A malignant tumor composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A pair of ducts near the WOLFFIAN DUCTS in a developing embryo. In the male embryo, they degenerate with the appearance of testicular ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. In the absence of anti-mullerian hormone, mullerian ducts give rise to the female reproductive tract, including the OVIDUCTS; UTERUS; CERVIX; and VAGINA.
A sarcoma of the body of the uterus arising in older women, composed of more than one mesenchymal tissue, especially including striated muscle cells. It is associated with previous pelvic radiation exposure in 20% of patients. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1702)
A tumor, basically a carcinoma with a single sarcoma such as leiomyosarcoma or angiosarcoma or multiple sarcomas of uterine origin. The role of estrogen has been postulated as a possible etiological factor in this tumor. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1703)
Neoplasms composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue.
A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A usually benign tumor made up predominantly of myoepithelial cells.
Tumors or cancer of the MAMMARY GLAND in animals (MAMMARY GLANDS, ANIMAL).
Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A malignant neoplasm arising simultaneously or consecutively in mesodermal tissue and glandular epithelium of the same part. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Hormones produced in the testis.
A mixed mesenchymal tumor composed of two or more mesodermal cellular elements not commonly associated, not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements. Mesenchymomas are widely distributed in the body and about 75% are malignant. (Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)
Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.
A glycoprotein that causes regression of MULLERIAN DUCTS. It is produced by SERTOLI CELLS of the TESTES. In the absence of this hormone, the Mullerian ducts develop into structures of the female reproductive tract. In males, defects of this hormone result in persistent Mullerian duct, a form of MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM.
Submandibular Gland Neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors, which can be benign or malignant, originating from the glandular tissues of the submandibular salivary gland located beneath the mandible (jawbone).
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.
A secreted prostate-specific protein which can bind non-polar steroids, cholesterol and a group of small, proline-rich peptides. The protein is specifically found in RATS and comprises three distinct secretoglobin-related subunits referred to as prostatic steroid-binding protein C1, C2 and C3.
A pair of excretory ducts of the middle kidneys (MESONEPHROI) of an embryo, also called mesonephric ducts. In higher vertebrates, Wolffian ducts persist in the male forming VAS DEFERENS, but atrophy into vestigial structures in the female.
Congenital conditions in individuals with a female karyotype, in which the development of the gonadal or anatomical sex is atypical.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
The development of bony substance in normally soft structures.
A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.
An intermediate filament protein found in most differentiating cells, in cells grown in tissue culture, and in certain fully differentiated cells. Its insolubility suggests that it serves a structural function in the cytoplasm. MW 52,000.
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Cell surface receptors that bind peptide messengers with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells.
Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.
The total amount (cell number, weight, size or volume) of tumor cells or tissue in the body.
Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.
Endogenous or exogenous substances which inhibit the normal growth of human and animal cells or micro-organisms, as distinguished from those affecting plant growth (= PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS).
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.
Congenital structural abnormalities of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.
A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.
The female reproductive organs. The external organs include the VULVA; BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS; and CLITORIS. The internal organs include the VAGINA; UTERUS; OVARY; and FALLOPIAN TUBES.
The process in developing sex- or gender-specific tissue, organ, or function after SEX DETERMINATION PROCESSES have set the sex of the GONADS. Major areas of sex differentiation occur in the reproductive tract (GENITALIA) and the brain.
Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.
Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When tumor suppressor genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible.
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.
The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.
Cell-surface proteins that bind transforming growth factor beta and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. Two types of transforming growth factor receptors have been recognized. They differ in affinity for different members of the transforming growth factor beta family and in cellular mechanisms of action.
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.
Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.
In vivo method of screening investigative anticancer drugs and biologic response modifiers for individual cancer patients. Fresh tumor tissue is implanted under the kidney capsule of immunocompetent mice or rats; gross and histological assessments follow several days after tumor treatment in situ.
The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.
Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.
The milieu surrounding neoplasms consisting of cells, vessels, soluble factors, and molecules, that can influence and be influenced by, the neoplasm's growth.
An adenocarcinoma in which the tumor elements are arranged as finger-like processes or as a solid spherical nodule projecting from an epithelial surface.
The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.
All the organs involved in reproduction and the formation and release of URINE. It includes the kidneys, ureters, BLADDER; URETHRA, and the organs of reproduction - ovaries, UTERUS; FALLOPIAN TUBES; VAGINA; and CLITORIS in women and the testes; SEMINAL VESICLES; PROSTATE; seminal ducts; and PENIS in men.
Experimentally induced mammary neoplasms in animals to provide a model for studying human BREAST NEOPLASMS.
All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.
A pathologic process consisting of the proliferation of blood vessels in abnormal tissues or in abnormal positions.
A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.
Slender-bodies diurnal insects having large, broad wings often strikingly colored and patterned.
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
Transplantation between animals of different species.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
The external and internal organs related to reproduction.
All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).
Blood-filled UTERUS.
A developmental defect in which a TESTIS or both TESTES failed to descend from high in the ABDOMEN to the bottom of the SCROTUM. Testicular descent is essential to normal SPERMATOGENESIS which requires temperature lower than the BODY TEMPERATURE. Cryptorchidism can be subclassified by the location of the maldescended testis.
A condition occurring in the female offspring of dizygotic twins (TWIN, DIZYGOTIC) in a mixed-sex pregnancy, usually in CATTLE. Freemartinism can occur in other mammals. When placental fusion between the male and the female FETUSES permits the exchange of fetal cells and fetal hormones, TESTICULAR HORMONES from the male fetus can androgenize the female fetus producing a sterile XX/XY chimeric "female"(CHIMERISM).
The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.
A Wnt protein that is involved in regulating multiple developmental processes such as the formation of the KIDNEY; ADRENAL GLANDS; MAMMARY GLANDS; the PITUITARY GLAND; and the female reproductive system. Defects in WNT4 are a cause of ROKITANSKY KUSTER HAUSER SYNDROME.
Development of male secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the FEMALE. It is due to the effects of androgenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.
Fushi tarazu transcription factors were originally identified in DROSOPHILA. They are found throughout ARTHROPODS and play important roles in segmentation and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM development.
In vivo methods of screening investigative anticancer drugs, biologic response modifiers or radiotherapies. Human tumor tissue or cells are transplanted into mice or rats followed by tumor treatment regimens. A variety of outcomes are monitored to assess antitumor effectiveness.
A transcription factor and member of the nuclear receptor family NR5 that is expressed throughout the adrenal and reproductive axes during development. It plays an important role in sexual differentiation, formation of primary steroidogenic tissues, and their functions in post-natal and adult life. It regulates the expression of key steroidogenic enzymes.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
Inbred BALB/c mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical to each other, making them useful for scientific research and experiments due to their consistent genetic background and predictable responses to various stimuli or treatments.

Hormone replacement therapy and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. (1/44)

It has been suggested that oestrogen replacement therapy is associated with risk of epithelial ovarian cancer of the endometrioid type. Using data from an Australian population-based case-control study, the relation between unopposed oestrogen replacement therapy and epithelial ovarian cancer, both overall and according to histological type, was examined. A total of 793 eligible incident cases of epithelial ovarian cancer diagnosed from 1990 to 1993 among women living in Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria were identified. These were compared with 855 eligible female controls selected at random from the electoral roll, stratified by age and geographic region. Trained interviewers administered standard questionnaires to obtain detailed reproductive and contraceptive histories, as well as details about hormone replacement therapy and pelvic operations. No clear associations were observed between use of hormone replacement therapy overall and risk of ovarian cancer. Unopposed oestrogen replacement therapy was, however, associated with a significant increase in risk of endometrioid or clear cell epithelial ovarian tumours (odds ratio (OR) 2.56; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32-4.94). In addition, the risk associated with oestrogen replacement therapy was much larger in women with an intact genital tract (OR 3.00; 95% CI 1.54-5.85) than in those with a history of either hysterectomy or tubal ligation. Post-menopausal oestrogen replacement therapy may, therefore, be a risk factor associated with endometrioid and clear cell tumours in particular. Additionally, the risk may be increased predominantly in women with an intact genital tract. These associations could reflect a possible role of endometriosis in the development of endometrioid or clear cell ovarian tumours.  (+info)

Primary mesenteric malignant mixed mesodermal (mullerian) tumor with neuroendocrine differentiation. (2/44)

Extragenital malignant mixed mesodermal (mullerian) tumors (MMMT) are rare neoplasms, with but 24 well documented cases in the literature. Neuroendocrine differentiation in mixed mullerian neoplasms has been mentioned only anecdotally. We report on the clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical features of a hitherto-undescribed extragenital MMMT with prominent neuroendocrine differentiation arising from the jejunal mesentery. This lesion was composed of a poorly differentiated epithelial component and a spindle cell component with heterologous (rhabdomyoblastic) differentiation. The bulk of the tumor consisted of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, which exhibited strong immunoreactivity for NSE, LEU-7, chromogranin A and synaptophysin. Electronmicroscopy confirmed the presence of neurosecretory dense-core granules. The primary mesenteric origin of the tumor was established at autopsy. Along with a brief review of previously reported extragenital MMMT some histogenetic concepts relevant to this case are discussed.  (+info)

Well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinomas and poorly differentiated mixed mullerian tumors have altered ER and PR isoform expression. (3/44)

Both the estrogen receptor (ER) and the progesterone receptor (PR) have two subtypes: ER-alpha and beta, and PR-A and -B, respectively. These subtypes differ in function and expression, and recent reports have correlated changes in the normal proportions of these isoforms with neoplastic states. We investigated ER and PR isoform expression in normal pre- and post-menopausal endometrium, well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma, and poorly differentiated malignant mixed mullerian tumors (MMMTs). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting were used to measure receptor mRNA and protein expression. Estrogen receptor-alpha/beta mRNA ratios were significantly higher in postmenopausal (27.3) compared to premenopausal endometrium (4.9) mainly as a result of lower ER-beta expression in the former. Compared to age-matched postmenopausal controls, the ER-alpha/beta ratio was reduced in both grade I adenocarcinoma and MMMT specimens (3.3 and 6.8, respectively), due to a selective loss of ER-alpha. The relative abundance of PR-A and PR-B mRNA remained unchanged between all tissue subtypes. Total PR protein, however, was significantly reduced in MMMTs compared to all other groups. Thus, sex steroid receptor expression is significantly and differentially altered in well-differentiated and poorly-differentiated endometrial cancers. Both cancers exhibit decreased ER-alpha expression and the MMMTs also demonstrate a significant loss of PR protein.  (+info)

A phase I dose-finding study of a combination of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil), carboplatin and paclitaxel in ovarian cancer. (4/44)

Standard chemotherapy for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer is a combination of platinum-paclitaxel. One strategy to improve the outcome for patients is to add other agents to standard therapy. Doxil is active in relapsed disease and has a response rate of 25% in platinum-resistant relapsed disease. A dose finding study of doxil-carboplatin-paclitaxel was therefore undertaken in women receiving first-line therapy. Thirty-one women with epithelial ovarian cancer or mixed Mullerian tumours of the ovary were enrolled. The doses of carboplatin, paclitaxel and doxil were as follows: carboplatin AUC 5 and 6; paclitaxel, 135 and 175 mg m(-2); doxil 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg m(-2). Schedules examined included treatment cycles of 21 and 28 days, and an alternating schedule of carboplatin-paclitaxel (q 21) with doxil being administered every other course (q 42). The dose-limiting toxicities were found to be neutropenia, stomatitis and palmar plantar syndrome and the maximum tolerated dose was defined as; carboplatin AUC 5, paclitaxel 175 mg m(-2) and doxil 30 mg m(-2) q 21. Reducing the paclitaxel dose to 135 mg m(-2) did not allow the doxil dose to be increased. Delivering doxil on alternate cycles at doses of 40 and 50 mg m(-2) also resulted in dose-limiting toxicities. The recommended doses for phase II/III trials are carboplatin AUC 6, paclitaxel 175 mg m(-2), doxil 30 mg m(-2) q 28 or carboplatin AUC 5, paclitaxel 175 mg m(-2), doxil 20 mg m(-2) q 21. Grade 3/4 haematologic toxicity was common at the recommended phase II doses but was short lived and not clinically important and non-haematologic toxicities were generally mild and consisted of nausea, paraesthesiae, stomatitis and palmar plantar syndrome.  (+info)

Mullerian adenosarcoma of the uterine cervix. (5/44)

Sarcomas in the uterine cervix are rare, the incidence being 0.5% to 1% of all cervical malignancies. This is a report of cervical mullerian adenosarcoma, which was encountered in a hysterectomy performed for prolapse. The tumor was composed of benign glandular elements and malignant stromal component, thus justifying its nomenclature. We wish to emphasize the distinctive morphological features of this rare cervical tumor.  (+info)

Uterine malignant mixed Mullerian tumor (Metaplasic carcinoma) in the cat: clinicopathologic features and proliferation indices. (6/44)

A homologous malignant mixed Mullerian tumor of the uterus occurring in an 8-year-old Persian cat was described with regard to its clinical and pathologic features. A polypoid multinodular mass of the right uterine horn was shown by an ultrasound examination. Grossly, the right uterine horn was enlarged because of a vegetative and infiltrating tumor, grayish-white in color, that penetrated the uterine wall to the level of the perimetrium. Many metastatic nodules were found in abdominal and thoracic cavities. Histologically, the neoplasm had both carcinomatous and sarcomatous components and was diagnosed as an uterine malignant mixed Mullerian tumor. This is the fourth case reported in cats. The histologic features and proliferation rate of this tumor were similar to the corresponding human neoplasms, which occur mainly in postmenopausal women. The possible hormone dependence of the tumor is briefly discussed.  (+info)

Expression of CD10 in malignant mullerian mixed tumors and adenosarcomas: an immunohistochemical study. (7/44)

CD10 has been demonstrated to be positive in endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) and thus is useful in establishing the diagnosis, but its expression in malignant mullerian mixed tumor (MMMT) and mullerian adenosarcoma remains to be clarified. In this study, 12 cases of MMMT (9 uterine, 2 tubal, and 1 metastatic), 6 cases of mullerian adenosarcoma (three corporeal, two cervical, and one tubal), and 7 cases of primary uterine sarcomas had their tissues examined immunohistochemically for expression of CD10, desmin, myoglobin, alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA), and cytokeratin. Of the primary uterine sarcomas, two were primary rhabdomyosarcomas (one cervical and one corporeal), two were ESSs, two were high-grade leiomyosarcomas, and one was a high-grade endometrial sarcoma. Sarcomatous components in all cases of MMMT and mullerian adenosarcoma, as well as all uterine sarcomas, were positive for CD10, showing moderate to marked staining intensity with varying distribution except in one MMMT, which showed weak and very focal staining. In four MMMTs, three adenosarcomas, and one rhabdomyosarcoma, myoglobin- and/or desmin-positive rhabdomyoblastic cells were positive for CD10. The immunoreactivity for CD10 showed the same distribution for alpha-SMA and myoglobin in three and two MMMTs, respectively. In five cases of MMMT, carcinomatous components were focally positive for CD10, and in two cases small populations of round or short spindle cells in sarcomatous components were positive for CD10, alpha-SMA, and cytokeratin (CAM5.2). These results indicate that CD10 expression is not restricted to ESS but can be positive in MMMT and mullerian adenosarcoma as well as in a variety of uterine tumors including high-grade leiomyosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. CD10 expression might be one of the characteristics of mullerian system-derived neoplastic mesenchymal cells.  (+info)

Establishment and characterization of cancer cell cultures and xenografts derived from primary or metastatic Mullerian cancers. (8/44)

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to characterize cell cultures and xenografts derived from patients with ovarian cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Ninety specimens from 67 patients were plated in RPMI 1640 or inoculated in nude mice. Growth characteristics of cell cultures and xenografts were determined. Expression of receptors for estrogen, progesterone, androgen, epithelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, HER-2/erbB-2/c-neu proto-oncogene, and the P53 expression were characterized by immunocytochemistry in 28 cell cultures. RESULTS: Forty-nine percent of samples were cultured successfully in vitro. Ascitic and pleural effusion specimens were more likely to produce a cell culture or a xenograft than solid tissue specimens (P < 0.005). All of the cell cultures had an epithelial morphology, and 89% were aneuploid with a mean DNA index of 1.6 (range, 0.9-3.0). Of 54 and 61 specimens inoculated into nude mice i.p. and s.c., 15 (28%) and 18 (30%) produced a xenograft, respectively, with two-thirds of these xenografts being reproducibly tumorigenic. The median time to first passage was 21 weeks for cell cultures and 8-12 weeks for xenografts. Expression of epithelial growth factor receptor, HER-2/erbB-2/c-neu proto-oncogene, fibroblast growth factor receptor, estrogen, progesterone, and androgen was seen in 24, 21, 31, 17, 43, and 18%, respectively. P53 was overexpressed in 62% of cell cultures analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Ovarian cancer cells collected from effusions are easier to grow in vitro than in vivo. The only characteristic that may be associated with tumorigenicity was abnormal P53 expression. This panel of ovarian cancer materials provides useful models for biological or therapeutical studies.  (+info)

A "mixed tumor, malignant" is a rare and aggressive type of cancer that contains two or more different types of malignant tissue. It is also known as a "malignant mixed Mullerian tumor" (MMMT) or "carcinosarcoma." This type of tumor most commonly arises in the female reproductive organs, such as the uterus or ovaries, but can also occur in other parts of the body.

The malignant mixed Mullerian tumor is composed of both epithelial and mesenchymal components, which are two different types of tissue. The epithelial component is made up of cancerous glandular or squamous cells, while the mesenchymal component consists of cancerous connective tissue, such as muscle, fat, or bone.

Mixed tumors, malignant can be aggressive and have a high risk of recurrence and metastasis. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for mixed tumors, malignant varies depending on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor, the stage of the disease at diagnosis, and the patient's overall health.

Müllerian ducts are a pair of embryonic structures found in female mammals, including humans. They give rise to the female reproductive system during fetal development. In females, the Müllerian ducts develop into the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper part of the vagina.

In males, the regression of Müllerian ducts is induced by a hormone called anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), produced by the developing testes. In the absence of AMH or if it fails to function properly, the Müllerian ducts may persist and lead to conditions known as persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS) or Müllerian remnants in males.

In summary, Müllerian ducts are essential structures for female reproductive system development, and their regression is crucial for male reproductive organ formation.

A "mixed tumor, mesodermal" is not a widely recognized or currently used medical term in pathology. However, based on the context, it may refer to a type of tumor that contains a mixture of different cell types derived from the mesoderm, one of the three primary germ layers during embryonic development.

In general, a mixed tumor is a tumor composed of more than one type of tissue or cell type. In the context of soft tissue tumors, a "mixed tumor" may refer to a tumor with elements of both epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation, such as a pleomorphic adenoma.

However, in the context of mesodermal tissues, mixed tumors are not typically used to describe soft tissue tumors. Instead, the term "mixed" is more commonly used in the classification of certain types of ovarian tumors that contain both epithelial and mesenchymal elements, such as a Brenner tumor or a mullerian mixed tumor.

Therefore, it's important to provide more context or specify the body site when using the term "mixed tumor, mesodermal" to ensure accurate communication and understanding.

A mixed tumor, also known as a mullerian mixed tumor or carcinosarcoma, is a rare type of cancer that occurs most commonly in the female reproductive system. It is called a "mixed" tumor because it contains two or more different types of cells, specifically carcinoma (epithelial) cells and sarcoma (connective tissue) cells. These tumors can arise in the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, or other mullerian-derived structures.

Mullerian mixed tumors are aggressive and have a poor prognosis compared to other types of gynecologic malignancies. They typically occur in postmenopausal women, but can also be found in younger women. Symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain or pressure, and a mass or bulge in the lower abdomen. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence.

Neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells or tissues in the body that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). When referring to "Complex and Mixed Neoplasms," it is typically used in the context of histopathology, where it describes tumors with a mixture of different types of cells or growth patterns.

A complex neoplasm usually contains areas with various architectural patterns, cell types, or both, making its classification challenging. It may require extensive sampling and careful examination to determine its nature and behavior. These neoplasms can be either benign or malignant, depending on the specific characteristics of the tumor cells and their growth pattern.

A mixed neoplasm, on the other hand, is a tumor that contains more than one type of cell or tissue component, often arising from different germ layers (the three primary layers of embryonic development: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). A common example of a mixed neoplasm is a teratoma, which can contain tissues derived from all three germ layers, such as skin, hair, teeth, bone, and muscle. Mixed neoplasms can also be benign or malignant, depending on the specific components of the tumor.

It's important to note that the classification and behavior of complex and mixed neoplasms can vary significantly based on their location in the body, cellular composition, and other factors. Accurate diagnosis typically requires a thorough examination by an experienced pathologist and may involve additional tests, such as immunohistochemistry or molecular analysis, to determine the appropriate treatment and management strategies.

A pleomorphic adenoma is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that typically develops in the salivary glands, although they can also occur in other areas such as the nasopharynx and skin. "Pleomorphic" refers to the diverse appearance of the cells within the tumor, which can vary in size, shape, and arrangement.

Pleomorphic adenomas are composed of a mixture of epithelial and mesenchymal cells, which can form glandular structures, squamous (scale-like) cells, and areas that resemble cartilage or bone. These tumors tend to grow slowly and usually do not spread to other parts of the body.

While pleomorphic adenomas are generally not dangerous, they can cause problems if they become large enough to press on surrounding tissues or structures. In some cases, these tumors may also undergo malignant transformation, leading to a cancerous growth known as carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. Surgical removal is the standard treatment for pleomorphic adenomas, and the prognosis is generally good with proper management.

Myoepithelioma is a very rare, benign (non-cancerous) tumor that arises from the myoepithelial cells, which are found in various glands throughout the body, including salivary glands, sweat glands, and mammary glands. These tumors typically appear as slow-growing, painless masses. While they are usually benign, some myoepitheliomas can become malignant (cancerous) and invasive, leading to more serious health concerns. Treatment for myoepithelioma typically involves surgical removal of the tumor.

Mammary neoplasms in animals refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the mammary glands. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors are slow growing and rarely spread to other parts of the body, while malignant tumors are aggressive, can invade surrounding tissues, and may metastasize to distant organs.

Mammary neoplasms are more common in female animals, particularly those that have not been spayed. The risk factors for developing mammary neoplasms include age, reproductive status, hormonal influences, and genetic predisposition. Certain breeds of dogs, such as poodles, cocker spaniels, and dachshunds, are more prone to developing mammary tumors.

Clinical signs of mammary neoplasms may include the presence of a firm, discrete mass in the mammary gland, changes in the overlying skin such as ulceration or discoloration, and evidence of pain or discomfort in the affected area. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies (such as mammography or ultrasound), and biopsy with histopathological evaluation.

Treatment options for mammary neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the animal's overall health status. Surgical removal is often the primary treatment modality, and may be curative for benign tumors or early-stage malignant tumors. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy may also be used in cases where the tumor has spread to other parts of the body. Regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring are essential to ensure early detection and treatment of any recurrence or new mammary neoplasms.

There is no medical definition for "dog diseases" as it is too broad a term. However, dogs can suffer from various health conditions and illnesses that are specific to their species or similar to those found in humans. Some common categories of dog diseases include:

1. Infectious Diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Examples include distemper, parvovirus, kennel cough, Lyme disease, and heartworms.
2. Hereditary/Genetic Disorders: Some dogs may inherit certain genetic disorders from their parents. Examples include hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), and degenerative myelopathy.
3. Age-Related Diseases: As dogs age, they become more susceptible to various health issues. Common age-related diseases in dogs include arthritis, dental disease, cancer, and cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS).
4. Nutritional Disorders: Malnutrition or improper feeding can lead to various health problems in dogs. Examples include obesity, malnutrition, and vitamin deficiencies.
5. Environmental Diseases: These are caused by exposure to environmental factors such as toxins, allergens, or extreme temperatures. Examples include heatstroke, frostbite, and toxicities from ingesting harmful substances.
6. Neurological Disorders: Dogs can suffer from various neurological conditions that affect their nervous system. Examples include epilepsy, intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), and vestibular disease.
7. Behavioral Disorders: Some dogs may develop behavioral issues due to various factors such as anxiety, fear, or aggression. Examples include separation anxiety, noise phobias, and resource guarding.

It's important to note that regular veterinary care, proper nutrition, exercise, and preventative measures can help reduce the risk of many dog diseases.

Carcinosarcoma is a rare and aggressive type of cancer that occurs when malignant epithelial cells (carcinoma) coexist with malignant mesenchymal cells (sarcoma) in the same tumor. This mixed malignancy can arise in various organs, but it is most commonly found in the female reproductive tract, particularly in the uterus and ovaries.

In a carcinosarcoma, the epithelial component typically forms glands or nests, while the mesenchymal component can differentiate into various tissue types such as bone, cartilage, muscle, or fat. The presence of both malignant components in the same tumor makes carcinosarcomas particularly aggressive and challenging to treat.

Carcinosarcomas are also known by other names, including sarcomatoid carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma, or pseudosarcoma. The prognosis for patients with carcinosarcoma is generally poor due to its high propensity for local recurrence and distant metastasis. Treatment usually involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Adenosarcoma is a rare type of tumor that typically develops in the female reproductive system, particularly in the uterus. It is a mixed tumor, meaning it contains both glandular (epithelial) and connective tissue components.

The glandular component forms glands, which secrete substances, while the connective tissue component is made up of spindle-shaped cells called sarcoma cells. Adenosarcomas usually grow slowly and tend to remain localized, but they can sometimes spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.

These tumors most commonly occur in the uterus, where they are known as adenosarcomas of the uterus or uterine adenosarcomas. They can also develop in other areas of the body, such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the peritoneum (the lining of the abdominal cavity).

Adenosarcomas are typically treated with surgery to remove the tumor and surrounding tissue. The prognosis for adenosarcoma depends on several factors, including the stage of the disease at diagnosis, the patient's age and overall health, and the presence or absence of certain genetic mutations.

Testicular hormones, also known as androgens, are a type of sex hormone primarily produced in the testes of males. The most important and well-known androgen is testosterone, which plays a crucial role in the development of male reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics. Testosterone is responsible for the growth and maintenance of male sex organs, such as the testes and prostate, and it also promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics like facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass.

Testicular hormones are produced and regulated by a feedback system involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain. The hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone, while FSH works together with testosterone to promote sperm production.

In addition to their role in male sexual development and function, testicular hormones also have important effects on other bodily functions, such as bone density, muscle mass, red blood cell production, mood, and cognitive function.

Mesenchymoma is a very rare type of tumor that contains a mixture of different types of mesenchymal tissues, such as muscle, fat, bone, cartilage, or fibrous tissue. It typically occurs in children and young adults, and can be found in various parts of the body, including the head, neck, retroperitoneum (the area behind the abdominal cavity), and the limbs.

Mesenchymomas are usually slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms until they reach a large size. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, but radiation therapy or chemotherapy may also be used in some cases. The prognosis for mesenchymoma depends on several factors, including the location and size of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and the specific types of tissue that are present in the tumor.

Vaginal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the vagina. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The two main types of vaginal neoplasms are:

1. Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN): This is a condition where the cells on the inner lining of the vagina become abnormal but have not invaded deeper tissues. VAIN can be low-grade or high-grade, depending on the severity of the cell changes.
2. Vaginal cancer: This is a malignant tumor that arises from the cells in the vagina. The two main types of vaginal cancer are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type, accounting for about 85% of all cases.

Risk factors for vaginal neoplasms include human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, smoking, older age, history of cervical cancer or precancerous changes, and exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Salivary gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the salivary glands. These glands are responsible for producing saliva, which helps in digestion, lubrication of food and maintaining oral health. Salivary gland neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign neoplasms are slow-growing and typically do not spread to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as swelling, painless lumps, or difficulty swallowing if they grow large enough to put pressure on surrounding tissues.

Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, can be aggressive and have the potential to invade nearby structures and metastasize (spread) to distant organs. Symptoms of malignant salivary gland neoplasms may include rapid growth, pain, numbness, or paralysis of facial nerves.

Salivary gland neoplasms can occur in any of the major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands) or in the minor salivary glands located throughout the mouth and throat. The exact cause of these neoplasms is not fully understood, but risk factors may include exposure to radiation, certain viral infections, and genetic predisposition.

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein hormone that belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) family. It is primarily produced by the granulosa cells of developing follicles in the ovaries of females. AMH plays an essential role in female reproductive physiology, as it inhibits the recruitment and further development of primordial follicles, thereby regulating the size of the primordial follicle pool and the onset of puberty.

AMH levels are often used as a biomarker for ovarian reserve assessment in women. High AMH levels indicate a larger ovarian reserve, while low levels suggest a decreased reserve, which may be associated with reduced fertility or an earlier onset of menopause. Additionally, measuring AMH levels can help predict the response to ovarian stimulation during assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Submandibular gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the submandibular glands. These are one of the three pairs of major salivary glands located beneath the jaw and produce saliva that helps in digestion. Submandibular gland neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign neoplasms are typically slow-growing, do not invade surrounding tissues, and rarely spread to other parts of the body. Common types of benign submandibular gland neoplasms include pleomorphic adenomas and monomorphic adenomas.

Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, are aggressive and can invade nearby structures or metastasize (spread) to distant organs. Common types of malignant submandibular gland neoplasms include mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and acinic cell carcinoma.

Symptoms of submandibular gland neoplasms may include a painless swelling or mass in the neck, difficulty swallowing, speaking, or breathing, numbness or tingling in the tongue or lips, and unexplained weight loss. Treatment options depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor but often involve surgical excision, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or metastasis.

Parotid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the parotid gland, which is the largest of the salivary glands and is located in front of the ear and extends down the neck. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign parotid neoplasms are typically slow-growing, painless masses that may cause facial asymmetry or difficulty in chewing or swallowing if they become large enough to compress surrounding structures. The most common type of benign parotid tumor is a pleomorphic adenoma.

Malignant parotid neoplasms, on the other hand, are more aggressive and can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. They may present as rapidly growing masses that are firm or fixed to surrounding structures. Common types of malignant parotid tumors include mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.

The diagnosis of parotid neoplasms typically involves a thorough clinical evaluation, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) to determine the nature of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the neoplasm but may include surgical excision, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Prostatein" is not a recognized term in medical literature or anatomy. It's possible there may be a misunderstanding or typo in your query. The prostate is a gland in males that is part of the reproductive system. If you have any questions about the prostate or related health concerns, I'd be happy to try and help clarify those.

The Wolffian ducts, also known as the mesonephric ducts, are a pair of embryological structures present in the developing urinary system of male fetuses. They originate from the intermediate mesoderm and descend towards the posterior end of the developing kidney, or the metanephros.

The Wolffian ducts play a crucial role in the formation of the male reproductive system. In males, these ducts give rise to the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts. They also contribute to the development of the kidneys, specifically the pronephros and mesonephros, which are transient structures that eventually give way to the permanent kidney, or metanephros.

In females, the Wolffian ducts regress due to the absence of testicular hormones, as they do not contribute to the formation of female reproductive organs. Instead, the paramesonephric ducts, also known as the Mullerian ducts, develop into the female reproductive structures such as the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.

'46, XX Disorders of Sex Development' (DSD) is a medical term used to describe individuals who have typical female chromosomes (46, XX) but do not develop typical female physical characteristics. This condition is also sometimes referred to as 'Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome' (CAIS).

Individuals with 46, XX DSD/CAIS have testes instead of ovaries, and they typically do not have a uterus or fallopian tubes. They usually have female external genitalia that appear normal or near-normal, but they may also have undescended testes or inguinal hernias. Because their bodies are insensitive to androgens (male hormones), they do not develop male physical characteristics such as a penis or facial hair.

Individuals with 46, XX DSD/CAIS are typically raised as females and may not become aware of their condition until puberty, when they do not menstruate or develop secondary sexual characteristics such as breasts. Treatment for this condition typically involves surgery to remove the undescended testes and hormone replacement therapy to promote the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

It's important to note that individuals with 46, XX DSD/CAIS can live healthy and fulfilling lives, but they may face unique challenges related to their gender identity, sexuality, and fertility. It is essential to provide these individuals with comprehensive medical care, emotional support, and access to resources and information to help them navigate these challenges.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.

If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a medical condition where bone tissue forms outside the skeleton, in locations where it does not typically exist. This process can occur in various soft tissues, such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, or even inside joint capsules. The abnormal bone growth can lead to pain, stiffness, limited range of motion, and, in some cases, loss of function in the affected area.

There are several types of heterotopic ossification, including:

1. Myositis ossificans - This form is often associated with trauma or injury, such as muscle damage from a fracture, surgery, or direct blow. It typically affects young, active individuals and usually resolves on its own within months to a few years.
2. Neurogenic heterotopic ossification (NHO) - Also known as "traumatic heterotopic ossification," this form is often linked to spinal cord injuries, brain injuries, or central nervous system damage. NHO can cause significant impairment and may require surgical intervention in some cases.
3. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) - This rare, genetic disorder causes progressive heterotopic ossification throughout the body, starting in early childhood. The condition significantly impacts mobility and quality of life, with no known cure.

The exact mechanisms behind heterotopic ossification are not fully understood, but it is believed that a combination of factors, including inflammation, tissue injury, and genetic predisposition, contribute to its development. Treatment options may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), radiation therapy, physical therapy, or surgical removal of the abnormal bone growth, depending on the severity and location of the HO.

Keratins are a type of fibrous structural proteins that constitute the main component of the integumentary system, which includes the hair, nails, and skin of vertebrates. They are also found in other tissues such as horns, hooves, feathers, and reptilian scales. Keratins are insoluble proteins that provide strength, rigidity, and protection to these structures.

Keratins are classified into two types: soft keratins (Type I) and hard keratins (Type II). Soft keratins are found in the skin and simple epithelial tissues, while hard keratins are present in structures like hair, nails, horns, and hooves.

Keratin proteins have a complex structure consisting of several domains, including an alpha-helical domain, beta-pleated sheet domain, and a non-repetitive domain. These domains provide keratin with its unique properties, such as resistance to heat, chemicals, and mechanical stress.

In summary, keratins are fibrous structural proteins that play a crucial role in providing strength, rigidity, and protection to various tissues in the body.

Vimentin is a type III intermediate filament protein that is expressed in various cell types, including mesenchymal cells, endothelial cells, and hematopoietic cells. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cell structure and integrity by forming part of the cytoskeleton. Vimentin is also involved in various cellular processes such as cell division, motility, and intracellular transport.

In addition to its structural functions, vimentin has been identified as a marker for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process that occurs during embryonic development and cancer metastasis. During EMT, epithelial cells lose their polarity and cell-cell adhesion properties and acquire mesenchymal characteristics, including increased migratory capacity and invasiveness. Vimentin expression is upregulated during EMT, making it a potential target for therapeutic intervention in cancer.

In diagnostic pathology, vimentin immunostaining is used to identify mesenchymal cells and to distinguish them from epithelial cells. It can also be used to diagnose certain types of sarcomas and carcinomas that express vimentin.

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. These cells cover organs, glands, and other structures within the body. Carcinomas can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, lungs, breasts, prostate, colon, and pancreas. They are often characterized by the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis. Carcinomas can be further classified based on their appearance under a microscope, such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma.

Peptide receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that bind to peptide hormones and neurotransmitters. These receptors play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including regulation of appetite, pain perception, immune function, and cardiovascular homeostasis. Peptide receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily or the tyrosine kinase receptor family. Upon binding of a peptide ligand, these receptors activate intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately lead to changes in cell behavior and communication with other cells.

Peptide receptors can be classified into two main categories: metabotropic and ionotropic. Metabotropic peptide receptors are GPCRs, which activate intracellular signaling pathways through coupling with heterotrimeric G proteins. These receptors typically have seven transmembrane domains and undergo conformational changes upon ligand binding, leading to the activation of downstream effectors such as adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, or ion channels.

Ionotropic peptide receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that directly modulate ion fluxes across the cell membrane upon ligand binding. These receptors contain four or five subunits arranged around a central pore and undergo conformational changes to allow ion flow through the channel.

Examples of peptide receptors include:

1. Opioid receptors (μ, δ, κ) - bind endogenous opioid peptides such as enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins to modulate pain perception and reward processing.
2. Somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-5) - bind somatostatin and cortistatin to regulate hormone secretion, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis.
3. Neuropeptide Y receptors (Y1-Y5) - bind neuropeptide Y to modulate feeding behavior, energy metabolism, and cardiovascular function.
4. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRP-R) - binds calcitonin gene-related peptide to mediate vasodilation and neurogenic inflammation.
5. Bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) - binds bradykinin to induce pain, inflammation, and vasodilation.
6. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2) - bind vasoactive intestinal peptide to regulate neurotransmission, hormone secretion, and smooth muscle contraction.
7. Oxytocin receptor (OXTR) - binds oxytocin to mediate social bonding, maternal behavior, and uterine contractions during childbirth.
8. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) - binds angiotensin II to regulate blood pressure, fluid balance, and cell growth.

Tumor markers are substances that can be found in the body and their presence can indicate the presence of certain types of cancer or other conditions. Biological tumor markers refer to those substances that are produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to cancer or certain benign (non-cancerous) conditions. These markers can be found in various bodily fluids such as blood, urine, or tissue samples.

Examples of biological tumor markers include:

1. Proteins: Some tumor markers are proteins that are produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to the presence of cancer. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by normal prostate cells and in higher amounts by prostate cancer cells.
2. Genetic material: Tumor markers can also include genetic material such as DNA, RNA, or microRNA that are shed by cancer cells into bodily fluids. For example, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is genetic material from cancer cells that can be found in the bloodstream.
3. Metabolites: Tumor markers can also include metabolic products produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to cancer. For example, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme that is released into the bloodstream when cancer cells break down glucose for energy.

It's important to note that tumor markers are not specific to cancer and can be elevated in non-cancerous conditions as well. Therefore, they should not be used alone to diagnose cancer but rather as a tool in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluations.

Metaplasia is a term used in pathology to describe the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another differentiated cell type within a tissue or organ. It is an adaptive response of epithelial cells to chronic irritation, inflammation, or injury and can be reversible if the damaging stimulus is removed. Metaplastic changes are often associated with an increased risk of cancer development in the affected area.

For example, in the case of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), chronic exposure to stomach acid can lead to metaplasia of the esophageal squamous epithelium into columnar epithelium, a condition known as Barrett's esophagus. This metaplastic change is associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Tumor burden is a term used to describe the total amount of cancer in the body. It can refer to the number of tumors, the size of the tumors, or the amount of cancer cells in the body. In research and clinical trials, tumor burden is often measured to assess the effectiveness of treatments or to monitor disease progression. High tumor burden can cause various symptoms and complications, depending on the type and location of the cancer. It can also affect a person's prognosis and treatment options.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine, a type of small signaling protein involved in immune response and inflammation. It is primarily produced by activated macrophages, although other cell types such as T-cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells can also produce it.

TNF-α plays a crucial role in the body's defense against infection and tissue injury by mediating inflammatory responses, activating immune cells, and inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in certain types of cells. It does this by binding to its receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are found on the surface of many cell types.

In addition to its role in the immune response, TNF-α has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis, as well as cancer, where it can promote tumor growth and metastasis.

Therapeutic agents that target TNF-α, such as infliximab, adalimumab, and etanercept, have been developed to treat these conditions. However, these drugs can also increase the risk of infections and other side effects, so their use must be carefully monitored.

Growth inhibitors, in a medical context, refer to substances or agents that reduce or prevent the growth and proliferation of cells. They play an essential role in regulating normal cellular growth and can be used in medical treatments to control the excessive growth of unwanted cells, such as cancer cells.

There are two main types of growth inhibitors:

1. Endogenous growth inhibitors: These are naturally occurring molecules within the body that help regulate cell growth and division. Examples include retinoids, which are vitamin A derivatives, and interferons, which are signaling proteins released by host cells in response to viruses.

2. Exogenous growth inhibitors: These are synthetic or natural substances from outside the body that can be used to inhibit cell growth. Many chemotherapeutic agents and targeted therapies for cancer treatment fall into this category. They work by interfering with specific pathways involved in cell division, such as DNA replication or mitosis, or by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells.

It is important to note that growth inhibitors may also affect normal cells, which can lead to side effects during treatment. The challenge for medical researchers is to develop targeted therapies that specifically inhibit the growth of abnormal cells while minimizing harm to healthy cells.

A cell line that is derived from tumor cells and has been adapted to grow in culture. These cell lines are often used in research to study the characteristics of cancer cells, including their growth patterns, genetic changes, and responses to various treatments. They can be established from many different types of tumors, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, and leukemias. Once established, these cell lines can be grown and maintained indefinitely in the laboratory, allowing researchers to conduct experiments and studies that would not be feasible using primary tumor cells. It is important to note that tumor cell lines may not always accurately represent the behavior of the original tumor, as they can undergo genetic changes during their time in culture.

Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) are a group of conditions that occur when there is a difference in the development and assignment of sex characteristics. These differences may be apparent at birth, at puberty, or later in life. DSD can affect chromosomes, gonads, genitals, or secondary sexual characteristics, and can result from genetic mutations or environmental factors during fetal development.

DSDs were previously referred to as "intersex" conditions, but the term "Disorders of Sex Development" is now preferred in medical settings because it is more descriptive and less stigmatizing. DSDs are not errors or abnormalities, but rather variations in human development that require sensitive and individualized care.

The diagnosis and management of DSD can be complex and may involve a team of healthcare providers, including endocrinologists, urologists, gynecologists, psychologists, and genetic counselors. Treatment options depend on the specific type of DSD and may include hormone therapy, surgery, or other interventions to support physical and emotional well-being.

Urogenital abnormalities refer to structural or functional anomalies that affect the urinary and genital systems. These two systems are closely linked during embryonic development, and sometimes they may not develop properly, leading to various types of congenital defects. Urogenital abnormalities can range from minor issues like a bifid scrotum (a condition where the scrotum is split into two parts) to more severe problems such as bladder exstrophy (where the bladder develops outside the body).

These conditions may affect urination, reproduction, and sexual function. They can also increase the risk of infections and other complications. Urogenital abnormalities can be diagnosed through physical examination, imaging tests, or genetic testing. Treatment options depend on the specific condition but may include surgery, medication, or lifestyle changes.

Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children. It occurs in the cells of the developing kidneys and is named after Dr. Max Wilms, who first described this type of tumor in 1899. Wilms tumor typically develops before the age of 5, with most cases occurring in children under the age of 3.

The medical definition of Wilms tumor is:

A malignant, embryonal kidney tumor originating from the metanephric blastema, which is a mass of undifferentiated cells in the developing kidney. Wilms tumor is characterized by its rapid growth and potential for spread (metastasis) to other parts of the body, particularly the lungs and liver. The tumor usually presents as a large, firm, and irregular mass in the abdomen, and it may be associated with various symptoms such as abdominal pain, swelling, or blood in the urine.

Wilms tumor is typically treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The prognosis for children with Wilms tumor has improved significantly over the past few decades due to advances in treatment methods and early detection.

Female genitalia refer to the reproductive and sexual organs located in the female pelvic region. They are primarily involved in reproduction, menstruation, and sexual activity. The external female genitalia, also known as the vulva, include the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and the external openings of the urethra and vagina. The internal female genitalia consist of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. These structures work together to facilitate menstruation, fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth.

"Sex differentiation" is a term used in the field of medicine, specifically in reproductive endocrinology and genetics. It refers to the biological development of sexual characteristics that distinguish males from females. This process is regulated by hormones and genetic factors.

There are two main stages of sex differentiation: genetic sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation. Genetic sex determination occurs at fertilization, where the combination of X and Y chromosomes determines the sex of the individual (typically, XX = female and XY = male). Gonadal sex differentiation then takes place during fetal development, where the genetic sex signals the development of either ovaries or testes.

Once the gonads are formed, they produce hormones that drive further sexual differentiation, leading to the development of internal reproductive structures (such as the uterus and fallopian tubes in females, and the vas deferens and seminal vesicles in males) and external genitalia.

It's important to note that while sex differentiation is typically categorized as male or female, there are individuals who may have variations in their sexual development, leading to intersex conditions. These variations can occur at any stage of the sex differentiation process and can result in a range of physical characteristics that do not fit neatly into male or female categories.

Experimental neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that are induced and studied in a controlled laboratory setting, typically in animals or cell cultures. These studies are conducted to understand the fundamental mechanisms of cancer development, progression, and potential treatment strategies. By manipulating various factors such as genetic mutations, environmental exposures, and pharmacological interventions, researchers can gain valuable insights into the complex processes underlying neoplasm formation and identify novel targets for cancer therapy. It is important to note that experimental neoplasms may not always accurately represent human cancers, and further research is needed to translate these findings into clinically relevant applications.

Tumor suppressor genes are a type of gene that helps to regulate and prevent cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled manner. They play a critical role in preventing the formation of tumors and cancer. When functioning properly, tumor suppressor genes help to repair damaged DNA, control the cell cycle, and trigger programmed cell death (apoptosis) when necessary. However, when these genes are mutated or altered, they can lose their ability to function correctly, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and the development of tumors. Examples of tumor suppressor genes include TP53, BRCA1, and BRCA2.

Ovarian neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the ovary, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can originate from various cell types within the ovary, including epithelial cells, germ cells, and stromal cells. Ovarian neoplasms are often classified based on their cell type of origin, histological features, and potential for invasive or metastatic behavior.

Epithelial ovarian neoplasms are the most common type and can be further categorized into several subtypes, such as serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, and Brenner tumors. Some of these epithelial tumors have a higher risk of becoming malignant and spreading to other parts of the body.

Germ cell ovarian neoplasms arise from the cells that give rise to eggs (oocytes) and can include teratomas, dysgerminomas, yolk sac tumors, and embryonal carcinomas. Stromal ovarian neoplasms develop from the connective tissue cells supporting the ovary and can include granulosa cell tumors, thecomas, and fibromas.

It is essential to diagnose and treat ovarian neoplasms promptly, as some malignant forms can be aggressive and potentially life-threatening if not managed appropriately. Regular gynecological exams, imaging studies, and tumor marker tests are often used for early detection and monitoring of ovarian neoplasms. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, depending on the type, stage, and patient's overall health condition.

The vagina is the canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of the uterus) to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal because babies pass through it during childbirth. The vagina is where sexual intercourse occurs and where menstrual blood exits the body. It has a flexible wall that can expand and retract. During sexual arousal, the vaginal walls swell with blood to become more elastic in order to accommodate penetration.

It's important to note that sometimes people use the term "vagina" to refer to the entire female genital area, including the external structures like the labia and clitoris. But technically, these are considered part of the vulva, not the vagina.

Glycoproteins are complex proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to their polypeptide backbone. These glycans are linked to the protein through asparagine residues (N-linked) or serine/threonine residues (O-linked). Glycoproteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell recognition, cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion, and signal transduction. They are widely distributed in nature and can be found on the outer surface of cell membranes, in extracellular fluids, and as components of the extracellular matrix. The structure and composition of glycoproteins can vary significantly depending on their function and location within an organism.

Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) receptors are a group of cell surface receptors that bind to TGF-β ligands and transduce signals into the cell. These receptors play crucial roles in regulating various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix production.

There are two types of TGF-β receptors: type I and type II. Type I receptors, also known as activin receptor-like kinases (ALKs), have serine/threonine kinase activity and include ALK1, ALK2, ALK3, ALK4, ALK5, and ALK6. Type II receptors are constitutively active serine/threonine kinases and include TGF-β RII, ActRII, and ActRIIB.

When a TGF-β ligand binds to a type II receptor, it recruits and phosphorylates a type I receptor, which in turn phosphorylates downstream signaling molecules called Smads. Phosphorylated Smads form complexes with co-Smad proteins and translocate to the nucleus, where they regulate gene expression.

Abnormalities in TGF-β signaling have been implicated in various human diseases, including fibrosis, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of TGF-β receptor function is essential for developing therapeutic strategies to target these conditions.

A carcinoid tumor is a type of slow-growing neuroendocrine tumor that usually originates in the digestive tract, particularly in the small intestine. These tumors can also arise in other areas such as the lungs, appendix, and rarely in other organs. Carcinoid tumors develop from cells of the diffuse endocrine system (also known as the neuroendocrine system) that are capable of producing hormones or biologically active amines.

Carcinoid tumors can produce and release various hormones and bioactive substances, such as serotonin, histamine, bradykinins, prostaglandins, and tachykinins, which can lead to a variety of symptoms. The most common syndrome associated with carcinoid tumors is the carcinoid syndrome, characterized by flushing, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and wheezing or difficulty breathing.

Carcinoid tumors are typically classified as functional or nonfunctional based on whether they produce and secrete hormones that cause symptoms. Functional carcinoid tumors account for approximately 30% of cases and can lead to the development of carcinoid syndrome, while nonfunctional tumors do not produce significant amounts of hormones and are often asymptomatic until they grow large enough to cause local or distant complications.

Treatment options for carcinoid tumors depend on the location, size, and extent of the tumor, as well as whether it is functional or nonfunctional. Treatment may include surgery, medications (such as somatostatin analogs, chemotherapy, or targeted therapies), and radiation therapy. Regular follow-up with imaging studies and biochemical tests is essential to monitor for recurrence and assess treatment response.

Uterine neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the uterus, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can originate from different types of cells within the uterus, leading to various types of uterine neoplasms. The two main categories of uterine neoplasms are endometrial neoplasms and uterine sarcomas.

Endometrial neoplasms develop from the endometrium, which is the inner lining of the uterus. Most endometrial neoplasms are classified as endometrioid adenocarcinomas, arising from glandular cells in the endometrium. Other types include serous carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, and mucinous carcinoma.

Uterine sarcomas, on the other hand, are less common and originate from the connective tissue (stroma) or muscle (myometrium) of the uterus. Uterine sarcomas can be further divided into several subtypes, such as leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and undifferentiated uterine sarcoma.

Uterine neoplasms can cause various symptoms, including abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, pelvic pain, and difficulty urinating or having bowel movements. The diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging tests (such as ultrasound, CT, or MRI scans) and tissue biopsies to determine the type and extent of the neoplasm. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and patient's overall health but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy.

Tumor suppressor protein p53, also known as p53 or tumor protein p53, is a nuclear phosphoprotein that plays a crucial role in preventing cancer development and maintaining genomic stability. It does so by regulating the cell cycle and acting as a transcription factor for various genes involved in apoptosis (programmed cell death), DNA repair, and cell senescence (permanent cell growth arrest).

In response to cellular stress, such as DNA damage or oncogene activation, p53 becomes activated and accumulates in the nucleus. Activated p53 can then bind to specific DNA sequences and promote the transcription of target genes that help prevent the proliferation of potentially cancerous cells. These targets include genes involved in cell cycle arrest (e.g., CDKN1A/p21), apoptosis (e.g., BAX, PUMA), and DNA repair (e.g., GADD45).

Mutations in the TP53 gene, which encodes p53, are among the most common genetic alterations found in human cancers. These mutations often lead to a loss or reduction of p53's tumor suppressive functions, allowing cancer cells to proliferate uncontrollably and evade apoptosis. As a result, p53 has been referred to as "the guardian of the genome" due to its essential role in preventing tumorigenesis.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Subrenal Capsule Assay" is not a widely recognized or established term in medicine or physiology. It appears that this term may be specific to certain research or experimental contexts.

In general, a capsule assay is a type of experimental setup where cells or tissues are encapsulated within a semi-permeable membrane, allowing for the study of cellular behavior and interactions with the external environment while being protected from immune system attack.

The term "subrenal" suggests that it may have something to do with the kidney, specifically below the renal capsule, which is the outermost layer of the kidney. However, without more context or information about the specific research or experimental procedure, it's difficult to provide a precise medical definition for this term.

If you could provide more context or details about where you encountered this term, I may be able to give a more accurate and helpful explanation.

The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the female pelvic cavity, between the bladder and the rectum. It has a thick, middle layer called the myometrium, which is composed of smooth muscle tissue, and an inner lining called the endometrium, which provides a nurturing environment for the fertilized egg to develop into a fetus during pregnancy.

The uterus is where the baby grows and develops until it is ready for birth through the cervix, which is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. The uterus plays a critical role in the menstrual cycle as well, by shedding its lining each month if pregnancy does not occur.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a diverse group of neoplasms that arise from cells of the neuroendocrine system, which is composed of dispersed neuroendocrine cells throughout the body, often in close association with nerves and blood vessels. These cells have the ability to produce and secrete hormones or hormone-like substances in response to various stimuli. NETs can occur in a variety of organs, including the lungs, pancreas, small intestine, colon, rectum, stomach, and thyroid gland, as well as in some less common sites such as the thymus, adrenal glands, and nervous system.

NETs can be functional or nonfunctional, depending on whether they produce and secrete hormones or hormone-like substances that cause specific symptoms related to hormonal excess. Functional NETs may give rise to a variety of clinical syndromes, such as carcinoid syndrome, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor syndrome (also known as Verner-Morrison or WDHA syndrome), and others. Nonfunctional NETs are more likely to present with symptoms related to the size and location of the tumor, such as abdominal pain, intestinal obstruction, or bleeding.

The diagnosis of NETs typically involves a combination of imaging studies, biochemical tests (e.g., measurement of serum hormone levels), and histopathological examination of tissue samples obtained through biopsy or surgical resection. Treatment options depend on the type, location, stage, and grade of the tumor, as well as the presence or absence of functional symptoms. They may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and/or peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT).

Tumor suppressor proteins are a type of regulatory protein that helps control the cell cycle and prevent cells from dividing and growing in an uncontrolled manner. They work to inhibit tumor growth by preventing the formation of tumors or slowing down their progression. These proteins can repair damaged DNA, regulate gene expression, and initiate programmed cell death (apoptosis) if the damage is too severe for repair.

Mutations in tumor suppressor genes, which provide the code for these proteins, can lead to a decrease or loss of function in the resulting protein. This can result in uncontrolled cell growth and division, leading to the formation of tumors and cancer. Examples of tumor suppressor proteins include p53, Rb (retinoblastoma), and BRCA1/2.

Brain neoplasms, also known as brain tumors, are abnormal growths of cells within the brain. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign brain tumors typically grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause serious problems if they press on sensitive areas of the brain. Malignant brain tumors, on the other hand, are cancerous and can grow quickly, invading surrounding brain tissue and spreading to other parts of the brain or spinal cord.

Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells within the brain, including glial cells (which provide support and insulation for nerve cells), neurons (nerve cells that transmit signals in the brain), and meninges (the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord). They can also result from the spread of cancer cells from other parts of the body, known as metastatic brain tumors.

Symptoms of brain neoplasms may vary depending on their size, location, and growth rate. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or paralysis in the limbs, difficulty with balance and coordination, changes in speech or vision, confusion, memory loss, and changes in behavior or personality.

Treatment for brain neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and dynamic setting that consists of various cellular and non-cellular components, which interact with each other and contribute to the growth, progression, and dissemination of cancer. The TME includes:

1. Cancer cells: These are the malignant cells that grow uncontrollably, invade surrounding tissues, and can spread to distant organs.
2. Stromal cells: These are non-cancerous cells present within the tumor, including fibroblasts, immune cells, adipocytes, and endothelial cells. They play a crucial role in supporting the growth of cancer cells by providing structural and nutritional support, modulating the immune response, and promoting angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels).
3. Extracellular matrix (ECM): This is the non-cellular component of the TME, consisting of a network of proteins, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides that provide structural support and regulate cell behavior. The ECM can be remodeled by both cancer and stromal cells, leading to changes in tissue stiffness, architecture, and signaling pathways.
4. Soluble factors: These include various cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and metabolites that are secreted by both cancer and stromal cells. They can act as signaling molecules, influencing cell behavior, survival, proliferation, and migration.
5. Blood vessels: The formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) within the TME is essential for providing nutrients and oxygen to support the growth of cancer cells. The vasculature in the TME is often disorganized, leading to hypoxic (low oxygen) regions and altered drug delivery.
6. Immune cells: The TME contains various immune cell populations, such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and different subsets of T lymphocytes. These cells can either promote or inhibit the growth and progression of cancer, depending on their phenotype and activation status.
7. Niche: A specific microenvironment within the TME that supports the survival and function of cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells. The niche is often characterized by unique cellular components, signaling molecules, and physical properties that contribute to the maintenance and propagation of CSCs.

Understanding the complex interactions between these various components in the TME can provide valuable insights into cancer biology and help inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Papillary cystadenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from the epithelial cells lining a cyst. It is called "papillary" because the tumor has finger-like projections called papillae, which are made up of fibrovascular cores covered by neoplastic cells.

Cystadenocarcinoma is a malignant tumor that has the potential to invade surrounding tissues and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Papillary cystadenocarcinomas can occur in various organs, including the ovaries, pancreas, and lungs.

The symptoms of papillary cystadenocarcinoma depend on the location of the tumor. For example, an ovarian papillary cystadenocarcinoma may cause abdominal pain or bloating, while a lung papillary cystadenocarcinoma may cause coughing or shortness of breath.

The diagnosis of papillary cystadenocarcinoma typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, followed by a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options include surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The prognosis for papillary cystadenocarcinoma depends on several factors, including the stage of the disease at diagnosis, the location of the tumor, and the patient's overall health.

The testis, also known as the testicle, is a male reproductive organ that is part of the endocrine system. It is located in the scrotum, outside of the abdominal cavity. The main function of the testis is to produce sperm and testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.

The testis is composed of many tiny tubules called seminiferous tubules, where sperm are produced. These tubules are surrounded by a network of blood vessels, nerves, and supportive tissues. The sperm then travel through a series of ducts to the epididymis, where they mature and become capable of fertilization.

Testosterone is produced in the Leydig cells, which are located in the interstitial tissue between the seminiferous tubules. Testosterone plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. It also supports sperm production and sexual function.

Abnormalities in testicular function can lead to infertility, hormonal imbalances, and other health problems. Regular self-examinations and medical check-ups are recommended for early detection and treatment of any potential issues.

The urogenital system is a part of the human body that includes the urinary and genital systems. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, which work together to produce, store, and eliminate urine. On the other hand, the genital system, also known as the reproductive system, is responsible for the production, development, and reproduction of offspring. In males, this includes the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, and penis. In females, it includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and external genitalia.

The urogenital system is closely related anatomically and functionally. For example, in males, the urethra serves as a shared conduit for both urine and semen, while in females, the urethra and vagina are separate but adjacent structures. Additionally, some organs, such as the prostate gland in males and the Skene's glands in females, have functions that overlap between the urinary and genital systems.

Disorders of the urogenital system can affect both the urinary and reproductive functions, leading to a range of symptoms such as pain, discomfort, infection, and difficulty with urination or sexual activity. Proper care and maintenance of the urogenital system are essential for overall health and well-being.

'Mammary neoplasms, experimental' is not a recognized medical term. However, I can provide definitions for the individual terms:

1. Mammary: Pertaining to the breast or mammary glands in females, which are responsible for milk production.
2. Neoplasms: Abnormal growths of tissue, also known as tumors or masses, that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
3. Experimental: Relating to a scientific experiment or study, typically conducted in a controlled setting to test hypotheses and gather data.

In the context of medical research, 'experimental mammary neoplasms' may refer to artificially induced breast tumors in laboratory animals (such as rats or mice) for the purpose of studying the development, progression, treatment, and prevention of breast cancer. These studies can help researchers better understand the biology of breast cancer and develop new therapies and strategies for its diagnosis and management.

Cell proliferation is the process by which cells increase in number, typically through the process of cell division. In the context of biology and medicine, it refers to the reproduction of cells that makes up living tissue, allowing growth, maintenance, and repair. It involves several stages including the transition from a phase of quiescence (G0 phase) to an active phase (G1 phase), DNA replication in the S phase, and mitosis or M phase, where the cell divides into two daughter cells.

Abnormal or uncontrolled cell proliferation is a characteristic feature of many diseases, including cancer, where deregulated cell cycle control leads to excessive and unregulated growth of cells, forming tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites in the body.

Pathologic neovascularization is the abnormal growth of new blood vessels in previously avascular tissue or excessive growth within existing vasculature, which occurs as a result of hypoxia, inflammation, or angiogenic stimuli. These newly formed vessels are often disorganized, fragile, and lack proper vessel hierarchy, leading to impaired blood flow and increased vascular permeability. Pathologic neovascularization can be observed in various diseases such as cancer, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and chronic inflammation. This process contributes to disease progression by promoting tumor growth, metastasis, and edema formation, ultimately leading to tissue damage and organ dysfunction.

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic form of the hormone estrogen that was prescribed to pregnant women from the 1940s until the early 1970s to prevent miscarriage, premature labor, and other complications of pregnancy. However, it was later discovered that DES could cause serious health problems in both the mothers who took it and their offspring.

DES is a non-selective estrogen agonist, meaning that it binds to and activates both estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) in the body. It has a higher binding affinity for ERα than for ERβ, which can lead to disruptions in normal hormonal signaling pathways.

In addition to its use as a pregnancy aid, DES has also been used in the treatment of prostate cancer, breast cancer, and other conditions associated with hormonal imbalances. However, due to its potential health risks, including an increased risk of certain cancers, DES is no longer widely used in clinical practice.

Some of the known health effects of DES exposure include:

* In women who were exposed to DES in utero (i.e., their mothers took DES during pregnancy):
+ A rare form of vaginal or cervical cancer called clear cell adenocarcinoma
+ Abnormalities of the reproductive system, such as structural changes in the cervix and vagina, and an increased risk of infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and preterm delivery
+ An increased risk of breast cancer later in life
* In men who were exposed to DES in utero:
+ Undescended testicles
+ Abnormalities of the penis and scrotum
+ A higher risk of testicular cancer
* In both men and women who were exposed to DES in utero or who took DES themselves:
+ An increased risk of certain types of breast cancer
+ A possible increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including high blood pressure and stroke.

It is important for individuals who have been exposed to DES to inform their healthcare providers of this fact, as it may have implications for their medical care and monitoring.

Neoplasm metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the primary site (where the original or primary tumor formed) to other places in the body. This happens when cancer cells break away from the original (primary) tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The cancer cells can then travel to other parts of the body and form new tumors, called secondary tumors or metastases.

Metastasis is a key feature of malignant neoplasms (cancers), and it is one of the main ways that cancer can cause harm in the body. The metastatic tumors may continue to grow and may cause damage to the organs and tissues where they are located. They can also release additional cancer cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system, leading to further spread of the cancer.

The metastatic tumors are named based on the location where they are found, as well as the type of primary cancer. For example, if a patient has a primary lung cancer that has metastasized to the liver, the metastatic tumor would be called a liver metastasis from lung cancer.

It is important to note that the presence of metastases can significantly affect a person's prognosis and treatment options. In general, metastatic cancer is more difficult to treat than cancer that has not spread beyond its original site. However, there are many factors that can influence a person's prognosis and response to treatment, so it is important for each individual to discuss their specific situation with their healthcare team.

Peritoneal neoplasms refer to tumors or cancerous growths that develop in the peritoneum, which is the thin, transparent membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers the organs within it. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant peritoneal neoplasms are often associated with advanced stages of gastrointestinal, ovarian, or uterine cancers and can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the abdomen.

Peritoneal neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests like CT scans or MRIs, followed by a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancerous cells. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm.

"Butterflies" is not a medical term, but rather a colloquial or informal term that is often used to describe a feeling of nervousness or excitement in the stomach. It is thought to be due to the release of adrenaline and the increased heart rate and breathing that can occur when someone is anxious or excited. The sensation may be caused by the contraction of the muscles in the stomach, which can feel like fluttering or flips. This feeling is not a medical condition and does not typically require treatment, but if it is severe or persistent, it may be helpful to speak with a healthcare provider to address any underlying anxiety or stress.

Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from glandular epithelial cells. These cells line the inside of many internal organs, including the breasts, prostate, colon, and lungs. Adenocarcinomas can occur in any of these organs, as well as in other locations where glands are present.

The term "adenocarcinoma" is used to describe a cancer that has features of glandular tissue, such as mucus-secreting cells or cells that produce hormones. These cancers often form glandular structures within the tumor mass and may produce mucus or other substances.

Adenocarcinomas are typically slow-growing and tend to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. They can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these treatments. The prognosis for adenocarcinoma depends on several factors, including the location and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and age.

Heterologous transplantation is a type of transplantation where an organ or tissue is transferred from one species to another. This is in contrast to allogeneic transplantation, where the donor and recipient are of the same species, or autologous transplantation, where the donor and recipient are the same individual.

In heterologous transplantation, the immune systems of the donor and recipient are significantly different, which can lead to a strong immune response against the transplanted organ or tissue. This is known as a graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where the immune cells in the transplanted tissue attack the recipient's body.

Heterologous transplantation is not commonly performed in clinical medicine due to the high risk of rejection and GVHD. However, it may be used in research settings to study the biology of transplantation and to develop new therapies for transplant rejection.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

Genitalia, also known as the genitals, refer to the reproductive organs located in the pelvic region. In males, these include the penis and testicles, while in females, they consist of the vulva, vagina, clitoris, and ovaries. Genitalia are essential for sexual reproduction and can also be associated with various medical conditions, such as infections, injuries, or congenital abnormalities.

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) are rare, but potentially aggressive neoplasms that arise from the interstitial cells of Cajal or their precursors in the gastrointestinal tract. These tumors can be found anywhere along the digestive tract, including the stomach, small intestine, colon, and rectum. They are usually characterized by the presence of specific genetic mutations, most commonly involving the KIT (CD117) or PDGFRA genes. GISTs can vary in size and may present with a range of symptoms, such as abdominal pain, bleeding, or obstruction, depending on their location and size. Treatment typically involves surgical resection, and in some cases, targeted therapy with kinase inhibitors.

Hematometra is a medical condition that refers to the accumulation of menstrual blood in the uterus (uterine cavity) due to obstruction of the cervical canal. This condition typically occurs in women who have congenital abnormalities of the reproductive system, such as imperforate hymen or transverse vaginal septum, which prevent the normal flow of menstrual blood out of the uterus.

The accumulation of blood in the uterus can cause it to become distended and painful, and may also lead to endometriosis, infection, and other complications if left untreated. Hematometra is typically diagnosed through a physical examination, imaging studies such as ultrasound or MRI, and sometimes laparoscopy. Treatment usually involves surgical correction of the underlying abnormality to restore the normal flow of menstrual blood.

Cryptorchidism is a medical condition in which one or both of a male infant's testicles fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum before birth or within the first year of life. Normally, the testicles descend from the abdomen into the scrotum during fetal development in the second trimester. If the testicles do not descend on their own, medical intervention may be necessary to correct the condition.

Cryptorchidism is a common birth defect, affecting about 3-5% of full-term and 30% of preterm male infants. In most cases, the testicle will descend on its own within the first six months of life. If it does not, treatment may be necessary to prevent complications such as infertility, testicular cancer, and inguinal hernia.

Treatment for cryptorchidism typically involves surgery to bring the testicle down into the scrotum. This procedure is called orchiopexy and is usually performed before the age of 2. In some cases, hormonal therapy may be used as an alternative to surgery. However, this approach has limited success and is generally only recommended in certain situations.

Overall, cryptorchidism is a treatable condition that can help prevent future health problems if addressed early on. Regular check-ups with a pediatrician or healthcare provider can help ensure timely diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

Freemartinism is a condition seen in female cattle that have been twin to a male fetus. It is a form of pseudohermaphroditism where the female develops some masculine characteristics due to exposure to male hormones from her twin brother while in the womb. These females may have underdeveloped reproductive systems and are usually sterile, unable to reproduce. The term "freemartin" is used specifically for this condition in cattle, but similar conditions can occur in other species including sheep and goats.

Cell division is the process by which a single eukaryotic cell (a cell with a true nucleus) divides into two identical daughter cells. This complex process involves several stages, including replication of DNA, separation of chromosomes, and division of the cytoplasm. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis is the type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells. It is a fundamental process for growth, development, and tissue repair in multicellular organisms. The stages of mitosis include prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm.

Meiosis, on the other hand, is a type of cell division that occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes) during the production of gametes (sex cells). Meiosis results in four genetically unique daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity. The stages of meiosis include meiosis I and meiosis II, which are further divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

In summary, cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two daughter cells, either through mitosis or meiosis. This process is critical for growth, development, tissue repair, and sexual reproduction in multicellular organisms.

Wnt4 protein is a member of the Wnt family of signaling proteins, which are involved in various developmental processes, including cell fate determination, tissue homeostasis, and embryonic development. Specifically, Wnt4 plays crucial roles in female reproductive system development, such as promoting nephrogenesis (kidney development) and regulating Müllerian duct formation during sex differentiation. It exerts its functions by binding to Frizzled receptors and activating the canonical or non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways. Genetic mutations in WNT4 have been associated with certain genetic disorders, such as Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome, which is characterized by congenital absence of the uterus and vagina.

Virilism is a condition that results from excessive exposure to androgens (male hormones) such as testosterone. It can occur in both males and females, but it is more noticeable in women and children. In females, virilism can cause various masculinizing features like excess body hair, deepened voice, enlarged clitoris, and irregular menstrual cycles. In children, it can lead to premature puberty and growth abnormalities. Virilism is often caused by conditions that involve the adrenal glands or ovaries, including tumors, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and certain medications.

Fushi Tarazu (FTZ) transcription factors are a family of proteins that regulate gene expression during development in various organisms, including insects and mammals. The name "Fushi Tarazu" comes from the phenotype observed in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) mutants, which have segmentation defects resembling a "broken rosary bead" or "incomplete abdomen."

FTZ transcription factors contain a zinc finger DNA-binding domain and are involved in the regulation of homeotic genes, which control body pattern formation during development. They play crucial roles in establishing and maintaining proper segmentation and regional identity along the anterior-posterior axis of the organism. In mammals, FTZ transcription factors have been implicated in various processes, including neurogenesis, adipogenesis, and energy metabolism.

A xenograft model antitumor assay is a type of preclinical cancer research study that involves transplanting human tumor cells or tissues into an immunodeficient mouse. This model allows researchers to study the effects of various treatments, such as drugs or immune therapies, on human tumors in a living organism.

In this assay, human tumor cells or tissues are implanted into the mouse, typically under the skin or in another organ, where they grow and form a tumor. Once the tumor has established, the mouse is treated with the experimental therapy, and the tumor's growth is monitored over time. The response of the tumor to the treatment is then assessed by measuring changes in tumor size or weight, as well as other parameters such as survival rate and metastasis.

Xenograft model antitumor assays are useful for evaluating the efficacy and safety of new cancer therapies before they are tested in human clinical trials. They provide valuable information on how the tumors respond to treatment, drug pharmacokinetics, and toxicity, which can help researchers optimize dosing regimens and identify potential side effects. However, it is important to note that xenograft models have limitations, such as differences in tumor biology between mice and humans, and may not always predict how well a therapy will work in human patients.

Steroidogenic Factor 1 (SF-1 or NR5A1) is a nuclear receptor protein that functions as a transcription factor, playing a crucial role in the development and regulation of the endocrine system. It is involved in the differentiation and maintenance of steroidogenic tissues such as the adrenal glands, gonads (ovaries and testes), and the hypothalamus and pituitary glands in the brain.

SF-1 regulates the expression of genes that are essential for steroid hormone biosynthesis, including enzymes involved in the production of cortisol, aldosterone, and sex steroids (androgens, estrogens). Mutations in the SF-1 gene can lead to various disorders related to sexual development, adrenal function, and fertility.

In summary, Steroidogenic Factor 1 is a critical transcription factor that regulates the development and function of steroidogenic tissues and the biosynthesis of steroid hormones.

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.

The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.

Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

BALB/c is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The strain was developed at the Institute of Cancer Research in London by Henry Baldwin and his colleagues in the 1920s, and it has since become one of the most commonly used inbred strains in the world.

BALB/c mice are characterized by their black coat color, which is determined by a recessive allele at the tyrosinase locus. They are also known for their docile and friendly temperament, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory.

One of the key features of BALB/c mice that makes them useful for research is their susceptibility to certain types of tumors and immune responses. For example, they are highly susceptible to developing mammary tumors, which can be induced by chemical carcinogens or viral infection. They also have a strong Th2-biased immune response, which makes them useful models for studying allergic diseases and asthma.

BALB/c mice are also commonly used in studies of genetics, neuroscience, behavior, and infectious diseases. Because they are an inbred strain, they have a uniform genetic background, which makes it easier to control for genetic factors in experiments. Additionally, because they have been bred in the laboratory for many generations, they are highly standardized and reproducible, making them ideal subjects for scientific research.

Mullerian anomalies are structural anomalies caused by errors in embryonic müllerian duct development Mixed Müllerian tumor ...
... mixed tumor, malignant MeSH C04.557.435.530 - mixed tumor, mesodermal MeSH C04.557.435.540 - mixed tumor, mullerian MeSH ... sertoli-leydig cell tumor MeSH C04.557.475.750.847.249 - leydig cell tumor MeSH C04.557.475.750.847.500 - sertoli cell tumor ... mixed-cell MeSH C04.557.386.480.550.500 - lymphoma, mixed-cell, diffuse MeSH C04.557.386.480.550.525 - lymphoma, mixed-cell, ... mixed tumor, mesodermal MeSH C04.557.450.795.550 - myosarcoma MeSH C04.557.450.795.550.660 - rhabdomyosarcoma MeSH C04.557. ...
... chondroid syringoma M8941/3 Carcinoma in pleomorphic adenoma M8950/3 Mullerian mixed tumor M8951/3 Mesodermal mixed tumor M8959 ... NOS Mixed tumor, salivary gland type, NOS Chondroid syringoma M8940/3 Mixed tumor, malignant, NOS Mixed tumor, malignant, NOS ... NOS Gastrin cell tumor M8153/3 Gastinoma, malignant G cell tumor, malignant Gastrin cell tumor, malignant M8154/3 Mixed islet ... Hilar cell tumor M8670/0 Lipid cell tumor of ovary (C56.9) Lipoid cell tumor of ovary Steroid cell tumor, NOS ...
Tuladhar S, Katwal S, Joshi HO, Yadav B, Bhusal A, Bhandari S (December 2023). "Testicular adrenal rest tumors (TART) secondary ... Sexual orientation is more mixed, though the majority are heterosexual.[medical citation needed] In one study[specify], 27% of ... and other mullerian structures are normally formed as well. However, the high levels of testosterone[original research?] in the ... December 2007). "Testicular adrenal rest tumors and Leydig and Sertoli cell function in boys with classical congenital adrenal ...
Mixed gonadal dysgenesis - is a condition of unusual and asymmetrical gonadal development leading to an unassigned sex ... Such gonads are typically surgically removed (as they have a significant risk of developing tumors) and a typical medical ... Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome - A disorder where the Mullerian ducts fail to fuse during embryonic development. Leading to ... Ostrow, Vlady; De Luca, Francesco (2009). "Long term follow-up of a child with ambiguous genitalia, mixed gonadal dysgenesis, ...
Desbuquois syndrome Desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy Desmoid disease Desmoid tumor Desmoplastic small round cell tumor ... recessive type Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus type 1 Diabetes mellitus type 2 Diabetes persistent mullerian ducts Diabetes ... hypospadias metacarpal and metatarsal syndrome Deafness mesenteric diverticula of small bowel neuropathy Deafness mixed with ...
Triplet code Triploid Trisomic Trisomy Tritium tRNA Trp True heritability True speciation Truncation selection Tumour Tumour ... S-9 mix Sanger sequence Sanger sequencing Sarcoma Satellite Satellite chromosome Satellite DNA Scaffold Scanning hypothesis ... Mosaicism Mouse model mRNA mtDNA Mu particle Mu phage Mullerian mimicry Multifactorial Multihybrid Multimeric structure ... tumor Wobble Wolfram syndrome X chromosome X hyperactivation X linkage X linked X-and-Y linkage X-inactivation X:A ratio ...
... in diagnosing such tumors. AMH is also useful in diagnosing recurrence of granulosa cell tumors. In veterinary medicine, AMH ... August 2011). "Anti-mullerian hormone predicts menopause: a long-term follow-up study in normoovulatory women". The Journal of ... involvement of anti-Müllerian hormone in cattle twins of mixed sex Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS) Sexual ... Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary secrete AMH, and AMH testing has a sensitivity ranging between 76 and 93% ...
... is an invasive prenatal test that has the potential to cause maternal and fetal blood cell mixing, which can ... In addition, the use of embryonic cells has been shown to develop into tumors such as teratocarcinomas and frequently acquire ... "Mullerian Anomalies". Penn Medicine. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2022-11-09. Tchirikov M, Schlabritz- ... Maternal and fetal blood cells may mix during an amniocentesis and, as a result, patients with rhesus (RhD) negative blood ...
The latter group includes those with Turner syndrome (i.e., 45,X) and its variants, as well as those with mixed gonadal ... Eh, Zheng; Liu, Weili (June 1994). "A familial 46 XY gonadal dysgenesis and high incidence of embryonic gonadal tumors". ... Wilson, Danielle; Bordoni, Bruno (2022), "Embryology, Mullerian Ducts (Paramesonephric Ducts)", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL ... Zieliñska, Dorota; Zajaczek, Stanislaw; Rzepka-Górska, Izabella (29 May 2007). "Tumors of dysgenetic gonads in Swyer syndrome ...
... tumor 2; 194071; H19 Wilms' tumor; 194070; BRCA2 Wilms' tumor, somatic; 194070; GPC3 Wilms' tumor, type 1; 194070; WT1 Wilson's ... DCTN1 Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome, type I; 261550; AMH Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome, type II; 261550; AMHR2 ... hereditary mixed, 2; 610069; BMPR1A Polyposis, juvenile intestinal; 174900; BMPR1A Polyposis, juvenile intestinal; 174900; ... PIK3CA Gastrointestinal stromal tumor, somatic; 606764; KIT Gastrointestinal stromal tumor, somatic; 606764; PDGFRA Gaucher ...
Malignant mixed Mullerian tumour of the uterus, also known as carcinosarcoma, is a rare type of cancer that contains both ... What is Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumour of the Uterus?. A malignant mixed Mullerian tumour of the uterus, also known as ... What Support can we Give for Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumour of the Uterus?. Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumour of the Uterus is ... Malignant mixed Mullerian tumour of the Uterus represents about 3-5% of all uterine cancers. The exact cause of the malignant ...
Hsu, Y. H., Cheng, M., & Wang, P. H. (2019). Primary peritoneal carcinosarcoma (malignant mixed mullerian tumors). Taiwanese ... Primary peritoneal carcinosarcoma (malignant mixed mullerian tumors). / Hsu, Yueh Han; Cheng, Min; Wang, Peng Hui. 於: Taiwanese ... Hsu, YH, Cheng, M & Wang, PH 2019, Primary peritoneal carcinosarcoma (malignant mixed mullerian tumors), Taiwanese Journal of ... Primary peritoneal carcinosarcoma (malignant mixed mullerian tumors). Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2019 5月; ...
... also known as mixed mesodermal tumor or mixed müllerian tumor, is a rare ovarian tumor, known to be highly aggressive ... also known as mixed mesodermal tumor or mixed mullerian tumor, is a rare, aggressive, ovarian tumor that accounts for less than ... Ovarian carcinosarcoma (OSC), also known as mixed mesodermal tumor or mixed müllerian tumor, is a rare ovarian tumor, known to ... Ovarian carcinosarcoma (OSC), also known as mixed mesodermal tumor or mixed müllerian tumor, is a rare ovarian tumor known to ...
Mixed Tumor, Mullerian / diagnosis * Mixed Tumor, Mullerian / pathology * Retrospective Studies * Sarcoma / diagnosis ... and two malignant mixed müllerian tumor (MMMT), had abnormal cervical and/or peritoneal cytologic findings. Three abnormal ...
Although carcinosarcoma is the preferred term for this group of tumors, according to the International Society of Gynecological ... Malignant mullerian mixed tumors of the uterine cervix: a report of nine cases of a neoplasm with morphology often different ... Ali S, Wells M. Mixed Mullerian tumors of the uterine corpus: a review. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 1993 Jan. 3(1):1-11. [QxMD ... Uterine carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed Mullerian tumors) are metaplastic carcinomas. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2002 Nov-Dec. 12(6 ...
Mixed mesenchymal and epithelial tumors are of Mullerian origin. Among sarcomas, Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma needs to be looked ... mesenchymal tumors and tumor like lesions, mixed epithelial stromal tumors, melanocytic, germ cell, and lymphoid tumors. ... NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS. These are uncommon tumors with 1-6% of all cervical tumors.[14] ... Kurman RJ, Ronnett J, Sherman ME, Wilkinson EJ. Atlas of Tumor Pathology: Tumors of the Cervix, Vagina, and Vulva Washington, ...
Mullerian anomalies are structural anomalies caused by errors in embryonic müllerian duct development Mixed Müllerian tumor ...
Malignant mixed Mullerian tumor of the uterusMalignant mixed Mullerian tumor of the uterus ... carcinosarcoma of the uterus (previously known as malignant mixed Mullerian tumor (MMMT) of the uterus) ... sex cord / stromal tumors of the testis *Leydig cell tumor of the testis ... Most tumors (~80%) present as stage I disease. Endometrial cancer is one of the (less common) causes of cannonball metastases ...
During this most recent update, the panel updated the mesenchymal tumor classification to correspond with recent updates to the ... WHO tumor classification system. Additionally, the panel revised its systemic therapy recommendations to reflect new data and ... Carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed Mullerian tumor) of the uterus: advances in elucidation of biologic and clinical ... Carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed Mullerian tumor) of the uterus: advances in elucidation of biologic and clinical ...
Mixed Tumor, Mullerian, Carcinoma, Giant Cell, Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell ... Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors, Carcinoid Tumor, Carcinoma, Transitional Cell, Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic, Adenocarcinoma of ... A Study of CPI-0209 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors and Lymphomas. Conditions: Lymphoma, Neoplasms, Lymphoma, Large B- ... Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Treating Patients With Rare Tumors. Conditions: Carcinoma, Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, ...
mixed mullerian tumor cell line:HTMMT.CNhs11944.10689-109F5. 0.00. mucinous adenocarcinoma cell line:JHOM-1.CNhs11752.10648- ... neuroectodermal tumor cell line:FU-RPNT-1.CNhs11744.10637-108I7. 0.00. neuroectodermal tumor cell line:FU-RPNT-2. ... hepatic mesenchymal tumor cell line:LI90.CNhs11868.10778-110G4. 0.00. hepatoblastoma cell line:HuH-6.CNhs11742.10633-108I3. ... maxillary sinus tumor cell line:HSQ-89.CNhs10732.10414-106B9. 0.00. medial frontal gyrus - adult, donor10196.CNhs13796.10170- ...
mixed mullerian tumor cell line:HTMMT.CNhs11944.10689-109F5. 0.00. mucinous adenocarcinoma cell line:JHOM-1.CNhs11752.10648- ... neuroectodermal tumor cell line:FU-RPNT-1.CNhs11744.10637-108I7. 0.00. neuroectodermal tumor cell line:FU-RPNT-2. ... hepatic mesenchymal tumor cell line:LI90.CNhs11868.10778-110G4. 0.00. hepatoblastoma cell line:HuH-6.CNhs11742.10633-108I3. ... maxillary sinus tumor cell line:HSQ-89.CNhs10732.10414-106B9. 0.00. medial frontal gyrus - adult, donor10196.CNhs13796.10170- ...
Malignant mixed Mullerian tumor Active Synonym false false 2881625018 Malignant mixed Mullerian tumour Active Synonym false ... Mullerian mixed tumor (morphologic abnormality). Code System Preferred Concept Name. Mullerian mixed tumor (morphologic ... Malignant mixed mesodermal tumor Active Synonym false false 3664986011 Malignant mixed mesodermal tumour Active Synonym false ... Mullerian mixed tumour Active Synonym false false 2881624019 ... Mullerian mixed tumor Active Synonym false false 201141019 ...
Malignant mixed Mullerian tumor From NCATS Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center ...
... and malignant mixed mullerian tumors (MMMT) (7). They have a strong propensity to lymph node metastasis, as well as spreading ... Histopathologic data including the histologic type of tumor, tumor size, depth of myometrial invasion, lymph-vascular and ... of tumor cells; Score 3+: strong complete membranous staining in more than 10% of tumor cells. Meanwhile, scores equal to 2+ ... In tumors with marginal HER2/chr7 ratio of 1.8 to 2.2, another area was selected and additional 20 nuclei were scored and the ...
We present a case of a postmenopausal woman with a large mixed mullerian tumour presenting as a huge abdominopelvic mass. It ... Non-puerperal uterine inversion caused by malignant mixed mullerian sarcoma. Non-puerperal uterine inversion caused by ... Non puerperal uterine inversions resulting from mixed mullerian uterine sarcoma are rare. ... malignant mixed mullerian sarcoma. Mehra, Reeti; Siwatch, Sujata; Arora, Sunita; Kundu, Reetu. Afiliação *Mehra R; GMCH, ...
mixed mullerian tumor cell line:HTMMT.CNhs11944.10689-109F5. 0.00. mucinous adenocarcinoma cell line:JHOM-1.CNhs11752.10648- ... neuroectodermal tumor cell line:FU-RPNT-1.CNhs11744.10637-108I7. 0.00. neuroectodermal tumor cell line:FU-RPNT-2. ... hepatic mesenchymal tumor cell line:LI90.CNhs11868.10778-110G4. 0.00. hepatoblastoma cell line:HuH-6.CNhs11742.10633-108I3. ... maxillary sinus tumor cell line:HSQ-89.CNhs10732.10414-106B9. 0.00. medial frontal gyrus - adult, donor10196.CNhs13796.10170- ...
Malignant mixed mullerian tumor: A case series. Carla Lenice Lee, MBA, MD and Ana Victoria V. Dy Echo, MD, FPOGS, FSGOP. ...
Although carcinosarcoma is the preferred term for this group of tumors, according to the International Society of Gynecological ... Malignant mullerian mixed tumors of the uterine cervix: a report of nine cases of a neoplasm with morphology often different ... Ali S, Wells M. Mixed Mullerian tumors of the uterine corpus: a review. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 1993 Jan. 3(1):1-11. [QxMD ... Uterine carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed Mullerian tumors) are metaplastic carcinomas. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2002 Nov-Dec. 12(6 ...
Her top areas of expertise are Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumor, Testicular Yolk Sac Tumor, Virilizing Ovarian Tumor, Hernia ... Her top areas of expertise are Endometrial Cancer, Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma, Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumor, Oophorectomy, ... If the tumor is cervical cancer that has spread to the vagina, radiation and chemotherapy are both given. ... The outlook for women with vaginal cancer depends on the size and the stage of disease and the specific type of tumor. ...
Uterine malignant mixed mullerian tumors should not be included in studies of endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2006;103:684 ... Uterine carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed Mullerian tumors) are metaplastic carcinomas. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2002;12:687-690. ... Multimodality therapy for patients with clinical Stage I and II malignant mixed Mullerian tumors of the uterus. Cancer 2001;91: ... 9. George E, Lillemoe TJ, Twiggs LB, Perrone T. Malignant mixed mullerian tumor versus high-grade endometrial carcinoma and ...
GCS, is also known as MMMT or Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumor. Carcinosarcoma is unique in that it contains two types of cells ... VELA) Study of BLU-222 in Advanced Solid Tumors , Identifier: NCT05252416. Clinical trials are currently being offered at the ...
Malignant mixed mullerian tumor in two patients receiving tamoxifen therapy. [6]. Author: Koukouliata A. pages: 167-170. ... The incidence of malignant tumor among the adult population of Belarus, undergone. [19]. Authors: Kotava A, Sasnouskaya A pages ...
... malignant mixed mullerian tumors and highly cellular leiomyomas express CD10.[5,6] A perivascular epithelioid cell tumour ( ... Small foci of carcinoma admixed with the sarcomatous component suggest a malignant mixed mullerian tumor. CD10 expression is ... Endometrial stromal tumors (EST) constitute less than 5% of uterine tumors. Benign ESN accounts for about 25% of the EST. ESN ... Oliva E, Clement P B, Young R H. Endometrial stromal tumors: an update on a group of tumors with a protean phenotype. Adv Anat ...
This clinical trial studies nivolumab and ipilimumab in treating patients with rare tumors. Monoclonal antibodies, such as ... Non-epithelial tumors of the ovary: A) Germ cell tumor of ovary B) Mullerian mixed tumor. and adenosarcoma. 14. Trophoblastic ... Desmoid tumors. 28. Peripheral nerve sheath tumors and NF1-related tumors. 29. Malignant giant cell tumors. 30. Chordoma. 31. ... Cell tumor of the testes and extragonadal germ tumors: A) Seminoma and testicular sex. cord cancer B) Non seminomatous tumor C ...
Metastatic tumors from the colon, breast, or other sites may involve the cervix secondarily. Malignant mixed mullerian tumors, ... mixed mullerian tumors (MMTs), or sarcomas, which appear to have a different biology.. ... Pelvic tumor control was achieved in 82% of patients with tumors 5 cm. or more in diameter. Perez and colleagues and Lowrey and ... or more) tumors. In a study of 1526 patients with stage IB squamous carcinomas, Eifel. and colleagues reported central tumor ...
... including malignant mixed mullerian tumors (MMMT), generally associated with a higher FIGO stage (III/IV), also reported; ...
  • I. To evaluate the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version (v)1.1 overall response rate (ORR) in subsets of patients with advanced rare cancers treated with ipilimumab plus nivolumab combination immunotherapy. (clinicaltrialsgps.com)
  • This clinical trial is evaluating a drug called BT5528 alone and in combination with nivolumab in participants with advanced solid tumors historically known for expression of EphA2. (uci.edu)
  • The purpose of this study is to determine the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of pembrolizumab/vibostolimab co-formulation (MK-7684A) with or without other anticancer therapies in participants with selected advanced solid tumors. (uci.edu)
  • This is a Phase 1/2, multi-center, open-label, dose-escalation and expansion study to evaluate safety and tolerability, PK, pharmacodynamic, and early signal of anti-tumor activity of MDNA11 alone or in combination with a checkpoint inhibitor in patients with advanced solid tumors. (ucbraid.org)
  • This phase I trial identifies the best dose, possible benefits and/or side effects of BAY 1895344 in combination with chemotherapy in treating patients with solid tumors or urothelial cancer that has spread to other places in the body (advanced). (ucbraid.org)
  • Combining BAY 1895344 with chemotherapy treatment (cisplatin, or cisplatin and gemcitabine) may be effective for the treatment of advanced solid tumors, including urothelial cancer. (ucbraid.org)
  • This is a Phase 1, multiple dose, ascending dose escalation study to define a MTD/RD and regimen of XmAb23104, to describe safety and tolerability, to assess PK and immunogenicity, and to preliminarily assess anti-tumor activity of XmAb23104 monotherapy and combination therapy with ipilimumab in subjects with selected advanced solid tumors. (ucbraid.org)
  • This phase II trial studies how well Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase inhibitor AZD6738 works alone or in combination with olaparib or durvalumab in treating participants with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), urothelial carcinoma, all pancreatic cancers, endometrial cancer, and other solid tumors excluding clear cell ovarian cancer that have spread to nearby tissue or lymph nodes or other parts of the body. (ucbraid.org)
  • This is an open-label, two-part, phase 1-2 dose-finding study designed to determine the safety, tolerability, PK, PD, and proof-of-concept efficacy of ST101 administered IV in patients with advanced solid tumors. (ucbraid.org)
  • Four patients, including one case of leiomyosarcoma (LMS), one high grade stromal sarcoma (HGSS) and two malignant mixed müllerian tumor (MMMT), had abnormal cervical and/or peritoneal cytologic findings. (nih.gov)
  • High-grade ECs are composed of grade 3 endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEC3) and mainly non-endometrioid endometrial carcinomas including papillary serous carcinoma (PSC), clear cell carcinoma (CCC), undifferentiated carcinomas, and malignant mixed mullerian tumors (MMMT) (7). (iranpath.org)
  • Uterine carcinosarcomas, known as malignant mixed mullerian tumors (MMMT) show characteristics of both carcinomas and sarcomas. (e-roj.org)
  • GCS, is also known as MMMT or Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumor. (gcsproject.org)
  • We observed moderate or strong MISIIR expression via IHC in the majority of gynecologic cancers: EOC 69% (125/182), ovarian dysgerminomas 77% (17/22), endometrial cancers 75% (82/109), uterine malignant mixed Müllerian tumors (MMMT) 59% (30/51), uterine leiomyosarcomas (LMS) 52% (15/29), and endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESS) 22% (4/18). (elsevierpure.com)
  • Although this most common gynecologic cancer carries the best prognosis, it is important to differentiate between the classic endometrioid tumors that tend to be estrogen dependent and well differentiated, from other less common high-risk uterine malignancies, such as uterine papillary serous carcinomas (UPSCs), clear cell carcinomas, mixed mullerian tumors (MMTs), or sarcomas, which appear to have a different biology. (medmuv.com)
  • Type I tumors include low-grade serous, low-grade endometrioid, clear cell and mucinous carcinomas and type II include high-grade serous, high-grade endometrioid and undifferentiated carcinomas. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Malignant mixed mesodermal tumors (carcinosarcomas) are included in the type II category because their epithelial components are identical to the pure type II carcinomas. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A malignant mixed Mullerian tumour of the uterus, also known as carcinosarcoma, is a rare type of cancer that contains both carcinoma (cancer of the epithelium) and sarcoma (cancer of the connective tissue) components. (withoutaribbon.org)
  • Ovarian carcinosarcoma (OSC), also known as mixed mesodermal tumor or mixed müllerian tumor, is a rare ovarian tumor, known to be highly aggressive representing less than 2% of ovarian cancers, it is characterized by the association of a carcinomatous component and a sarcomatous component. (scholarena.co)
  • Ovarian carcinosarcoma (OSC) also known as mixed mesodermal tumor or mixed mullerian tumor, is a rare, aggressive, ovarian tumor that accounts for less than 2% of ovarian cancers. (scholarena.co)
  • Although carcinosarcoma is the preferred term for this group of tumors, according to the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists (ISGyP)/World Health Organization (WHO) classification, it is also referred to as malignant mixed müllerian tumor. (medscape.com)
  • This category includes adenosarcoma, carcinosarcoma, and malignant mixed tumor resembling synovial sarcoma. (nih.gov)
  • This aggressive tumour represents only a small fraction of all uterine cancers but is responsible for a significant number of deaths due to its tendency to spread early and recur after treatment. (withoutaribbon.org)
  • Malignant mixed Mullerian tumour of the Uterus represents about 3-5% of all uterine cancers. (withoutaribbon.org)
  • Uterine carcinosarcomas are generally large, soft, broad-based, and polypoid tumors that expand the uterine cavity and, in some cases, protrude through the cervical os. (medscape.com)
  • Non-puerperal uterine inversion caused by malignant mixed mullerian sarcoma. (bvsalud.org)
  • Non puerperal uterine inversions resulting from mixed mullerian uterine sarcoma are rare. (bvsalud.org)
  • Her top areas of expertise are Endometrial Cancer, Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma, Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumor, Oophorectomy, and Hysterectomy. (medifind.com)
  • 25% of the tumor consists of pure sarcoma are designated as "adenosarcoma with sarcomatous overgrowth"(Clement). (surgpath4u.com)
  • BAY 1895344 may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth. (ucbraid.org)
  • Cisplatin and gemcitabine are chemotherapy drugs that stop the growth of tumor cells by killing the cells. (ucbraid.org)
  • Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as temozolomide, work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. (ucbraid.org)
  • Müllerian adenosarcoma (MA) is a rare mixed and low malignant tumor of female genital system, and is a biphasic differential tumor that is composed of admixed benign epithelial and sarcomatoid mesenchymal components. (scirp.org)
  • Benign mixed tumor of the vagina: case report with expanded immunohistochemical profile. (nih.gov)
  • Pituitary tumors are usually benign (non cancerous) but can also affect the way that the pituitary produces hormones, including FSH. (scrcivf.com)
  • A 2-year interim analysis from the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis Phase 5 (IOTA5) study showed that 80% of ovarian cysts considered benign on ultrasonography either disappeared or required no intervention. (medscape.com)
  • One third of all ovarian tumors are serous, and two thirds of these serous tumors are benign. (medscape.com)
  • Of these tumors, 75% are benign and are found in women aged 30-50 years. (medscape.com)
  • The stroma is extensive and comprises the majority of the tumor mass in this type of adenosarcoma. (surgpath4u.com)
  • Mullerian adenosarcoma of the female genital tract. (surgpath4u.com)
  • Carcinoma of cervix is classified as per the WHO classification into primary tumors which are predominantly epithelial tumors, mesenchymal tumors and tumor like lesions, mixed epithelial stromal tumors, melanocytic, germ cell, and lymphoid tumors. (cytojournal.com)
  • Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in various morphological forms needs to be separated from other epithelial tumors for treatment modality selection. (cytojournal.com)
  • Mixed mesenchymal and epithelial tumors are of Mullerian origin. (cytojournal.com)
  • Mucinous epithelial tumors account for approximately 10-15% of all epithelial ovarian neoplasms. (medscape.com)
  • The exact cause of the malignant mixed Mullerian tumour of the uterus is unknown, but it is likely to involve genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled cell growth and division. (withoutaribbon.org)
  • Risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing a malignant mixed Mullerian tumour of the uterus include obesity, use of tamoxifen (a drug used in the treatment of breast cancer), and a history of pelvic radiation therapy. (withoutaribbon.org)
  • What Support can we Give for Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumour of the Uterus? (withoutaribbon.org)
  • Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumour of the Uterus is rare cancer, meaning it is not as well known as other forms of cancer. (withoutaribbon.org)
  • If you suffer from rare cancer such as Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumour of the Uterus, we can help and support you through your journey thanks to the generous donations we receive. (withoutaribbon.org)
  • GP Sutton, JA Blessing, N Rosenshein, G Photopulos, PJ DiSaia (1989) Phase II trial for ifosfamide and mesna in mixed mesodermal tumors in the uterus. (scholarena.co)
  • A malignant mixed Müllerian tumor most often develops in the uterus (uterus), ovaries, or fallopian tubes (the conduit through which eggs are delivered from the ovary to the uterus) [2]. (scholarena.co)
  • Müllerian adenosarcomas are rare mixed tumors with low malignant potential, and occur mainly in the uterus. (scirp.org)
  • In one study, survival was only 63-69% for women whose tumors invaded into the wall of the uterus and lower than 50% for disease beyond the uterus (Arend). (surgpath4u.com)
  • In early in-utero development all canine fetuses have precursors of the uterus, fallopian tubes and upper vagina called Mullerian ducts. (orivet.com)
  • Studies have shown that epithelial ovarian cancer is not a single disease but is composed of a diverse group of tumors that can be classified based on distinctive morphologic and molecular genetic features [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If the tumor is cervical cancer that has spread to the vagina, radiation and chemotherapy are both given. (medifind.com)
  • Mixed tumors of the vagina: an immunohistochemical study of 13 cases with emphasis on the cell of origin and potential aid in differential diagnosis. (nih.gov)
  • Patients with mullerian anomalies and obstructed menstrual flow through the vagina may have an increased risk of endometriosis. (blogspot.com)
  • In addition, we sought the clinical, morphological, and immunohistochemical features of this uncommon mixed mesenchymal tumors. (journal-jmsr.net)
  • A Bicher, C Levenback, E G Silva, T W Burke, M Morris, et al (1995) Ovarian malignant mixed müllerian tumors treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. (scholarena.co)
  • Over the past three decades, surgical tumor debulking, followed by platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard treatment for advanced ovarian cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma. (bvsalud.org)
  • MRI has a role in these patients in determining tumor extent and suitable therapy. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Malignant mixed mullerian tumor in two patients receiving tamoxifen therapy. (edu.pl)
  • The histologic distribution of patients was 46% leiomyosarcoma, 33% mixed mullerian tumors, 13% stromal sarcomas, 4% adenosarcomas, and 4% hemangiosarcoma. (bmj.com)
  • Patients with tumor types likely to express NaPi2b were enrolled in dose escalation. (uci.edu)
  • For many patients, receiving the results of these tests is a source of mixed emotions. (scrcivf.com)
  • Müllerian adenosarcomas are rare tumors with non-specific clinical features, and this forms a circumstance that poses significant challenges to the clinical practice or even delayed treatment when women presented with complaints of abdominal pain and irregular vaginal bleeding from the endometriosis postoperatively. (scirp.org)
  • His top areas of expertise are Essential Thrombocythemia, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Gastric Lymphoma, Testicular Yolk Sac Tumor, and Splenectomy. (medifind.com)
  • Her top areas of expertise are Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumor, Testicular Yolk Sac Tumor, Virilizing Ovarian Tumor, Hernia Surgery, and Gastrostomy. (medifind.com)
  • Cryptorchidism predisposes dogs to infertility and testicular tumors. (orivet.com)
  • Onder S, Hurdogan O, Bayram A, Yilmaz I, Sozen H, Yavuz E. The role of FOXL2, SOX9, and β-catenin expression and DICER1 mutation in differentiating sex cord tumor with annular tubules from other sex cord tumors of the ovary. (livhospital.com)
  • Type I and type II tumors have remarkably different molecular genetic features as well as morphologic differences. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Type II tumors which show greater morphologic and molecular homogeneity are genetically unstable and have a very high frequency of TP53 mutations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Notable was the almost complete absence of Ki-ras mutations in an aggressive form of endometrial cancer, UPSC, when compared to the usual endometrioid tumors. (medmuv.com)
  • By definition, serous tumors are characterized by a proliferation of epithelium resembling that lining the fallopian tubes. (medscape.com)
  • Due to differed biological characteristics, very aggressive behavior, high recurrence rate, poor prognosis, as well as difficulty in histopathological diagnosis of such tumors, the immunohistochemical (IHC) assessment may be useful (3, 4, 8, 9). (iranpath.org)
  • The diagnosis and treatment of the tumor are also discussed. (scirp.org)
  • The aim of this report is to analyze the histological features, diagnosis and treatments of the tumor. (scirp.org)
  • The role of urinary cytology in the preoperative diagnosis of the above-mentioned tumors has rarely been reported. (cytojournal.com)
  • Although the sample size is small, this study highlights the relevance of urine cytology in the preoperative diagnosis of these rare non-urothelial tumors of the bladder. (cytojournal.com)
  • Müllerian may refer to: Müllerian mimicry, a type of mimicry or convergence named after Fritz Müller Müllerian ducts, which enter the cloaca of an embryo (named after Johannes Peter Müller) Mullerian anomalies are structural anomalies caused by errors in embryonic müllerian duct development Mixed Müllerian tumor This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Müllerian. (wikipedia.org)
  • Muller, a physiologist and pathologist, described the superior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve, the Mullerian ducts, and a special variety of mixed tumor. (silverchair.com)
  • In normal male fetuses, the Mullerian ducts regress as sexual differentiation occurs in-utero, allowing for development of male sexual anatomy. (orivet.com)
  • Chromosome 18q contains the DCC gene, a putative tumor suppressor gene frequently mutated in colon cancers. (medmuv.com)
  • These data strongly suggest that some gene on chromosome 18, is a tumor suppressor gene in endometrial cancers. (medmuv.com)
  • Inactivating mutations in the tumor suppressor BAP1 are associated with the class 2 GEP and high metastatic risk 9 , whereas single nucleotide substitutions in SF3B1 and EIF1AX are found mainly in class 1 tumors and are associated with intermediate and low metastatic risk, respectively 10 , 11 . (nature.com)
  • Other specified malignant neoplasm (Other specified cancer tumour Other codes are obsolete, ie the entities have been in the previous edition). (who.int)
  • Type I tumors are clinically indolent and usually present at a low stage, while type II tumors exhibit papillary, grandular, and solid patterns and are highly aggressive and almost always present in advanced stage (Table 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • This can be used before surgery to shrink the tumour, or after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells. (withoutaribbon.org)
  • The outlook for women with vaginal cancer depends on the size and the stage of disease and the specific type of tumor. (medifind.com)
  • Mutation of the transforming growth factor (TGF) beta receptor type II gene is common in RER+ colon and gastric cancers, but uncommon in RER+ endometrial cancers even those arising in HNPCC kindreds, suggesting that the genesis of RER+ tumors even within the same familial cancer syndrome is not the same. (medmuv.com)
  • Eralp Y, Aydıner A,Kizir A,Kaytan E,Oral EN,Topuz E, "Resectable thymoma: treatment outcome and prognostic factors in the late adolescent and adult age group," Cancer Investigation 21(5),737-43 (2003). (yesimeralp.com)
  • Human ovarian cancer, cell lines, and primary ascites cells express the human Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) Type II Receptor, bind, and are responsive to MIS. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Mullerian inhibiting substance promotes interferon {gamma}-induced gene expression and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Mullerian inhibiting substance induces NFkB signaling in breast and prostate cancer cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In terms of origin of ovarian cancer, many of researchers and gynecologic oncologists have traditionally understood that the various different ovarian tumors are all derived from the ovarian surface epithelium (mesothelium) and that subsequent metaplastic changes lead to the development of the different cell types (Table 2 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Clinicopathological analysis of borderline ovarian tumors and risk factors related to recurrence: experience of single institution. (livhospital.com)
  • A systematic review and meta-analysis by Liu et al found that the malignancy rate, including borderline tumors, for simple ovarian cysts in postmenopausal women was approximately 1 in 10,000. (medscape.com)
  • Mucinous tumors are most common in the third to fifth decades of life and are only rarely bilateral. (medscape.com)
  • Although inactivation of both alleles of either hMSH2 or MLH1 (DNA mismatch repair genes) appears to underlie microsatellite instability in tumors of HNPCC kindreds, similar to the findings in sporadic colon cancers, sporadic endometrial cancers were not associated with mutations of any of the four known human mismatch repair genes. (medmuv.com)
  • It also tests whether combination of selinexor and standard radiation therapy works to shrink tumors in this patient population. (ucbraid.org)
  • This type of EC mainly occurs in background of endometrial hyperplasia and it usually responds to hormone therapy, whereas type II EC is not related to hyperestrogenic state and usually occurs in older age groups in the setting of atrophic endometrium or sometimes endometrial polyp, and typically presents as high-grade tumors with poor prognosis (1-6). (iranpath.org)
  • MCPyV in tumor cell genomes, tumor-associated mutations search Ethics Board, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and in the large T-antigen (T-ag) gene, and large T-ag expres- by the Baylor College of Medicine Institutional Review sion in tumors suggest that MCPyV is not only associated Board, Houston. (cdc.gov)
  • 80% of cases) and CCNE1 (encoding cyclin E1) amplification but rarely has mutations that characterize most type 1 I tumors such as KRAS, BRAF, ERBB2, PTEN, CTNNB1, and PIK3CA [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In general, type I tumors are genetically more stable than type II tumors and display a distinctive pattern of mutations that occur in specific cell types. (biomedcentral.com)
  • UM is also notable for having two sets of driver mutations, with each tumor typically containing one mutation from each group 2 . (nature.com)
  • 6p Gain (6p+) is often found in class 1 tumors harboring SF3B1 and EIF1AX mutations, whereas 8q gain (8q+) can be found in both class 1 and class 2 tumors, and is associated with BAP1 and SF3B1 mutations. (nature.com)
  • Low levels of expression in select non-gynecologic tissues coupled with high expression in gynecologic malignancies make MISIIR an attractive target for novel therapeutics and tumor-directed imaging in the management of gynecologic cancers. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Rare type of cancerous (malignant) tumor made up of both epithelial cells (cells that make up the inner lining of hollow organs and glands in the body) and stromal cells (cells that make up the connective tissues that surround and support various organs in the body) [1]. (scholarena.co)
  • Type I EC occurs in association with hyperestrogenic state in which tumors are commonly well differentiated. (iranpath.org)
  • This implies that the metastatic proclivity of UM is "set in stone" early in tumor evolution and may explain why advances in primary treatment have not improved survival. (nature.com)
  • We present a case of a postmenopausal woman with a large mixed mullerian tumour presenting as a huge abdominopelvic mass. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mullerian Duct Syndrome (MDS) is an inherited disorder of sexual development affecting male dogs. (orivet.com)
  • Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to kill tumor cells. (ucbraid.org)
  • Loss of heterozygosity for chromosome 3 (LOH3) is frequently found in BAP1 -mutant class 2 tumors and is thought to represent the "second hit" in the bi-allelic loss of BAP1 , located at chromosome 3p21 9 . (nature.com)
  • Despite success in identifying these canonical genomic aberrations in UM, how and when these events arise during tumor evolution remains unknown. (nature.com)