Rhinoscleroma is a chronic, granulomatous infection that primarily affects the nasal mucosa. It's caused by the bacterium Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis (formerly named Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis). The disease is characterized by the formation of firm, woody granulomas that can lead to destruction of the nasal structures and deformity of the nose if left untreated.

The infection typically progresses through three stages: catarrhal, granulomatous, and fibrotic. In the catarrhal stage, there is a persistent runny nose and nasal congestion. The granulomatous stage is characterized by the formation of nodules and plaques in the nasal passages, which can cause crusting, foul-smelling discharge, and difficulty breathing through the nose. In the fibrotic stage, the tissues of the nose become thickened, hardened, and scarred, leading to deformity and loss of function.

Rhinoscleroma is most commonly found in developing countries with poor socioeconomic conditions, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. It's more prevalent in populations with limited access to healthcare and clean water, as well as those living in overcrowded conditions. The disease primarily affects young adults and children, and it has a slight female predominance.

Treatment for rhinoscleroma typically involves long-term antibiotic therapy using agents such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracyclines, or fluoroquinolones. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove scar tissue and restore nasal function. Preventive measures include improving living conditions, access to clean water, and early detection and treatment of the disease.

Mikulicz disease is a rare condition characterized by the symmetrical enlargement of the salivary and lacrimal glands. It is named after Jan Mikulicz-Radecki, a Polish surgeon who first described it in 1892. The enlarged glands are typically painless, and the condition can be associated with other systemic diseases such as Sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis, lymphoma, and tuberculosis.

In Mikulicz disease, there is a benign infiltration of the salivary and lacrimal glands with immune cells, particularly lymphocytes, which can lead to their enlargement. The exact cause of the condition is not known, but it is thought to be related to an autoimmune response.

Mikulicz disease is often treated with medications that suppress the immune system, such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs. In some cases, surgical removal of the affected glands may be necessary. The prognosis for Mikulicz disease is generally good, but it can vary depending on the underlying cause and any associated medical conditions.

Minor salivary glands are numerous small exocrine glands that produce saliva and are distributed throughout the oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and paranasal sinuses. They are classified as "minor" due to their smaller size compared to the three pairs of major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual). The minor salivary glands are primarily mucous glands, although some contain serous cells. They are responsible for producing approximately 5-10% of the total saliva in the mouth. These glands help moisten the oral cavity, protect the mucosal lining, and facilitate speaking, chewing, and swallowing.