizing objects. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a vast ring-enhancing lesion of the left postcentral parietal area. Serial stereotactic biopsies disclosed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy without JC-virus in the cerebrospinal fluid. Therapy with subcutaneous interleukin-2 (IL-2) every other day and intrathecal cytarabine once a week was started. After 4 weeks the patient refused further treatment. Nevertheless her condition improved over the next 8 months and MRI scans showed a marked improvement in the lesions. (+info)Neuromyotonia: an unusual presentation of intrathoracic malignancy. (4/2556)
A 48 year old woman is described who presented with increasing muscular rigidity and who was found to have a mediastinal tumour. Electrophysiological studies revealed that the muscular stiffness resulted from very high frequency motor unit activity which outlasted voluntary effort, and which was abolished by nerve block. The abnormal activity may have arisen at the anterior horn cell level. Marked improvement followed the administration of diphenylhydantoin. (+info)Relation between neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings in patients with late whiplash syndrome. (5/2556)
OBJECTIVES: The interpretation of long term cognitive impairment after whiplash injury is still a problem for many physicians. On the grounds of nuclear medicine findings previous research speculated that brain damage is responsible for cognitive problems of patients with whiplash. To test this hypothesis the relation between neuroimaging and neuropsychological findings was analysed. METHODS: Twenty one patients (11 women, 10 men, mean age 42.2 (SD 8.6) years) with the late whiplash syndrome (average interval of trauma 26.1 (SD 20.7) months) referred for diagnostic action to the Department of Neurology were investigated. Assessment included computer assisted assessment of working memory and divided attention, neuroimaging (by the means of [99mTc]-HMPAO-SPECT, [15O]-H2O-PET and [18F]-FDG-PET), testing of emotional functioning (depression and anxiety ratings), and pain intensity at the time of testing. RESULTS: On average, scoring on tests of cognitive functioning was very low. However, no significant correlations were found between regional perfusion or metabolism in any brain area and the scores of divided attention or working memory. By contrast, significant relations were found between indices of impaired emotional functioning (state anxiety) and divided attention. In addition, low scoring in divided attention was significantly correlated with pain intensity at the time of testing. CONCLUSIONS: The present data do not provide evidence of a significant relation between detectable morphological or functional brain damage and impaired cognitive performance in the late whiplash syndrome. Results indicate triggering of emotional and cognitive symptoms on the basis of initial injury of the cervical spine. (+info)Cognitive deficits in spinocerebellar ataxia 2. (6/2556)
This is one of the first studies assessing the pattern of cognitive impairment in spinocerebellar ataxia 2 (SCA2). Cognitive function was studied in 17 patients with genetically confirmed SCA2 and 15 age- and IQ- matched controls using a neuropsychological test battery comprising tests for IQ, attention, verbal and visuospatial memory, as well as executive functions. Twenty-five percent of the SCA2 subjects showed evidence of dementia. Even in non-demented SCA2 subjects, there was evidence of verbal memory and executive dysfunction. Tests of visuospatial memory and attention were not significantly impaired in the non-demented group compared with controls. There was no relationship between test performance and motor disability, repeat length or age of onset, while disease duration was shown to be inversely correlated with two tests reflecting the progression of cognitive deficits during the course of the disease. Intellectual impairment should therefore not be interpreted as a secondary effect of progressive motor disability, but represents an important and independent part of the SCA2 phenotype. (+info)Path integration absent in scent-tracking fimbria-fornix rats: evidence for hippocampal involvement in "sense of direction" and "sense of distance" using self-movement cues. (7/2556)
Allothetic and idiothetic navigation strategies use very different cue constellations and computational processes. Allothetic navigation requires the use of the relationships between relatively stable external (visual, olfactory, auditory) cues, whereas idiothetic navigation requires the integration of cues generated by self-movement and/or efferent copy of movement commands. The flexibility with which animals can switch between these strategies and the neural structures that support these strategies are not well understood. By capitalizing on the proclivity of foraging rats to carry large food pellets back to a refuge for eating, the present study examined the contribution of the hippocampus to the use of allothetic versus idiothetic navigation strategies. Control rats and fimbria-fornix-ablated rats were trained to follow linear, polygonal, and octagonal scent trails that led to a piece of food. The ability of the rats to return to the refuge with the food via the shortest route using allothetic cues (visual cues and/or the odor trail available) or using ideothetic cues (the odor trail removed and the rats blindfolded or tested in infrared light) was examined. Control rats "closed the polygon" by returning directly home in all cue conditions. Fimbria-fornix rats successfully used allothetic cues (closed the polygon using visual cues or tracked back on the string) but were insensitive to the direction and distance of the refuge and were lost when restricted to idiothetic cues. The results support the hypothesis that the hippocampal formation is necessary for navigation requiring the integration of idiothetic cues. (+info)Early visual impairment is independent of the visuocognitive and memory disturbances in Alzheimer's disease. (8/2556)
Static and dynamic contrast sensitivity (SCS and DCS), semantic object identification, and verbal recall functions were evaluated in 20 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and in 20 control subjects. We found general SCS and DCS loss in the 0.48-14.34 c deg-1 spatial frequency range. In relation to the cognitive functions, semantic object identification was intact, whereas explicit memory was markedly impaired in the AD group. There was no significant correlation between the CS and the memory disturbances. The results suggest that early visual impairment and higher-level cognitive disturbances are independent in AD. (+info)Memory disorders are a category of cognitive impairments that affect an individual's ability to acquire, store, retain, and retrieve memories. These disorders can be caused by various underlying medical conditions, including neurological disorders, psychiatric illnesses, substance abuse, or even normal aging processes. Some common memory disorders include:
1. Alzheimer's disease: A progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects older adults and is characterized by a decline in cognitive abilities, including memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making skills.
2. Dementia: A broader term used to describe a group of symptoms associated with a decline in cognitive function severe enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, but other causes include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia.
3. Amnesia: A memory disorder characterized by difficulties in forming new memories or recalling previously learned information due to brain damage or disease. Amnesia can be temporary or permanent and may result from head trauma, stroke, infection, or substance abuse.
4. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI): A condition where an individual experiences mild but noticeable memory or cognitive difficulties that are greater than expected for their age and education level. While some individuals with MCI may progress to dementia, others may remain stable or even improve over time.
5. Korsakoff's syndrome: A memory disorder often caused by alcohol abuse and thiamine deficiency, characterized by severe short-term memory loss, confabulation (making up stories to fill in memory gaps), and disorientation.
It is essential to consult a healthcare professional if you or someone you know experiences persistent memory difficulties, as early diagnosis and intervention can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
In the context of medical and clinical neuroscience, memory is defined as the brain's ability to encode, store, retain, and recall information or experiences. Memory is a complex cognitive process that involves several interconnected regions of the brain and can be categorized into different types based on various factors such as duration and the nature of the information being remembered.
The major types of memory include:
1. Sensory memory: The shortest form of memory, responsible for holding incoming sensory information for a brief period (less than a second to several seconds) before it is either transferred to short-term memory or discarded.
2. Short-term memory (also called working memory): A temporary storage system that allows the brain to hold and manipulate information for approximately 20-30 seconds, although this duration can be extended through rehearsal strategies. Short-term memory has a limited capacity, typically thought to be around 7±2 items.
3. Long-term memory: The memory system responsible for storing large amounts of information over extended periods, ranging from minutes to a lifetime. Long-term memory has a much larger capacity compared to short-term memory and is divided into two main categories: explicit (declarative) memory and implicit (non-declarative) memory.
Explicit (declarative) memory can be further divided into episodic memory, which involves the recollection of specific events or episodes, including their temporal and spatial contexts, and semantic memory, which refers to the storage and retrieval of general knowledge, facts, concepts, and vocabulary, independent of personal experience or context.
Implicit (non-declarative) memory encompasses various forms of learning that do not require conscious awareness or intention, such as procedural memory (skills and habits), priming (facilitated processing of related stimuli), classical conditioning (associative learning), and habituation (reduced responsiveness to repeated stimuli).
Memory is a crucial aspect of human cognition and plays a significant role in various aspects of daily life, including learning, problem-solving, decision-making, social interactions, and personal identity. Memory dysfunction can result from various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and depression.
Alcohol Amnestic Disorder is not listed as a separate disorder in the current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental conditions. However, it was previously included in earlier editions as a subtype of Amnestic Disorder due to the effects of substance use or exposure to toxins.
Alcohol Amnestic Disorder is characterized by significant memory impairment that is directly caused by alcohol consumption. This disorder can result in anterograde amnesia, which is the inability to form new memories after drinking, and/or retrograde amnesia, which involves forgetting previously learned information or personal experiences.
The diagnosis of Alcohol Amnestic Disorder typically requires a comprehensive medical and neuropsychological evaluation to determine the extent and nature of memory impairment, as well as to rule out other potential causes for cognitive decline. Treatment usually involves a combination of abstinence from alcohol, pharmacotherapy, and psychosocial interventions to address substance use disorder and any co-occurring mental health conditions.
Amnesia is a condition characterized by memory loss, which can be temporary or permanent. It may result from brain damage or disease, and it can affect various aspects of memory, such as the ability to recall past events (retrograde amnesia), the ability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia), or both. Amnesia can also affect a person's sense of identity and their ability to learn new skills.
There are several types of amnesia, including:
1. Anterograde amnesia: This type of amnesia affects the ability to form new memories after an injury or trauma. People with anterograde amnesia may have difficulty learning new information and remembering recent events.
2. Retrograde amnesia: Retrograde amnesia affects the ability to recall memories that were formed before an injury or trauma. People with retrograde amnesia may have trouble remembering events, people, or facts from their past.
3. Transient global amnesia: This is a temporary form of amnesia that usually lasts for less than 24 hours. It is often caused by a lack of blood flow to the brain, and it can be triggered by emotional stress, physical exertion, or other factors.
4. Korsakoff's syndrome: This is a type of amnesia that is caused by alcohol abuse and malnutrition. It is characterized by severe memory loss, confusion, and disorientation.
5. Dissociative amnesia: This type of amnesia is caused by psychological factors, such as trauma or stress. People with dissociative amnesia may have trouble remembering important personal information or events that are emotionally charged.
The treatment for amnesia depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, memory may improve over time, while in other cases, it may be permanent. Treatment may involve medication, therapy, or rehabilitation to help people with amnesia cope with their memory loss and develop new skills to compensate for their memory impairments.
Neuropsychological tests are a type of psychological assessment that measures cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and perception. These tests are used to help diagnose and understand the cognitive impact of neurological conditions, including dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders that affect the brain.
The tests are typically administered by a trained neuropsychologist and can take several hours to complete. They may involve paper-and-pencil tasks, computerized tasks, or interactive activities. The results of the tests are compared to normative data to help identify any areas of cognitive weakness or strength.
Neuropsychological testing can provide valuable information for treatment planning, rehabilitation, and assessing response to treatment. It can also be used in research to better understand the neural basis of cognition and the impact of neurological conditions on cognitive function.
Cognitive disorders are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as brain injury, degenerative diseases, infection, substance abuse, or developmental disabilities. Examples of cognitive disorders include dementia, amnesia, delirium, and intellectual disability. It's important to note that the specific definition and diagnostic criteria for cognitive disorders may vary depending on the medical source or classification system being used.
Dementia is a broad term that describes a decline in cognitive functioning, including memory, language, problem-solving, and judgment, severe enough to interfere with daily life. It is not a specific disease but rather a group of symptoms that may be caused by various underlying diseases or conditions. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of cases. Other causes include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and Huntington's disease.
The symptoms of dementia can vary widely depending on the cause and the specific areas of the brain that are affected. However, common early signs of dementia may include:
* Memory loss that affects daily life
* Difficulty with familiar tasks
* Problems with language or communication
* Difficulty with visual and spatial abilities
* Misplacing things and unable to retrace steps
* Decreased or poor judgment
* Withdrawal from work or social activities
* Changes in mood or behavior
Dementia is a progressive condition, meaning that symptoms will gradually worsen over time. While there is currently no cure for dementia, early diagnosis and treatment can help slow the progression of the disease and improve quality of life for those affected.
Short-term memory, also known as primary or active memory, is the system responsible for holding and processing limited amounts of information for brief periods of time, typically on the order of seconds to minutes. It has a capacity of around 7±2 items, as suggested by George Miller's "magic number" theory. Short-term memory allows us to retain and manipulate information temporarily while we are using it, such as remembering a phone number while dialing or following a set of instructions. Information in short-term memory can be maintained through rehearsal, which is the conscious repetition of the information. Over time, if the information is not transferred to long-term memory through consolidation processes, it will be forgotten.
Immunologic memory, also known as adaptive immunity, refers to the ability of the immune system to recognize and mount a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposure to a pathogen or antigen that it has encountered before. This is a key feature of the vertebrate immune system and allows for long-term protection against infectious diseases.
Immunologic memory is mediated by specialized cells called memory T cells and B cells, which are produced during the initial response to an infection or immunization. These cells persist in the body after the pathogen has been cleared and can quickly respond to future encounters with the same or similar antigens. This rapid response leads to a more effective and efficient elimination of the pathogen, resulting in fewer symptoms and reduced severity of disease.
Immunologic memory is the basis for vaccines, which work by exposing the immune system to a harmless form of a pathogen or its components, inducing an initial response and generating memory cells that provide long-term protection against future infections.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. It's the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently.
The early signs of the disease include forgetting recent events or conversations. As the disease progresses, a person with Alzheimer's disease will develop severe memory impairment and lose the ability to carry out everyday tasks.
Currently, there's no cure for Alzheimer's disease. However, treatments can temporarily slow the worsening of dementia symptoms and improve quality of life.
The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:
1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.
The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.
The hippocampus is a complex, curved formation in the brain that resembles a seahorse (hence its name, from the Greek word "hippos" meaning horse and "kampos" meaning sea monster). It's part of the limbic system and plays crucial roles in the formation of memories, particularly long-term ones.
This region is involved in spatial navigation and cognitive maps, allowing us to recognize locations and remember how to get to them. Additionally, it's one of the first areas affected by Alzheimer's disease, which often results in memory loss as an early symptom.
Anatomically, it consists of two main parts: the Ammon's horn (or cornu ammonis) and the dentate gyrus. These structures are made up of distinct types of neurons that contribute to different aspects of learning and memory.
Long-term memory is the cognitive system that stores information for extended periods of time, ranging from hours to a lifetime. It is responsible for the retention and retrieval of factual knowledge (semantic memory), personal experiences (episodic memory), skills (procedural memory), and other types of information. Long-term memory has a larger capacity compared to short-term or working memory, and its contents are more resistant to interference and forgetting. The formation and consolidation of long-term memories often involve the hippocampus and other medial temporal lobe structures, as well as widespread cortical networks.
Episodic memory is a type of declarative (explicit) memory that involves the ability to recall and mentally reexperience specific events or episodes, including their temporal and spatial contexts. It is the memory for particular events or episodes that are embedded in a personal autobiographical timeline, along with the details of what happened, where it happened, who was involved, and when it happened. Episodic memories are often formed through conscious effort and can be voluntarily retrieved. They are susceptible to interference and decay over time, making them less reliable than other types of memory.
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.
Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.
There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:
* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.
The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.
A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.
Anxiety disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or anxiety that interfere with daily activities. They include several different types of disorders, such as:
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This is characterized by chronic and exaggerated worry and tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it.
2. Panic Disorder: This is characterized by recurring unexpected panic attacks and fear of experiencing more panic attacks.
3. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Also known as social phobia, this is characterized by excessive fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social situations due to feelings of embarrassment, self-consciousness, and concern about being judged or viewed negatively by others.
4. Phobias: These are intense, irrational fears of certain objects, places, or situations. When a person with a phobia encounters the object or situation they fear, they may experience panic attacks or other severe anxiety responses.
5. Agoraphobia: This is a fear of being in places where it may be difficult to escape or get help if one has a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms.
6. Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD): This is characterized by excessive anxiety about separation from home or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (such as a parent, sibling, or partner).
7. Selective Mutism: This is a disorder where a child becomes mute in certain situations, such as at school, but can speak normally at home or with close family members.
These disorders are treatable with a combination of medication and psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy). It's important to seek professional help if you suspect that you or someone you know may have an anxiety disorder.
Mood disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by significant and persistent changes in mood, affect, and emotional state. These disorders can cause disturbances in normal functioning and significantly impair an individual's ability to carry out their daily activities. The two primary types of mood disorders are depressive disorders (such as major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder) and bipolar disorders (which include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder).
Depressive disorders involve prolonged periods of low mood, sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. Individuals with these disorders may also experience changes in sleep patterns, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem. In severe cases, they might have thoughts of death or suicide.
Bipolar disorders involve alternating episodes of mania (or hypomania) and depression. During a manic episode, individuals may feel extremely elated, energetic, or irritable, with racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive behavior. They might engage in risky activities, have decreased sleep needs, and display poor judgment. In contrast, depressive episodes involve the same symptoms as depressive disorders.
Mood disorders can be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Proper diagnosis and treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, are essential for managing these conditions and improving quality of life.
"Mental recall," also known as "memory recall," refers to the ability to retrieve or bring information from your memory storage into your conscious mind, so you can think about, use, or apply it. This process involves accessing and retrieving stored memories in response to certain cues or prompts. It is a fundamental cognitive function that allows individuals to remember and recognize people, places, events, facts, and experiences.
In the context of medical terminology, mental recall may be used to assess an individual's cognitive abilities, particularly in relation to memory function. Impairments in memory recall can be indicative of various neurological or psychological conditions, such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease, or amnesia.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It is widely used by mental health professionals in the United States and around the world to diagnose and classify mental health conditions.
The DSM includes detailed descriptions of symptoms, clinical examples, and specific criteria for each disorder, which are intended to facilitate accurate diagnosis and improve communication among mental health professionals. The manual is regularly updated to reflect current research and clinical practice, with the most recent edition being the DSM-5, published in 2013.
It's important to note that while the DSM is a valuable tool for mental health professionals, it is not without controversy. Some critics argue that the manual medicalizes normal human experiences and that its categories may be too broad or overlapping. Nonetheless, it remains an essential resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in the field of mental health.
Maze learning is not a medical term per se, but it is a concept that is often used in the field of neuroscience and psychology. It refers to the process by which an animal or human learns to navigate through a complex environment, such as a maze, in order to find its way to a goal or target.
Maze learning involves several cognitive processes, including spatial memory, learning, and problem-solving. As animals or humans navigate through the maze, they encode information about the location of the goal and the various landmarks within the environment. This information is then used to form a cognitive map that allows them to navigate more efficiently in subsequent trials.
Maze learning has been widely used as a tool for studying learning and memory processes in both animals and humans. For example, researchers may use maze learning tasks to investigate the effects of brain damage or disease on cognitive function, or to evaluate the efficacy of various drugs or interventions for improving cognitive performance.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also simply referred to as depression, is a serious mental health condition characterized by the presence of one or more major depressive episodes. A major depressive episode is a period of at least two weeks during which an individual experiences a severely depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities, accompanied by at least four additional symptoms such as significant changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
MDD can significantly impair an individual's ability to function in daily life, and it is associated with increased risks of suicide, substance abuse, and other mental health disorders. The exact cause of MDD is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a complex interplay of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy) and medication (such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants).
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with hyperactivity is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. The condition is characterized by symptoms including:
1. Difficulty paying attention or staying focused on a single task
2. Impulsivity, or acting without thinking
3. Hyperactivity, or excessive fidgeting, restlessness, or talking
In order to be diagnosed with ADHD with hyperactivity, an individual must exhibit these symptoms to a degree that is developmentally inappropriate and interferes with their daily functioning. Additionally, the symptoms must have been present for at least six months and be present in multiple settings (e.g., at home, school, work).
It's important to note that ADHD can manifest differently in different people, and some individuals may experience predominantly inattentive or impulsive symptoms rather than hyperactive ones. However, when the hyperactive component is prominent, it is referred to as ADHD with hyperactivity.
Effective treatments for ADHD with hyperactivity include a combination of medication (such as stimulants) and behavioral therapy. With appropriate treatment, individuals with ADHD can learn to manage their symptoms and lead successful, fulfilling lives.
A depressive disorder is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities. It can also include changes in sleep, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem, as well as thoughts of death or suicide. Depressive disorders can vary in severity and duration, with some people experiencing mild and occasional symptoms, while others may have severe and chronic symptoms that interfere with their ability to function in daily life.
There are several types of depressive disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder (PDD), and postpartum depression. MDD is characterized by symptoms that interfere significantly with a person's ability to function and last for at least two weeks, while PDD involves chronic low-grade depression that lasts for two years or more. Postpartum depression occurs in women after childbirth and can range from mild to severe.
Depressive disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy (talk therapy), and lifestyle changes.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, serious accident, war combat, rape, or violent personal assault. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), PTSD is characterized by the following symptoms, which must last for more than one month:
1. Intrusion symptoms: These include distressing memories, nightmares, flashbacks, or intense psychological distress or reactivity to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.
2. Avoidance symptoms: Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event, including thoughts, feelings, conversations, activities, places, or people.
3. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood: This includes negative beliefs about oneself, others, or the world; distorted blame of self or others for causing the trauma; persistent negative emotional state; decreased interest in significant activities; and feelings of detachment or estrangement from others.
4. Alterations in arousal and reactivity: This includes irritable behavior and angry outbursts, reckless or self-destructive behavior, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, problems with concentration, and sleep disturbance.
5. Duration of symptoms: The symptoms must last for more than one month.
6. Functional significance: The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
It is essential to note that PTSD can occur at any age and can be accompanied by various physical and mental health problems, such as depression, substance abuse, memory problems, and other difficulties in cognition. Appropriate treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, can significantly improve the symptoms and overall quality of life for individuals with PTSD.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health disorder characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are intrusive, unwanted, and often distressing. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rigid rules, and which are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing some dreaded event or situation. These obsessions and/or compulsions cause significant distress, take up a lot of time (an hour or more a day), and interfere with the individual's daily life, including social activities, relationships, and work or school performance. OCD is considered a type of anxiety disorder and can also co-occur with other mental health conditions.
In the context of medicine and healthcare, learning is often discussed in relation to learning abilities or disabilities that may impact an individual's capacity to acquire, process, retain, and apply new information or skills. Learning can be defined as the process of acquiring knowledge, understanding, behaviors, and skills through experience, instruction, or observation.
Learning disorders, also known as learning disabilities, are a type of neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to learn and process information in one or more areas, such as reading, writing, mathematics, or reasoning. These disorders are not related to intelligence or motivation but rather result from differences in the way the brain processes information.
It is important to note that learning can also be influenced by various factors, including age, cognitive abilities, physical and mental health status, cultural background, and educational experiences. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of an individual's learning abilities and needs should take into account these various factors to provide appropriate support and interventions.
Autistic Disorder, also known as Autism or Classic Autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication and behavior. It is characterized by:
1. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, including:
* Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity;
* Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction;
* Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships.
2. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least two of the following:
* Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech;
* Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior;
* Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus;
* Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment.
3. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period (but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities) and limit or impair everyday functioning.
4. Symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder or other psychotic disorders.
Autistic Disorder is part of the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), which also include Asperger's Syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). The current diagnostic term for this category of conditions, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Fear is a basic human emotion that is typically characterized by a strong feeling of anxiety, apprehension, or distress in response to a perceived threat or danger. It is a natural and adaptive response that helps individuals identify and respond to potential dangers in their environment, and it can manifest as physical, emotional, and cognitive symptoms.
Physical symptoms of fear may include increased heart rate, rapid breathing, sweating, trembling, and muscle tension. Emotional symptoms may include feelings of anxiety, worry, or panic, while cognitive symptoms may include difficulty concentrating, racing thoughts, and intrusive thoughts about the perceived threat.
Fear can be a normal and adaptive response to real dangers, but it can also become excessive or irrational in some cases, leading to phobias, anxiety disorders, and other mental health conditions. In these cases, professional help may be necessary to manage and overcome the fear.
Psychotic disorders are a group of severe mental health conditions characterized by distorted perceptions, thoughts, and emotions that lead to an inability to recognize reality. The two most common symptoms of psychotic disorders are hallucinations and delusions. Hallucinations are when a person sees, hears, or feels things that aren't there, while delusions are fixed, false beliefs that are not based on reality.
Other symptoms may include disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms such as apathy and lack of emotional expression. Schizophrenia is the most well-known psychotic disorder, but other types include schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, shared psychotic disorder, and substance-induced psychotic disorder.
Psychotic disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, brain chemistry imbalances, trauma, and substance abuse. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, therapy, and support services to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
A phobic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by an excessive and irrational fear or avoidance of specific objects, situations, or activities. This fear can cause significant distress and interfere with a person's daily life. Phobic disorders are typically classified into three main categories: specific phobias (such as fear of heights, spiders, or needles), social phobia (or social anxiety disorder), and agoraphobia (fear of open spaces or situations where escape might be difficult).
People with phobic disorders often recognize that their fear is excessive or unreasonable, but they are unable to control it. When exposed to the feared object or situation, they may experience symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, and difficulty breathing. These symptoms can be so distressing that individuals with phobic disorders go to great lengths to avoid the feared situation, which can have a significant impact on their quality of life.
Treatment for phobic disorders typically involves cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps individuals identify and challenge their irrational thoughts and fears, as well as exposure therapy, which gradually exposes them to the feared object or situation in a safe and controlled environment. In some cases, medication may also be recommended to help manage symptoms of anxiety.
Association learning, also known as associative learning, is a type of learning in which an individual learns to associate two stimuli or a response with a particular outcome. This can occur through classical conditioning or operant conditioning.
In classical conditioning, first described by Ivan Pavlov, an initially neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) is repeatedly paired with a biologically significant stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus), until the conditioned stimulus elicits a response (the conditioned response) similar to that of the unconditioned stimulus. For example, a dog may learn to salivate at the sound of a bell if the bell is repeatedly rung just before it is fed.
In operant conditioning, described by B.F. Skinner, behavior is modified by its consequences, with desired behaviors being reinforced and undesired behaviors being punished. For example, a child may learn to put their toys away if they are given a reward for doing so.
Association learning is an important mechanism in the acquisition of many types of knowledge and skills, and it plays a key role in the development and modification of behavior.
Medical Definition:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.
Substance-related disorders, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), refer to a group of conditions caused by the use of substances such as alcohol, drugs, or medicines. These disorders are characterized by a problematic pattern of using a substance that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. They can be divided into two main categories: substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders. Substance use disorders involve a pattern of compulsive use despite negative consequences, while substance-induced disorders include conditions such as intoxication, withdrawal, and substance/medication-induced mental disorders. The specific diagnosis depends on the type of substance involved, the patterns of use, and the presence or absence of physiological dependence.
Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) are a group of conditions that affect the development and functioning of the brain, leading to delays in many areas of development. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) has replaced the term "pervasive developmental disorders" with "autism spectrum disorder" and "other neurodevelopmental disorders."
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The symptoms of ASD can range from mild to severe, and the condition affects approximately 1 in 54 children in the United States.
Other neurodevelopmental disorders that were previously classified as PDDs include:
1. Intellectual disability (ID): a condition characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disorder used to be referred to as "mental retardation."
2. Communication disorders: these are disorders that affect an individual's ability to communicate, including language disorders, speech sound disorders, and stuttering.
3. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
4. Specific learning disorder: a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to learn and use specific academic skills, such as reading, writing, or mathematics.
5. Motor disorders: these are disorders that affect an individual's movement and coordination, including developmental coordination disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, and tic disorders.
The medical definition of 'Child Development Disorders, Pervasive' has been replaced with more specific diagnoses in the DSM-5 to better reflect the diverse nature of these conditions and improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning.
Verbal learning is a type of learning that involves the acquisition, processing, and retrieval of information presented in a verbal or written form. It is often assessed through tasks such as list learning, where an individual is asked to remember a list of words or sentences after a single presentation or multiple repetitions. Verbal learning is an important aspect of cognitive functioning and is commonly evaluated in neuropsychological assessments to help identify any memory or learning impairments.
Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and utilizing information. These processes include perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. Cognitive functions allow us to interact with our environment, understand and respond to stimuli, learn new skills, and remember experiences.
In a medical context, cognitive function is often assessed as part of a neurological or psychiatric evaluation. Impairments in cognition can be caused by various factors, such as brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), infections, toxins, and mental health conditions. Assessing cognitive function helps healthcare professionals diagnose conditions, monitor disease progression, and develop treatment plans.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.
ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.
ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "spatial behavior" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a concept that is used in various fields, including psychology, neuroscience, and robotics, to refer to the way that organisms or machines navigate and interact with their environment based on spatial relationships and coordinates.
In a broader context, "spatial behavior" can sometimes be used to describe certain aspects of human behavior related to how people move and interact within spaces, such as in architecture, urban planning, or ergonomics. However, it is not a term that is typically used in medical diagnoses or treatments.
If you have any specific questions about a concept related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!
Reaction time, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the time period between the presentation of a stimulus and the subsequent initiation of a response. This complex process involves the central nervous system, particularly the brain, which perceives the stimulus, processes it, and then sends signals to the appropriate muscles or glands to react.
There are different types of reaction times, including simple reaction time (responding to a single, expected stimulus) and choice reaction time (choosing an appropriate response from multiple possibilities). These measures can be used in clinical settings to assess various aspects of neurological function, such as cognitive processing speed, motor control, and alertness.
However, it is important to note that reaction times can be influenced by several factors, including age, fatigue, attention, and the use of certain medications or substances.
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales are standardized assessment tools used by mental health professionals to evaluate and rate the severity of a person's psychiatric symptoms and functioning. These scales provide a systematic and structured approach to measuring various aspects of an individual's mental health, such as mood, anxiety, psychosis, behavior, and cognitive abilities.
The purpose of using Psychiatric Status Rating Scales is to:
1. Assess the severity and improvement of psychiatric symptoms over time.
2. Aid in diagnostic decision-making and treatment planning.
3. Monitor treatment response and adjust interventions accordingly.
4. Facilitate communication among mental health professionals about a patient's status.
5. Provide an objective basis for research and epidemiological studies.
Examples of Psychiatric Status Rating Scales include:
1. Clinical Global Impression (CGI): A brief, subjective rating scale that measures overall illness severity, treatment response, and improvement.
2. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): A comprehensive scale used to assess the symptoms of psychosis, including positive, negative, and general psychopathology domains.
3. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) or Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS): Scales used to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms.
4. Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS): A scale used to assess the severity of manic or hypomanic symptoms.
5. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R): Scales that measure a broad range of psychiatric symptoms and psychopathology.
6. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF): A scale used to rate an individual's overall psychological, social, and occupational functioning on a hypothetical continuum of mental health-illness.
It is important to note that Psychiatric Status Rating Scales should be administered by trained mental health professionals to ensure accurate and reliable results.
Avoidance learning is a type of conditioning in which an individual learns to act in a certain way to avoid experiencing an unpleasant or aversive stimulus. It is a form of learning that occurs when an organism changes its behavior to avoid a negative outcome or situation. This can be seen in both animals and humans, and it is often studied in the field of psychology and neuroscience.
In avoidance learning, the individual learns to associate a particular cue or stimulus with the unpleasant experience. Over time, they learn to perform an action to escape or avoid the cue, thereby preventing the negative outcome from occurring. For example, if a rat receives an electric shock every time it hears a certain tone, it may eventually learn to press a lever to turn off the tone and avoid the shock.
Avoidance learning can be adaptive in some situations, as it allows individuals to avoid dangerous or harmful stimuli. However, it can also become maladaptive if it leads to excessive fear or anxiety, or if it interferes with an individual's ability to function in daily life. For example, a person who has been attacked may develop a phobia of public places and avoid them altogether, even though this limits their ability to engage in social activities and live a normal life.
In summary, avoidance learning is a type of conditioning in which an individual learns to act in a certain way to avoid experiencing an unpleasant or aversive stimulus. It can be adaptive in some situations but can also become maladaptive if it leads to excessive fear or anxiety or interferes with daily functioning.
In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.
For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.
Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.
Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.
Conduct Disorder is a mental health disorder that typically begins in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a repetitive pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms and rules. The behaviors fall into four main categories: aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules.
The specific symptoms of Conduct Disorder can vary widely among individuals, but they generally include:
1. Aggression to people and animals: This may include physical fights, bullying, threatening others, cruelty to animals, and use of weapons.
2. Destruction of property: This may include deliberate destruction of others' property, arson, and vandalism.
3. Deceitfulness or theft: This may include lying, shoplifting, stealing, and breaking into homes, buildings, or cars.
4. Serious violation of rules: This may include running away from home, truancy, staying out late without permission, and frequent violations of school rules.
Conduct Disorder can have serious consequences for individuals who suffer from it, including academic failure, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and difficulties in interpersonal relationships. It is important to note that Conduct Disorder should be diagnosed by a qualified mental health professional based on a comprehensive evaluation.
A learning disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to acquire, process, and use information in one or more academic areas despite normal intelligence and adequate instruction. It can manifest as difficulties with reading (dyslexia), writing (dysgraphia), mathematics (dyscalculia), or other academic skills. Learning disorders are not the result of low intelligence, lack of motivation, or environmental factors alone, but rather reflect a significant discrepancy between an individual's cognitive abilities and their academic achievement. They can significantly impact a person's ability to perform in school, at work, and in daily life, making it important to diagnose and manage these disorders effectively.
The prefrontal cortex is the anterior (frontal) part of the frontal lobe in the brain, involved in higher-order cognitive processes such as planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behavior. It also plays a significant role in working memory and executive functions. The prefrontal cortex is divided into several subregions, each associated with specific cognitive and emotional functions. Damage to the prefrontal cortex can result in various impairments, including difficulties with planning, decision making, and social behavior regulation.
'Animal behavior' refers to the actions or responses of animals to various stimuli, including their interactions with the environment and other individuals. It is the study of the actions of animals, whether they are instinctual, learned, or a combination of both. Animal behavior includes communication, mating, foraging, predator avoidance, and social organization, among other things. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology. This field seeks to understand the evolutionary basis for behaviors as well as their physiological and psychological mechanisms.
Tic disorders are a group of conditions characterized by the presence of repetitive, involuntary movements or sounds, known as tics. These movements or sounds can vary in complexity and severity, and they may be worsened by stress or strong emotions.
There are several different types of tic disorders, including:
1. Tourette's disorder: This is a neurological condition characterized by the presence of both motor (movement-related) and vocal tics that have been present for at least one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
2. Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder: This type of tic disorder is characterized by the presence of either motor or vocal tics (but not both), which have been present for at least one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
3. Provisional tic disorder: This type of tic disorder is characterized by the presence of motor or vocal tics (or both) that have been present for less than one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
4. Tic disorder not otherwise specified: This category is used to describe tic disorders that do not meet the criteria for any of the other types of tic disorders.
Tic disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and they often co-occur with other conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Treatment for tic disorders may include behavioral therapy, medication, or a combination of both.
In a medical or psychological context, attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on certain aspects of the environment while ignoring other things. It involves focusing mental resources on specific stimuli, sensory inputs, or internal thoughts while blocking out irrelevant distractions. Attention can be divided into different types, including:
1. Sustained attention: The ability to maintain focus on a task or stimulus over time.
2. Selective attention: The ability to concentrate on relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant ones.
3. Divided attention: The capacity to pay attention to multiple tasks or stimuli simultaneously.
4. Alternating attention: The skill of shifting focus between different tasks or stimuli as needed.
Deficits in attention are common symptoms of various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as ADHD, dementia, depression, and anxiety disorders. Assessment of attention is an essential part of neuropsychological evaluations and can be measured using various tests and tasks.
Brain mapping is a broad term that refers to the techniques used to understand the structure and function of the brain. It involves creating maps of the various cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes in the brain by correlating these processes with physical locations or activities within the nervous system. Brain mapping can be accomplished through a variety of methods, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scans, electroencephalography (EEG), and others. These techniques allow researchers to observe which areas of the brain are active during different tasks or thoughts, helping to shed light on how the brain processes information and contributes to our experiences and behaviors. Brain mapping is an important area of research in neuroscience, with potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
The amygdala is an almond-shaped group of nuclei located deep within the temporal lobe of the brain, specifically in the anterior portion of the temporal lobes and near the hippocampus. It forms a key component of the limbic system and plays a crucial role in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. The amygdala is involved in the integration of sensory information with emotional responses, memory formation, and decision-making processes.
In response to emotionally charged stimuli, the amygdala can modulate various physiological functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and stress hormone release, via its connections to the hypothalamus and brainstem. Additionally, it contributes to social behaviors, including recognizing emotional facial expressions and responding appropriately to social cues. Dysfunctions in amygdala function have been implicated in several psychiatric and neurological conditions, such as anxiety disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.
The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.
C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.
One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.
Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.
Psychomotor performance refers to the integration and coordination of mental processes (cognitive functions) with physical movements. It involves the ability to perform complex tasks that require both cognitive skills, such as thinking, remembering, and perceiving, and motor skills, such as gross and fine motor movements. Examples of psychomotor performances include driving a car, playing a musical instrument, or performing surgical procedures.
In a medical context, psychomotor performance is often used to assess an individual's ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), such as bathing, dressing, cooking, cleaning, and managing medications. Deficits in psychomotor performance can be a sign of neurological or psychiatric disorders, such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, or depression.
Assessment of psychomotor performance may involve tests that measure reaction time, coordination, speed, precision, and accuracy of movements, as well as cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. These assessments can help healthcare professionals develop appropriate treatment plans and monitor the progression of diseases or the effectiveness of interventions.
CD8-positive T-lymphocytes, also known as CD8+ T cells or cytotoxic T cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the adaptive immune system. They are named after the CD8 molecule found on their surface, which is a protein involved in cell signaling and recognition.
CD8+ T cells are primarily responsible for identifying and destroying virus-infected cells or cancerous cells. When activated, they release cytotoxic granules that contain enzymes capable of inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in the target cells. They also produce cytokines such as interferon-gamma, which can help coordinate the immune response and activate other immune cells.
CD8+ T cells are generated in the thymus gland and are a type of T cell, which is a lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They recognize and respond to specific antigens presented on the surface of infected or cancerous cells in conjunction with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules.
Overall, CD8+ T cells are an essential component of the immune system's defense against viral infections and cancer.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together, leading to an association between them. This concept was first introduced by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, in his studies on classical conditioning in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
In classical conditioning, there are typically two types of stimuli involved: the unconditioned stimulus (US) and the neutral stimulus (NS). The US is a stimulus that naturally triggers a response, known as the unconditioned response (UR), in an organism. For example, food is an US that triggers salivation, which is the UR, in dogs.
The NS, on the other hand, is a stimulus that does not initially trigger any response in the organism. However, when the NS is repeatedly paired with the US, it becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) and begins to elicit a conditioned response (CR). The CR is similar to the UR but is triggered by the CS instead of the US.
For example, if Pavlov repeatedly rang a bell (NS) just before presenting food (US) to a dog, the dog would eventually start salivating (CR) in response to the bell (CS) even when food was not presented. This is an example of classical conditioning.
Classical conditioning has been widely studied and is believed to play a role in various physiological processes, such as learning, memory, and emotion regulation. It has also been used in various applications, including behavioral therapy and advertising.
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. It often includes hallucinations (usually hearing voices), delusions, paranoia, and disorganized speech and behavior. The onset of symptoms typically occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood. Schizophrenia is a complex, chronic condition that requires ongoing treatment and management. It significantly impairs social and occupational functioning, and it's often associated with reduced life expectancy due to comorbid medical conditions. The exact causes of schizophrenia are not fully understood, but research suggests that genetic, environmental, and neurodevelopmental factors play a role in its development.
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a mental health disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, and mood, as well as marked impulsivity that begins by early adulthood and is present in various contexts.
Individuals with BPD often experience intense and fluctuating emotions, ranging from profound sadness, anxiety, and anger to feelings of happiness or calm. They may have difficulty managing these emotions, leading to impulsive behavior, self-harm, or suicidal ideation.
People with BPD also tend to have an unstable sense of self, which can lead to rapid changes in their goals, values, and career choices. They often struggle with feelings of emptiness and boredom, and may engage in risky behaviors such as substance abuse, reckless driving, or binge eating to alleviate these feelings.
Interpersonal relationships are often strained due to the individual's fear of abandonment, intense emotional reactions, and difficulty regulating their emotions. They may experience idealization and devaluation of others, leading to rapid shifts in how they view and treat people close to them.
Diagnosis of BPD is typically made by a mental health professional using criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is published by the American Psychiatric Association. Treatment for BPD may include psychotherapy, medication, and support groups to help individuals manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.
The temporal lobe is one of the four main lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain, located on each side of the head roughly level with the ears. It plays a major role in auditory processing, memory, and emotion. The temporal lobe contains several key structures including the primary auditory cortex, which is responsible for analyzing sounds, and the hippocampus, which is crucial for forming new memories. Damage to the temporal lobe can result in various neurological symptoms such as hearing loss, memory impairment, and changes in emotional behavior.
Somatoform disorders are a group of psychological disorders characterized by the presence of physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition or substance abuse. These symptoms cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The individual's belief about the symptoms is not consistent with the medical evaluation and often leads to excessive or repeated medical evaluations.
Examples of somatoform disorders include:
1. Somatization disorder: characterized by multiple physical symptoms that cannot be explained medically, affecting several parts of the body.
2. Conversion disorder: characterized by the presence of one or more neurological symptoms (such as blindness, paralysis, or difficulty swallowing) that cannot be explained medically and appear to have a psychological origin.
3. Pain disorder: characterized by chronic pain that is not fully explained by a medical condition.
4. Hypochondriasis: characterized by an excessive preoccupation with having a serious illness, despite reassurance from medical professionals.
5. Body dysmorphic disorder: characterized by the obsessive idea that some aspect of one's own body part or appearance is severely flawed and warrants exceptional measures to hide or fix it.
It's important to note that these disorders are not caused by intentional deceit or malingering, but rather reflect a genuine belief in the presence of physical symptoms and distress related to them.
Sleep disorders are a group of conditions that affect the ability to sleep well on a regular basis. They can include problems with falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early in the morning. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, medical conditions, or substance abuse.
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) recognizes over 80 distinct sleep disorders, which are categorized into the following major groups:
1. Insomnia - difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
2. Sleep-related breathing disorders - abnormal breathing during sleep such as obstructive sleep apnea.
3. Central disorders of hypersomnolence - excessive daytime sleepiness, including narcolepsy.
4. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders - disruption of the internal body clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
5. Parasomnias - abnormal behaviors during sleep such as sleepwalking or night terrors.
6. Sleep-related movement disorders - repetitive movements during sleep such as restless legs syndrome.
7. Isolated symptoms and normal variants - brief and occasional symptoms that do not warrant a specific diagnosis.
Sleep disorders can have significant impacts on an individual's quality of life, productivity, and overall health. If you suspect that you may have a sleep disorder, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or a sleep specialist for proper evaluation and treatment.
In the context of medicine, "cues" generally refer to specific pieces of information or signals that can help healthcare professionals recognize and respond to a particular situation or condition. These cues can come in various forms, such as:
1. Physical examination findings: For example, a patient's abnormal heart rate or blood pressure reading during a physical exam may serve as a cue for the healthcare professional to investigate further.
2. Patient symptoms: A patient reporting chest pain, shortness of breath, or other concerning symptoms can act as a cue for a healthcare provider to consider potential diagnoses and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
3. Laboratory test results: Abnormal findings on laboratory tests, such as elevated blood glucose levels or abnormal liver function tests, may serve as cues for further evaluation and diagnosis.
4. Medical history information: A patient's medical history can provide valuable cues for healthcare professionals when assessing their current health status. For example, a history of smoking may increase the suspicion for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in a patient presenting with respiratory symptoms.
5. Behavioral or environmental cues: In some cases, behavioral or environmental factors can serve as cues for healthcare professionals to consider potential health risks. For instance, exposure to secondhand smoke or living in an area with high air pollution levels may increase the risk of developing respiratory conditions.
Overall, "cues" in a medical context are essential pieces of information that help healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care and treatment.
Aging is a complex, progressive and inevitable process of bodily changes over time, characterized by the accumulation of cellular damage and degenerative changes that eventually lead to increased vulnerability to disease and death. It involves various biological, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that contribute to the decline in physical and mental functions. The medical field studies aging through the discipline of gerontology, which aims to understand the underlying mechanisms of aging and develop interventions to promote healthy aging and extend the human healthspan.
Photic stimulation is a medical term that refers to the exposure of the eyes to light, specifically repetitive pulses of light, which is used as a method in various research and clinical settings. In neuroscience, it's often used in studies related to vision, circadian rhythms, and brain function.
In a clinical context, photic stimulation is sometimes used in the diagnosis of certain medical conditions such as seizure disorders (like epilepsy). By observing the response of the brain to this light stimulus, doctors can gain valuable insights into the functioning of the brain and the presence of any neurological disorders.
However, it's important to note that photic stimulation should be conducted under the supervision of a trained healthcare professional, as improper use can potentially trigger seizures in individuals who are susceptible to them.
Lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) are a group of diseases characterized by the excessive proliferation of lymphoid cells, which are crucial components of the immune system. These disorders can arise from both B-cells and T-cells, leading to various clinical manifestations ranging from benign to malignant conditions.
LPDs can be broadly classified into reactive and neoplastic categories:
1. Reactive Lymphoproliferative Disorders: These are typically triggered by infections, autoimmune diseases, or immunodeficiency states. They involve an exaggerated response of the immune system leading to the excessive proliferation of lymphoid cells. Examples include:
* Infectious mononucleosis (IM) caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
* Lymph node enlargement due to various infections or autoimmune disorders
* Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), which occurs in the context of immunosuppression following organ transplantation
2. Neoplastic Lymphoproliferative Disorders: These are malignant conditions characterized by uncontrolled growth and accumulation of abnormal lymphoid cells, leading to the formation of tumors. They can be further classified into Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Examples include:
* Hodgkin lymphoma (HL): Classical HL and nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL
* Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): Various subtypes, such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and Burkitt lymphoma
It is important to note that the distinction between reactive and neoplastic LPDs can sometimes be challenging, requiring careful clinical, histopathological, immunophenotypic, and molecular evaluations. Proper diagnosis and classification of LPDs are crucial for determining appropriate treatment strategies and predicting patient outcomes.
Repression in psychology is a defense mechanism that involves pushing unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or memories into the unconscious mind to avoid conscious awareness of them. This process occurs automatically and unconsciously as a way for individuals to cope with anxiety-provoking or distressing material. Repressed experiences may still influence behavior and emotions but are not directly accessible to consciousness. It's important to note that repression is different from suppression, which is a conscious and intentional effort to push away unwanted thoughts or feelings.
Dissociative disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by disruptions or dysfunctions in memory, consciousness, identity, or perception. These disturbances can be sudden or ongoing and can interfere significantly with a person's ability to function in daily life. The main types of dissociative disorders include:
1. Dissociative Amnesia: This disorder is characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually due to trauma or stress.
2. Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder): In this disorder, a person exhibits two or more distinct identities or personalities that recurrently take control of their behavior.
3. Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder: This disorder involves persistent or recurring feelings of detachment from one's self (depersonalization) or the environment (derealization).
4. Other Specified Dissociative Disorder and Unspecified Dissociative Disorder: These categories are used for disorders that do not meet the criteria for any of the specific dissociative disorders but still cause significant distress or impairment.
Dissociative disorders often develop as a way to cope with trauma, stress, or other overwhelming life experiences. Treatment typically involves psychotherapy, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), as well as medication for co-occurring conditions such as anxiety or depression.
Neuronal plasticity, also known as neuroplasticity or neural plasticity, refers to the ability of the brain and nervous system to change and adapt as a result of experience, learning, injury, or disease. This can involve changes in the structure, organization, and function of neurons (nerve cells) and their connections (synapses) in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Neuronal plasticity can take many forms, including:
* Synaptic plasticity: Changes in the strength or efficiency of synaptic connections between neurons. This can involve the formation, elimination, or modification of synapses.
* Neural circuit plasticity: Changes in the organization and connectivity of neural circuits, which are networks of interconnected neurons that process information.
* Structural plasticity: Changes in the physical structure of neurons, such as the growth or retraction of dendrites (branches that receive input from other neurons) or axons (projections that transmit signals to other neurons).
* Functional plasticity: Changes in the physiological properties of neurons, such as their excitability, responsiveness, or sensitivity to stimuli.
Neuronal plasticity is a fundamental property of the nervous system and plays a crucial role in many aspects of brain function, including learning, memory, perception, and cognition. It also contributes to the brain's ability to recover from injury or disease, such as stroke or traumatic brain injury.
Comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional health conditions or diseases alongside a primary illness or condition. These co-occurring health issues can have an impact on the treatment plan, prognosis, and overall healthcare management of an individual. Comorbidities often interact with each other and the primary condition, leading to more complex clinical situations and increased healthcare needs. It is essential for healthcare professionals to consider and address comorbidities to provide comprehensive care and improve patient outcomes.
Emotions are complex psychological states that involve three distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response. Emotions can be short-lived, such as a flash of anger, or more long-lasting, such as enduring sadness. They can also vary in intensity, from mild irritation to intense joy or fear.
Emotions are often distinguished from other psychological states, such as moods and temperament, which may be less specific and more enduring. Emotions are typically thought to have a clear cause or object, such as feeling happy when you receive good news or feeling anxious before a job interview.
There are many different emotions that people can experience, including happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, and shame. These emotions are often thought to serve important adaptive functions, helping individuals respond to challenges and opportunities in their environment.
In medical contexts, emotions may be relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of various mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety disorders, and bipolar disorder. Abnormalities in emotional processing and regulation have been implicated in many psychiatric illnesses, and therapies that target these processes may be effective in treating these conditions.
Eating disorders and memory
Memory disorder
Epigenetics of anxiety and stress-related disorders
List of people with bipolar disorder
Neurodevelopmental disorder
Developmental language disorder
Sleep disorder
Developmental coordination disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management
Substance use disorder
Opioid use disorder
Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Borderline personality disorder
Speech disorder
Post-traumatic embitterment disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder after World War II
Disorder 6
Schizotypal personality disorder
Major depressive disorder
Depersonalization-derealization disorder
Shift work sleep disorder
Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Haltlose personality disorder
Mental disorder
Bipolar disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Associated features of bipolar disorder
Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
Eating disorders and memory - Wikipedia
Memory Disorders Division
Establishing Positive Memories can Fight Off Anxiety Disorders
Memory Disorders
Idaho Falls mayor announces memory disorder - Local News 8
Exploring the role of prion-like proteins in memory disorders - Scope
Memory and cognitive disorders clinic | NSW Government
Vitamin E In All Of Its Natural Forms Fights Memory Disorders, Including Alzheimer's
Neurosciences - Memory Disorders, Alzheimer's & Dementias (Neurodegenerative Diseases)
Pharmacists can improve the care patients receive in memory disorder clinics
Gifts in Honor/Memory - NBIA Disorders Association
Are items actively removed from working memory during free time in children with developmental language disorder?
Video: A California Teen's Research on Bees' Memory Is Helping Avert Colony Collapse Disorder - The 74
Effective Strategies for Information-Processing & Memory Difficulties - Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
SLA Biomedical & Life Sciences Division Blog: The Amygdala's Role In Learning, Memory, Social Intelligence, Criminal...
Positive Autobiographical Memories in the Context of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | Society of Clinical Psychology
ERIC - EJ1019683 - Learning and Memory Impairments in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,...
Memory Loss - Neurologic Disorders - MSD Manual Professional Edition
Do Females with Bulimia Nervosa and Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified Have Selective Memory Biases? - Department of...
Sunshine Village to Host Program for People with Memory Disorders - Health Care News
Deciphering structural and magnetic disorder in the chiral skyrmion host materials Co x Zn y Mn z ( x + y + z = 20 ...
Gwyneth Paltrow's Body Double Details Struggle With Eating Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
30 Tips on Managing Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) at Home | HealthyPlace
Duke Neurological Disorders Clinic at Morreene Road | Durham, NC
Burke Opioid Use Disorder and Substance Use Disorder Resources - DRNC
Memory disorders | ArchiveSearch
Disorder on Steam
Effects of bipolar disorder on the brain
Alzheimer's11
- With MCI, memory issues are not as significant as with Alzheimer's or other forms of dementia. (baycare.org)
- The most common disease affecting memory, Alzheimer's affects an estimated 5.2 million Americans. (baycare.org)
- We wanted to find out more about MCI and learned it's a fairly recent diagnosis to cover memory issues that do not fall into the category of Alzheimer's or dementia. (localnews8.com)
- Over on the Mind the Brain blog, Stanford psychiatrist Shaili Jain , MD, discusses disorders of memory, including post-traumatic stress disorder and Alzheimer's, with Nobel Laureate Eric Kandel , MD. (stanford.edu)
- People with vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and other memory disorders are all invited to attend with their family members. (healthcarenews.com)
- Locomotor activity, emotionality, sensori-motor gating, learning and memory in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. (uams.edu)
- The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer's disease, but other neurological disorders can lead to its onset. (hnnclinic.com)
- Dr. Hashwani has successfully managed a full range of dementia-related diseases: Alzheimer's, frontotemporal disorders, Lewy Body Dementia, vascular dementia, and mixed dementia. (hnnclinic.com)
- The Alzheimer's and Memory Disorders Program at Barrow Neurological Institute, led by Anna D. Burke, MD, is committed to providing comprehensive clinical care for patients with memory disorders. (supportbarrow.org)
- See what we achieved in research and patient care last year by downloading the FY23 Alzheimer's and Memory Disorders Stewardship Report below. (supportbarrow.org)
- This fellowship will graduate physicians who have the clinical skills to care for individuals with Alzheimer's, dementia and other cognitive disorders, as well as the scientific skills to become leaders in researching the risks, predictors, prevention, diagnostic tests and potential treatments. (supportbarrow.org)
Dementia14
- We have several specialized services: the Memory Disorders Unit (MDU), the Frontotemporal Disorders Unit (FTD), the Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus clinic, and the Lewy body Dementia clinic. (massgeneral.org)
- Dementia is the umbrella name referring to a group of symptoms that includes memory loss (cognitive impairment) as well as problems with judgment, language, orientation and the performing of daily functions (functional impairment). (baycare.org)
- The Concord informant questionnaire for diagnosis of dementia needs to be completed by either the patient or a carer before an appointment with a memory clinic. (nsw.gov.au)
- Patients with memory disorders or dementia are particularly vulnerable to adverse effects from potentially inappropriate medications. (pharmacist.com)
- Sometimes family members rather than the patient report the memory loss (typically in an older adults, often one with dementia). (msdmanuals.com)
- Such concern is based on the common knowledge that the first sign of dementia typically is memory loss. (msdmanuals.com)
- However, most memory loss does not represent the onset of dementia. (msdmanuals.com)
- Memory loss may be a sign of dementia . (medlineplus.gov)
- Dementia and memory disorders are conditions that can significantly affect a person's ability to function independently. (sagebrushhealth.com)
- The symptoms of dementia and memory disorders can vary depending on the underlying cause. (sagebrushhealth.com)
- The diagnosis of dementia and memory disorders involves a thorough evaluation of a person's cognitive function. (sagebrushhealth.com)
- Unfortunately, there is no cure for dementia and memory disorders. (sagebrushhealth.com)
- While there is no guaranteed way to prevent dementia and memory disorders, there are several lifestyle factors that may reduce the risk of developing these conditions. (sagebrushhealth.com)
- Dementia and memory disorders are complex conditions that require careful evaluation and management. (sagebrushhealth.com)
Neurological5
- They're caused by neurological damage that impacts the ability to retain, recall and store memories and can be progressive in nature (i.e. (baycare.org)
- At Duke Neurological Disorders Clinic at Morreene Road, we are dedicated to providing state-of-the-art, efficient, and compassionate neurology care. (dukehealth.org)
- You may be eligible to participate in clinical trials to learn more about neurological disorders and develop better treatments. (dukehealth.org)
- Restless legs syndrome (RLS)-also known as Willis-Ekbom Disease, primary RLS, and idiopathic RLS- is a neurological disorder that causes unpleasant or uncomfortable sensations in your legs and an irresistible urge to move them. (nih.gov)
- Some neurological disorders are associated with impairment of memory. (brainkart.com)
Impairment14
- Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) may be an early memory disorder problem. (baycare.org)
- The Idaho Falls mayor revealed Thursday that he has been diagnosed with a mild-short term memory impairment. (localnews8.com)
- I was recently diagnosed with mild cognitive memory impairment, and basically what the means is I have a few issues with short term memory. (localnews8.com)
- MCI means 'mild cognitive impairment,' and it's a term that was devised to include patients that have primarily memory or amnesia and they don't have the other problems in cognitive skills such and judgement, decision making, visual spatial skills, language problems," said local neurologist Erich Garland. (localnews8.com)
- Age-associated memory impairment refers to the worsening of memory that occurs with aging. (msdmanuals.com)
- Age-associated memory impairment leads to occasional forgetfulness (eg, misplacing car keys) or embarrassment. (msdmanuals.com)
- Patients with mild cognitive impairment have actual memory loss, rather than the sometimes slow memory retrieval from relatively preserved memory storage in age-matched controls. (msdmanuals.com)
- Mild cognitive impairment tends to affect short-term (also called episodic) memory first. (msdmanuals.com)
- mild cognitive impairment is now sometimes defined as impairment in memory and/or other cognitive functions that is not severe enough to affect daily function. (msdmanuals.com)
- Feigning memory impairment in a forced-choice task: Evidence from event-related potentials. (uams.edu)
- In severe cases, such memory impairment may interfere with daily living activities. (medlineplus.gov)
- They also maintain that it is important to distinguish people who merely follow a non-mainstream theory of healthy eating from those whose disordered eating patterns lead to impairment of physical, psychological, or social well-being. (drweil.com)
- Broken Memories: Case Studies in Memory Impairment. (auth.gr)
- Faced with a lack of effective treatments to prevent cognitive impairment, clinicians traditionally have proposed background music as a candidate alternative therapy for improving performance on memory tasks. (medscape.com)
Post-traumati7
- Anchoring new, positive experiences in the person's memory can improve the treatment of anxiety-related problems and post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). (medindia.net)
- Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), is a mental condition triggered by a traumatic event. (medindia.net)
- This is the only way to avoid repeatedly falling prey to unnecessary fear responses and to thus become resilient to developing a post-traumatic stress disorder," explained Dr. Anna Gerlicher, first author of the study paper. (medindia.net)
- They cover everything from panic disorder, phobias and obsessive compulsive disorder to post-traumatic stress disorder. (bbc.co.uk)
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) follows a severe of terrifying emotional experience. (bbc.co.uk)
- I have been formally diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder (DID) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) . (healthline.com)
- It presents and analyzes the results of the application of a treatment called Memory-Time-Processing: A Rescue Metaphor in 12 steps a treatment for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). (bvsalud.org)
Symptoms14
- If you or someone you know has a memory disorder and you want to learn more, listen to our podcast series on memory disorders where our doctors discuss different types of memory disorders, symptoms, tips for caregivers and more. (baycare.org)
- There are wide ranges of symptoms that indicate the possibility of a memory disorder. (baycare.org)
- Second, trauma survivors with PTSD symptoms experience difficulties retrieving both specific traumatic and positive autobiographical memories . (div12.org)
- Other symptoms (eg, depression, confusion, personality change, difficulty with activities of daily living) may be present depending on the cause of memory loss. (msdmanuals.com)
- Alcohol use disorder can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the number of symptoms you have. (webmd.com)
- RLS is both a sleep disorder, because the symptoms are triggered by resting and attempting to sleep, and a movement disorder, because people with RLS are forced to move their legs in order to relieve symptoms. (nih.gov)
- You might experience remissions-periods in which symptoms decrease or disappear for weeks or months-usually during the early stages of the disorder. (nih.gov)
- The main difference between the two is that ADHD creates more consistent patterns of behavior, while bipolar disorder can occur in cycles, with a manic episode mimicking many of the symptoms of ADHD. (psychcentral.com)
- What causes anxiety disorders and what are their symptoms? (bbc.co.uk)
- It also can trigger symptoms of seasonal affective disorder Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. (sleepfoundation.org)
- Seasonal affective disorder, or SAD, is "a condition in which people experience many symptoms often seen in depression but during times of shorter daylight," says Dr. Alex Dimitriu, founder of Menlo Park Psychiatry & Sleep Medicine , in Menlo Park, California, and a SleepFoundation.org medical-review panel member. (sleepfoundation.org)
- One of the reasons DID is so hard to diagnose is because it shares a lot of symptoms with other disorders. (healthline.com)
- Self-reported subjective cognitive difficulties (subjective deficits) and rumination are central residual cognitive symptoms following major depressive disorder (MDD). (lu.se)
- Computerized working memory training (CWMT) shows promising results, but findings are inconclusive regarding which symptoms improve following this intervention, and its long-term effects. (lu.se)
Diagnosis5
- Over one or two appointments, we will perform exams and order tests to determine what could be causing problems with memory or thinking, zero in on a diagnosis, and create a personalized treatment plan. (dukehealth.org)
- One study showed that this dual diagnosis is more common in men with bipolar I disorder. (psychcentral.com)
- Orthorexia nervosa is not yet recognized as an official diagnosis, and experts are divided as to whether it is a true eating disorder. (drweil.com)
- I am grateful for Dr. Burke and the entire Barrow memory disorders team for giving Connie and I a clear understanding of her diagnosis and for their compassionate sense of support. (supportbarrow.org)
- The diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder is made when the patient has features of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder but does not strictly meet diagnostic criteria for either alone. (medscape.com)
Fetal Alcohol S1
- Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are conditions characterized by physical anomalies, neurodevelopmental abnormalities, and neurocognitive deficits, including intellectual, executive, and memory deficits. (nih.gov)
PTSD9
- 2013). Trauma exposure takes a toll on societies and individuals, leading to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for a sizable minority of individuals (Magruder et al. (div12.org)
- 2017). PTSD is characterized by intrusive thoughts and trauma-related memories, avoidance of trauma-related triggers, maladaptive changes in thinking and affective processes, and alterations in arousal and reactivity (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). (div12.org)
- Substantial observational, experimental, and neurobiological research suggests that the experience of a trauma and PTSD entails disruptions in several aspects of both traumatic and positive autobiographical memories, including the capacity to learn information, the content of memories, as well as memory processes such as encoding, storage, and retrieval (e.g. (div12.org)
- As such, intervening on memory-related processes has been a key focus when treating PTSD. (div12.org)
- In this manuscript, we will discuss evidence that supports addressing positive memories in PTSD interventions, as well as future directions for this line of work. (div12.org)
- Why Should We Address Positive Autobiographical Memories in PTSD Interventions? (div12.org)
- Indeed, a recently published scoping review concluded that individuals with PTSD generally retrieve fewer specific positive autobiographical memories compared to individuals without PTSD, and that individuals with experiences of childhood interpersonal traumas retrieve fewer specific positive autobiographical memories (Contractor, Caldas, Dolan, et al. (div12.org)
- 2022). Regarding PTSD symptom clusters, in a study of 203 trauma-exposed community participants, more PTSD symptom cluster severity (i.e., intrusions, negative alterations in cognitions/mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity) was associated with fewer retrieved specific positive autobiographical memories (Contractor et al. (div12.org)
- Often people with PTSD suffer from other related anxiety disorders. (bbc.co.uk)
Parkinson's1
- Individuals living with the movement disorder Parkinson's disease have an increased risk of developing RLS. (nih.gov)
Depression4
- Former names for bipolar disorder include manic -depressive illness and manic depression. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- People who suffer from anxiety disorders may also have other mental illnesses, such as depression. (bbc.co.uk)
- Obsessive compulsive disorders often start in adolescene or early adulthood and may be linked to other mental health problems, such as depression. (bbc.co.uk)
- It is a perplexing mental illness that has both features of schizophrenia (eg, hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking) and features of a mood disorder (eg, depression or mania). (medscape.com)
Bipolar Disorder28
- How does bipolar disorder affect the brain? (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that can cause extreme changes in mood. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- People with bipolar disorder may experience extreme shifts in mood, meaning that they can rapidly move from feeling depressed to having an episode of mania. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- This article looks at the differences between the brains of people with bipolar disorder and those of people without the condition. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- It also answers some commonly asked questions about bipolar disorder. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Bipolar disorder affects multiple structures in the brain, as well as the organ's function. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Experts believe that bipolar disorder is associated with the smaller size of certain regions of the brain and with changes in the brain's chemicals. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In some cases, it is unknown whether changes to the brain cause bipolar disorder or result from the condition. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- What happens in the brain of someone with bipolar disorder? (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The brain of a person with bipolar disorder can differ in many ways from the brain of a person without the disorder. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- One contributing factor to bipolar disorder is an imbalance of certain chemicals in the brain called neurotransmitters. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Experts also believe that there are structural changes in the brain of somebody living with bipolar disorder, with certain regions of the brain experiencing a reduction in size. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Bipolar disorder can affect all regions of the brain, both structurally and functionally. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A 2016 meta-analysis found a significantly lower volume of gray matter in the brains of people with bipolar disorder compared with those of people without the condition. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In one 2021 study , researchers did not find consistent differences in brain volume between people with or without bipolar disorder. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In people with bipolar disorder, parts of the hippocampus may be smaller than in people without a mood disorder, although research findings have not always been consistent. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The study involved 152 people who did not have a mood disorder, 133 who had bipolar disorder, and 86 who had major depressive disorder. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The researchers compared the MRI scans and found that certain parts of the hippocampus were smaller in people with bipolar disorder than in those in the other two groups. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Experts believe that bipolar disorder is associated with a chemical imbalance in the brain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- ADHD and Bipolar Disorder: Is There a Link? (psychcentral.com)
- If you think you may be living with ADHD, bipolar disorder, or both, you're not alone. (psychcentral.com)
- Understanding the similarities and differences between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder can help you find the treatment plan that's right for you, if needed. (psychcentral.com)
- Research shows that up to 20% of adults living with bipolar disorder also have a co-occurrence of ADHD. (psychcentral.com)
- Bipolar disorder is usually diagnosed by the time you're in your late 20s, but not always. (psychcentral.com)
- Research shows that bipolar disorder can onset, on average, 4 years earlier when ADHD is also present. (psychcentral.com)
- Research shows that those who live with both ADHD and bipolar disorder have an increased chance of suicidal ideation and substance use disorder (SUD) , particularly around alcohol. (psychcentral.com)
- Research shows that those who live with both ADHD and bipolar disorder have an increased chance of conflict in the family. (psychcentral.com)
- In the past, I was incorrectly diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and bipolar disorder before we discovered that I had DID. (healthline.com)
Impairments8
- Many memory impairments exist as a result from or cause of eating disorders. (wikipedia.org)
- In regard to mental health, individuals with eating disorders appear to have impairments in executive functioning, visual-spatial ability, divided and sustained attention, verbal functioning, learning, and memory. (wikipedia.org)
- Some memory impairments found in individuals with ED, are due to nutritional deficiencies, as well as various cognitive and attentional biases. (wikipedia.org)
- Neurobiological differences have been found in individuals with ED compared to healthy individuals, and these differences are reflected in specific memory impairments. (wikipedia.org)
- There are certain treatments and effects of treatments, aimed at these ED-specific memory impairments. (wikipedia.org)
- There are three particular diagnoses of eating disorders that have been linked to memory impairments: anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED). (wikipedia.org)
- Hippocampal protein kinase D1 is necessary for DHPG-induced learning and memory impairments in rats. (uams.edu)
- Intellectual and memory impairments. (medlineplus.gov)
Psychiatry1
- You might think, 'If I'm still tired, I'll get more sleep,' but with SAD, the answer isn't always more sleep," says Dr. Norman E. Rosenthal , a clinical professor of psychiatry at Georgetown School of Medicine in Washington, D.C., who first coined the term "seasonal affective disorder" in the 1980s. (sleepfoundation.org)
Neurology1
- Of the 192 total pharmacist recommendations, 32% were accepted by providers within the memory disorder clinic, a subspecialty clinic located within a neurology group practice. (pharmacist.com)
Diagnostic and St3
- The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says someone has alcohol use disorder if they meet two or more of 11 criteria in one 12-month period. (webmd.com)
- From there, they will conduct a psychological evaluation to see if you meet both sets of criteria based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) . (psychcentral.com)
- Schizoaffective disorder can be defined according to either Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition ( DSM-5 ) , criteria (see below) or International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision ( ICD-10 ) coding. (medscape.com)
Deficits3
- The study indicates that learning and delayed memory processes are impaired in both combined and inattentive subtypes of ADHD and that the deficits are not merely an artifact of IQ. (ed.gov)
- Das A, Brasseux S. Improvement in Memory Deficits With Memantine in Mania Secondary to Traumatic Brain Injury and Preexisting Perinatal Birth Injury. (uams.edu)
- Early treatment with C1 esterase inhibitor improves weight but not memory deficits in a rat model of status epilepticus. (uams.edu)
SCHIZOPHRENIA2
- Schizoaffective disorder is a perplexing mental illness that has both features of schizophrenia and features of a mood disorder. (medscape.com)
- Unfortunately, it is often difficult to determine whether a patient has 1 of the 2 distinct illnesses (schizophrenia or a mood disorder), a combination of the 2 illnesses (schizophrenia with a mood disorder), or perhaps even a different illness entirely. (medscape.com)
Long-term memories3
- How does an individual's brain form and stabilize long-term memories and what is the role played by factors such as spontaneous neural consolidation processes, which occur after a new, positive experience is learned? (medindia.net)
- His latest study showed how prion-like proteins, which are similar to the prions behind bovine spongiform encephalopathy and Creutzfeld-Jakob disease , are key for maintaining long-term memories in mice - and likely other mammals. (stanford.edu)
- Our executive functioning also slows down: We might have trouble making decisions, forming long-term memories, thinking creatively and solving problems. (sharecare.com)
Forgetfulness2
- However, for those people with a memory disorder, forgetfulness occurs frequently and affects their work and ability to function on a daily basis. (baycare.org)
- Memory loss is unusual forgetfulness. (medlineplus.gov)
Mild1
- King said Fuhriman has amnestic mild cognitive disorder. (localnews8.com)
Behaviour4
- Schema-related: display maladaptive perceptions of food, shape, weight and self that lead to obsessive attention on and enhanced memory for these items, leading to maintaining the eating disorder thought and eating behaviour. (wikipedia.org)
- Some studies have shown contradictory results to ED individuals' heightened attention and enhanced memory, however the difference could be attributed to an anxiety-induced response and avoidance behaviour. (wikipedia.org)
- People who have obsessive compulsive disorders resort to ritualised behaviour as a means of overcoming irrational fears. (bbc.co.uk)
- Many people have compulsive behaviour, but it is only when it begins to interfere with daily activities and relationships that it becomes a serious disorder. (bbc.co.uk)
Etiology1
- Etiology reference Memory loss is a common complaint in the primary care setting. (msdmanuals.com)
Patterns2
- Eating disorders (EDs) are characterized by abnormal and disturbed eating patterns that affect the lives of the individuals who worry about their weight to the extreme. (wikipedia.org)
- They also discovered that the activity patterns relevant to the memories were dependent on the neurotransmitter dopamine, known as the reward hormone. (medindia.net)
Lapses2
- These disorders cause lapses in memories that can affect both the short and long-term memory ability. (baycare.org)
- People with severe memory loss may have dangerous lapses, such as forgetting to turn off a stove, to lock the house when leaving, or to keep track of an infant or child they are supposed to watch. (msdmanuals.com)
Bulimia nervosa3
- All types of eating disorders (bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, and EDNOS) consistently display attentional biases towards disorder-related stimuli specific to their ED. Examples of disorder-related stimuli include food, shape, weight and size. (wikipedia.org)
- Selective memory bias: studies have been done on individuals with bulimia nervosa, suggesting selective memory bias exists for positive and negative weight-related items compared to emotional items. (wikipedia.org)
- Do Females with Bulimia Nervosa and Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified Have Selective Memory Biases? (ox.ac.uk)
Obsessive-compulsi2
- Lochner C, Mogotsi M, du Toit PL, Kaminer D, Niehaus DJ, Stein D . Quality of life in anxiety disorders: a comparison of obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. (nature.com)
- Bystritsky A, Saxena S, Maidment K, Vapnik T, Tarlow G, Rosen R . Quality-of-life changes among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder in a partial hospitalization program. (nature.com)
Cognitive disorders1
- Patients with memory or cognitive disorders can access specialist appointments, tests and procedures without being admitted to hospital. (nsw.gov.au)
Anxiety disorders9
- This is the basic premise underlying resilience research and the therapies used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders. (medindia.net)
- Several epidemiological studies confirmed that Anxiety Disorders as a group are the most prevalent psychiatric conditions in the United States. (nature.com)
- Anxiety disorders are treatable conditions and respond to the front-line interventions such as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behavioral therapy. (nature.com)
- Leon AC, Portera L, Weissman MM . The social costs of anxiety disorders. (nature.com)
- Anxiety Disorders Association of America Website (ADAA.org). (nature.com)
- Advances in the psychosocial treatment of anxiety disorders. (nature.com)
- Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental illlnesses in the UK. (bbc.co.uk)
- There are several possible reasons for anxiety disorders, including biological and environmental factors such as genetics, biochemical changes in the brain and traumatic life events. (bbc.co.uk)
- Anxiety disorders often respond well to treatment. (bbc.co.uk)
Social Anxiety1
- Social anxiety disorder is a common mental health problem where a person is abnormally fearful of social situations, sometimes severe enough to affect daily life. (medindia.net)
Psychiatric disorders2
- Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. (nature.com)
- Decrements in working memory play a key role in many behavioral and psychiatric disorders, therefore identifying modifiable environmental risk factors for such decrements is important for mitigating these disorders. (cdc.gov)
Suicidal1
- The group of anxiety patients that is resistant to the treatment has been shown to have very poor quality of life and have highest rate of suicidal attempts than any other disorders. (nature.com)
Behavioral1
- have memory loss plus evidence of cognitive and behavioral dysfunction. (msdmanuals.com)
Retrieval5
- This heightened attention to disorder-related stimuli leads to higher levels of encoding, consolidation and retrieval of this information, acting as a potential cause for the mental maintenance of the disorder(s). (wikipedia.org)
- 2003). Such treatment non-response and dropout may be attributed to memory-related processes, such as broader difficulties with trauma memory retrieval and the anticipated fear of anxiety-related sensations during exposure to trauma memories (Belleau et al. (div12.org)
- Further, retrieval of one positive memory increases the likelihood of retrieving other positive memories, and the affect experienced when recalling positive memories tends to remain for a substantial period of time (Ritchie et al. (div12.org)
- The hippocampus is an area of the brain that is important for emotional control, including the stress response, and memory formation and retrieval. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The positive effects of background music on autobiographical memory and in lexical retrieval have been demonstrated. (medscape.com)
Diseases1
- Such memory loss is due to other diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
Seasonal affectiv6
- Do We Lose Sleep to Seasonal Affective Disorder? (sleepfoundation.org)
- People with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) sleep 52.9 minutes less in October than in September, according to a survey. (sleepfoundation.org)
- You might think, 'If I'm still tired, I'll get more sleep,' but with (seasonal affective disorder), the answer isn't always more sleep. (sleepfoundation.org)
- My cat suffers badly from seasonal affective disorder (SAD). (pictures-of-cats.org)
- You can see that Valerie has struggled to convince her vet to treat seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in her cat. (pictures-of-cats.org)
- I 100% know that Pip suffers with Seasonal Affective Disorder . (pictures-of-cats.org)
Patients13
- Anorexia nervosa (AN) Patients with AN show a strong explicit memory bias towards anorexia-related words. (wikipedia.org)
- At BayCare, we treat a wide range of memory disorders, with our patients receiving an array of services designed to minimize the long-term impact of the disorder. (baycare.org)
- In Jain's conversation with Kandel, she asks him how these new findings may translate clinically and impact patients diagnosed with memory disorders. (stanford.edu)
- This clinic sees patients with memory or cognitive concerns who are over 70 years of age (55 years for Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people) or over 65 years if they have multiple chronic and complex issues. (nsw.gov.au)
- In her clinic setting, where the study was carried out, Aladeen said the team frequently comes across patients with memory disorders who could benefit from a medication review by a pharmacist. (pharmacist.com)
- Patients can connect with the clinic for an examination and evaluation of their memory problems including neuroimaging and cognitive testing, and work with the clinic to develop a treatment plan," said Aladeen. (pharmacist.com)
- Given sufficient time to think and answer questions, patients with this condition can usually do so, indicating intact memory and cognitive functions. (msdmanuals.com)
- However, memory for remote events is typically intact, as is attention (also called working memory-patients can repeat lists of items and do simple calculations). (msdmanuals.com)
- Eating disorder specialists report seeing more and more patients with orthorexia nervosa and the problems associated with it. (drweil.com)
- Grateful Barrow patients and families share how the memory disorders team impacted their lives. (supportbarrow.org)
- In-person Memory Cafés sessions gathered participants into a large group and then separate into breakout groups for care partners and patients. (supportbarrow.org)
- The Questionnaire is useful for investigating alcohol consumption in patients with schizoaffective disorder. (medscape.com)
- The researchers found that music's positive effects on memory were modulated by differences between patients regarding the use of music in their lives. (medscape.com)
20221
- 2022). Thus, discussing positive memories in a therapeutic setting may be appealing and beneficial to clients. (div12.org)
Deprivation2
- Health Topics sleep disorders Do You Know the Signs of Sleep Deprivation? (sharecare.com)
- The 2006 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation indicates that the average basal sleep needs of adults is approximately 7 to 8 hours per night, and the optimal sleep duration for adolescents is 9 hours per night (1). (cdc.gov)
Autobiographical1
- First, positive autobiographical memories have characteristics that individuals find appealing, valuable, and beneficial . (div12.org)
Severe2
- As memory loss becomes more severe, people may not remember to pay bills or keep appointments. (msdmanuals.com)
- DID is one of the most severe types of dissociative disorders. (healthline.com)
Treatment5
- The researchers see their findings as offering potential for gaining new insights into the fundamental mechanisms of memory formation and for developing possible new ways to improve the prevention and treatment of post-traumatic stress. (medindia.net)
- The clinic staff consists of a neurologist specializing in the treatment of memory disorders, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, social workers, a neuropsychologist, and a care coordinator. (pharmacist.com)
- After all is said and done, the effectiveness of any treatment for this disorder depends upon the knowledge and the persistence of the parent. (healthyplace.com)
- Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders, 1990 to 2003. (nature.com)
- Treatment depends on the cause of memory loss. (medlineplus.gov)
People16
- In people with this condition, it takes longer to form new memories (eg, a new neighbor's name, a new computer password) and to learn new complex information and tasks (eg, work procedures, computer programs). (msdmanuals.com)
- CHICOPEE - Sunshine Village is introducing its Sunbeam Social Club, designed for people with memory loss and their family members. (healthcarenews.com)
- The day is designed to shine a light on the millions of people living with memory disorders. (healthcarenews.com)
- This program is intended to provide joy to both people with memory disorders and their care partners. (healthcarenews.com)
- research coordinators, and other experts, all of whom are trained in helping people living with memory disorders. (dukehealth.org)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Memory Disorders" by people in UAMS Profiles by year, and whether "Memory Disorders" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uams.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Memory Disorders" by people in Profiles over the past ten years. (uams.edu)
- Ten percent of people over age 65, and half of those over 85, develop memory and thinking problems. (hnnclinic.com)
- This was also true for people with major depressive disorder. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- They noted that these size reductions in areas of the hippocampus were most distinct in people who had bipolar I disorder, which is typically characterized by periods of extreme mania. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- An estimated 16 million people -- adults and adolescents -- in the U.S. have alcohol use disorder. (webmd.com)
- Different things can cause alcohol use disorder or make it more likely in different people. (webmd.com)
- For people facing mental or substance use disorders, call SAMHSA's National Helpline at 800-662-4357. (psychcentral.com)
- People who suffer from these disorders have repeated panic attacks which are often difficult to predict. (bbc.co.uk)
- It remains to be seen whether music might boost the effects of cognitive stimulation in people with age-related disorders. (medscape.com)
- People who are accustomed to using music as an emotional regulator in their daily lives achieved higher performance in the memory task when exposed to arousing music," Calabria told Univadis Spain . (medscape.com)
Adolescents4
- The objective of the present study was to examine acquisition, free delayed memory, and recognition skills in medication naive children and adolescents aged 8-16 years with ADHD combined subtype (36 participants) and inattentive subtype (45) compared to 50 healthy controls (HC) aged 8-17 years. (ed.gov)
- Prenatal exposure to chemical mixtures and working memory among adolescents. (cdc.gov)
- We investigated the association of organochlorines (DDE, HCB, PCBs) and metals (lead, manganese ) measured in cord serum and cord blood, respectively, with working memory measured with the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, 2nd Edition among 373 adolescents living near a Superfund site in New Bedford, Massachusetts. (cdc.gov)
- This study provided evidence of an adverse joint association of a chemical mixture with a verbal working memory task among adolescents, as well as an adverse association of prenatal manganese exposure with working memory. (cdc.gov)
Alzheimer Disease1
- Semantic Memory in the Clinical Progression of Alzheimer Disease. (uams.edu)
Illness3
- The results of these studies suggest that there are clear differences in the explicit cognitive processing of stimuli between AN individuals and healthy controls and that length of the illness can affect the extent of these memory biases. (wikipedia.org)
- Illness anxiety disorder is a health phobia and the person is preoccupied with a belief that he or she is seriously ill. (medindia.net)
- Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic illness in which you can't stop or control your drinking even though it's hurting your social life, your job, or your health. (webmd.com)
Biases2
- Individuals with eating disorders display several memory and attentional biases to food, shape, weight and size. (wikipedia.org)
- Specific memory biases include: Directed-forgetting: individuals with eating disorders, particularly anorexia nervosa, display more difficulty in forgetting information or cues related to body, shape and food than those without eating disorders. (wikipedia.org)
Association's1
- All gifts will benefit the NBIA Disorders Association's work to improve the lives of individuals and families affected by NBIA while supporting research to find a cure. (nbiadisorders.org)
Alcohol2
Positive Memories1
- In this regard, a relatively unexplored and promising target is processing positive memories. (div12.org)
Recall3
- They were then tested explicitly with cued recall and it was found that the AN participants better favored the anorexia-related words, showing a schema-related memory bias. (wikipedia.org)
- You may not be able to remember new events, recall one or more memories of the past, or both. (medlineplus.gov)
- In healthy individuals, the positive effects of background music on learning and memory recall are still controversial. (medscape.com)
Mental disorder2
- The accused policeman is believed to be suffering from a mental disorder. (outlookindia.com)
- DID has a reputation for being the most difficult mental disorder to diagnose. (healthline.com)