Sonographic features of fetal trisomy 18 at 13 and 14 weeks: four case reports. (1/59)
Fetal trisomy 18 is the second most common multiple malformation syndrome. We present four cases of trisomy 18 with multiple sonographic abnormalities at 13 and 14 weeks of gestation. These cases demonstrated that fetal hand deformities can be a tell-tale sign of trisomy 18 with or without increased nuchal translucency at this gestation. (+info)Identification of the gene for oral-facial-digital type I syndrome. (2/59)
Oral-facial-digital type 1 syndrome (OFD1 [MIM 311200]) is transmitted as an X-linked dominant condition with lethality in males and is characterized by malformations of the face, oral cavity, and digits, and by a highly variable expressivity even within the same family. Malformation of the brain and polycystic kidneys are commonly associated with this disorder. The locus for OFD1 was mapped by linkage analysis to a 12-Mb interval, flanked by markers DXS85 and DXS7105 in the Xp22 region. To identify the gene responsible for this syndrome, we analyzed several transcripts mapping to the region and found mutations in OFD1 (formerly named "Cxorf5/71-7a"), encoding a protein containing coiled-coil alpha-helical domains. Seven patients with OFD1, including three with familial and four with sporadic cases, were analyzed. Analysis of the familial cases revealed a missense mutation, a 19-bp deletion, and a single base-pair deletion leading to a frameshift. In the sporadic cases, we found a missense (de novo), a nonsense, a splice, and a frameshift mutation. RNA in situ studies on mouse embryo tissue sections show that Ofd1 is developmentally regulated and is expressed in all tissues affected in OFD1 syndrome. The involvement of OFD1 in oral-facial-digital type I syndrome demonstrates an important role of this gene in human development. (+info)The p63 gene in EEC and other syndromes. (3/59)
Several autosomal dominantly inherited human syndromes have recently been shown to result from mutations in the p63 gene. These syndromes have various combinations of limb malformations fitting the split hand-split foot spectrum, orofacial clefting, and ectodermal dysplasia. The p63 syndrome family includes the EEC syndrome, AEC syndrome, ADULT syndrome, limb-mammary syndrome, and non-syndromic split hand/foot malformation. The pattern of heterozygous mutations is distinct for each of these syndromes. The functional effects on the p63 proteins also vary between syndromes. In all of these syndromes, the mutation appears to have both dominant negative and gain of function effects rather than causing a simple loss of function. (+info)The Kabuki syndrome: four patients with oral abnormalities. (4/59)
The aim of this paper is to report the oral signs and symptoms of four patients with Kabuki syndrome. All had oral abnormalities affecting the palate, teeth, and/or lips, including wide spacing between the teeth, screwdriver-shaped upper incisors, hypodontia, delayed tooth eruption, narrow spacing in the upper canine area, large pulp chambers of the upper incisors and permanent molars, external root resorption of the upper central incisors and permanent molars, a division of the lower third of the root canal in normally one-rooted teeth, tooth retention, retrognathia of the upper jaw, a high palate or cleft lip/palate, and microforms of lower lip fistula. (+info)P63 alpha mutations lead to aberrant splicing of keratinocyte growth factor receptor in the Hay-Wells syndrome. (5/59)
p63, a p53 family member, is required for craniofacial and limb development as well as proper skin differentiation. However, p63 mutations associated with the ankyloblepharon-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting (AEC) syndrome (Hay-Wells syndrome) were found in the p63 carboxyl-terminal region with a sterile alpha-motif. By two-hybrid screen we identified several proteins that interact with the p63alpha carboxyl terminus and its sterile alpha-motif, including the apobec-1-binding protein-1 (ABBP1). AEC-associated mutations completely abolished the physical interaction between ABBP1 and p63alpha. Moreover the physical association of p63alpha and ABBP1 led to a specific shift of FGFR-2 alternative splicing toward the K-SAM isoform essential for epithelial differentiation. We thus propose that a p63alpha-ABBP1 complex differentially regulates FGFR-2 expression by supporting alternative splicing of the K-SAM isoform of FGFR-2. The inability of mutated p63alpha to support this splicing likely leads to the inhibition of epithelial differentiation and, in turn, accounts for the AEC phenotype. (+info)Using corticosteroids during pregnancy. Are topical, inhaled, or systemic agents associated with risk? (6/59)
QUESTION: I am concerned about use of corticosteroids during pregnancy. Some of my women patients of reproductive age are using topical, inhaled, or oral preparations, and I am not sure what to advise. ANSWER: Both topical and systemic corticosteroids are used for a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. Results of first-trimester studies were inconclusive and underpowered. Recent meta-analyses suggest a small but significant association between use of systemic corticosteroids during the first trimester and oral clefts. This is consistent with results of animal studies. No similar evidence exists for topical or inhaled corticosteroids, probably because of much lower systemic exposure. (+info)Birth defects in children conceived by ICSI compared with children conceived by other IVF-methods; a meta-analysis. (7/59)
BACKGROUND: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a method of assisted reproductive technology that involves the selection of a single sperm cell and the manual injection of this cell into the egg. The lack of relevant experimental studies, the nature of the technology involving non-natural selection of the fertilizing sperm, and possible damage to the egg have caused concern that ICSI could increase the risk of birth defects. Data from available cohort studies comparing ICSI with standard in vitro fertilization (IVF) should be combined to evaluate the risks involved with ICSI. METHODS: We reviewed more than 2500 titles and abstracts containing keywords related to ICSI and identified 22 scientific articles with data on birth defects among ICSI-births. A total of four peer-reviewed, non-overlapping prospective cohort studies provided reliable and comparable data on birth defects both for children conceived by ICSI and children conceived by standard IVF. These studies included a total of 5395 children born after ICSI. RESULTS: The pooled estimate of the risk of a major birth defect was a 1.12-fold increase after ICSI when compared with standard IVF (risk ratio = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.97-1.28, P = 0.12). There was no marked heterogeneity of risk ratios between these studies (P = 0.10). We found no significantly increased risks after ICSI for any of the categories cardiovascular defects, musculoskeletal defects, hypospadias, neural tube defects, or oral clefts. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis does not indicate that the ICSI-procedure represents significant additional risks of major birth defects in addition to the risk involved in standard IVF. The data was limited, particularly on risks of specific categories of defects. (+info)High throughput SNP and expression analyses of candidate genes for non-syndromic oral clefts. (8/59)
BACKGROUND: Recent work suggests that multiple genes and several environmental risk factors influence risk for non-syndromic oral clefts, one of the most common birth defects in humans. Advances in high-throughput genotyping technology now make it possible to test multiple markers in many candidate genes simultaneously. METHODS: We present findings from family based association tests of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in 64 candidate genes genotyped using the BeadArray approach in 58 case-parent trios from Maryland (USA) to illustrate how multiple markers in multiple genes can be analysed. To assess whether these genes were expressed in human craniofacial structures relevant to palate and lip development, we also analysed data from the Craniofacial and Oral Gene Expression Network (COGENE) consortium, and searched public databases for expression profiles of these genes. RESULTS: Thirteen candidate genes showed significant evidence of linkage in the presence of disequilibrium, and ten of these were found to be expressed in relevant embryonic tissues: SP100, MLPH, HDAC4, LEF1, C6orf105, CD44, ALX4, ZNF202, CRHR1, and MAPT. Three other genes showing statistical evidence (ADH1C, SCN3B, and IMP5) were not expressed in the embryonic tissues examined here. CONCLUSIONS: This approach demonstrates how statistical evidence on large numbers of SNP markers typed in case-parent trios can be combined with expression data to identify candidate genes for complex disorders. Many of the genes reported here have not been previously studied as candidates for oral clefts and warrant further investigation. (+info)Mouth abnormalities, also known as oral or orofacial anomalies, refer to structural or functional differences or defects in the mouth and surrounding structures, including the lips, teeth, gums, palate, tongue, and salivary glands. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life due to injury, disease, or surgery. They can range from minor variations in size, shape, or position of oral structures to more significant anomalies that may affect speech, swallowing, chewing, breathing, and overall quality of life.
Examples of mouth abnormalities include cleft lip and palate, macroglossia (enlarged tongue), microglossia (small tongue), ankyloglossia (tongue-tie), high or narrow palate, bifid uvula (split uvula), dental malocclusion (misaligned teeth), supernumerary teeth (extra teeth), missing teeth, and various oral tumors or cysts. Some mouth abnormalities may require medical intervention, such as surgery, orthodontic treatment, or speech therapy, while others may not necessitate any treatment.
In medical terms, the mouth is officially referred to as the oral cavity. It is the first part of the digestive tract and includes several structures: the lips, vestibule (the space enclosed by the lips and teeth), teeth, gingiva (gums), hard and soft palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and salivary glands. The mouth is responsible for several functions including speaking, swallowing, breathing, and eating, as it is the initial point of ingestion where food is broken down through mechanical and chemical processes, beginning the digestive process.
Jaw abnormality
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Skeletal2
- These syndromes are also characterized by radial ray defects, skeletal abnormalities, and slow growth. (medlineplus.gov)
- Skeletal abnormalities in DS include sacral dimple, and clinodactyly (5th fingers), with cutaneous syndactyly of toes or fingers. (orpha.net)
Malformations3
- Together, these hand and arm abnormalities are called radial ray malformations . (medlineplus.gov)
- Other terms used for birth defects include congenital abnormalities, anomalies, and malformations. (rochester.edu)
- 7p22 deletion - a deletion within the short arm of chromosome 7 - causes a number of symptoms, including developmental delay, intellectual disability, internal organ malformations (primarily within the heart and kidneys), and facial abnormalities. (chromodisorder.org)
Physical Abnormalities1
- In some affected individuals, additional physical abnormalities may also be present. (rarediseases.org)
Kidney abnormalities1
- Symptoms may include one side or area of the body growing more than the other side (asymmetric growth or hemihyperplasia), omphalocele or other abdominal wall defect at birth, low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) in infancy, an abnormally large tongue (macroglossia), abnormally large abdominal organs, creases or pits in the skin near the ears, and kidney abnormalities. (nih.gov)
Tumors1
- A computer then combines these images into a detailed, 3-dimensional image that shows any abnormalities or tumors. (cancer.net)
Lesions1
- Chronic oral ulceration, chronic maxillary sinus infection, or bizarre mouth lesions, especially in patients who have traveled to endemic areas or are immunocompromised in any way, should be treated with suspicion. (medscape.com)
Nose5
- The doctor looks in the nose, mouth, and throat for abnormalities and feels for lumps in the neck. (cancer.net)
- These facial abnormalities include dense eyelashes, wide nose, wide mouth, and a prominent chin. (chromodisorder.org)
- If his breathing stops and you are not in a chemical environment, you must administer mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose resuscitation. (armystudyguide.com)
- Our best working model is the Triple Risk Hypothesis, which proposes 3 factors in these deaths: 1) an underlying abnormality or immaturity in the baby's breathing or sleep waking systems, 2) a critical period of development (first months of life), and 3) environmental factors or stressors (such as stomach or side sleeping, overheating or covering the nose and mouth). (healthychildren.org)
- A bronchoscope is a type of endoscope, and consists of a thin flexible lighted tube that is threaded through the nose, mouth, or other access point to the lower airways (for example, through a tracheostomy tube), to enable a doctor to examine a patient's throat, larynx, trachea, and lower airways. (fda.gov)
Abnormal3
- Tongue thrust appears when the tongue presses forward too far in the mouth, resulting in an abnormal orthodontic condition called an "open bite. (healthline.com)
- Rats that survived for the duration of the study had few abnormalities and abnormal signs that were observed included enlarges Peyer's patched on the intestine. (europa.eu)
- A visual exam accompanied by palpation of all areas outside and inside the mouth is integral to elevating the opportunity to discover anything abnormal in an earlier stage. (velscope.com)
Genital1
- Dubowitz syndrome (DS) is a rare multiple congenital syndrome characterized primarly by growth retardation, microcephaly, distinctive facial dysmorphism, cutaneous eczema, a mild to severe intellectual deficit and genital abnormalities. (orpha.net)
Teeth12
- By wiping the child's gums, they become more familiar with the process of mouth cleaning and taking care of their teeth. (phillymag.com)
- which is a dental emergency, is characterized by a wide-open mouth and pain that makes it difficult to return to a closed-mouth (teeth together) position. (msdmanuals.com)
- A horse typically has between 36 and 44 teeth in its mouth, depending on age and dental development. (realdetroitweekly.com)
- A horse's mouth contains several types of teeth, each serving a specific function in the chewing and grinding process. (realdetroitweekly.com)
- Molars are the largest and rearmost teeth in a horse's mouth. (realdetroitweekly.com)
- The distribution of teeth in a horse's mouth is organized into specific sections, with different types of teeth found in each section. (realdetroitweekly.com)
- The front section of the horse's mouth contains the incisors, the front teeth for cutting and tearing grass and other vegetation. (realdetroitweekly.com)
- The molars are the most prominent and rearmost teeth in a horse's mouth. (realdetroitweekly.com)
- The sugars pool inside the mouth and can lead to cavities in both the top and bottom teeth. (colgate.com)
- Despite dry mouth and receding gums, many older people retain their teeth, especially people who do not develop cavities or periodontal disease. (msdmanuals.com)
- Only by knowing what healthy teeth and gums look like will you be able to spot any abnormalities early. (directline.com)
- It is believed these problems developed from untreated minor abnormalities early in life, such as retained baby teeth, malaligned teeth, or pockets of infection. (vin.com)
Occur5
- In turn the maxilla faces the same issues if any abnormalities in size or position were to occur. (wikipedia.org)
- Sleep abnormalities can also occur. (nih.gov)
- Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a life-threatening oncologic emergency characterized by metabolic abnormalities that can occur during rapid tumor breakdown in response to anti-cancer treatment. (oncolink.org)
- Muscle pain and tightness around the jaw and limited mouth opening occur, as well as headache and pain in other areas of the head and neck. (msdmanuals.com)
- Most ingestions by pets will only result in stomach upset, however, more severe signs including heart rate and rhythm abnormalities as well as neurologic changes can occur with large ingestions. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
Severe5
- The abnormalities associated with Edwards syndrome are by and large so severe that most of the babies born die within the first year. (apollohospitals.com)
- in people with specific severe heart abnormalities. (msdmanuals.com)
- These plants can cause severe stomach distress, fatal liver failure and potentially neurologic abnormalities. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
- Their theory is that since most horses eat processed feeds that do not encourage proper tooth usage, minor dental disease becomes severe abnormalities. (vin.com)
- Many horses do not have severe abnormalities but can have small abnormalities that can affect their performance. (vin.com)
Baby's1
- The dental hygienist can quickly examine the baby's mouth for decay or abnormalities without difficulty. (colgate.com)
Cleft lip5
- Cleft lip and cleft palate are problems of the mouth and lip. (rochester.edu)
- Cleft lip and cleft palate develop early in pregnancy when the sides of the lip and the roof of the mouth do not fuse together as they should. (rochester.edu)
- Cleft palate is not as noticeable as cleft lip because it is inside the mouth. (rochester.edu)
- Cleft lip and cleft palate may also cause difficulties with speech and language because of the problems in the mouth. (rochester.edu)
- Hyperdontia can be associated with developmental abnormalities such as cleft lip and/or palate Gardner's syndrome and Cline of cranial dysplasia. (silverhilldental.com)
Dental5
- it's about reducing harmful bacteria entering your pet's bloodstream and preventing painful dental conditions, as well as recognising what's normal in your dog's mouth. (directline.com)
- Furthermore a variety of ocular and dental abnormalities, such as hyperopia, cataracts, tapetoretinal degeneration, strabismus and taurodontia, anodontia/hypodontia or hyperdontia have been reported. (orpha.net)
- The Horse.com indicates the domestication of horses has led to an increase in dental disease and abnormalities. (vin.com)
- To determine the prevalence of abnormalities, the group at the University of Queensland examined the skulls of 400 horses of all ages and determined that horses 11 to 15 years of age had the highest occurrence of dental disease. (vin.com)
- However, regardless of the amount of chewing, all horses need some dental care and the mouth should be examined every time your vet examines your horse. (vin.com)
Ocular1
- abnormalities of certain eye (ocular) movements (i.e. (rarediseases.org)
Palate3
- Cleft palate happens when the roof of the mouth does not completely close. (rochester.edu)
- It can extend from the front of the mouth (hard palate) to the throat (soft palate). (rochester.edu)
- Typically these cancers are found in the mouth itself with high risk areas being the palate, tongue and floor of the mouth. (velscope.com)
Disorder1
- A jaw abnormality is a disorder in the formation, shape and/or size of the jaw. (wikipedia.org)
Inflammation3
- A cause is often not known, but it can result from eyelid inflammation, conjunctival scar, injury, operation, or anatomical abnormality of the eyelash. (healthhype.com)
- Loose connection tissue due to age, constant weeping, inflammation of the eyelids or conjunctiva (that left scars), injury, Bell's palsy, eyelid surgery or anatomical abnormalities may all result in drooping (out-turned) lower eyelid and hence non-complete eye closure, which causes increased evaporation of tears and dry itchy eyes. (healthhype.com)
- Sjögren's syndrome is a rare autoimmune condition typically involving chronic inflammation of exocrine organs such as lacrimal and salivary glands, typically manifesting as dry eyes and mouth. (bmj.com)
Biochemical2
- Abnormalities on serum biochemical analysis included hyperglycemia, azotemia, and high creatine kinase activity. (avma.org)
- There are additional adverse biochemical effects related to mouth breathing and chest breathing that also promote free radical damage and oxidative stress. (normalbreathing.com)
Metabolic1
- Patients may demonstrate one, several, or all of these metabolic abnormalities. (oncolink.org)
Bleeding gums1
- Mrs. Helen Schreiber, a 45-year-old high school principal, presents with a 6-month history of dry mouth, bleeding gums, and difficulty in chewing and swallowing food. (quizlet.com)
Orthodontic1
- One exception is the placement of an orthodontic device known as a "tongue crib" in the roof of a child's mouth. (healthline.com)
Throat1
- The optimistic 'contradiction' that is often quite confusing is the publication of an improved 5 year survival rate for oral and oropharyngeal (back of the mouth including base of the tongue, tonsils and throat). (velscope.com)
Difficulty2
- The mare also demonstrated difficulty opening her mouth and had reduced cutaneous sensation along the left side of the neck. (acvr.org)
- Loss of appetite, vomiting, difficulty in swallowing and dry mouth. (medindia.net)
Neurological2
- Acute symptoms include neurological (headache, dizziness, paresthesia), gastrointestinal (vomiting, diarrhea), and respiratory abnormalities (shortness of breath, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest) as well as lung and liver congestion, and in some instances coma and death. (nih.gov)
- There were no focal neurological deficits or other abnormalities. (pediatriconcall.com)
Tongue4
- Observe tongue at rest in mouth. (medscape.com)
- Observe abnormalities of tongue movement. (medscape.com)
- Most often, the tongue tends to push forward in the mouth. (healthline.com)
- In addition to the symptoms listed above, an adult with tongue thrust might've developed an elongated facial structure or appearance because of the inability to close their mouth and swallow normally. (healthline.com)
Respiratory1
- Biology of the Mouth The mouth is the entrance to both the digestive and the respiratory systems. (msdmanuals.com)
Diseases1
- VELscope is effectively used to detect early diseases that could later turn into mouth cancer. (bitrebels.com)
Tooth2
- Keep an eye for any tooth discolorations, mouth bleeding, swellings, or damages that might result from chewing or playtime. (phillymag.com)
- To avoid baby bottle tooth decay, never let a child fall asleep with a bottle in their mouth and limit nursing as they sleep. (colgate.com)
Gingivitis1
- Physical examination shows a dry mouth, mild gingivitis, and an ulcer on the back of the lower lip. (quizlet.com)
Gastrointestinal1
- These plants contain insoluble calcium oxalate crystals that can be very irritating to the mouth and gastrointestinal tract. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
Neck1
- Lymph nodes in the neck and complete assessment of the inside of the mouth should all be included in the oral cancer screening exam. (velscope.com)
Micrognathia1
- Facial appearance is characteristic with narrow or triangular shaped head and high or sloping forehead, flat supraorbital ridge, scanty lateral eyebrows, short palpebral fissures, blepharophimosis, ptosis, abnormally modeled ears, broad and flat nasal bridge, micrognathia and unusual configuration of the mouth. (orpha.net)
Facial1
- Some infants whose mothers took sodium valproate during pregnancy were born with the characteristic features of Baller-Gerold syndrome, such as an unusual skull shape, distinctive facial features, and abnormalities of the arms and hands. (medlineplus.gov)
Infants1
- In rare cases, infants are born with TMJ abnormalities. (msdmanuals.com)
Skull2
- Baller-Gerold syndrome is a rare condition characterized by the premature fusion of certain skull bones (craniosynostosis) and abnormalities of bones in the arms and hands. (medlineplus.gov)
- Due to its ability to eliminate superimposition, computed tomography (CT) would allow for better evaluation and characterization of both the skull fractures and temporomandibular joint abnormalities. (acvr.org)
Individuals1
- Individuals with jaw abnormalities have both functional and aesthetic impairment. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers2
- EUGENE, Ore. - (July 31, 2012) - Using mutant zebra fish, researchers studying the earliest formation of cartilage of the mouth believe they may have gotten a look at a mechanism involved in a genetic defect linked to Fraser syndrome deafness in humans. (uoregon.edu)
- The brain abnormalities that researchers have identified in some cases cannot be seen in advance using current technology. (healthychildren.org)
Infection1
- Candidiasis (candidosis) is by far the most common fungal infection of the mouth (oral cavity). (medscape.com)
Lips2
- Here we summarize the anatomy of the oral region and define and illustrate the terms that describe the major characteristics of the lips and mouth. (nih.gov)
- Your baby may have problems sucking because their lips and roof of the mouth can't close normally. (rochester.edu)
Juice1
- This condition occurs when the baby falls asleep with milk, formula, or juice in their mouth. (colgate.com)
Movements2
- 4. Ask patient whether he/she notices any movements in mouth, face, hands, or feet. (medscape.com)
- Rate only increase in movements both in and out of mouth, NOT the inability to 0 1 2 3 4 sustain movement. (medscape.com)
Common1
- Based on biopsy reports in the available literature, tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is the most common histological abnormality, followed by glomerulonephritis as a distant second. (bmj.com)
Nasal1
- Antihistamines by mouth, nasal corticosteroid spray or eye-drops usually help in a mild allergy ( 2 ). (healthhype.com)
Early1
- Based on early screening and ultrasounds, if a high risk of genetic abnormalities is identified, the pregnant woman may choose to have more advanced tests to check for any anomaly. (apollohospitals.com)
Skin1
- Notify your healthcare provider if any nails fall off or you develop any of these side effects or other skin abnormalities. (oncolink.org)
Treatment3
- The medical history includes questions on the general health of the patient, to assess contraindications to treatment of jaw abnormality. (wikipedia.org)
- Mrs. Schreiber was given advice about symptomatic treatment for her dry mouth and will be seen again in 1 week. (quizlet.com)
- Treatment is with antibiotics by mouth or as eye-drops. (healthhype.com)
Cavities1
- Dry mouth and receding gums increase the likelihood of cavities. (msdmanuals.com)
Premolars4
- The front section of the horse's mouth contains the incisors used for cutting and tearing food, while the back section houses the premolars and molars responsible for grinding and chewing. (realdetroitweekly.com)
- Behind the incisors, in the back section of the horse's mouth, are the premolars. (realdetroitweekly.com)
- In an adult horse's mouth, there are 12 premolars, three on each side of the upper and lower jaws. (realdetroitweekly.com)
- The premolars should form "shear mouth" whereby the tips of the crowns of the mandibular premolars should point directly into the interproximal spaces between the premolars on the upper jaw and vice versa. (vin.com)
Injury1
- Some experts also believe that dry mouth may make the lining of the esophagus more susceptible to injury. (msdmanuals.com)
Medication1
- Call your healthcare team if you notice a rash, as they can give suggestions to manage the rash and/or prescribe medication to apply to the rash or medication you can take by mouth. (oncolink.org)
Specific1
- Up to 10% of SIDS deaths are due to sudden irregular heartbeats, some may be related to specific abnormalities in the brain. (healthychildren.org)
Special1
- This new form of technology is a special type of light that helps to detect any abnormalities in the patient's mouth. (bitrebels.com)
Oral2
- Additionally, parents will receive instructions on good oral habits for their child to reduce oral bacteria in the mouth. (colgate.com)
- When healthy, the lining of the mouth (oral mucosa) ranges. (msdmanuals.com)
History1
- There was no history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension or rheumatological illnesses, and in particular, she denied a history of dry eyes and mouth. (bmj.com)