Self-Fertilization
Plant Infertility
Plant Dispersal
Inbreeding and the genetic variance in floral traits of Mimulus guttatus. (1/56)
The additive genetic variance, V(A), is frequently used as a measure of evolutionary potential in natural plant populations. Many plants inbreed to some extent; a notable observation given that random mating is essential to the model that predicts evolutionary change from V(A). With inbreeding, V(A) is not the only relevant component of genetic variation. Several nonadditive components emerge from the combined effects of inbreeding and genetic dominance. An important empirical question is whether these components are quantitatively significant. We use maximum likelihood estimation to extract estimates for V(A) and the nonadditive 'inbreeding components' from an experimental study of the wildflower Mimulus guttatus. The inbreeding components contribute significantly to four of five floral traits, including several measures of flower size and stigma-anther separation. These results indicate that inbreeding will substantially alter the evolutionary response to natural selection on floral characters. (+info)Deleterious mutations and the genetic variance of male fitness components in Mimulus guttatus. (2/56)
Deleterious mutations are relevant to a broad range of questions in genetics and evolutionary biology. I present an application of the "biometric method" for estimating mutational parameters for male fitness characters of the yellow monkeyflower, Mimulus guttatus. The biometric method rests on two critical assumptions. The first is that experimental inbreeding changes genotype frequencies without changing allele frequencies; i.e., there is no genetic purging during the experiment. I satisfy this condition by employing a breeding design in which the parents are randomly extracted, fully homozygous inbred lines. The second is that all genetic variation is attributable to deleterious mutations maintained in mutation-selection balance. I explicitly test this hypothesis using likelihood ratios. Of the three deleterious mutation models tested, the first two are rejected for all characters. The failure of these models is due to an excess of additive genetic variation relative to the expectation under mutation-selection balance. The third model is not rejected for either of two log-transformed male fitness traits. However, this model imposes only "weak conditions" and is not sufficiently detailed to provide estimates for mutational parameters. The implication is that, if biometric methods are going to yield useful parameter estimates, they will need to consider mutational models more complicated than those typically employed in experimental studies. (+info)Allele substitution at a flower colour locus produces a pollinator shift in monkeyflowers. (3/56)
The role of major mutations in adaptive evolution has been debated for more than a century. The classical view is that adaptive mutations are nearly infinite in number with infinitesimally small phenotypic effect, but recent theory suggests otherwise. To provide empirical estimates of the magnitude of adaptive mutations in wild plants, we conducted field studies to determine the adaptive value of alternative alleles at a single locus, YELLOW UPPER (YUP). YUP controls the presence or absence of yellow carotenoid pigments in the petals of pink-flowered Mimulus lewisii, which is pollinated by bumblebees, and its red-flowered sister species M. cardinalis, which is pollinated by hummingbirds. We bred near-isogenic lines (NILs) in which the YUP allele from each species was substituted into the other. M. cardinalis NILs with the M. lewisii YUP allele had dark pink flowers and received 74-fold more bee visits than the wild type, whereas M. lewisii NILs with the M. cardinalis yup allele had yellow-orange flowers and received 68-fold more hummingbird visits than the wild type. These results indicate that an adaptive shift in pollinator preference may be initiated by a single major mutation. (+info)The influence of floral display size on selfing rates in Mimulus ringens. (4/56)
Pollinators often visit several flowers in sequence on plants with large floral displays. This foraging pattern is expected to influence the rate of self-fertilization in self-compatible taxa. To quantify the effects of daily floral display on pollinator movements and selfing, we experimentally manipulated flower number in four replicate (cloned) arrays of Mimulus ringens (Scrophulariaceae), each consisting of genets with unique combinations of homozygous marker genotypes. Four display classes (two, four, eight and 16 flowers) were present in each array. Pollinator visitation rate per flower and seed set per fruit were unaffected by display. However, flower number strongly influenced the frequency of within-plant pollinator movements, which increased from 13.8% of probes on two-flower displays to 77.6% of probes on 16-flower displays. The proportion of within-plant movements was significantly correlated with selfing (r = 0.993). The increase from 22.9% selfing on two-flower displays to 37.3% selfing on 16-flower displays reflects changes in the extent of geitonogamous self-pollination. We estimate that approximately half of all selfing on 16-flower displays resulted from geitonogamy. Selfing also varied dramatically among fruits within display classes. Nested ANOVA indicates that differences among flowers on two-flower ramets accounted for 45.4% of the variation in selfing, differences among genets accounted for 16.1% of the variation, and statistical and sampling error accounted for 38.5% of the variation. Differences among flowers within ramets may reflect the order of sequential floral probes on a display. (+info)A novel meiotic drive locus almost completely distorts segregation in mimulus (monkeyflower) hybrids. (5/56)
We report the discovery, mapping, and characterization of a meiotic drive locus (D) exhibiting nearly 100% nonrandom transmission in hybrids between two species of yellow monkeyflowers, outcrossing Mimulus guttatus and selfing M. nasutus. Only 1% of F(2) hybrids were M. nasutus homozygotes at the marker most tightly linked to D. We used a set of reciprocal backcrosses to distinguish among male-specific, female-specific, and zygote-specific sources of transmission ratio distortion. Transmission was severely distorted only when the heterozygous F(1) acted as the female parent in crosses to either parental species, ruling out pollen competition and zygote mortality as potential sources of drive. After four generations of backcrossing to M. nasutus, nearly isogenic lines were still >90% heterozygous at markers linked to D, suggesting that heterozygosity at the drive locus alone is sufficient for nonrandom transmission. A lack of dramatic female fitness costs in these lines rules out alternatives involving ovule or seed mortality and points to a truly meiotic mechanism of drive. The strength and direction of drive in this system is consistent with population genetic theory of selfish element evolution under different mating systems. These results are the first empirical demonstration of the strong female-specific drive predicted by new models of selfish centromere turnover. (+info)Estimating heritabilities and genetic correlations with marker-based methods: an experimental test in Mimulus guttatus. (6/56)
The calculation of heritabilities and genetic correlations, which are necessary for predicting evolutionary responses, requires knowledge about the relatedness between individuals. This information is often not directly available, especially not for natural populations, but can be inferred by using molecular markers such as allozymes. Several methods based on inferred relatedness from marker data have been developed to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations in natural populations. Most methods use maximum-likelihood procedures to assign pairs or groups of individuals to predefined discrete relatedness classes (e.g., half sibs and unrelated individuals). The Ritland method, on the other hand, uses method of moments estimators to estimate pairwise relatedness among individuals as continuous values. We tested both the Ritland method and a maximum-likelihood method by applying them to a greenhouse population consisting of seed families of the herb Mimulus guttatus and comparing the results to the ones from a frequently used standard method based on half-sib families. Estimates of genetic correlations were far from accurate, especially when we used the Ritland method. However, this study shows that even with a few variable allozyme loci, it is possible to get qualitatively good indications about the presence of heritable genetic variation from marker-based methods, even though both methods underestimated it. (+info)Transmission ratio distortion in intraspecific hybrids of Mimulus guttatus: implications for genomic divergence. (7/56)
We constructed a genetic linkage map between two divergent populations of Mimulus guttatus. We genotyped an F(2) mapping population (N = 539) at 154 AFLP, microsatellite, and gene-based markers. A framework map was constructed consisting of 112 marker loci on 14 linkage groups with a total map length of 1518 cM Kosambi. Nearly half of all markers (48%) exhibited significant transmission ratio distortion (alpha = 0.05). By using a Bayesian multipoint mapping method and visual inspection of significantly distorted markers, we detected 12 transmission ratio distorting loci (TRDL) throughout the genome. The high degree of segregation distortion detected in this intraspecific map indicates substantial genomic divergence that perhaps suggests genomic incompatibilities between these two populations. We compare the pattern of transmission ratio distortion in this map to an interspecific map constructed between M. guttatus and M. nasutus. A similar level of segregation distortion is detected in both maps. Collinear regions between maps are compared to determine if there are shared genetic patterns of non-Mendelian segregation distortion within and among Mimulus species. (+info)Epistasis in monkeyflowers. (8/56)
Epistasis contributes significantly to intrapopulation variation in floral morphology, development time, and male fitness components of Mimulus guttatus. This is demonstrated with a replicated line-cross experiment involving slightly over 7000 plants. The line-cross methodology is based on estimates for means. It thus has greater power than the variance partitioning approaches historically used to estimate epistasis within populations. The replication of the breeding design across many pairs of randomly extracted, inbred lines is necessary given the diversity of multilocus genotypes residing within an outbred deme. Male fitness is shown to exhibit synergistic epistasis, an accelerating decline in fitness with inbreeding. Synergism is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for a mutational deterministic hypothesis for the evolutionary maintenance of sexual reproduction. Unlike male fitness measures, flower morphology and development time yield positive evidence of epistasis but not of synergism. The results for these traits suggest that epistatic effects are variable across genetic backgrounds or sets of interacting loci. (+info)"Mimulus" is a term used in the context of botany, rather than medicine. It refers to a genus of plants commonly known as "monkey flowers," which belong to the Phrymaceae family. These plants are native to North and South America and are known for their vibrant, tubular flowers that attract pollinators such as hummingbirds and bees.
While "Mimulus" is not a medical term, some species of this plant have been used in traditional medicine by indigenous peoples. For example, Mimulus guttatus (the common monkey flower) has been used in Native American medicine for treating respiratory issues, skin irritations, and gastrointestinal problems. However, it's important to note that the use of these plants as medicinal remedies should not be considered a substitute for seeking advice from a licensed healthcare professional or following evidence-based medical treatments.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "flowers" is not a term that has a medical definition. The term "flowers" is commonly used to refer to the reproductive structures of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are characterized by having both male and female reproductive organs or separate male and female flowers.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health conditions, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you!
Self-fertilization is not a term typically used in human or animal medicine, but it is a concept in botany. It refers to the fertilization of an ovule (a structure in plants that develops into a seed after fertilization) with pollen from the same plant. This can occur in hermaphroditic flowers, which have both male and female reproductive organs. Self-fertilization can increase genetic similarity within a population of plants, which can have implications for their evolution and survival.
'Plant infertility' is not a standard medical term, as it is typically used in the context of agriculture and plant biology. However, I can provide you with a general definition related to this context:
Plant infertility refers to the inability of a plant to produce viable seeds, fruits, or propagules due to various factors affecting its reproductive system. These factors may include genetic disorders, environmental stressors (such as extreme temperatures, drought, or nutrient deficiencies), pathogens, pests, or poor pollination. In some cases, assisted reproduction techniques, such as hand-pollination or embryo rescue, might be employed to overcome infertility issues in plants.
I apologize for the confusion, but "Plant Dispersal" is not a term used in medical definitions. It is a concept from botany and ecology that refers to the means by which plants distribute their seeds or spores to new locations, enhancing their chances of colonizing new habitats and ensuring genetic diversity.
If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help. Please provide more information so I can better assist you.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pollination" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Pollination is a process in biology, specifically in botany, that refers to the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ (anther) of a flower to the female reproductive organ (stigma) of the same or another flower, leading to fertilization and the production of fruits and seeds.
If you have any medical terms or concepts in mind, please provide them so I can offer an accurate definition or explanation.
Mimulus
Lycochoriolaus mimulus
Otocinclus mimulus
Corynellus mimulus
Culex mimulus
Mimulus alatus
Mimulus gracilis
Mimulus ringens
Aethiopicodynerus mimulus
Ochrimnus mimulus
Mimulus parishii
Psilopsocus mimulus
Platymantis mimulus
Dysdercus mimulus
Erythranthe cardinalis
Erythranthe naiandina
List of sequenced plant genomes
Erythranthe peregrina
Erythranthe
Alexandria false antechinus
Diplacus aurantiacus
Walter Hood Fitch
False antechinus
Erythranthe lewisii
Erythranthe alsinoides
Erythranthe nudata
Erythranthe bicolor
Erythranthe cuprea
Erythranthe gemmipara
Nepenthes distillatoria
Mimulus - Wikipedia
Mimulus geyeri Monkey Flower PFAF Plant Database
Mimulus ringens
Mimulus douglasii
MIMULUS (Monkey flower), Annual Flower Information
Mimulus ringens (Marginal Aquatic) plants | Thompson & Morgan
Genomic Resources for Mimulus - DOE Joint Genome Institute
Mimulus puniceus - Cactus Jungle
Ich habe gelegentlich Ängste während der Nacht, einschließlich Angst vor der Dunkelheit. Ist das Aspen oder Mimulus? - The Bach...
Components of reproductive isolation between the monkeyflowers Mimulus lewisii and M-cardinalis (Phrymaceae) | UW Biology
Mimulus 'Changeling' | California Flora Nursery
Mimulus 'Georgie Red' | California Flora Nursery
Description and images of Mimulus bridgesii (), a native Chilean plant, provided by the supplier of native exotic Chilean...
Mimulus-fremontii-pruple-monkeyflower-N4-near-rte138-2015-03-30-IMG 0569 | M Molvray & P Kores Photos
Mimulus aurantiacus var. aridus (Abrams) D.M.Thomps. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science
Washoe Monkeyflower (Mimulus nanus ssp. nanus) | Idaho Fish and Game
Mimulus luteus L.
Mimulus luteus L.
Mimulus luteus L.
Mimulus flower essence
Mimulus ringens - Curtis's Botanical
how to grow mimulus
Symbiota Sandbox - Mimulus eastwoodiae
Qiagen Mimulus DNA extraction
Monkeyflower4
- Washoe Monkeyflower (Mimulus nanus ssp. (idaho.gov)
- Plant in the Dwarf Purple Monkeyflower (Mimulus nanus) Species. (idaho.gov)
- Mimulus Aurantiacus This 'Ruby slippers' monkeyflower grows as an upright, bushy shrub with green, sticky leaves that will reach up to 2 feet in height. (nathanielpark.com)
- Photo of Mimulus bigelovii (Bigelow's monkeyflower) in Red Rock Canyon, Nevada, taken April 2005 by Stan Shebs. (florafinder.com)
Ringens4
- The species remaining in Mimulus are: Mimulus alatus - Sharpwing monkey-flower (eastern North America) Mimulus aquatilis - (Queensland, Australia) Mimulus gracilis - (Australia) Mimulus madagascariensis - (Madagascar) Mimulus orbicularis - (Bangladesh to Myanmar, central Thailand and Vietnam) Mimulus ringens - Allegheny monkey-flower, square-stemmed monkey-flower (eastern North America) Mimulus strictus - (Africa, India and Australia) Sunset Western Garden Book. (wikipedia.org)
- The photographer's identification Mimulus ringens has not been reviewed. (berkeley.edu)
- Mimulus ringens has narrower foliage than other Mimulus and a neat, clump forming habit. (thompson-morgan.com)
- Mimulus ringens L. var. (vaplantatlas.org)
Scrophulariaceae2
- Mimulus /ˈmɪmjuːləs/, also known as monkeyflowers, is a plant genus in the family Phrymaceae, which was traditionally placed in family Scrophulariaceae. (wikipedia.org)
- Removal of Mimulus from family Scrophulariaceae has been supported by studies of chloroplast DNA first published in the mid-1990s. (wikipedia.org)
Genus7
- Before the 2012 restructuring, two large groups of species had long been recognized in the genus Mimulus as it was traditionally defined, with the largest group of species in western North America, and a second group with center of diversity in Australia. (wikipedia.org)
- Plants in the genus Mimulus inhabit highly variable habitats and are famous for their extraordinary ecological diversity. (doe.gov)
- Munz puts them in different species but all under the same genus Mimulus. (nathanielpark.com)
- Aug 14, 2015 - Mimulus Plant: Mimulus is a diverse plant genus, the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers. (nathanielpark.com)
- It is treated by some botanists in a separate genus from other Mimulus as Diplacus aurantiacus (Curtis) Jeps. (nathanielpark.com)
- The Jepson manual lumps all the monkey flowers into this species, aurantiacus, under the Genus Mimulus. (nathanielpark.com)
- Hence, it would not be treated as a genus separate from Mimulus now, though it might become a section of a yet-to-be defined split from Mimulus s.str. (welchwrite.com)
Guttatus4
- Mimulus is now a powerful system for ecological genomic studies, thanks to its experimental tractability, rapidly growing research community, and the JGI-generated reference genome for M. guttatus . (doe.gov)
- Mimulus (Mimulus guttatus) , distilled water + brandy. (octoberfields.com)
- Also, before starting to add mimulus guttatus for consumption, it is advised to talk to the doctor first. (nathanielpark.com)
- Mimulus guttatus 3ltr Potted Pond Plant, Mimulus guttatus becomes covered in numerous attractive bright yellow trumpet-shaped flowers all summer. (marshallsgarden.com)
Phrymaceae1
- A Taxonomic Conspectus of Phrymaceae: A Narrowed Circumscription for Mimulus, New and Resurrected Genera, and New Names and Combinations" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
Species7
- Mimulus species prefer wet or moist areas and are not drought resistant. (wikipedia.org)
- based largely upon DNA evidence, seven species were left in Mimulus, 111 placed into Erythranthe (species with axile placentation and long pedicels), 46 placed into Diplacus (species with parietal placentation and sessile flowers), two placed in Uvedalia, and one each placed in Elacholoma, Mimetanthe, and Thyridia. (wikipedia.org)
- Flowers are slightly smaller than other species of Mimulus. (cactusjungle.com)
- We examined the nature of isolation between Mimulus lewisii and M. cardinalis, sister species of monkeyflowers. (washington.edu)
- Mimulus lewisii and M. cardinalis are visited by different pollinators, and in a region of sympatry 97.6\% of pollinator foraging bouts were specific to one species or the other. (washington.edu)
- Mimulus are called monkey-flowers because some species have flowers shaped like a monkey's face. (welchwrite.com)
- The stem of a few species of Mimulus can be either smooth or hairy, and this trait is determined by a simple allelic difference. (welchwrite.com)
Aurantiacus1
- Mimulus aurantiacus var. (kew.org)
Luteus2
- Mimulus luteus L. (plantgenera.org)
- Mimulus luteus (Yellow musk) will reach a height of 0.3m and a spread of 0.3m after 2-5 years. (nathanielpark.com)
Cardinalis1
- A colorful southwestern United States and Baja California native, award-winning Mimulus cardinalis (Scarlet Monkey Flower) is a creeping, upright, evergreen perennial with toothed, downy, pale green leaves typically 4 in. (nathanielpark.com)
Monkeyflowers1
- A Tetratricopeptide Repeat Protein Regulates Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Chromoplast Development in Monkeyflowers ( Mimulus ). (bvsalud.org)
Plants1
- Mimulus are low growing, bushy plants, which are easy to grow, producing many orchid-like flowers from early summer. (nathanielpark.com)
Gracilis1
- Mimulus gracilis R. Br. (mozambiqueflora.com)
Seeds1
- Mimulus Seeds - Monkey Flower Seed Grow Mimulus seeds indoors 6 - 8 weeks before the end of frost season. (nathanielpark.com)
PERENNIAL1
- Mimulus geyeri is a PERENNIAL growing to 0.6 m (2ft). (pfaf.org)
Musk1
- Mimulus moschalus is the Musk plant, so-called because of its musk-scented leaves. (backyardgardener.com)
Diplacus1
- Diplacus is clearly derived from within Mimulus s.l. and was not usually considered to be generically distinct. (welchwrite.com)
Flower essence1
- Click here to be notified by email when Mimulus flower essence becomes available. (octoberfields.com)
Indoors1
- You can get started a few weeks earlier by starting your mimulus indoors. (frostdate.com)
USDA1
- By looking at the USDA zone info for Zone 7b you will be able to determine when it's a good idea to plant mimulus. (frostdate.com)
Varieties1
- It'll reach 50cm high and is a taller than other Mimulus varieties. (marshallsgarden.com)
Moist1
- Mimulus are best planted in a moist, poorly drained, humus-rich soil of sand, clay or loam within a an acidic, neutral or alkaline PH balance. (nathanielpark.com)
Grow1
- Grow this moisture loving Mimulus in boggy soils or submerged in the shallow margins of ponds with the crown to a maximum depth of up to 15cm (6") below water level. (thompson-morgan.com)
Native1
- I am quite familiar with our local native mimulus, but this is quite, quite different. (welchwrite.com)
Flowers2
- The color patterns of Mimulus flowers are determined by an inverted repeat in the YELLOW UPPER (YUP) genetic locus. (wikipedia.org)
- Jul 29, 2016 - Explore sheri gray's board "flowers mimulus" on Pinterest. (nathanielpark.com)
Type1
- The people of the Mimulus type can tend to redden, stammer or laugh nervously, etc. (soundofflowers.com)
Late1
- Half of the time in Zone 7b it frosts late in the year after April 15 so be sure to be ready to protect your mimulus if you have a surprise late frost. (frostdate.com)