The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.
The premature cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) when the last menstrual period occurs in a woman under the age of 40. It is due to the depletion of OVARIAN FOLLICLES. Premature MENOPAUSE can be caused by diseases; OVARIECTOMY; RADIATION; chemicals; and chromosomal abnormalities.
The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, DYSPAREUNIA, and progressive development of OSTEOPOROSIS. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy.
The transitional period before and after MENOPAUSE. Perimenopausal symptoms are associated with irregular MENSTRUAL CYCLE and widely fluctuated hormone levels. They may appear 6 years before menopause and subside 2 to 5 years after menopause.
The physiological period following the MENOPAUSE, the permanent cessation of the menstrual life.
A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections.
Physiologic period, characterized by endocrine, somatic, and psychic changes with the termination of ovarian function in the female. It may also accompany the normal diminution of sexual activity in the male.
Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency.
The first MENSTRUAL CYCLE marked by the initiation of MENSTRUATION.
The period before MENOPAUSE. In premenopausal women, the climacteric transition from full sexual maturity to cessation of ovarian cycle takes place between the age of late thirty and early fifty.
The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.
Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.
An important aggregate factor in epidemiological studies of women's health. The concept usually includes the number and timing of pregnancies and their outcomes, the incidence of breast feeding, and may include age of menarche and menopause, regularity of menstruation, fertility, gynecological or obstetric problems, or contraceptive usage.
The concept covering the physical and mental conditions of women.
Excision of the uterus.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
The periodic shedding of the ENDOMETRIUM and associated menstrual bleeding in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE of humans and primates. Menstruation is due to the decline in circulating PROGESTERONE, and occurs at the late LUTEAL PHASE when LUTEOLYSIS of the CORPUS LUTEUM takes place.
Six-carbon alicyclic hydrocarbons which contain one or more double bonds in the ring. The cyclohexadienes are not aromatic, in contrast to BENZOQUINONES which are sometimes called 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diones.
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.
Vinyl compounds, in the context of medical materials, refer to synthetic polymers made from vinyl chloride or vinyl acetate monomers, which are used in the production of various medical devices and supplies such as blood bags, intravenous (IV) bags, tubing, and gloves due to their flexibility, transparency, and resistance to chemicals and heat.
Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.
The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.
The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.
A pharmaceutical preparation containing a mixture of water-soluble, conjugated estrogens derived wholly or in part from URINE of pregnant mares or synthetically from ESTRONE and EQUILIN. It contains a sodium-salt mixture of estrone sulfate (52-62%) and equilin sulfate (22-30%) with a total of the two between 80-88%. Other concomitant conjugates include 17-alpha-dihydroequilin, 17-alpha-estradiol, and 17-beta-dihydroequilin. The potency of the preparation is expressed in terms of an equivalent quantity of sodium estrone sulfate.
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.
Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.
A glycoprotein that causes regression of MULLERIAN DUCTS. It is produced by SERTOLI CELLS of the TESTES. In the absence of this hormone, the Mullerian ducts develop into structures of the female reproductive tract. In males, defects of this hormone result in persistent Mullerian duct, a form of MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM.
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.
Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. The hormones are generally estrogen or progesterone or both.
Absence of menstruation.
Variations of menstruation which may be indicative of disease.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)
The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.
Human females as cultural, psychological, sociological, political, and economic entities.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
A glycoprotein migrating as a beta-globulin. Its molecular weight, 52,000 or 95,000-115,000, indicates that it exists as a dimer. The protein binds testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in the plasma. Sex hormone-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosaccharide modifications.
Pathological processes of the female URINARY TRACT and the reproductive system (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
Pregnenes with one double bond or more than three double bonds which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19..
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.
A form of long QT syndrome that is associated with congenital deafness. It is characterized by abnormal cardioelectrophysiology involving the VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL. It results from mutation of KCNQ1 gene (Subtype 1 or JLN1) or the KCNE1 gene (Subtype 2 or JLN2).
The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior.
PLANT EXTRACTS and compounds, primarily ISOFLAVONES, that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The process of exocrine secretion of the SWEAT GLANDS, including the aqueous sweat from the ECCRINE GLANDS and the complex viscous fluids of the APOCRINE GLANDS.
Hormones produced by the GONADS, including both steroid and peptide hormones. The major steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL and PROGESTERONE from the OVARY, and TESTOSTERONE from the TESTIS. The major peptide hormones include ACTIVINS and INHIBINS.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.
Typical way of life or manner of living characteristic of an individual or group. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)
A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE that contains triterpenoid saponins. Remifemin from C. racemosa is used to suppress LUTEINIZING HORMONE. It is reclassified by some to ACTAEA. The common name of black snakeroot is also used with ASARUM and SANICULA.
Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.
Statistical models used in survival analysis that assert that the effect of the study factors on the hazard rate in the study population is multiplicative and does not change over time.
The status of health in suburban populations.
Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.
Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.
Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.
Methods used for assessment of ovarian function.
A synthetic progestin that is derived from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. It is a long-acting contraceptive that is effective both orally or by intramuscular injection and has also been used to treat breast and endometrial neoplasms.
Brief accounts or narratives of an incident or event.
3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of FLAVONOIDS in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position.
An inactive metabolite of PROGESTERONE by reduction at C5, C3, and C20 position. Pregnanediol has two hydroxyl groups, at 3-alpha and 20-alpha. It is detectable in URINE after OVULATION and is found in great quantities in the pregnancy urine.
The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.

Early menopause and infertility in females after treatment for childhood cancer diagnosed in 1964-1988 in Ontario, Canada. (1/101)

This study was conducted to determine the risk of menopause and infertility in female childhood cancer survivors who received abdominal-pelvic radiation and/or chemotherapy with alkylating agents in comparison with those who were treated by nonsterilizing surgery only. Females who were diagnosed in 1964-1988 before age 20 years with a histologically confirmed malignancy and who had survived for at least 5 years, had attained age 18, and were alive at time of study were identified through the Ontario Cancer Registry. Reproductive outcomes were ascertained by a telephone-administered questionnaire, and treatment data were abstracted from medical records for 830 subjects aged 18-49 years; 719 survivors who were nonmenopausal at the end of treatment were included in the analyses. Survivors who received both alkylating agents and abdominal-pelvic radiation were more likely to be postmenopausal than were those who underwent surgery (risk ratio = 2.58; 95% confidence interval: 1.14, 5.80). Women treated with abdominal-pelvic radiation alone had a fertility deficit of 23% compared with those in the surgery group; the deficit was restricted to women diagnosed postpuberty. Risks of menopause and infertility increased with increasing dose of abdominal-pelvic radiation and amount of alkylating agent.  (+info)

The idiopathic forms of premature menopause and early menopause show the same genetic pattern. (2/101)

Genetic factors may influence the timing of menopause. Premature ovarian failure (POF) has recently been identified as a genetic entity, but no genetic data are available on early menopause (EM). We investigated 36 patients with EM (age of menopause between 40 and 45 years of age) using cytogenetic and pedigree analysis. In 30 patients of this study the EM was idiopathic and 15 subjects (50%) had a familial condition of EM or POF. Pedigree analysis revealed a dominant pattern of inheritance of EM through maternal or paternal relatives. Our data reveal that POF and EM patients show the same genetic features and we postulate that these conditions may be a variable expression of the same genetic disease.  (+info)

Risk of menopause during the first year after breast cancer diagnosis. (3/101)

PURPOSE: Premenopausal women with breast cancer often enter a premature menopause during initial treatment of their malignancy, with resulting loss of childbearing capacity, onset of menopausal symptoms, and subsequent prolonged exposure to long-term risks of menopause. Adjuvant therapy is believed to contribute to this early menopause. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred eighty-three premenopausal women with locoregional breast cancer (tumor-node-metastasis staging system classification, T1-3 N0-1 M0) who had undergone surgical treatment and provided information on menopausal status at diagnosis and 1 year later were enrolled. Systemic adjuvant therapy was recorded. Univariate and multivariate predictors of menopause were examined. RESULTS: Age, weight gain, tumor stage, nodal stage, and systemic adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy, tamoxifen) were all significant univariate correlates of menopause. In multivariate analysis, age, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy (tamoxifen) made significant independent contributions to the onset of menopause. CONCLUSION: Age and systemic chemotherapy are the strongest predictors of menopause in women with locoregional breast cancer. They independently contribute to menopause. A graphic representation of our multivariate model allows an estimation of risk of menopause according to patient age and planned adjuvant treatment, and it may facilitate clinical decision-making.  (+info)

Safety and efficacy of oestriol for symptoms of natural or surgically induced menopause. (4/101)

To assess the safety and efficacy of oestriol in relieving post-menopausal symptoms 53 post-menopausal Japanese women with climacteric symptoms, 27 with natural menopause (group I) and 26 with surgically induced menopause (group II), received oral oestriol, 2 mg daily for 12 months. Clinical parameters including Kupperman index (KI) and the degree of satisfaction with symptomatic relief; serum concentrations of oestradiol, FSH and LH; serum lipids; blood pressure; bone mineral density, serum calcium (Ca), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and urinary Ca were compared between the two groups. Oestriol improved KI in groups I and II by 49 and 80% respectively. Satisfaction with treatment was 85% in group I and 93% in group II. For both parameters, values were significantly different between groups I and II (P < 0.05 for both). Serum concentrations of oestradiol, FSH and LH changed in group I versus group II 6 months after initiation. A significant decrease in serum ALP and Ca/Cr was observed in group I at 6 months. Except for serum triglycerides, oestriol had no significant effect on lipids. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly decreased in group I at 3 months versus baseline. Slight vaginal bleeding occurred in 14.3% of group I. Histological evaluation of the endometrium in all women of group I and ultrasound assessment of the breasts following 12 months of oestriol treatment found normal results in all women. Therefore, oestriol appeared to be safe and effective in relieving symptoms of menopausal women. The beneficial biochemical effects of oestriol were marked in the natural menopause. Overall, oestriol may serve as a good choice for hormone replacement therapy to protect against other climacteric symptoms in post-menopausal women who do not need medication for osteoporosis or coronary artery disease.  (+info)

Use of clomiphene and luteinizing hormone/follicle stimulating hormone-releasing hormone in investigation of ovulatory failure. (5/101)

A luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing hormone (LH/FSH-RH) test was performed in 70 women with amenorrhoea or anovulatory infertility, or both, and a clomiphene stimulation test was also performed in 24 of these patients. Most patients responded to LH/FSH-RH with significant increases in LH and FSH. In women with gonadal dysgenesis or premature ovarian failure exaggerated responses were observed after LH/FSH-RH and there was no change in high basal LH levels after clomiphene. Patients with absent or impaired responses to LH/FSH-RH failed to respond to clomiphene. All patients with anovulatory menstrual cycles responded to both LH/FSH-RH and clomiphene, while seven out of 13 amenorrhoeic patients with a normal LH/FSH-RH response showed an early LH rise during clomiphene treatment and six were unresponsive. These results suggest a difference between the two groups at hypothalamic level with consequent therapeutic implications.  (+info)

Successful pregnancies following an egg donation program in women with previously treated Hodgkin's disease. (6/101)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In order to draw attention not only to patients affected by a neoplasia, but also to those who may have problems of sterility, we describe six women affected by Hodgkin's disease who had precocious menopause due to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy but who were safely delivered of children. These pregnancies were achieved through oocyte donation, in vitro fertilization and intrauterine embryo transfer or oocyte intracytoplasmic insemination. DESIGN AND METHODS: During natural or iatrogenic menopause, the uterus preserves its capacity to respond to steroidal hormones and to permit implantation and development of an embryo. Our study concerns six young females with iatrogenic menopause caused by treatment of Hodgkin's disease who carried a pregnancy to term. The pregnancies were achieved by oocyte donation, in vitro fertilization and intrauterine embryo transfer or oocyte intracytoplasmic insemination. Endometrial maturation was obtained by administration of estradiol and progesterone. Steroidal therapy was administered until the 13th-14th week in relation to placental function. RESULTS: Five of the 6 females underwent Caesarean section because of a twin birth or complications during the third trimester of pregnancy (gestosis). All the delivered children are, to date, well; their median age is 4 years. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the possibility of women treated for Hodgkin's disease being able to carry a pregnancy safely to term with the help of steroidal therapy. Careful clinical and obstetric surveillance is important. Focusing attention on long-term survivors of Hodgkin's disease, we set the goal of improving the quality of life of these patients, considering their psychophysical well-being as a whole. Greater attention to the problems of safeguarding fertility in these patients would be advisable, also in the light of legislative regulation of medical care techniques in various countries.  (+info)

Is open-angle glaucoma associated with early menopause? The Rotterdam Study. (7/101)

The authors examined the association between age at menopause and open-angle glaucoma among women aged > or = 55 years in the population-based Rotterdam Study (1990--1993). Information on age and type of menopause was obtained by interview. Subjects (n = 3,078) were stratified into three categories according to age at menopause: <45 years, 45--49 years, and > or = 50 years, with the last group serving as the reference group. Diagnosis of open-angle glaucoma was based on the presence of a glaucomatous visual field defect and glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Open-angle glaucoma was diagnosed in 78 women with a natural menopause and 15 women with an artificial menopause. In the category of natural menopause, women who went through menopause before reaching the age of 45 years had a higher risk of open-angle glaucoma than the reference group (odds ratio = 2.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.5, 4.8), after adjustment for age and use of hormone replacement therapy. Among women who went through menopause between the ages of 45 and 49 years, the odds ratio was 1.1 (95% confidence interval: 0.7, 2.0). These findings suggest that early menopause is associated with a higher risk of open-angle glaucoma.  (+info)

Menopause in type 1 diabetic women: is it premature? (8/101)

Women with type 1 diabetes have a delayed menarche and a greater prevalence of menstrual disorders than women without diabetes. However, little is known about the menopause transition among type 1 diabetic women. The Familial Autoimmune and Diabetes (FAD) Study recruited both adult individuals who were identified from the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Type 1 Diabetes Registry for the years 1950-1964 and their family members. Unrelated nondiabetic control probands and their relatives were also evaluated. Women with type 1 diabetes (n = 143) compared with nondiabetic sisters (n = 186) or unrelated control subjects (n = 160) were more likely to have an older age at menarche (13.5, 12.5, and 12.6 years, respectively, P < 0.001), more menstrual irregularities before 30 years of age (45.7, 33.3, and 33.1%, respectively, P = 0.04), and a younger age at menopause (41.6, 49.9, and 48.0 years, respectively, P = 0.05). This resulted in a 6-year reduction in the number of reproductive years (30.0, 37.0, and 35.2 years, respectively, P = 0.05) for women with type 1 diabetes. Risk factors univariately associated with earlier menopause included type 1 diabetes (hazard ratio [HR] 1.99, P = 0.04), menstrual irregularities before 30 years of age (HR 1.87, P = 0.04), nulliparity (HR 2.14, P = 0.01), and unilateral oophorectomy (HR 6.51, P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis confirmed that type 1 diabetes (HR 1.98, P = 0.056), menstrual irregularities by 30 years of age (HR 2.36, P = 0.01), and unilateral oophorectomy (HR 9.76, P < 0.0001) were independent determinants of earlier menopause in our cohort. We hypothesize that an earlier menopause, which resulted in a 17% decrease in reproductive years, is a major unstudied complication of type 1 diabetes.  (+info)

Menopause is a natural biological process that typically occurs in women in their mid-40s to mid-50s. It marks the end of menstrual cycles and fertility, defined as the absence of menstruation for 12 consecutive months. This transition period can last several years and is often accompanied by various physical and emotional symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, mood changes, sleep disturbances, and vaginal dryness. The hormonal fluctuations during this time, particularly the decrease in estrogen levels, contribute to these symptoms. It's essential to monitor and manage these symptoms to maintain overall health and well-being during this phase of life.

Premature menopause, also known as premature ovarian insufficiency, is a medical condition characterized by the cessation of ovarian function before the age of 40. This results in the absence of menstrual periods and decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone, which can have significant impacts on a woman's health and fertility.

The symptoms of premature menopause are similar to those experienced during natural menopause and may include hot flashes, night sweats, mood changes, vaginal dryness, and decreased libido. However, because of the early age of onset, women with premature menopause have an increased risk of developing certain health conditions such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive decline.

The causes of premature menopause are varied and can include genetic factors, autoimmune disorders, surgical removal of the ovaries, chemotherapy or radiation therapy, and exposure to environmental toxins. In some cases, the cause may be unknown. Treatment for premature menopause typically involves hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of long-term health complications. However, HRT carries its own risks and benefits, and individualized treatment plans should be developed in consultation with a healthcare provider.

Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT) is a medical treatment in which estrogen hormones are administered to replace the estrogen that is naturally produced by the ovaries but declines, especially during menopause. This therapy is often used to help manage symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness. It can also help prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women. ERT typically involves the use of estrogen alone, but in some cases, a combination of estrogen and progestin may be prescribed for women with a uterus to reduce the risk of endometrial cancer. However, ERT is associated with certain risks, including an increased risk of breast cancer, blood clots, and stroke, so it's important for women to discuss the potential benefits and risks with their healthcare provider before starting this therapy.

Perimenopause is a term used to describe the phase before menopause where the ovaries gradually begin to produce less estrogen. It's also sometimes referred to as the "menopausal transition."

This stage can last for several years, typically starting in a woman's mid-40s, but it can begin in some women as early as their mid-30s or as late as their early 50s. During this time, menstrual cycles may become longer or shorter, and periods may be lighter or heavier.

The most significant sign of perimenopause is the irregularity of periods. However, other symptoms such as hot flashes, sleep disturbances, mood changes, and vaginal dryness can also occur, similar to those experienced during menopause.

Perimenopause ends after a woman has gone 12 months without having a period, which marks the start of menopause.

Postmenopause is a stage in a woman's life that follows 12 months after her last menstrual period (menopause) has occurred. During this stage, the ovaries no longer release eggs and produce lower levels of estrogen and progesterone hormones. The reduced levels of these hormones can lead to various physical changes and symptoms, such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and mood changes. Postmenopause is also associated with an increased risk of certain health conditions, including osteoporosis and heart disease. It's important for women in postmenopause to maintain a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and routine medical check-ups to monitor their overall health and manage any potential risks.

A hot flash is a sudden, intense feeling of heat, particularly in the face, neck and chest regions, which is often accompanied by perspiration, reddening of the skin (flush or blush), and rapid heartbeat. It is a common symptom experienced by individuals, especially women during menopause or perimenopause, although it can also occur in other medical conditions or as a side effect of certain medications. The exact cause of hot flashes is not fully understood, but they are thought to be related to changes in hormone levels and the body's regulation of temperature.

Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI), also known as Premature Ovarian Failure, is a condition characterized by the cessation of ovarian function before the age of 40. This results in decreased estrogen production and loss of fertility. It is often associated with menstrual irregularities or amenorrhea (absence of menstruation). The exact cause can vary, including genetic factors, autoimmune diseases, toxins, and iatrogenic causes such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

The climacteric, also known as perimenopause or menopausal transition, is a phase in a woman's reproductive life characterized by various physiological and hormonal changes that occur as she approaches menopause. The term "climacteric" comes from the Greek word "klimakter," which means "ladder" or "rung of a ladder."

During this phase, which typically begins in a woman's mid-to-late 40s and can last for several years, the production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries starts to decline. This decline in hormone levels can lead to a variety of symptoms, including:

* Irregular menstrual cycles
* Hot flashes and night sweats
* Sleep disturbances
* Mood changes
* Vaginal dryness and discomfort during sexual activity
* Decreased libido
* Urinary frequency or urgency
* Memory and cognitive changes

The climacteric is a natural phase of a woman's life, and while some women may experience significant symptoms, others may have few or no symptoms at all. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and other treatments are available to help manage the symptoms of the climacteric for those who find them disruptive or bothersome.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is a medical treatment that involves the use of hormones to replace or supplement those that the body is no longer producing or no longer producing in sufficient quantities. It is most commonly used to help manage symptoms associated with menopause and conditions related to hormonal imbalances.

In women, HRT typically involves the use of estrogen and/or progesterone to alleviate hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, and mood changes that can occur during menopause. In some cases, testosterone may also be prescribed to help improve energy levels, sex drive, and overall sense of well-being.

In men, HRT is often used to treat low testosterone levels (hypogonadism) and related symptoms such as fatigue, decreased muscle mass, and reduced sex drive.

It's important to note that while HRT can be effective in managing certain symptoms, it also carries potential risks, including an increased risk of blood clots, stroke, breast cancer (in women), and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the decision to undergo HRT should be made carefully and discussed thoroughly with a healthcare provider.

Menarche is the first occurrence of menstruation in a female adolescent, indicating the onset of reproductive capability. It usually happens between the ages of 10 and 16, with an average age of around 12-13 years old, but it can vary widely from one individual to another due to various factors such as genetics, nutrition, and overall health.

Achieving menarche is a significant milestone in a girl's life, signaling the transition from childhood to adolescence. It is also an essential indicator of sexual maturation, often used in conjunction with other physical changes to assess pubertal development. However, it does not necessarily mean that a girl is psychologically or emotionally prepared for menstruation and sexual activity; therefore, appropriate education and support are crucial during this period.

Premenopause is not a formal medical term, but it's often informally used to refer to the time period in a woman's life leading up to menopause. During this stage, which can last for several years, hormonal changes begin to occur in preparation for menopause. The ovaries start to produce less estrogen and progesterone, which can lead to various symptoms such as irregular periods, hot flashes, mood swings, and sleep disturbances. However, it's important to note that not all women will experience these symptoms.

The official medical term for the stage when a woman's period becomes irregular and less frequent, but hasn't stopped completely, is perimenopause. This stage typically lasts from two to eight years and ends with menopause, which is defined as the point when a woman has not had a period for 12 consecutive months. After menopause, women enter postmenopause.

Ovariectomy is a surgical procedure in which one or both ovaries are removed. It is also known as "ovary removal" or "oophorectomy." This procedure is often performed as a treatment for various medical conditions, including ovarian cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and pelvic pain. Ovariectomy can also be part of a larger surgical procedure called an hysterectomy, in which the uterus is also removed.

In some cases, an ovariectomy may be performed as a preventative measure for individuals at high risk of developing ovarian cancer. This is known as a prophylactic ovariectomy. After an ovariectomy, a person will no longer have menstrual periods and will be unable to become pregnant naturally. Hormone replacement therapy may be recommended in some cases to help manage symptoms associated with the loss of hormones produced by the ovaries.

Estrogens are a group of steroid hormones that are primarily responsible for the development and regulation of female sexual characteristics and reproductive functions. They are also present in lower levels in males. The main estrogen hormone is estradiol, which plays a key role in promoting the growth and development of the female reproductive system, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and breasts. Estrogens also help regulate the menstrual cycle, maintain bone density, and have important effects on the cardiovascular system, skin, hair, and cognitive function.

Estrogens are produced primarily by the ovaries in women, but they can also be produced in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands and fat cells. In men, estrogens are produced from the conversion of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, through a process called aromatization.

Estrogen levels vary throughout a woman's life, with higher levels during reproductive years and lower levels after menopause. Estrogen therapy is sometimes used to treat symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness, or to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. However, estrogen therapy also carries risks, including an increased risk of certain cancers, blood clots, and stroke, so it is typically recommended only for women who have a high risk of these conditions.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a specific type of osteoporosis that occurs in women after they have gone through menopause. It is defined as a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength, leading to an increased risk of fractures. In this condition, the decline in estrogen levels that occurs during menopause accelerates bone loss, resulting in a decrease in bone density and quality, which can lead to fragility fractures, particularly in the hips, wrists, and spine.

It's important to note that while postmenopausal osteoporosis is more common in women, men can also develop osteoporosis due to other factors such as aging, lifestyle choices, and medical conditions.

Reproductive history is a term used in medicine to describe the past experiences related to reproduction for an individual. This can include information about pregnancies, including the number of pregnancies, outcomes (such as live births, miscarriages, or stillbirths), and any complications that arose during pregnancy or childbirth. It may also include details about contraceptive use, menstrual history, sexually transmitted infections, and any reproductive health issues or surgeries.

This information is often collected by healthcare providers to help assess fertility, plan for future pregnancies, identify potential risks, and provide appropriate care and management of reproductive health conditions. It's also used in research and public health to understand trends and disparities in reproductive outcomes.

Women's health is a branch of healthcare that focuses on the unique health needs, conditions, and concerns of women throughout their lifespan. It covers a broad range of topics including menstruation, fertility, pregnancy, menopause, breast health, sexual health, mental health, and chronic diseases that are more common in women such as osteoporosis and autoimmune disorders. Women's health also addresses issues related to gender-based violence, socioeconomic factors, and environmental impacts on women's health. It is aimed at promoting and maintaining the physical, emotional, and reproductive well-being of women, and preventing and treating diseases and conditions that disproportionately affect them.

A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the uterus (womb). Depending on the specific medical condition and necessity, a hysterectomy may also include the removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and surrounding tissues. There are different types of hysterectomies, including:

1. Total hysterectomy: The uterus and cervix are removed.
2. Supracervical (or subtotal) hysterectomy: Only the upper part of the uterus is removed, leaving the cervix intact.
3. Radical hysterectomy: This procedure involves removing the uterus, cervix, surrounding tissues, and the upper part of the vagina. It is typically performed in cases of cervical cancer.
4. Oophorectomy: The removal of one or both ovaries can be performed along with a hysterectomy depending on the patient's medical condition and age.
5. Salpingectomy: The removal of one or both fallopian tubes can also be performed along with a hysterectomy if needed.

The reasons for performing a hysterectomy may include but are not limited to: uterine fibroids, heavy menstrual bleeding, endometriosis, adenomyosis, pelvic prolapse, cervical or uterine cancer, and chronic pelvic pain. The choice of the type of hysterectomy depends on the patient's medical condition, age, and personal preferences.

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

Menstruation is the regular, cyclical shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) in women and female individuals of reproductive age, accompanied by the discharge of blood and other materials from the vagina. It typically occurs every 21 to 35 days and lasts for approximately 2-7 days. This process is a part of the menstrual cycle, which is under the control of hormonal fluctuations involving follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone.

The menstrual cycle can be divided into three main phases:

1. Menstruation phase: The beginning of the cycle is marked by the start of menstrual bleeding, which signals the breakdown and shedding of the endometrium due to the absence of pregnancy and low levels of estrogen and progesterone. This phase typically lasts for 2-7 days.

2. Proliferative phase: After menstruation, under the influence of rising estrogen levels, the endometrium starts to thicken and regenerate. The uterine lining becomes rich in blood vessels and glands, preparing for a potential pregnancy. This phase lasts from day 5 until around day 14 of an average 28-day cycle.

3. Secretory phase: Following ovulation (release of an egg from the ovaries), which usually occurs around day 14, increased levels of progesterone cause further thickening and maturation of the endometrium. The glands in the lining produce nutrients to support a fertilized egg. If pregnancy does not occur, both estrogen and progesterone levels will drop, leading to menstruation and the start of a new cycle.

Understanding menstruation is essential for monitoring reproductive health, identifying potential issues such as irregular periods or menstrual disorders, and planning family planning strategies.

Cyclohexenes are organic compounds that consist of a six-carbon ring (cyclohexane) with one double bond. The general chemical formula for cyclohexene is C6H10. The double bond can introduce various chemical properties and reactions to the compound, such as electrophilic addition reactions.

Cyclohexenes are used in the synthesis of other organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. Some cyclohexene derivatives also occur naturally, for example, in essential oils and certain plant extracts. However, it is important to note that pure cyclohexene has a mild odor and is considered a hazardous substance, with potential health effects such as skin and eye irritation, respiratory issues, and potential long-term effects upon repeated exposure.

Aging is a complex, progressive and inevitable process of bodily changes over time, characterized by the accumulation of cellular damage and degenerative changes that eventually lead to increased vulnerability to disease and death. It involves various biological, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that contribute to the decline in physical and mental functions. The medical field studies aging through the discipline of gerontology, which aims to understand the underlying mechanisms of aging and develop interventions to promote healthy aging and extend the human healthspan.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

The menstrual cycle is a series of natural changes that occur in the female reproductive system over an approximate 28-day interval, marking the body's preparation for potential pregnancy. It involves the interplay of hormones that regulate the growth and disintegration of the uterine lining (endometrium) and the release of an egg (ovulation) from the ovaries.

The menstrual cycle can be divided into three main phases:

1. Menstrual phase: The cycle begins with the onset of menstruation, where the thickened uterine lining is shed through the vagina, lasting typically for 3-7 days. This shedding occurs due to a decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels, which are hormones essential for maintaining the endometrium during the previous cycle.

2. Follicular phase: After menstruation, the follicular phase commences with the pituitary gland releasing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH stimulates the growth of several ovarian follicles, each containing an immature egg. One dominant follicle usually becomes selected to mature and release an egg during ovulation. Estrogen levels rise as the dominant follicle grows, causing the endometrium to thicken in preparation for a potential pregnancy.

3. Luteal phase: Following ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone and estrogen to further support the endometrial thickening. If fertilization does not occur within approximately 24 hours after ovulation, the corpus luteum will degenerate, leading to a decline in hormone levels. This drop triggers the onset of menstruation, initiating a new menstrual cycle.

Understanding the menstrual cycle is crucial for monitoring reproductive health and planning or preventing pregnancies. Variations in cycle length and symptoms are common among women, but persistent irregularities may indicate underlying medical conditions requiring further evaluation by a healthcare professional.

"Vinyl compounds" is not a term used in medical definitions. It is a term used in chemistry and materials science to refer to a group of chemicals that contain carbon-based molecules with a vinyl group, which is a functional group consisting of a double bond between two carbon atoms, with one of the carbons also being bonded to a hydrogen atom (-CH2=CH-).

Vinyl compounds are used in various industrial and consumer products, including plastics, resins, adhesives, and coatings. Some vinyl compounds, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), have been used in medical devices and supplies, such as intravenous (IV) bags, tubing, and blood vessel catheters. However, the use of PVC and other vinyl compounds in medical applications has raised concerns about potential health risks due to the release of toxic chemicals, such as phthalates and dioxins, during manufacturing, use, and disposal. Therefore, alternative materials are being developed and used in medical devices and supplies.

Progestins are a class of steroid hormones that are similar to progesterone, a natural hormone produced by the ovaries during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. They are often used in hormonal contraceptives, such as birth control pills, shots, and implants, to prevent ovulation and thicken the cervical mucus, making it more difficult for sperm to reach the egg. Progestins are also used in menopausal hormone therapy to alleviate symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. Additionally, progestins may be used to treat endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Different types of progestins have varying properties and may be more suitable for certain indications or have different side effect profiles.

In medical terms, parity refers to the number of times a woman has given birth to a viable fetus, usually defined as a pregnancy that reaches at least 20 weeks' gestation. It is often used in obstetrics and gynecology to describe a woman's childbearing history and to assess potential risks associated with childbirth.

Parity is typically categorized as follows:

* Nulliparous: A woman who has never given birth to a viable fetus.
* Primiparous: A woman who has given birth to one viable fetus.
* Multiparous: A woman who has given birth to more than one viable fetus.

In some cases, parity may also consider the number of pregnancies that resulted in stillbirths or miscarriages, although this is not always the case. It's important to note that parity does not necessarily reflect the total number of pregnancies a woman has had, only those that resulted in viable births.

Bone density refers to the amount of bone mineral content (usually measured in grams) in a given volume of bone (usually measured in cubic centimeters). It is often used as an indicator of bone strength and fracture risk. Bone density is typically measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, which provide a T-score that compares the patient's bone density to that of a young adult reference population. A T-score of -1 or above is considered normal, while a T-score between -1 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia (low bone mass), and a T-score below -2.5 indicates osteoporosis (porous bones). Regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and medication (if necessary) can help maintain or improve bone density and prevent fractures.

Estradiol is a type of estrogen, which is a female sex hormone. It is the most potent and dominant form of estrogen in humans. Estradiol plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics in women, such as breast development and regulation of the menstrual cycle. It also helps maintain bone density, protect the lining of the uterus, and is involved in cognition and mood regulation.

Estradiol is produced primarily by the ovaries, but it can also be synthesized in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands and fat cells. In men, estradiol is produced from testosterone through a process called aromatization. Abnormal levels of estradiol can contribute to various health issues, such as hormonal imbalances, infertility, osteoporosis, and certain types of cancer.

An ovary is a part of the female reproductive system in which ova or eggs are produced through the process of oogenesis. They are a pair of solid, almond-shaped structures located one on each side of the uterus within the pelvic cavity. Each ovary measures about 3 to 5 centimeters in length and weighs around 14 grams.

The ovaries have two main functions: endocrine (hormonal) function and reproductive function. They produce and release eggs (ovulation) responsible for potential fertilization and development of an embryo/fetus during pregnancy. Additionally, they are essential in the production of female sex hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone, which regulate menstrual cycles, sexual development, and reproduction.

During each menstrual cycle, a mature egg is released from one of the ovaries into the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized by sperm. If not fertilized, the egg, along with the uterine lining, will be shed, leading to menstruation.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein hormone secreted and released by the anterior pituitary gland. In females, it promotes the growth and development of ovarian follicles in the ovary, which ultimately leads to the maturation and release of an egg (ovulation). In males, FSH stimulates the testes to produce sperm. It works in conjunction with luteinizing hormone (LH) to regulate reproductive processes. The secretion of FSH is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and its release is influenced by the levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), estrogen, inhibin, and androgens.

Breast neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the breast tissue that can be benign or malignant. Benign breast neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors or growths, while malignant breast neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

Breast neoplasms can arise from different types of cells in the breast, including milk ducts, milk sacs (lobules), or connective tissue. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which starts in the milk ducts and can spread to other parts of the breast and nearby structures.

Breast neoplasms are usually detected through screening methods such as mammography, ultrasound, or MRI, or through self-examination or clinical examination. Treatment options for breast neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type and stage of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and personal preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy.

Dyspareunia is a medical term that describes painful sexual intercourse. This condition can affect both men and women, but it is more commonly reported by women. The pain can occur in various locations, such as the vaginal opening, deep inside the vagina, or in the pelvic region. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including physical conditions like vulvodynia, endometriosis, or vaginal infections, as well as psychological factors like anxiety, depression, or relationship issues. Treatment for dyspareunia depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, therapy, or lifestyle changes.

Gonadal steroid hormones, also known as gonadal sex steroids, are hormones that are produced and released by the gonads (i.e., ovaries in women and testes in men). These hormones play a critical role in the development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics, reproductive function, and overall health.

The three main classes of gonadal steroid hormones are:

1. Androgens: These are male sex hormones that are primarily produced by the testes but also produced in smaller amounts by the ovaries and adrenal glands. The most well-known androgen is testosterone, which plays a key role in the development of male secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle mass.
2. Estrogens: These are female sex hormones that are primarily produced by the ovaries but also produced in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands. The most well-known estrogen is estradiol, which plays a key role in the development of female secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development and the menstrual cycle.
3. Progestogens: These are hormones that are produced by the ovaries during the second half of the menstrual cycle and play a key role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy. The most well-known progestogen is progesterone, which also plays a role in maintaining pregnancy and regulating the menstrual cycle.

Gonadal steroid hormones can have significant effects on various physiological processes, including bone density, cognitive function, mood, and sexual behavior. Disorders of gonadal steroid hormone production or action can lead to a range of health problems, including infertility, osteoporosis, and sexual dysfunction.

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein hormone that belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) family. It is primarily produced by the granulosa cells of developing follicles in the ovaries of females. AMH plays an essential role in female reproductive physiology, as it inhibits the recruitment and further development of primordial follicles, thereby regulating the size of the primordial follicle pool and the onset of puberty.

AMH levels are often used as a biomarker for ovarian reserve assessment in women. High AMH levels indicate a larger ovarian reserve, while low levels suggest a decreased reserve, which may be associated with reduced fertility or an earlier onset of menopause. Additionally, measuring AMH levels can help predict the response to ovarian stimulation during assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, and disruption of bone architecture, leading to increased risk of fractures, particularly in the spine, wrist, and hip. It mainly affects older people, especially postmenopausal women, due to hormonal changes that reduce bone density. Osteoporosis can also be caused by certain medications, medical conditions, or lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, and a lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet. The diagnosis is often made using bone mineral density testing, and treatment may include medication to slow bone loss, promote bone formation, and prevent fractures.

Oral contraceptives, also known as "birth control pills," are medications taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. They contain synthetic hormones that mimic the effects of natural hormones estrogen and progesterone in a woman's body, thereby preventing ovulation, fertilization, or implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus.

There are two main types of oral contraceptives: combined pills, which contain both estrogen and progestin, and mini-pills, which contain only progestin. Combined pills work by preventing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant. Mini-pills work mainly by thickening cervical mucus and changing the lining of the uterus.

Oral contraceptives are highly effective when used correctly, but they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It is important to use them consistently and as directed by a healthcare provider. Side effects may include nausea, breast tenderness, headaches, mood changes, and irregular menstrual bleeding. In rare cases, oral contraceptives may increase the risk of serious health problems such as blood clots, stroke, or liver tumors. However, for most women, the benefits of using oral contraceptives outweigh the risks.

Amenorrhea is a medical condition characterized by the absence or cessation of menstrual periods in women of reproductive age. It can be categorized as primary amenorrhea, when a woman who has not yet had her first period at the expected age (usually around 16 years old), or secondary amenorrhea, when a woman who has previously had regular periods stops getting them for six months or more.

There are various causes of amenorrhea, including hormonal imbalances, pregnancy, breastfeeding, menopause, extreme weight loss or gain, eating disorders, intense exercise, stress, chronic illness, tumors, and certain medications or medical treatments. In some cases, amenorrhea may indicate an underlying medical condition that requires further evaluation and treatment.

Amenorrhea can have significant impacts on a woman's health and quality of life, including infertility, bone loss, and emotional distress. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider if you experience amenorrhea or missed periods to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Menstruation disturbances, also known as menstrual disorders, refer to any irregularities or abnormalities in a woman's menstrual cycle. These disturbances can manifest in various ways, including:

1. Amenorrhea: The absence of menstrual periods for three consecutive cycles or more in women of reproductive age.
2. Oligomenorrhea: Infrequent or light menstrual periods that occur at intervals greater than 35 days.
3. Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation, often accompanied by cramping, pelvic pain, and other symptoms that can interfere with daily activities.
4. Menorrhagia: Heavy or prolonged menstrual periods that last longer than seven days or result in excessive blood loss, leading to anemia or other health complications.
5. Polymenorrhea: Abnormally frequent menstrual periods that occur at intervals of 21 days or less.
6. Metrorrhagia: Irregular and unpredictable vaginal bleeding between expected menstrual periods, which can be caused by various factors such as hormonal imbalances, infections, or structural abnormalities.

Menstruation disturbances can have significant impacts on a woman's quality of life, fertility, and overall health. They may result from various underlying conditions, including hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, or sexually transmitted infections. Proper diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause are essential for managing menstruation disturbances effectively.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure used to assess whether a person has a healthy weight for their height. It's calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. Here is the medical definition:

Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight(kg) / [height(m)]^2

According to the World Health Organization, BMI categories are defined as follows:

* Less than 18.5: Underweight
* 18.5-24.9: Normal or healthy weight
* 25.0-29.9: Overweight
* 30.0 and above: Obese

It is important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying weight issues in populations, it does have limitations when applied to individuals. For example, it may not accurately reflect body fat distribution or muscle mass, which can affect health risks associated with excess weight. Therefore, BMI should be used as one of several factors when evaluating an individual's health status and risk for chronic diseases.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Longitudinal studies are a type of research design where data is collected from the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, often years or even decades. These studies are used to establish patterns of changes and events over time, and can help researchers identify causal relationships between variables. They are particularly useful in fields such as epidemiology, psychology, and sociology, where the focus is on understanding developmental trends and the long-term effects of various factors on health and behavior.

In medical research, longitudinal studies can be used to track the progression of diseases over time, identify risk factors for certain conditions, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. For example, a longitudinal study might follow a group of individuals over several decades to assess their exposure to certain environmental factors and their subsequent development of chronic diseases such as cancer or heart disease. By comparing data collected at multiple time points, researchers can identify trends and correlations that may not be apparent in shorter-term studies.

Longitudinal studies have several advantages over other research designs, including their ability to establish temporal relationships between variables, track changes over time, and reduce the impact of confounding factors. However, they also have some limitations, such as the potential for attrition (loss of participants over time), which can introduce bias and affect the validity of the results. Additionally, longitudinal studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, requiring significant resources and a long-term commitment from both researchers and study participants.

Reproduction, in the context of biology and medicine, refers to the process by which organisms produce offspring. It is a complex process that involves the creation, development, and growth of new individuals from parent organisms. In sexual reproduction, this process typically involves the combination of genetic material from two parents through the fusion of gametes (sex cells) such as sperm and egg cells. This results in the formation of a zygote, which then develops into a new individual with a unique genetic makeup.

In contrast, asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes and can occur through various mechanisms such as budding, fragmentation, or parthenogenesis. Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent organism.

Reproduction is a fundamental process that ensures the survival and continuation of species over time. It is also an area of active research in fields such as reproductive medicine, where scientists and clinicians work to understand and address issues related to human fertility, contraception, and genetic disorders.

Fertility is the natural ability to conceive or to cause conception of offspring. In humans, it is the capacity of a woman and a man to reproduce through sexual reproduction. For women, fertility usually takes place during their reproductive years, which is from adolescence until menopause. A woman's fertility depends on various factors including her age, overall health, and the health of her reproductive system.

For men, fertility can be affected by a variety of factors such as age, genetics, general health, sexual function, and environmental factors that may affect sperm production or quality. Factors that can negatively impact male fertility include exposure to certain chemicals, radiation, smoking, alcohol consumption, drug use, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Infertility is a common medical condition affecting about 10-15% of couples trying to conceive. Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility refers to the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse, while secondary infertility refers to the inability to conceive following a previous pregnancy.

Infertility can be treated with various medical and surgical interventions depending on the underlying cause. These may include medications to stimulate ovulation, intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), or surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Women" is not a medical term that can be defined in a straightforward way. In medical contexts, "women" is often used to refer to adult human females, based on their biological sex characteristics. However, it's important to note that there are individuals who may be biologically male but identify as women, and they are also considered part of the female population in many medical and societal contexts.

In general, gender identity is a personal sense of being male, female, or something else. It's separate from biological sex, which refers to physical characteristics like chromosomes, hormone levels, and reproductive organs. Some people identify with the gender that matches their biological sex, while others may identify as the opposite gender, or as neither male nor female.

Therefore, it's important to consider both the biological and personal aspects of an individual's identity when discussing medical issues related to women.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) is a protein produced mainly in the liver that plays a crucial role in regulating the active forms of the sex hormones, testosterone and estradiol, in the body. SHBG binds to these hormones in the bloodstream, creating a reservoir of bound hormones. Only the unbound (or "free") fraction of testosterone and estradiol is considered biologically active and can easily enter cells to exert its effects.

By binding to sex hormones, SHBG helps control their availability and transport in the body. Factors such as age, sex, infection with certain viruses (like hepatitis or HIV), liver disease, obesity, and various medications can influence SHBG levels and, consequently, impact the amount of free testosterone and estradiol in circulation.

SHBG is an essential factor in maintaining hormonal balance and has implications for several physiological processes, including sexual development, reproduction, bone health, muscle mass, and overall well-being. Abnormal SHBG levels can contribute to various medical conditions, such as hypogonadism (low testosterone levels), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and certain types of cancer.

Female urogenital diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the female urinary and genital systems. These systems include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, vulva, vagina, and reproductive organs such as the ovaries and uterus.

Some common female urogenital diseases include:

1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): These are infections that occur in any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra.
2. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): This is an infection of the reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
3. Endometriosis: This is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, often on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or other pelvic structures.
4. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries.
5. Uterine fibroids: These are noncancerous growths that develop in the muscular wall of the uterus.
6. Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS): This is a chronic bladder condition characterized by pain, pressure, and discomfort in the bladder and pelvic area.
7. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): These are infections that are passed from person to person during sexual contact. Common STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV.
8. Vulvodynia: This is chronic pain or discomfort of the vulva, the external female genital area.
9. Cancers of the reproductive system, such as ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and uterine cancer.

These are just a few examples of female urogenital diseases. It's important for women to receive regular medical care and screenings to detect and treat these conditions early, when they are often easier to manage and have better outcomes.

Norpregnenes are a class of steroids that are produced by the metabolism of progesterone and other pregnanes. They are characterized by the absence of a double bond between carbons 4 and 5, and the presence of a ketone group at carbon 3. Some examples of norpregnenes include dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione, and pregnenolone. These steroids are important intermediates in the biosynthesis of various hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, androgens, and estrogens. They play a role in various physiological processes such as sexual development, immune function, and stress response.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

"Bone" is the hard, dense connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrate animals. It provides support and protection for the body's internal organs, and serves as a attachment site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Bone is composed of cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone formation and resorption, respectively, and an extracellular matrix made up of collagen fibers and mineral crystals.

Bones can be classified into two main types: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and hard, and makes up the outer layer of all bones and the shafts of long bones. Spongy bone is less dense and contains large spaces, and makes up the ends of long bones and the interior of flat and irregular bones.

The human body has 206 bones in total. They can be further classified into five categories based on their shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.

Jervell-Lange Nielsen Syndrome (JLNS) is a rare inherited disorder characterized by the combination of congenital deafness and prolongation of the QT interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG), which can lead to life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. It is caused by mutations in the KCNQ1 or KCNE1 genes, which are responsible for the potassium ion channels in the heart that help maintain a regular heart rhythm.

There are two types of JLNS: type 1 and type 2. Type 1 is characterized by profound congenital deafness and severe, life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, while type 2 has less severe hearing loss and fewer cardiac complications. The syndrome can be diagnosed through genetic testing and ECG monitoring. Treatment typically involves the use of beta blockers to regulate heart rhythm, as well as the implementation of measures to manage the risk of sudden death, such as the implantation of a pacemaker or defibrillator.

Libido, in medical and psychological terms, refers to a person's overall sexual drive or desire for sexual activity. This term was first introduced by Sigmund Freud in his psychoanalytic theory, where he described it as one of the three components of human personality. Libido is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors, and can vary significantly among individuals. It's important to note that a low or absent libido does not necessarily indicate an underlying medical issue, but could be a result of various factors such as stress, fatigue, relationship issues, mental health disorders, or hormonal imbalances. If you have concerns about your libido, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional for a proper evaluation and guidance.

Phytoestrogens are compounds found in plants that have estrogen-like properties. They can bind to and activate or inhibit the action of estrogen receptors in the body, depending on their structure and concentration. Phytoestrogens are present in a variety of foods, including soy products, nuts, seeds, fruits, and vegetables.

Phytoestrogens have been studied for their potential health benefits, such as reducing the risk of hormone-dependent cancers (e.g., breast cancer), improving menopausal symptoms, and promoting bone health. However, their effects on human health are complex and not fully understood, and some studies suggest that high intake of phytoestrogens may have adverse effects in certain populations or under specific conditions.

It is important to note that while phytoestrogens can mimic the effects of estrogen in the body, they are generally weaker than endogenous estrogens produced by the human body. Therefore, their impact on hormonal balance and health outcomes may vary depending on individual factors such as age, sex, hormonal status, and overall diet.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Sweating, also known as perspiration, is the production of sweat by the sweat glands in the skin in response to heat, physical exertion, hormonal changes, or emotional stress. Sweat is a fluid composed mainly of water, with small amounts of sodium chloride, lactate, and urea. It helps regulate body temperature by releasing heat through evaporation on the surface of the skin. Excessive sweating, known as hyperhidrosis, can be a medical condition that may require treatment.

Gonadal hormones, also known as sex hormones, are steroid hormones that are primarily produced by the gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males). They play crucial roles in the development and regulation of sexual characteristics and reproductive functions. The three main types of gonadal hormones are:

1. Estrogens - predominantly produced by ovaries, they are essential for female sexual development and reproduction. The most common estrogen is estradiol, which supports the growth and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics in women, such as breast development and wider hips. Estrogens also play a role in regulating the menstrual cycle and maintaining bone health.

2. Progesterone - primarily produced by ovaries during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, progesterone prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and supports the growth and development of the fetus during pregnancy. It also plays a role in regulating the menstrual cycle.

3. Androgens - produced by both ovaries and testes, but primarily by testes in males. The most common androgen is testosterone, which is essential for male sexual development and reproduction. Testosterone supports the growth and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics in men, such as facial hair, a deeper voice, and increased muscle mass. It also plays a role in regulating sex drive (libido) and bone health in both males and females.

In summary, gonadal hormones are steroid hormones produced by the gonads that play essential roles in sexual development, reproduction, and maintaining secondary sexual characteristics.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Oral hormonal contraceptives, also known as "birth control pills," are a type of medication that contains synthetic hormones (estrogen and/or progestin) that are taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. They work by preventing ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

There are several different types of oral hormonal contraceptives, including combined pills that contain both estrogen and progestin, and mini-pills that only contain progestin. These medications are usually taken daily for 21 days, followed by a seven-day break during which menstruation occurs. Some newer formulations may be taken continuously with no break.

It's important to note that while oral hormonal contraceptives are highly effective at preventing pregnancy when used correctly, they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Therefore, it is still important to use barrier methods of protection, such as condoms, during sexual activity to reduce the risk of STIs.

As with any medication, oral hormonal contraceptives can have side effects and may not be suitable for everyone. It's important to discuss any medical conditions, allergies, or medications you are taking with your healthcare provider before starting to take oral hormonal contraceptives.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "life style" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It generally refers to the way an individual or group lives, including their habits, behaviors, and preferences in areas such as diet, exercise, recreation, and stress management. Some lifestyle factors can have a significant impact on health outcomes and risk for certain diseases. However, it is not a medical term with a specific clinical meaning.

"Cimicifuga" is a genus of plants commonly known as black cohosh or bugbane. It belongs to the family Ranunculaceae and is native to North America. The plant has been used in traditional medicine for treating various health conditions, such as menopausal symptoms, menstrual cramps, and inflammation. However, it's essential to consult a healthcare professional before using any herbal remedies for medical purposes.

Hormones are defined as chemical messengers that are produced by endocrine glands or specialized cells and are transported through the bloodstream to tissues and organs, where they elicit specific responses. They play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes such as growth, development, metabolism, reproduction, and mood. Examples of hormones include insulin, estrogen, testosterone, adrenaline, and thyroxine.

Proportional hazards models are a type of statistical analysis used in medical research to investigate the relationship between covariates (predictor variables) and survival times. The most common application of proportional hazards models is in the Cox regression model, which is named after its developer, Sir David Cox.

In a proportional hazards model, the hazard rate or risk of an event occurring at a given time is assumed to be proportional to the hazard rate of a reference group, after adjusting for the covariates. This means that the ratio of the hazard rates between any two individuals remains constant over time, regardless of their survival times.

Mathematically, the hazard function h(t) at time t for an individual with a set of covariates X can be expressed as:

h(t|X) = h0(t) \* exp(β1X1 + β2X2 + ... + βpXp)

where h0(t) is the baseline hazard function, X1, X2, ..., Xp are the covariates, and β1, β2, ..., βp are the regression coefficients that represent the effect of each covariate on the hazard rate.

The assumption of proportionality is crucial in the interpretation of the results from a Cox regression model. If the assumption is violated, then the estimated regression coefficients may be biased and misleading. Therefore, it is important to test for the proportional hazards assumption before interpreting the results of a Cox regression analysis.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Suburban Health" is not a recognized medical term or concept with a specific definition in the field of medicine. The term "suburban" generally refers to the residential areas surrounding a city or urban center, and health would refer to the physical and mental well-being of individuals living in those areas. However, there isn't a unique set of health issues or characteristics that define 'Suburban Health'.

Public health researchers might study the health disparities or common health issues in suburban areas compared to urban or rural areas, but this would not fall under a single medical definition. If you have more specific questions about health issues related to suburban living, I'd be happy to try and help with those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Linear Models" is actually a term from the field of statistics and machine learning, rather than medicine. A linear model is a type of statistical model that is used to analyze the relationship between two or more variables. In a linear model, the relationship between the dependent variable (the outcome or result) and the independent variable(s) (the factors being studied) is assumed to be linear, meaning that it can be described by a straight line on a graph.

The equation for a simple linear model with one independent variable (x) and one dependent variable (y) looks like this:

y = β0 + β1*x + ε

In this equation, β0 is the y-intercept or the value of y when x equals zero, β1 is the slope or the change in y for each unit increase in x, and ε is the error term or the difference between the actual values of y and the predicted values of y based on the linear model.

Linear models are widely used in medical research to study the relationship between various factors (such as exposure to a risk factor or treatment) and health outcomes (such as disease incidence or mortality). They can also be used to adjust for confounding variables, which are factors that may influence both the independent variable and the dependent variable, and thus affect the observed relationship between them.

Smoking is not a medical condition, but it's a significant health risk behavior. Here is the definition from a public health perspective:

Smoking is the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning tobacco that is commonly consumed through cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. The smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and numerous toxic and carcinogenic substances. These toxins contribute to a wide range of diseases and health conditions, such as lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and various other cancers, as well as adverse reproductive outcomes and negative impacts on the developing fetus during pregnancy. Smoking is highly addictive due to the nicotine content, which makes quitting smoking a significant challenge for many individuals.

Anovulation is a medical condition in which there is a failure to ovulate, or release a mature egg from the ovaries, during a menstrual cycle. This can occur due to various reasons such as hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, excessive exercise, stress, low body weight, or certain medications. Anovulation is common in women with irregular menstrual cycles and can cause infertility if left untreated. In some cases, anovulation may be treated with medication to stimulate ovulation.

Ovarian function tests are a series of diagnostic exams used to assess the health and functionality of the ovaries. These tests can help determine the remaining egg supply (ovarian reserve), evaluate hormone production, and identify any structural abnormalities. Commonly used ovarian function tests include:

1. Hormonal assays: Measuring levels of hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in the blood can provide information about ovarian function and egg supply.

2. Transvaginal ultrasound: This imaging technique is used to visualize the ovaries and assess their size, shape, and follicle development, which can indicate ovarian reserve and response to hormonal stimulation.

3. Clomiphene citrate challenge test (CCCT): This test involves measuring FSH levels on day 3 of the menstrual cycle and then again after administering clomiphene citrate, a fertility medication, on days 5-9. An abnormal response may suggest decreased ovarian function.

4. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist stimulation test: This test evaluates the ovaries' ability to respond to GnRH, which regulates FSH and LH release. A suboptimal response may indicate reduced ovarian function.

5. Ovarian biopsy: Though rarely performed, an ovarian biopsy can provide direct information about the number and quality of follicles and eggs present in the ovary.

These tests are often used in conjunction to provide a comprehensive assessment of ovarian function, particularly in women experiencing infertility, menopause, or those undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ART).

Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) is a synthetic form of the natural hormone progesterone, which is often used in various medical applications. It is a white to off-white crystalline powder, slightly soluble in water, and freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and methanol.

Medically, MPA is used as a prescription medication for several indications, including:

1. Contraception: As an oral contraceptive or injectable solution, it can prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and alter the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.
2. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): In postmenopausal women, MPA can help manage symptoms associated with decreased estrogen levels, such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. It may also help prevent bone loss (osteoporosis).
3. Endometrial hyperplasia: MPA can be used to treat endometrial hyperplasia, a condition where the lining of the uterus becomes too thick, which could potentially lead to cancer if left untreated. By opposing the effects of estrogen, MPA helps regulate the growth of the endometrium.
4. Gynecological disorders: MPA can be used to treat various gynecological disorders, such as irregular menstrual cycles, amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), and dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
5. Cancer treatment: In some cases, MPA may be used in conjunction with other medications to treat certain types of breast or endometrial cancer.

As with any medication, Medroxyprogesterone Acetate can have side effects and potential risks. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation, dosage, and monitoring when considering this medication.

An anecdote, in the context of medicine and healthcare, is a short narrative or description of a particular event or experience regarding a patient or a medical treatment. Anecdotes are often used in clinical settings to illustrate a point or to share a personal observation about a patient's response to a therapy.

However, anecdotes are generally considered to be a lower level of evidence than rigorous scientific studies because they are based on individual experiences and may not be representative of the broader population. Anecdotes can be subject to bias, including recall bias and confirmation bias, and may not account for other factors that could have influenced the outcome.

Therefore, while anecdotes can provide interesting insights and generate hypotheses for further investigation, they should not be used as the sole basis for making clinical decisions or recommendations. Instead, anecdotal evidence should be considered in conjunction with more rigorous scientific research to inform medical practice.

Isoflavones are a type of plant-derived compounds called phytoestrogens, which have a chemical structure similar to human estrogen. They are found in various plants, particularly in soybeans and soy products. Isoflavones can act as weak estrogens or anti-estrogens in the body, depending on the levels of natural hormones present. These compounds have been studied for their potential health benefits, including reducing menopausal symptoms, improving cardiovascular health, and preventing certain types of cancer. However, more research is needed to fully understand their effects and safety.

Pregnanediol is a steroid hormone that is produced as a metabolite of progesterone. It is primarily used as a biomarker to measure the exposure to progesterone, particularly in cases where progesterone levels need to be monitored, such as during pregnancy or in certain medical conditions. Pregnanediol can be measured in urine, blood, or other bodily fluids and is often used in clinical and research settings to assess hormonal status. It is important to note that pregnanediol itself does not have any known physiological effects on the body, but rather serves as an indicator of progesterone levels.

"Age distribution" is a term used to describe the number of individuals within a population or sample that fall into different age categories. It is often presented in the form of a graph, table, or chart, and can provide important information about the demographic structure of a population.

The age distribution of a population can be influenced by a variety of factors, including birth rates, mortality rates, migration patterns, and aging. Public health officials and researchers use age distribution data to inform policies and programs related to healthcare, social services, and other areas that affect the well-being of populations.

For example, an age distribution graph might show a larger number of individuals in the younger age categories, indicating a population with a high birth rate. Alternatively, it might show a larger number of individuals in the older age categories, indicating a population with a high life expectancy or an aging population. Understanding the age distribution of a population can help policymakers plan for future needs and allocate resources more effectively.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Rates of premature menopause have been found to be significantly higher in fraternal and identical twins; approximately 5% of ... Menopause: MedlinePlus What Is Menopause?, National Institute on Aging Menopause & Me, The North American Menopause Society ( ... European Menopause and Andropause Society Menopause in the workplace Menopause in incarceration Pregnancy over age 50 ... "Early or premature menopause". Womenshealth.gov. 12 July 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2018. Cohen LS, Soares CN, Vitonis AF, Otto ...
Premature menopause is defined as menopause prior to the age of 40. Although the relationship between the two is complex, it ... Archer DF (2009-01-01). "Premature menopause increases cardiovascular risk". Climacteric. 12 (Suppl 1): 26-31. doi:10.1080/ ... This may be why it is less common to see women with CVD prior to menopause, after which estrogen levels decline rapidly. This ... However, menopause is associated with a decrease in estrogen production. This allows for typical cardiovascular issues to ...
Premature menopause Premature ovarian failure "Precocious Puberty". KidsHealth. Retrieved 2013-09-09. Howard, S. R.; Dunkel, L ... We report a case of functioning adrenocortical oncocytoma in a 3 1/2-year-old female child who presented with premature ... Children with adrenocortical oncocytomas will present with "premature pubarche, clitoromegaly, and increased serum ... and has since been identified as a cause of premature sexual development or CPP. The identification of mutations in MKRN3 ...
Rzepka-Górska I, Tarnowski B, Chudecka-Głaz A, Górski B, Zielińska D, Tołoczko-Grabarek A (2006). "Premature menopause in ... Many authors have noted an association between defects in the DNA damage response and premature aging (see e.g.). If a DNA ... Werner syndrome (WS), a premature aging condition in humans, is caused by a genetic defect in a RecQ helicase that is employed ... On the other hand, mice defective in one particular DNA repair pathway show clear premature aging, but do not have elevated ...
Rzepka-Górska I, Tarnowski B, Chudecka-Głaz A, Górski B, Zielińska D, Tołoczko-Grabarek A (November 2006). "Premature menopause ... Furthermore, women with an inherited BRCA1 mutation undergo menopause prematurely. Since BRCA1 is a key DNA repair protein, ... leading to menopause. This decline is tied to a reduction in the number of ovarian follicles. Although about 1 million oocytes ... the decline in ovarian non-growing follicle number from birth to menopause". Hum. Reprod. 23 (3): 699-708. doi:10.1093/humrep/ ...
Rzepka-Górska I, Tarnowski B, Chudecka-Głaz A, Górski B, Zielińska D, Tołoczko-Grabarek A (2006). "Premature menopause in ... "Menopause". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020. Hansen KR, Knowlton NS, ... As women age, they experience a decline in reproductive performance leading to menopause. This decline is tied to a decline in ... Women with an inherited mutation in the DNA repair gene BRCA1 undergo menopause prematurely, suggesting that naturally ...
Rzepka-Górska, I; Tarnowski, B; Chudecka-Głaz, A; Górski, B; Zielińska, D; Tołoczko-Grabarek, A (2006). "Premature menopause in ... In women before menopause, 50% of testosterone is produced by the ovaries and released directly into the blood stream. The ... The ovary progresses through many stages beginning in the prenatal period through menopause. It is also an endocrine gland ... Women with an inherited mutation in the DNA repair gene BRCA1 undergo menopause prematurely, suggesting that naturally ...
"Premature menopause or early menopause: Long-term health consequences". Maturitas. 65 (2): 161-166. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas. ... The most general classes of hormone therapy are oncologic hormone therapy, hormone replacement therapy (for menopause), ...
Premature ovarian failure, or early menopause, has been recorded. In trisomy X, premature menopause has occurred between the ... In tetrasomy X as for other causes of premature menopause or incomplete puberty, some writers have recommended hormone ... Kara C, Üstyol A, Yılmaz A, Altundağ E, Oğur G (December 2014). "Premature ovarian failure due to tetrasomy X in an adolescent ... Wood A, Kleis L, Toriello H, Cemeroglu AP (17 May 2011). "Mosaic pentasomy X/tetrasomy X syndrome and premature ovarian failure ...
Despite hormone replacement therapy, the surgery brought on premature menopause. "I choose not to keep my story private because ...
381 Menopause before age 45 is considered premature in industrialized countries. Like the age of menarche, the age of menopause ... May 2019). "EMAS position statement: Predictors of premature and early natural menopause". Maturitas. 123: 82-88. doi:10.1016/j ... "Menopause: Overview". National Institutes of Health. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 ... The medical definition of menopause is one year without a period and typically occurs between 45 and 55 years in Western ...
In females this can be premature menopause of menopause in premenopausal women; this state can be permanent or reversible, ... This is also known premature ovarian failure or premature menopause. Ovarian deficiency causes a reduction in serum oestrogen ... Sometimes these patients experience symptoms resembling menopause (in females) or andropause (in men), which can indicate ... Poniatowski BC, Grimm P, Cohen G (January 2001). "Chemotherapy-induced menopause: a literature review". Cancer Investigation. ...
Hill, Kim; Hurtado, A. Magdalena (1991-12-01). "The evolution of premature reproductive senescence and menopause in human ... This long lifespan after menopause is unique to humans and may help explain early weaning and high fertility rates. Hill and ... Hawkes, K.; O'Connell, J. F.; Jones, N. G. B.; Alvarez, H.; Charnov, E. L. (1998-02-03). "Grandmothering, menopause, and the ... the grandmother hypothesis with data collected from the Ache and determine it does not support the idea that early menopause is ...
... (POI) (also called premature ovarian insufficiency, premature menopause, and premature ovarian ... POI has been described as a more accurate and less stigmatizing term than premature ovarian failure or premature menopause. ... Kalantaridou SN, Nelson LM (2000). "Premature ovarian failure is not premature menopause". Annals of the New York Academy of ... Women with a germline BRCA1 mutation tend to have premature menopause as evidenced by the final amenorrhea appearing at a ...
These include low birth weight, miscarriage and premature labour. In modern medicine there are multiple options to limit the ... Long-term effects include early onset menopause, ovarian failure and inability to complete puberty. Where pregnancy occurs in ... premature children. The likelihood of perinatal infant mortality and low birth weight are significantly related to radiation ... these changes lead to uterine dysfunction due to changes in ovarian hormone production which can result in early menopause and ...
The doctor tells her that she isn't pregnant, but going through a premature menopause; thus she won't be able to have children ...
It can appear as early menopause (. 1 year). Bilateral oophorectomy (surgical removal of the ovaries) and premature ovarian ... Bone loss increases after the menopause due to lower levels of estrogen, and after 'andropause' due to lower levels of ... Hormonal factors strongly determine the rate of bone resorption; lack of estrogen (e.g. as a result of menopause) increases ... Smoking also results in increased breakdown of exogenous estrogen, lower body weight and earlier menopause, all of which ...
She revealed in a magazine that at age 30 she was diagnosed with premature menopause. "Seguidores de Catalina Edwards están ...
Premature menopause: An outdated synonym for premature ovarian failure. The term encompasses premature menopause due to any ... Early menopause and premature ovarian failure are no longer considered to be the same condition.[citation needed] Natural ... Recent research suggests that premature ovarian aging and premature ovarian failure (aka primary ovarian insufficiency) may ... experience early menopause (i.e., menopause before the age of forty five). Autoimmune disorders. Adrenal gland impairment. ...
Kurková also said she developed symptoms of premature menopause and gained 30 pounds (14 kg). Robert McConnell, a thyroid ... Jane E. Allen (10 February 2012). "Supermodel Karolína Kurková: Thyroid Caused Early Menopause". ABCNEWS. Retrieved 23 April ...
With extreme rarity, infertility and premature menopause have occurred as a result of mumps oophoritis. Mumps is found ...
Thomas consoles her after she admits to having had a premature menopause, and is no longer fertile. Katie leaves feeling angry ...
It has also been used in the treatment of premature ejaculation and hot flashes due to menopause. It is taken orally (by mouth ... US for the treatment of moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats associated with menopause. ...
"Premature menopause or early menopause: Long-term health consequences". Maturitas. 65 (2): 161-166. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas. ... The North American Menopause Society Menopause, US Food and Drug Administration British Menopause Society (CS1 maint: multiple ... Menopause treatment, Hormone Health Network, The Endocrine Society Sexual Health and Menopause Online, ... As of 2012, guidelines from the North American Menopause Society, the Endocrine Society, the International Menopause Society, ...
Yet, it is likely that OGCT survivors after BEP therapy will have premature menopause at a rough age of 36. Alternatively, some ... It is commonly observed in 15 to 19-year-old women and rarely in women after menopause. Immature teratomas are characterized ...
... one in three women report problems obtaining an orgasm during sexual stimulation following menopause. Premature ejaculation is ... "Premature Ejaculation Treatment in Ayurveda , Cure Premature Ejaculation". 2018-09-06. Coretti G, Baldi I (August 1, 2007). " ... Premature ejaculation has historically been attributed to psychological causes, but newer theories suggest that premature ... Cultural differences are also present in how women view menopause and its impact on health, self-image, and sexuality. A study ...
It is often caused by hormonal disturbances from the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, premature menopause, intrauterine ... If LH and FSH are elevated, menopause or primary ovarian insufficiency should be considered. Normal or low levels of FSH and LH ... Hormone levels in POI are similar to menopause and are categorized by low estradiol and high levels of gonadotropins. Since the ... Gonadal dysgenesis, often associated with Turner syndrome, or premature ovarian failure may also be to blame. If secondary sex ...
... premature menopause) in adults. Defective egg or sperm development results in infertility. The term hypogonadism usually means ... In any case, the LH and FSH levels will rise in cases of primary hypogonadism or menopause, while they will be low in women ... Contrast with a young woman or teen, who would have hypogonadism rather than menopause. This is because hypogonadism is an ... particularly when menopause is believed to be happening. These levels change during a woman's normal menstrual cycle, so the ...
Premature ovarian failure (POF), or early menopause, is a known complication of trisomy X. Premature ovarian failure is defined ... Women with this mosaicism experience premature ovarian failure; the average age of menopause in these women is around 30, with ... The average age of menopause for women with trisomy X is 45 years, compared to 50 years for women with 46,XX karyotypes. POF is ... The karyotype occurs in an estimated 3% of women with early menopause, 1 in 350 with Sjögren syndrome, and 1 in 400 with ...
Early salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy allows for the postponement of premature surgical menopause and is therefore ... which is related to the generation of premature surgical menopause in the patient and the associated risks of oestrogen ... PSDO will result in the patient not immediately going through the menopause after the surgery, this will only happen once the ... Salpingectomy is most effective if performed before the natural menopause occurs, it was also found that there is no increased ...
5 things you should know about premature menopause. .css-1bqvafv{font-size:18px;line-height:24px;}. Find out how to recognize ... if you may have early menopause, what the treatment options are and if you can still get pregnant. ...
IMS has produced this Patient Information Leaflet as part of World Menopause Day 2020 to help women to better understand… ... Install International Menopause Society - DEV. Install this application on your home screen for quick and easy access when ... CAMS - Canadian Menopause Society/Société Canadienne de Ménopause. *CAMS - Asociación Argentina para el Estudio del Climaterio ... CAMS - Canadian Menopause Society/Société Canadienne de Ménopause. *CAMS - Asociación Argentina para el Estudio del Climaterio ...
This was previously referred to as premature ovarian failure ... Menopause Videos*Menopause - What are the symptoms. *Menopause ... Spontaneous Premature Ovarian Insufficiency is menopause occurring spontaneously in women younger than 40 years of age and ... NZ Early Menopause Support www.earlymenopause.org.nz. *The Daisy Network Premature Menopause Support Group: www.daisynetwork. ... POI may also be referred to as primary ovarian insufficiency, premature menopause or premature/ primary ovarian failure). POI ...
Premature Ovarian Failure vs Menopause. Although the term early menopause and premature menopause are often used to describe ... Complications of Premature Menopause. The complications of premature ovarian failure are the same as in menopause due to the ... Premature Ovarian Failure (Early Menopause, Ovarian Insufficiency). Posted by Dr. Chris. What is premature ovarian failure?. ... Therefore the condition is also known as premature menopause or early menopause. ...
Menopause guideline appraisal and algorithm development for premature ovarian insufficiency. Ladan Yeganeh, Jacqueline A. Boyle ... the International Menopause Society (IMS) and the European Menopause and Andropause Society (EMAS). Conclusions: Most menopause ... the International Menopause Society (IMS) and the European Menopause and Andropause Society (EMAS). Conclusions: Most menopause ... the International Menopause Society (IMS) and the European Menopause and Andropause Society (EMAS). Conclusions: Most menopause ...
Premature Menopause - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... Hormonally, premature menopause resembles natural menopause Perimenopause symptoms Menopause is the permanent end of menstrual ... Premature Menopause (Premature Ovarian Failure; Primary Ovarian Insufficiency). By JoAnn V. Pinkerton , MD, University of ... If premature menopause is caused by an autoimmune process, women may also have other autoimmune disorders. such as thyroiditis ...
Menopause, by definition, is the absence of menstrual periods for 12 consecutive months. Menopause symptoms and signs include ... Read about menopause symptoms, age, supplements and treatment. ... Premature ovarian failure. Premature ovarian failure is defined ... What is menopause? What are the signs of menopause? What age does menopause start? Learn about menopause and perimenopause ... Menopause most often occurs between the ages of 45 and 55, but menopause may occur as earlier, in the 30s or 40s, or may not ...
The early occurrence of menopause in younger woman can be due to a number of reasons such as the surgical removal of the ... Early Menopause vs. Premature Menopause. by Frederick Earlstein , Sep 15, 2022 , Menopause Explained , 0 comments ... Despite these, early menopause need not be bad news. There are times when the symptoms of menopause outweigh the challenges of ... Not only is the loss of fertility one consequence of early menopause, the symptoms of menopause can be quite alarming and ...
Association of Premature Menopause With Coronary Artery Calcium: The CARDIA Study. Priya M. Freaney, Lucia Petito, Laura A. ... Association of Premature Menopause With Coronary Artery Calcium: The CARDIA Study. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2021 ... Association of Premature Menopause With Coronary Artery Calcium : The CARDIA Study. In: Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. ... Association of Premature Menopause With Coronary Artery Calcium: The CARDIA Study. / Freaney, Priya M.; Petito, Lucia; ...
5 Tips to Help Women Deal with Premature Menopause. by Ayesal A March 29, 2023. ... Menopause is a natural biological process that marks the end of a womans reproductive years. However, for some… ...
I was heading into premature menopause, egg donor was the best option, but I conceived naturally twice with acupuncture. ... Because I was heading into premature menopause, Dr. Birdsall called our first baby "a miracle". I was diagnosed with premature ... Basically, I was heading into premature menopause. I saw an endocrinologist & fertility specialist Dr Mary Birdsall at ... 04Because I was heading into premature menopause, Dr. Birdsall called our first baby "a miracle". ...
Learn more about the causes, symptoms, stages, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of menopause. ... Menopause is the end of a womans menstrual cycles. ... What Doesnt Cause Premature Menopause?. *How Long Do Symptoms ... Unlike premature menopause, premature ovarian failure isnt always permanent.. *Induced menopause. This happens when your ... What Conditions Cause Premature Menopause?. Your genes, some immune system disorders, or medical procedures can cause premature ...
... medically termed as premature ovarian insufficiency, is characterized by the halting of menstrual cycles before the age of 40. ... Understanding Premature Menopause. Premature menopause, medically termed as premature ovarian insufficiency, is characterized ... Symptoms Associated with Premature Menopause. Typically manifesting between the ages of 40 and 45, premature menopause can ... What are the common causes of premature menopause?. Premature menopause can be caused by a variety of factors including ...
Early Menopause Causes. Early menopause causes are either natural or due to medical conditions such as Turner syndrome, ... First Signs of Menopause: Everything You Need to Prepare for the Change of Life. …Read moreContinue Reading ...
Premature menopause is defined as menopause which occurs before the age of 40. This early occurrence of menopause can be caused ... Causes of Premature Menopause. As mentioned above, premature menopause can be caused by a medical treatment such as chemo, ... Symptoms of Premature Menopause. Whether you are experiencing premature menopause due to a medical intervention, such as ... Women who are afflicted by premature menopause also experience infertility. Premature menopause shouldnt be confused with ...
Expert advice on treatment and practical personal advice on living with premature menopause from a Dr Rebecca Gibbs, a woman ... My Top 10 Menopause-Friendly Foods - The Happy Menopause Podcast. *Living with Premature Menopause - The Happy Menopause ... My Top 10 Menopause-Friendly Foods - The Happy Menopause Podcast. *Living with Premature Menopause - The Happy Menopause ... Its World Menopause Day and this years theme is premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), otherwise known as premature menopause ...
This is menopause that occurs before age 40. It happens when your ovaries stop working and you no longer have periods and ... This is menopause that occurs before age 40. It happens when your ovaries stop working and you no longer have periods and ... Certain types of cancer treatments can cause women to have early menopause. ... Certain types of cancer treatments can cause women to have early menopause. ...
Our Menopause Plan includes two consultations with a doctor trained in menopause, a care plan, a 24/7 Anytime HealthLine, and ... Early or premature menopause. If you show symptoms aged 40-45, thats early menopause. And before that, its premature ... Do I need a menopause blood test?. Most of the people we see dont need a blood test in order for us to diagnose the menopause ... Is there a home menopause test available?. No, we dont currently offer a home menopause test kit. However, we do offer a home ...
Learn about Menopause or find a doctor at Mount Sinai Health System. ... Premature (early) menopause is menopause that occurs before age 40. Women who have a family history of premature menopause are ... Premature menopause can also result from:. *Surgical Removal of the Uterus, Ovaries, or Both. A hysterectomy (surgical removal ... Women who experience premature menopause are usually prescribed HT or oral contraceptives to help prevent bone loss. These ...
premature menopause. *PCOS. *endometriosis. *cancer and cancer treatments. Obesity. A 2018 study. found that obesity might ...
Rates of premature menopause have been found to be significantly higher in fraternal and identical twins; approximately 5% of ... Menopause: MedlinePlus What Is Menopause?, National Institute on Aging Menopause & Me, The North American Menopause Society ( ... European Menopause and Andropause Society Menopause in the workplace Menopause in incarceration Pregnancy over age 50 ... "Early or premature menopause". Womenshealth.gov. 12 July 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2018. Cohen LS, Soares CN, Vitonis AF, Otto ...
Premature menopause. E28.9. Ovarian dysfunction, unspecified. E29.1. Testicular hypofunction. E34.3. Short stature due to ...
During alpha testing, risk communication and information about premature menopause and hormone therapy were the most revised ...
... or premature menopause; ...
Premature menopause is defined as menopause occurring before the age of 40, and occurs in 1% of women. Other causes of ... premature menopause include autoimmune disorders, thyroid disease, and diabetes mellitus. Premature menopause is diagnosed by ... The levels of these hormones will be higher if menopause has occurred. Rates of premature menopause have been found to be ... However, menopause can be surgically induced by such procedures as hysterectomy. The average onset of menopause is 50.5 years, ...
It is indicated for the treatment of women who are more than 5 years post menopause and have low bone mass relative to healthy ... The benefits were evident regardless of age, years since menopause, presence or absence of prior fracture (vertebral or ... Osteoporosis screening and treatment guidelines: are they being followed?. Menopause. 2011 Oct. 18(10):1072-8. [QxMD MEDLINE ...
... suggesting that the premature loss of ovarian function caused by bilateral oophorectomy performed before natural menopause is ... In particular, studies have revealed an increased risk of premature death, cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment or ... Menopause Int. 2008 Sep;14(3):111-6. doi: 10.1258/mi.2008.008016. ...
menopause or premature menopause. *depression. *HIV. *preeclampsia. *autoimmune conditions. *breast arterial calcifications ...
READERS CORNER:Premature menopause: July 2, 2006 Anti-Aging Benefits of Qigong December 6, 2000 ...
Premature menopause.. *Infertility and miscarriages.. *High blood pressure and heart disease.. Alcohol and breast cancer. ...
  • POI may also occur secondary to medical treatments, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery (see AMS Information Sheet Early menopause due to chemotherapy and radiotherapy ). (menopause.org.au)
  • Older age, greater cumulative dose, chemotherapy regimens containing cyclophosphamide and combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy are associated with greater risk 3 (see AMS Information Sheet Early menopause due to chemotherapy and radiotherapy ). (menopause.org.au)
  • The early occurrence of menopause in younger woman can be due to a number of reasons such as the surgical removal of the ovaries, chemotherapy or radiation treatments that the woman is undergoing as well as the unexplained, premature ovarian failure. (frederickearlstein.com)
  • This early occurrence of menopause can be caused by a medical condition, as in premature ovarian failure, or happen as the result of chemotherapy, radiation or surgical removal of the ovaries. (laivfclinic.com)
  • Whether you are experiencing premature menopause due to a medical intervention, such as chemotherapy or hysterectomy, or a medical condition, the symptoms can be difficult to endure. (laivfclinic.com)
  • Menopause type was classified as natural or non-natural, which included women who went into menopause due to surgical intervention or chemotherapy/radiotherapy. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Depending on your age, chemotherapy may induce a premature permanent menopause. (drugs.com)
  • Perimenopause symptoms Menopause is the permanent end of menstrual periods, ovulation, and fertility. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Perimenopause means 'the time around menopause ,' often used to refer to the menopausal transitional period. (medicinenet.com)
  • These symptoms of menopause and perimenopause are discussed in detail below. (medicinenet.com)
  • However, during perimenopause pregnancy may still occur until true menopause happens (the absence of periods for 1 year) and contraception should still be used if pregnancy is not desired. (medicinenet.com)
  • The role of a woman going through the stages of perimenopause and menopause should be one of wanting to be in the know rather than leaving things to chance and, essentially, you in the dark. (frederickearlstein.com)
  • Perimenopause lasts until menopause, the point at which your ovaries stop releasing eggs. (webmd.com)
  • Premature menopause shouldn't be confused with perimenopause, which is the period when your body naturally transitions to producing fewer hormones and typically occurs 4-8 years prior to menopause. (laivfclinic.com)
  • Signs of the menopause or perimenopause are different for everyone. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Over the years, I've seen hundreds of women struggling with a variety of symptoms of menopause and perimenopause. (bupa.co.uk)
  • During the time prior to formal menopause, known as perimenopause, a woman will start seeing some early warning signs that her body is changing. (mcleodhealth.org)
  • Perimenopause - or the time "around" menopause - can start in the mid- to late-40s and last 2-10 years. (mcleodhealth.org)
  • When you start experiencing these symptoms, see your Gynecologist so that together you can track your advance through perimenopause to menopause, controlling your symptoms along the way. (mcleodhealth.org)
  • The condition of premature menopause is different from perimenopause. (mcleodhealth.org)
  • Because the symptoms of perimenopause and premature menopause are similar, if you notice changes in your menstrual cycle, sleep loss or other symptoms of perimenopause or menopause, see your Gynecologist. (mcleodhealth.org)
  • Perimenopause is when your hormones begin to change before menopause. (healthline.com)
  • Apart from the presence or absence of menstruation, the symptoms of perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause are similar. (healthline.com)
  • Perimenopause, also known as the climacteric, includes the time before menopause when hormonal and biological changes and physical symptoms begin to occur. (drugs.com)
  • Some women have no symptoms except absence of menstrual periods, but others have infertility or the same symptoms as those of natural menopause (such as hot flashes or night sweats). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Natural menopause isn't caused by any type of medical or surgical treatment. (webmd.com)
  • This causes the same symptoms as natural menopause. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Natural menopause usually develops gradually between the ages of 45 to 55. (mountsinai.org)
  • Natural menopause does not occur suddenly. (mountsinai.org)
  • There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the premature loss of ovarian function caused by bilateral oophorectomy performed before natural menopause is associated with several negative outcomes. (nih.gov)
  • Non-natural menopause was more common in MS patients (40.7%) than in controls (30.1%, P =0.030). (medpagetoday.com)
  • Although the term early menopause and premature menopause are often used to describe premature ovarian failure, the fact is that this condition is not menopause as such, irrespective of the woman's age. (healthhype.com)
  • Early menopause can have a major impact on a woman's well-being, and it may present the woman with a sense of loss or even grief having to experience it younger than expected. (frederickearlstein.com)
  • A family history of early menopause can be a clear indicator of a woman's predisposition to experience a similar fate. (online-self-help.com)
  • Menopause is a natural process that occurs as a woman's ovaries stop producing eggs and the production of female hormones (estrogen and progesterone) declines. (mountsinai.org)
  • Menopause can also occur if a woman's ovaries are damaged by certain diseases or cancer treatments, or if they are surgically removed. (mountsinai.org)
  • In the years before menopause, a woman's periods typically become irregular, which means that periods may be longer or shorter in duration or be lighter or heavier in the amount of flow. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to symptoms (hot flushes/flashes, night sweats, mood changes, arthralgia and vaginal dryness), the physical consequences of menopause include bone loss, increased central abdominal fat, and adverse changes in a woman's cholesterol profile and vascular function. (wikipedia.org)
  • The average age of a woman's menopause is 51 or normally between the ages of 45-58. (mcleodhealth.org)
  • There is no evidence that early menopause is associated with the use of oral contraceptives, fertility drugs or artificial hormones in the environment 5 . (menopause.org.au)
  • To become pregnant, women with premature menopause may be given fertility treatments (such as using eggs from another woman implanted in their uterus). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Not only is the loss of fertility one consequence of early menopause, the symptoms of menopause can be quite alarming and severe in some cases because of the psychological impacts that come along with the sudden and "unscheduled" changes. (frederickearlstein.com)
  • Rebecca was diagnosed with premature ovarian insufficiency in her early 30s whilst undergoing fertility treatment. (well-well-well.co.uk)
  • Menopause marks the end of menstruation and a women's fertility. (mountsinai.org)
  • Fertility scientists have found a way of 'restarting' ovaries in women who have gone through early menopause, giving them the chance to have children again. (marieclaire.co.uk)
  • Menopause is when a woman ends her menstrual periods and loses her fertility while gaining hot flashes and trouble sleeping, among other signs," says McLeod OB/GYN Chris McCauley. (mcleodhealth.org)
  • Approximately 11% of female childhood cancer survivors developed premature ovarian insufficiency (based on hormone criteria)in one cohort although the frequency varies 3 . (menopause.org.au)
  • The most comprehensive CPGs were those developed by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the International Menopause Society (IMS) and the European Menopause and Andropause Society (EMAS). (monash.edu)
  • The theme for the 2022 World Menopause Day is Cognition and Mood, and the goal of this International Menopause Society-commissioned White Paper on cognition is to provide menopause practitioners with an overview of data informing clinical care of menopausal women and a framework for clinical counseling and decision-making for their patients. (menopause.org.au)
  • The International Menopause Society has commissioned two experts at the forefront of their specialty to define the state of the art in the understanding of this condition, to advise on practical management strategies and to propose future research strategies. (menopause.org.au)
  • Update on bone health: the International Menopause Society White Paper 2021. (menopause.org.au)
  • The Board of the International Menopause Society (IMS) has decided to focus on bone health for World Menopause Day 2021. (menopause.org.au)
  • The European Menopause and Andropause Society has released guidelines for assessment of the endometrium, which is usually the main source of spotting or bleeding. (wikipedia.org)
  • I was diagnosed with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) in July 2014. (vitalis.co.nz)
  • Whatever the reason may be, it is important that a woman find out the cause of the early onset of menopause to rule out any underlying, undiscovered condition which may be causing it. (frederickearlstein.com)
  • This consequently brings the onset of menopause at an earlier age. (online-self-help.com)
  • Choices such as diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, level of physical activity, stress levels, and body mass index (BMI) have all been linked with an earlier onset of menopause. (online-self-help.com)
  • The fall in estrogen triggers the typical symptoms of vaginal dryness and hot flashes (which can last from half a year to more than 5 years after onset of menopause). (mountsinai.org)
  • What is premature ovarian failure? (healthhype.com)
  • Premature ovarian failure is a condition where the ovaries cease functioning to the same degree as it would in the reproductive years of life. (healthhype.com)
  • However, in premature ovarian failure there are episodes where the ovarian function can restore again, almost to normal levels for short periods, only to decline thereafter. (healthhype.com)
  • Women with premature ovarian failure can therefore find that their menstrual cycle returns to normal for these short periods and it is possible that they may even fall pregnant in these times. (healthhype.com)
  • Therefore premature ovarian failure is not true menopause at an early age. (healthhype.com)
  • With a deeper understanding of ovarian insufficiency, premature ovarian failure is one type of ovarian insufficiency. (healthhype.com)
  • How common is premature ovarian failure? (healthhype.com)
  • Premature ovarian failure is more common in women as they approach 40 years of age. (healthhype.com)
  • According to the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (UK), premature ovarian failure is on the rise. (healthhype.com)
  • Premature ovarian failure has a myriad of factors that contribute to the decline in ovarian function. (healthhype.com)
  • When this happens before you're 40, it's called premature ovarian failure. (webmd.com)
  • Unlike premature menopause, premature ovarian failure isn't always permanent. (webmd.com)
  • Notably, specific gene mutations, such as those on the X chromosome, have been linked to the occurrence of premature ovarian failure, ultimately leading to early menopause. (online-self-help.com)
  • Premature ovarian failure will often run in families. (bloggersbaba.com)
  • Premature ovarian failure affects 1% of women under 40, and one in 1,000 (0.1%) under 30. (marieclaire.co.uk)
  • Premature ovarian failure (POF) is the loss of normal ovarian function before the normal age for menopause. (fertilitext.org)
  • In many cases, it is not possible to pinpoint the exact reason behind the premature ovarian failure. (fertilitext.org)
  • Research on patients with premature ovarian failure has implicated candidate genes (e.g. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although it has been promoted as safe, teens and young adults have reported experiencing a variety of problems caused by HPV vaccine Gardasil, including postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) , premature ovarian failure, premature menopause, seizures and other autoimmune disorders, which emerged shortly after receiving the injection. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • Premature menopause or primary ovarian insufficiency is when menopause begins before age 40 years . (healthline.com)
  • It's important to note that there are certain health risks associated with premature menopause, which are not necessarily a risk for those women who experience naturally occurring, age-appropriate menopause. (laivfclinic.com)
  • Irregular vaginal bleeding may occur menopause approaches. (medicinenet.com)
  • Early menopause can cause symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Urogenital symptoms that may appear during menopause and continue through postmenopause include: painful intercourse vaginal dryness atrophic vaginitis - thinning of the membranes of the vulva, the vagina, the cervix, and the outer urinary tract, along with considerable shrinking and loss in elasticity of all of the outer and inner genital areas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Surgical premature menopause/ occurs with bilateral oophorectomy. (menopause.org.au)
  • Surgical removal of the ovaries: Surgery to remove both ovaries (bilateral oophorectomy) ends menstrual periods and causes menopause. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Surgical removal of the uterus: Surgery to remove the uterus (hysterectomy) ends menstrual periods but does not cause most of the other symptoms of menopause as long as the ovaries are functioning. (msdmanuals.com)
  • From the skeleton as a primary providing a degree of adjustment for con- ectomy were classified as having surgical storage site, lead gradually reenters the circula- founders and more accurate identification of menopause. (cdc.gov)
  • Low levels of estrogen associated with menopause, when it occurs before age 40, can put you at higher risk for certain cancers, osteoporosis, and even heart disease. (laivfclinic.com)
  • This is menopause that occurs before age 40. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Although Anti-Mullerian hormone has been identified as a potential predictor of menopause, problems with assay sensitivity/ reliability prevent routine use currently 1 . (menopause.org.au)
  • The sudden change in hormone levels of a woman who has undergone menopause induced by surgery is real as they are sometimes severe and unpredictable. (frederickearlstein.com)
  • Although hot flashes and hormone-fueled moodiness are hallmarks of menopause, it sometimes strikes way before you expect it to affect you. (laivfclinic.com)
  • While typically not needed, a diagnosis of menopause can be confirmed by measuring hormone levels in the blood or urine. (wikipedia.org)
  • During alpha testing, risk communication and information about premature menopause and hormone therapy were the most revised items. (nih.gov)
  • Very early menopause sometimes happens naturally if a lady's ovaries prevent generating normal quantities of some hormones, specially the hormone oestrogen. (bloggersbaba.com)
  • A GP should certainly render a diagnosis of very early menopause considering your own disorders, your family members records, and blood tests to check the hormone degrees. (bloggersbaba.com)
  • In addition, menopause symptoms, including vasomotor symptoms (VMS), sleep disturbances and mood changes contribute to cognitive difficulties at midlife [3], but there are critical gaps in the data as to whether this period of cognitive dysfunction predicts dementia risk, and whether menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is protective against late-onset dementia or increases the risk. (menopause.org.au)
  • Women also lose more bone mass after menopause with very low levels of the hormone estrogen . (womenshealth.gov)
  • After menopause , your ovaries make very little of the hormone estrogen . (womenshealth.gov)
  • Menopause occurs from hormone changes as the body nears the end of its reproductive years. (healthline.com)
  • Gender transition surgery or hormone treatment may bring on menopause during or after treatment. (healthline.com)
  • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), prescribed for the side effects of menopause, such as hot flashes and mood swings, also increases the risk of breast cancer. (bcpinstitute.org)
  • In particular, studies have revealed an increased risk of premature death, cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment or dementia, parkinsonism, osteoporosis and bone fractures, decline in psychological wellbeing and decline in sexual function. (nih.gov)
  • Ladies who proceed through early menopause likewise have an elevated likelihood of osteoporosis and coronary disease due to their lowered oestrogen hormones degrees. (bloggersbaba.com)
  • A GP will most likely endorse you're taking this therapy until about age organic menopausal (around 51 typically), to provide you with some defense against osteoporosis also problems that can develop after the menopause. (bloggersbaba.com)
  • Premature menopause, with its lower estrogen levels, heightens the risk of osteoporosis and heart disease. (mcleodhealth.org)
  • As estrogen levels drop and remain low during menopause, the risk of developing osteoporosis increases. (drugs.com)
  • Many of the same signs and symptoms that menopausal women experience in their early late 40's and early 50's plague those women who experience premature menopause. (laivfclinic.com)
  • A female can experience premature menopause as early as her teens and 20s. (mcleodhealth.org)
  • Radiotherapy and chemo could cause premature ovarian troubles. (bloggersbaba.com)
  • Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time when menstrual periods permanently cease, marking the end of reproduction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Diagnosis is often delayed as the woman or her doctor do not consider the possibility of menopause as a cause of her symptoms. (menopause.org.au)
  • Although the relationship between genetics and early menopause is complex, an understanding of this correlation provides significant insights into early diagnosis and possible preventive measures for those at risk. (online-self-help.com)
  • We have a frank conversation about the health implications of a diagnosis of premature menopause, the devastating reproductive impact it has on girls and women, the appropriate treatment and how her own experience has changed the way Rebecca approaches all her menopausal patients. (well-well-well.co.uk)
  • This guideline covers the diagnosis and management of menopause, including in women who have premature ovarian insufficiency. (bvsalud.org)
  • or develop the same symptoms that are associated with normal menopause (which occurs at about age 51), such as hot flashes, night sweats, or mood swings. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although these symptoms aren't as common as hot flashes and the like, they do occur in women experiencing premature menopause. (laivfclinic.com)
  • Hot flashes last on average 5.2 years , starting around a year before menopause. (healthline.com)
  • Most people know they are approaching or starting menopause when they begin having symptoms such as hot flashes or when they have not had a period for 12 months. (healthline.com)
  • Factors associated with an earlier age at menopause include smoking, nulliparity, hysterectomy, HIV infection, low bodyweight, a family history of early menopause and adverse life events 4 . (menopause.org.au)
  • At what age does a woman typically reach menopause? (medicinenet.com)
  • We typically think, and this is one layman's concept that is supported by medical science, that women reach menopause around 50 to 51 years old. (frederickearlstein.com)
  • On average, American women reach menopause around the age of 51, but menopause can occur at younger or older ages. (mountsinai.org)
  • American women reach menopause at an average age of 51 years, although it can occur as early as age 40 to as late as the early 60s. (mountsinai.org)
  • However, there is no specific menstrual pattern which signals that early menopause is about to occur. (menopause.org.au)
  • It is essentially the same process that is seen in menopause but for it to be considered premature, it has to occur before 40 years of age. (healthhype.com)
  • Menopause most often occurs between the ages of 45 and 55, but menopause may occur as earlier, in the 30s or 40s, or may not occur until the 60s. (medicinenet.com)
  • Irregular periods can occur for years prior to reaching menopause. (medicinenet.com)
  • Following the removal of the uterus, symptoms of menopause typically occur earlier. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the United States, menopause happens on average at age 52 years , but it may occur earlier or later. (healthline.com)
  • Why does menopause occur? (healthline.com)
  • The WHO menopause and climacteric symptoms, metric characteristics ( 13 ). (who.int)
  • In some cases of early menopause, there is a likely culprit to blame. (frederickearlstein.com)
  • However, in cases of early menopause, this process is accelerated, exhausting the supply of eggs much sooner, thereby ending the menstruation cycles prematurely. (online-self-help.com)
  • These symptoms often emulate those experienced by women undergoing menopause at the conventional age of 51 and above, yet may be intensified due to the untimely and abrupt cessation of ovarian function. (online-self-help.com)
  • The term menopause refers to a point in time that follows one year after the last menstruation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Premature menopause is the permanent end of menstrual periods before age 40. (msdmanuals.com)
  • For up to several years before and just after menopause, estrogen levels fluctuate widely, periods become irregular. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Menopause is defined an absence of menstrual periods for 12 months. (medicinenet.com)
  • The age at which menstrual periods start is also not related to the age of menopause onset. (medicinenet.com)
  • After menstrual periods have stopped for 12 months, a woman is considered to have reached menopause. (mountsinai.org)
  • Menopause is the opposite of menarche, the time when a girl's periods start. (wikipedia.org)
  • After menopause, you will have no more periods. (healthline.com)
  • Most women think of menopause as the time of life when their menstrual periods end. (drugs.com)
  • A woman is said to be in menopause after she has gone for one full year without periods. (drugs.com)
  • It is important to realize that until menopause is complete, a woman still can become pregnant even when periods are light or missed. (drugs.com)
  • These include: high blood pressure during pregnancy or pre-eclampsia, pregnancy-related diabetes and/or premature (early) menopause before the age of 44 years old. (edu.au)
  • Factors exclusive to women, such as adverse pregnancy outcomes and premature menopause, elevate the risk of HF. (lu.se)
  • We provide a specific emphasis on aspects exclusive to women, such as the impact of pregnancy-induced hypertension and premature menopause, as these unique factors warrant greater attention in the broader HF discussion. (lu.se)
  • Menopause happens when the ovaries no longer release an egg every month and menstruation stops. (webmd.com)
  • Menopause onset is defined clinically as the final menses, confirmed after 1 year without menstruation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Blood levels that are consistently 30 mIU/mL or higher , combined with a lack of menstruation for 1 year, can usually confirm menopause. (healthline.com)
  • The premature cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) when the last menstrual period occurs in a woman under the age of 40. (bvsalud.org)
  • The normal age for menopause is debatable but experts consider early menopause as before 45. (marieclaire.co.uk)
  • The guideline aims to improve the consistency of support and information provided to women in menopause. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cannabis is marketed to women for managing menopause symptoms, and this shows midlife women are using it for menopause and related issues. (medindia.net)
  • What Conditions Cause Premature Menopause? (webmd.com)
  • Your genes, some immune system disorders , or medical procedures can cause premature menopause. (webmd.com)
  • Early menopause can come as a shock to a younger woman in her 40's. (frederickearlstein.com)
  • The younger you are, the less likely you will have early menopause from chemo. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Menopause at age 45 or younger was considered premature/early. (medpagetoday.com)
  • It's worth seeking medical help if menopause symptoms are affecting your daily life, you have other symptoms not related to menopause, or you're experiencing menopause symptoms and are younger than age 45 years. (healthline.com)
  • To date, there is limited informa- menopause (younger than 40 years), ing sociodemographic characteristics, tion about menopause and QOL in women with medically or surgically cultural, psychosocial and lifestyle fac- developing countries and there are no induced menopause, women who tors ( 1 , 2 ). (who.int)
  • These treatments used to treat breast and uterine cancers can often cause early menopause. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Infertility and associated problems of the female reproductive tract, such as endometriosis, abnormal menstrual cycles, and premature menopause, are diagnosed in women of reproductive age. (cdc.gov)
  • However, for women who enter the menopause transition without having regular menstrual cycles (due to prior surgery, other medical conditions or ongoing hormonal contraception) the menopause cannot be identified by bleeding patterns and is defined as the permanent loss of ovarian function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most women nearing menopause will begin experiencing vasomotor symptoms (VMS). (webmd.com)
  • Similarly, prevention of early menopause, such as avoiding oophorectomy, may help delay progressive MS onset and prevent long-term disability accumulation. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Various measures, including estrogen (typically taken until about age 51, when menopause occurs on average), can relieve or reduce symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Typically manifesting between the ages of 40 and 45, premature menopause can present a unique array of symptoms. (online-self-help.com)
  • In menopause, ovarian function declines permanently for life. (healthhype.com)
  • Women who are afflicted by premature menopause also experience infertility. (laivfclinic.com)
  • When you think of menopause, you probably conjure up the image of a 50-something woman dealing with mood swings and fanning herself while those round her shiver. (laivfclinic.com)
  • The menopause rating scale (MRS) was used to assess the menopausal symptoms. (who.int)
  • As mentioned above, premature menopause can be caused by a medical treatment such as chemo, radiation, or removal of the ovaries. (laivfclinic.com)
  • This phase usually begins several years before menopause, when your ovaries slowly make less estrogen . (webmd.com)
  • Find out how to recognize if you may have early menopause, what the treatment options are and if you can still get pregnant. (todaysparent.com)
  • Postmenopausal' is a term used to refer to the time after menopause has occurred. (medicinenet.com)
  • About 6 months before menopause, estrogen levels drop significantly. (mountsinai.org)