An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.
Lining of the ORAL CAVITY, including mucosa on the GUMS; the PALATE; the LIP; the CHEEK; floor of the mouth; and other structures. The mucosa is generally a nonkeratinized stratified squamous EPITHELIUM covering muscle, bone, or glands but can show varying degree of keratinization at specific locations.
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)
Harmful effects of non-experimental exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation in VERTEBRATES.
The use of IONIZING RADIATION to treat malignant NEOPLASMS and some benign conditions.
A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
Solutions for rinsing the mouth, possessing cleansing, germicidal, or palliative properties. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
A fibroblast growth factor that is a specific mitogen for EPITHELIAL CELLS. It binds a complex of HEPARAN SULFATE and FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2B.
Antimetabolites that are useful in cancer chemotherapy.
Decreased salivary flow.
The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.
An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.
Inflammation of the tongue.
The active metabolite of FOLIC ACID. Leucovorin is used principally as an antidote to FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS.
Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.
Treatment using irradiation with LASER light of low power intensity so that the effects are not due to heat, as they are in LASER THERAPY.
A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)
A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of taste, frequently accompanied by OLFACTION DISORDERS.
Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.
Conditions in which there is histological damage to the lower epidermis along with a grouped chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the papillary dermis disturbing the interface between the epidermis and dermis. LICHEN PLANUS is the prototype of all lichenoid eruptions. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p398)
A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.
An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.
A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).
Bleeding from the blood vessels of the mouth, which may occur as a result of injuries to the mouth, accidents in oral surgery, or diseases of the gums.
A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE that is the source of an edible fruit. Members contain TRITERPENES.
Drugs used to protect against ionizing radiation. They are usually of interest for use in radiation therapy but have been considered for other, e.g. military, purposes.
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.
Transfer of HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS from BONE MARROW or BLOOD between individuals within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used as an alternative to BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION in the treatment of a variety of neoplasms.
'Sucrase' is an intestinal brush-border enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose in the digestive process.
Any process by which toxicity, metabolism, absorption, elimination, preferred route of administration, safe dosage range, etc., for a drug or group of drugs is determined through clinical assessment in humans or veterinary animals.
A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.
A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.
A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.
A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.
Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.
Transplantation of an individual's own tissue from one site to another site.
Lasers with a semiconductor diode as the active medium. Diode lasers transform electric energy to light using the same principle as a light-emitting diode (LED), but with internal reflection capability, thus forming a resonator where a stimulated light can reflect back and forth, allowing only a certain wavelength to be emitted. The emission of a given device is determined by the active compound used (e.g., gallium arsenide crystals doped with aluminum or indium). Typical wavelengths are 810, 1,060 and 1,300 nm. (From UMDNS, 2005)
A form of therapy consisting in the local or general use of cold. The selective destruction of tissue by extreme cold or freezing is CRYOSURGERY. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.
Preparative treatment of transplant recipient with various conditioning regimens including radiation, immune sera, chemotherapy, and/or immunosuppressive agents, prior to transplantation. Transplantation conditioning is very common before bone marrow transplantation.
The portion of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT between the PYLORUS of the STOMACH and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE. It is divisible into three portions: the DUODENUM, the JEJUNUM, and the ILEUM.
Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects.
Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.
Experimentally produced harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing RADIATION in CHORDATA animals.
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN.
A group of diterpenoid CYCLODECANES named for the taxanes that were discovered in the TAXUS tree. The action on MICROTUBULES has made some of them useful as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.
Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT3 RECEPTORS.
A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.
An EPITHELIUM with MUCUS-secreting cells, such as GOBLET CELLS. It forms the lining of many body cavities, such as the DIGESTIVE TRACT, the RESPIRATORY TRACT, and the reproductive tract. Mucosa, rich in blood and lymph vessels, comprises an inner epithelium, a middle layer (lamina propria) of loose CONNECTIVE TISSUE, and an outer layer (muscularis mucosae) of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS that separates the mucosa from submucosa.
Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease.

Neutrophil transepithelial migration: role of toll-like receptors in mucosal inflammation. (1/163)

The symptomatic phases of many inflammatory diseases are characterized by migration of large numbers of neutrophils (PMN) across a polarized epithelium and accumulation within a lumen. For example, acute PMN influx is common in diseases of the gastrointestinal system (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, bacterial enterocolitis, gastritis), hepatobiliary system (cholangitis, acute cholecystitis), respiratory tract (bronchial pneumonia, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis), and urinary tract (pyelonephritis, cystitis). Despite these observations, the molecular basis of leukocyte interactions with epithelial cells is incompletely understood. In vitro models of PMN transepithelial migration typically use N-formylated bacterial peptides such as fMLP in isolation to drive human PMNs across epithelial monolayers. However, other microbial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are major constituents of the intestinal lumen and have potent effects on the immune system. In the absence of LPS, we have shown that transepithelial migration requires sequential adhesive interactions between the PMN beta2 integrin CD11b/CD18 and JAM protein family members. Other epithelial ligands appear to be abundantly represented as fucosylated proteoglycans. Further studies indicate that the rate of PMN migration across mucosal surfaces can be regulated by the ubiquitously expressed transmembrane protein CD47 and microbial-derived factors, although many of the details remain unclear. Current data suggests that Toll-like receptors (TLR), which recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), are differentially expressed on both leukocytes and mucosal epithelial cells while serving to modulate leukocyte-epithelial interactions. Exposure of epithelial TLRs to microbial ligands has been shown to result in transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory mediators whereas ligation of leukocyte TLRs modulate specific antimicrobial responses. A better understanding of these events will hopefully provide new insights into the mechanisms of epithelial responses to microorganisms and ideas for therapies aimed at inhibiting the deleterious consequences of mucosal inflammation.  (+info)

Denture hyperplasia with areas simulating oral inverted ductal papilloma. (2/163)

Denture hyperplasia is a reactive lesion of the oral mucosa, usually associated to an ill-fitting denture. This lesion is easily diagnosed and in some cases distinct microscopic variations such as osseous, oncocytic and squamous metaplasia may be found. These metaplastic alterations probably are associated with the lymphocytic infiltrate usually present in denture hyperplasia. We present a case of denture hyperplasia containing salivary gland tissue with ductal alterations mimicking an oral inverted ductal papilloma.  (+info)

Optimizing the use of anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibody with dexamethasone and 140 mg/m2 of melphalan in multiple myeloma: results of a pilot study including biological aspects. (3/163)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a major survival factor for multiple myeloma (MM) cells preventing apoptosis induced by dexamethasone (DEX) or chemotherapy. In all, 24 consecutive patients with MM in first-line therapy received DEX for 4 days, followed by melphalan (HDM: 140 mg/m2) and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). The anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody (mAb) (B-E8) was given till haematological recovery, starting 1 day before DEX. Results were historically compared to MM patients treated with HDM 140 and 200 mg/m2. Our results show (1) that B-E8 was able to fully neutralize IL-6 activity in vivo before and after HDM as shown by inhibition of C reactive protein (CRP) production; (2) no haematological toxicity; (3) a significant reduction of mucositis and fever; (4) a median event-free survival of 35 months and an overall survival of 68.2% at 5 years with a median follow-up of 72 months; and (5) the overall daily IL-6 production progressively increased on and after 7 days post-HDM, with the increased serum CRP levels. In the 5/24 patients with uncontrolled CRP production, a large IL-6 production was detected (320 microg/day) that could not possibly be neutralized by B-E8. These data show the feasibility to neutralize IL-6 in vivo with anti-IL-6 mAb in the context of HDM.  (+info)

Measurement of secondary mucositis to oncohematologic treatment by means of different scale. Review. (4/163)

Oral mucositis is the inflammation that takes place in the oral epithelium, as a result of antineoplastic treatments such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy or bone marrow transplant, being very frequent in these treatments for oncohematologic disease. The consequences of this inflammation, not only affect the quality of life of the patient, but can also suppose a limitation in the application of the treatment, as well as an increase in the hospital stay and therapeutic costs. A main obstacle for the study of the mucositis, has been the lack of a system adapted for its valuation by means of the oral examination. Methods developed to measure and quantify the changes produced in oral epithelium as a result of treatment of cancer can be very varied from more simple methods, such as general scales with four or five degrees of severity that link the mucositis to the state of oral health, to specific scales of treatment. In this last type of scale the type of antineoplastic treatment that gave rise to the mucositis is identified giving a global severity score for the mucositis. The establishment of a common scale for the evaluation of mucositis is important, not only for clinical purposes but also for the investigation of the degree of toxicity of the different therapeutic regimes that give rise to the mucositis.  (+info)

Epidemiology of the most common oral mucosal diseases in children. (5/163)

Dentists who treat children must be alert to the possibility of finding diseases of the oral mucosa, especially in younger children. The present study aimed to review the most updated information and the experience of our group in order to yield epidemiological data that assist diagnosis of the most common diseases of the oral mucosa in children. Recent epidemiologic studies have shown a wide variability in the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in different regions of the world and have led researchers to draw disparate conclusions. Moreover, studies have not been designed using standard criteria, further explaining the wide variability in the percentage of different groups of children with oral lesions, which ranges from 4.1 to 52.6%. The lesions most frequently considered by authors and that most often appear in the different studies are: recurrent aphthous stomatitis (0.9-10.8%), labial herpes (0.78-5.2%), fissured tongue (1.49-23%), geographic tongue (0.60-9.8%), oral candidiasis (0.01-37%) and traumatic injury (0.09%-22.15%). Dentists must be able to detect any of the numerous possible disorders and perform the correct differential diagnosis, key to the treatment plan. The aim of this paper, based on a review of the different national and international studies, is to contribute data on the most important oral mucosal diseases in the paediatric population in terms of prevalence and differential diagnosis.  (+info)

A non-randomized comparative study using different doses of acyclovir to prevent herpes simplex reactivation in patients submitted to autologous stem cell transplantation. (6/163)

The reactivation of Herpes Simplex virus (HSV) occurs in 70% to 80% of patients submitted to autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT); it increases the severity of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. Therefore, the use of acyclovir in ASCT patients is considered standard practice. However, the minimum dose needed to prevent reactivation is a matter of debate. We compared two doses of acyclovir in a non-randomized fashion in 59 patients submitted to ASCT: 32 patients received a dose of 125 mg/m(2) IV every six hours and the subsequent 27 patients received a dose of 60 mg/m(2) IV every six hours. Viral excretion was evaluated through weekly viral culture of oral swabs. Grade 4 mucositis was more frequent in Group 1 (p= 0.03). The reactivation rates in Groups 1 and 2 were 9% and 4%, respectively (p= 0.62, 95% confidence interval -7 - 18). Prophylaxis with reduced doses of intravenous acyclovir seems to be as effective as a higher dose in inhibiting HSV reactivation, with a significant reduction in cost. Prospective randomized studies are needed to confirm our conclusions.  (+info)

Acute toxicity and preliminary clinical outcomes of concurrent radiation therapy and weekly docetaxel and daily cisplatin for head and neck cancer. (7/163)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the feasibility and efficacy of concurrent weekly docetaxel and radiation therapy as a definitive treatment for head and neck cancer (HNC). METHODS: Thirty-two patients with primary HNC, who were treated with concurrent weekly docetaxel and radiation therapy, were analysed. The distribution of the disease stage was as follows: Stage II, 18 patients; Stage III, 3 patients; Stage IVA, 7 patients; Stage IVB, 3 patients; the patient of cervical lymph node metastasis with unknown primary tumor was not assessable. The average total dose of radiotherapy was 67.5 Gy. Docetaxel (10 mg/m(2), intravenously, once a week) was given to all patients up to four cycles, and cisplatin (6 mg/m(2), intravenously, five times a week) was also administered to all patients for up to 3 weeks from the beginning of the radiation therapy. RESULTS: Only in two patients did the radiotherapy need to be temporarily interrupted due to the development of acute mucositis. Grade 3 toxicity was observed in six patients. Grade 4 acute mucositis was seen in one patient. The response rate was 100%, and complete response (CR) was observed in 30 patients (94%). At the time of the analysis, the 2 year local control and relapse-free rates in the 30 patients showing CR were 90 and 76%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Concurrent weekly docetaxel and radiation therapy did not affect the compliance of the patients for the radiation therapy, indicating that the acute toxicities were within acceptable limits.  (+info)

Phase III study comparing cisplatin plus fluorouracil to paclitaxel, cisplatin, and fluorouracil induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced head and neck cancer. (8/163)

PURPOSE: To compare the antitumor activity and toxicity of the two induction chemotherapy treatments of paclitaxel, cisplatin, and fluorouracil (FU; PCF) versus standard cisplatin and FU (CF), both followed by chemoradiotherapy (CRT), in locally advanced head and neck cancer (HNC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligibility criteria included biopsy-proven, previously untreated, stage III or IV locally advanced HNC. Patients received either CF (cisplatin 100 mg/m2 on day 1 plus FU 1000 [corrected] mg/m2 continuous infusion on days 1 through 5) or PCF (paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 on day 1, cisplatin 100 mg/m2 on day 2, and FU 500 mg/m2 continuous infusion on days 2 through 6); both regimens were administered for three cycles every 21 days. Patients with complete response (CR) or partial response of greater than 80% in primary tumor received additional CRT (cisplatin 100 mg/m2 on days 1, 22, and 43 plus 70 Gy). RESULTS: A total of 382 eligible patients were randomly assigned to CF (n = 193) or PCF (n = 189). The CR rate was 14% in the CF arm v 33% in the PCF arm (P < .001). Median time to treatment failure was 12 months in the CF arm compared with 20 months in the PCF arm (log-rank test, P = .006; Tarone-Ware, P = .003). PCF patients had a trend to longer overall survival (OS; 37 months in CF arm v 43 months in PCF arm; log-rank test, P = .06; Tarone-Ware, P = .03). This difference was more evident in patients with unresectable disease (OS: 26 months in CF arm v 36 months in PCF arm; log-rank test, P = .04; Tarone-Ware, P = .03). CF patients had a higher occurrence of grade 2 to 4 mucositis than PCF patients (53% v 16%, respectively; P < .001). CONCLUSION: Induction chemotherapy with PCF was better tolerated and resulted in a higher CR rate than CF. However, new trials that compare induction chemotherapy plus CRT versus CRT alone are needed to better define the role of neoadjuvant treatment.  (+info)

Mucositis is a common side effect of cancer treatment, particularly chemotherapy and radiation therapy. It's defined as the inflammation and damage to the mucous membranes that line the digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus. This condition can cause symptoms such as pain, redness, swelling, and ulcers in the mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

Mucositis can make it difficult for patients to eat, drink, and swallow, which can lead to dehydration, malnutrition, and weight loss. It can also increase the risk of infection, as the damaged mucous membranes provide an entry point for bacteria and other microorganisms.

The severity of mucositis can vary depending on the type and dose of chemotherapy or radiation therapy, as well as individual patient factors such as age, overall health status, and genetic makeup. Mucositis typically occurs within a few days to a week after starting cancer treatment and may persist for several weeks or even months after treatment has ended.

Management of mucositis typically involves a combination of strategies, including pain relief, oral hygiene measures, nutritional support, and infection prevention. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary to prevent dehydration and manage infection.

Stomatitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the mucous membrane of any of the soft tissues in the mouth, including the lips, gums, tongue, palate, and cheek lining. It can cause discomfort, pain, and sores or lesions in the mouth. Stomatitis may result from a variety of causes, such as infection, injury, allergic reaction, or systemic diseases. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, mouth rinses, or changes in oral hygiene practices.

The mouth mucosa refers to the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the mouth, also known as the oral mucosa. It covers the tongue, gums, inner cheeks, palate, and floor of the mouth. This moist tissue is made up of epithelial cells, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings. Its functions include protecting the underlying tissues from physical trauma, chemical irritation, and microbial infections; aiding in food digestion by producing enzymes; and providing sensory information about taste, temperature, and texture.

Head and neck neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the head and neck region, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These tumors can develop in various sites, including the oral cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx, paranasal sinuses, salivary glands, and thyroid gland.

Benign neoplasms are slow-growing and generally do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause problems if they grow large enough to press on surrounding tissues or structures. Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, can invade nearby tissues and organs and may also metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body.

Head and neck neoplasms can have various symptoms depending on their location and size. Common symptoms include difficulty swallowing, speaking, or breathing; pain in the mouth, throat, or ears; persistent coughing or hoarseness; and swelling or lumps in the neck or face. Early detection and treatment of head and neck neoplasms are crucial for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

Radiation injuries refer to the damages that occur to living tissues as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. These injuries can be acute, occurring soon after exposure to high levels of radiation, or chronic, developing over a longer period after exposure to lower levels of radiation. The severity and type of injury depend on the dose and duration of exposure, as well as the specific tissues affected.

Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation sickness, is the most severe form of acute radiation injury. It can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, fever, and skin burns. In more severe cases, it can lead to neurological damage, hemorrhage, infection, and death.

Chronic radiation injuries, on the other hand, may not appear until months or even years after exposure. They can cause a range of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, skin changes, cataracts, reduced fertility, and an increased risk of cancer.

Radiation injuries can be treated with supportive care, such as fluids and electrolytes replacement, antibiotics, wound care, and blood transfusions. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or control bleeding. Prevention is the best approach to radiation injuries, which includes limiting exposure through proper protective measures and monitoring radiation levels in the environment.

Radiotherapy, also known as radiation therapy, is a medical treatment that uses ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells, shrink tumors, and prevent the growth and spread of cancer. The radiation can be delivered externally using machines or internally via radioactive substances placed in or near the tumor. Radiotherapy works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. Normal cells are also affected by radiation, but they have a greater ability to repair themselves compared to cancer cells. The goal of radiotherapy is to destroy as many cancer cells as possible while minimizing damage to healthy tissue.

Fluorouracil is a antineoplastic medication, which means it is used to treat cancer. It is a type of chemotherapy drug known as an antimetabolite. Fluorouracil works by interfering with the growth of cancer cells and ultimately killing them. It is often used to treat colon, esophageal, stomach, and breast cancers, as well as skin conditions such as actinic keratosis and superficial basal cell carcinoma. Fluorouracil may be given by injection or applied directly to the skin in the form of a cream.

It is important to note that fluorouracil can have serious side effects, including suppression of bone marrow function, mouth sores, stomach and intestinal ulcers, and nerve damage. It should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare professional.

Antineoplastic combined chemotherapy protocols refer to a treatment plan for cancer that involves the use of more than one antineoplastic (chemotherapy) drug given in a specific sequence and schedule. The combination of drugs is used because they may work better together to destroy cancer cells compared to using a single agent alone. This approach can also help to reduce the likelihood of cancer cells becoming resistant to the treatment.

The choice of drugs, dose, duration, and frequency are determined by various factors such as the type and stage of cancer, patient's overall health, and potential side effects. Combination chemotherapy protocols can be used in various settings, including as a primary treatment, adjuvant therapy (given after surgery or radiation to kill any remaining cancer cells), neoadjuvant therapy (given before surgery or radiation to shrink the tumor), or palliative care (to alleviate symptoms and prolong survival).

It is important to note that while combined chemotherapy protocols can be effective in treating certain types of cancer, they can also cause significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and an increased risk of infection. Therefore, patients undergoing such treatment should be closely monitored and managed by a healthcare team experienced in administering chemotherapy.

A mouthwash is an antiseptic or therapeutic solution that is held in the mouth and then spit out, rather than swallowed. It is used to improve oral hygiene, to freshen breath, and to help prevent dental cavities, gingivitis, and other periodontal diseases.

Mouthwashes can contain a variety of ingredients, including water, alcohol, fluoride, chlorhexidine, essential oils, and other antimicrobial agents. Some mouthwashes are available over-the-counter, while others require a prescription. It is important to follow the instructions for use provided by the manufacturer or your dentist to ensure the safe and effective use of mouthwash.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 7 (FGF-7), also known as Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF), is a protein that belongs to the fibroblast growth factor family. It plays an essential role in the regulation of cell growth, survival, and differentiation. Specifically, FGF-7/KGF primarily targets epithelial cells, including those found in the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. In the skin, FGF-7/KGF is produced by fibroblasts and stimulates the growth and migration of keratinocytes, which are crucial for wound healing and epidermal maintenance. Additionally, FGF-7/KGF has been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes, such as tissue repair, development, and cancer progression.

Antimetabolites are a class of antineoplastic (chemotherapy) drugs that interfere with the metabolism of cancer cells and inhibit their growth and proliferation. These agents are structurally similar to naturally occurring metabolites, such as amino acids, nucleotides, and folic acid, which are essential for cellular replication and growth. Antimetabolites act as false analogs and get incorporated into the growing cells' DNA or RNA, causing disruption of the normal synthesis process, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Examples of antimetabolite drugs include:

1. Folate antagonists: Methotrexate, Pemetrexed
2. Purine analogs: Mercaptopurine, Thioguanine, Fludarabine, Cladribine
3. Pyrimidine analogs: 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), Capecitabine, Cytarabine, Gemcitabine

These drugs are used to treat various types of cancers, such as leukemias, lymphomas, breast, ovarian, and gastrointestinal cancers. Due to their mechanism of action, antimetabolites can also affect normal, rapidly dividing cells in the body, leading to side effects like myelosuppression (decreased production of blood cells), mucositis (inflammation and ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract), and alopecia (hair loss).

Xerostomia is a medical term that describes the subjective feeling of dryness in the mouth due to decreased or absent saliva flow. It's also commonly referred to as "dry mouth." This condition can result from various factors, including medications, dehydration, radiation therapy, Sjögren's syndrome, and other medical disorders. Prolonged xerostomia may lead to oral health issues such as dental caries, oral candidiasis, and difficulty with speaking, chewing, and swallowing.

Combined modality therapy (CMT) is a medical treatment approach that utilizes more than one method or type of therapy simultaneously or in close succession, with the goal of enhancing the overall effectiveness of the treatment. In the context of cancer care, CMT often refers to the combination of two or more primary treatment modalities, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic therapies (chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, etc.).

The rationale behind using combined modality therapy is that each treatment method can target cancer cells in different ways, potentially increasing the likelihood of eliminating all cancer cells and reducing the risk of recurrence. The specific combination and sequence of treatments will depend on various factors, including the type and stage of cancer, patient's overall health, and individual preferences.

For example, a common CMT approach for locally advanced rectal cancer may involve preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemoradiation therapy, followed by surgery to remove the tumor, and then postoperative (adjuvant) chemotherapy. This combined approach allows for the reduction of the tumor size before surgery, increases the likelihood of complete tumor removal, and targets any remaining microscopic cancer cells with systemic chemotherapy.

It is essential to consult with a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals to determine the most appropriate CMT plan for each individual patient, considering both the potential benefits and risks associated with each treatment method.

Methotrexate is a medication used in the treatment of certain types of cancer and autoimmune diseases. It is an antimetabolite that inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is necessary for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, essential components of DNA and RNA. By blocking this enzyme, methotrexate interferes with cell division and growth, making it effective in treating rapidly dividing cells such as cancer cells.

In addition to its use in cancer treatment, methotrexate is also used to manage autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. In these conditions, methotrexate modulates the immune system and reduces inflammation.

It's important to note that methotrexate can have significant side effects and should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider. Regular monitoring of blood counts, liver function, and kidney function is necessary during treatment with methotrexate.

Glossitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the tongue. This condition can cause symptoms such as swelling, redness, pain, and smoothness or discoloration of the tongue's surface. Glossitis can have various causes, including nutritional deficiencies (such as vitamin B12 or folate deficiency), allergic reactions, infections (bacterial, viral, or fungal), irritants (such as hot and spicy foods, alcohol, or tobacco), and autoimmune disorders (such as pemphigus vulgaris or lichen planus). Treatment for glossitis depends on the underlying cause.

Leucovorin is the pharmaceutical name for a form of folic acid, also known as folinic acid. It is used in medicine as a medication to reduce the toxic effects of certain chemotherapy drugs, such as methotrexate, that work by blocking the action of folic acid in the body. Leucovorin is able to bypass this blockage and restore some of the necessary functions of folic acid, helping to prevent or reduce the severity of side effects like nausea, vomiting, and damage to the mucous membranes.

Leucovorin may also be used in combination with fluorouracil chemotherapy to enhance its effectiveness in treating certain types of cancer. It is important to note that leucovorin should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can interact with other medications and have potentially serious side effects if not used properly.

A "Drug Administration Schedule" refers to the plan for when and how a medication should be given to a patient. It includes details such as the dose, frequency (how often it should be taken), route (how it should be administered, such as orally, intravenously, etc.), and duration (how long it should be taken) of the medication. This schedule is often created and prescribed by healthcare professionals, such as doctors or pharmacists, to ensure that the medication is taken safely and effectively. It may also include instructions for missed doses or changes in the dosage.

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT), also known as cold laser or soft laser, is a form of phototherapy which uses low-intensity lasers or light-emitting diodes to treat various medical conditions. The laser beam is usually applied directly to the skin and penetrates up to several centimeters into the tissue without causing heat damage or pain.

The therapeutic effect of LLLT is believed to be due to the bio-stimulation of cellular processes, including increased ATP production, modulation of reactive oxygen species, and activation of signaling pathways that promote tissue repair and reduce inflammation. The wavelength and power density of the laser light are important factors in determining its biological effects.

LLLT has been used to treat a variety of conditions such as musculoskeletal pain, wound healing, skin rejuvenation, hair growth, and neurological disorders. However, its efficacy is still a subject of ongoing research and debate, with some studies reporting positive results while others showing no significant benefits compared to placebo.

It's important to note that LLLT should only be administered by trained healthcare professionals, as improper use can lead to eye damage or other adverse effects.

An oral ulcer is a defect or break in the continuity of the epithelium, the tissue that lines the inner surface of the mouth, leading to an inflamed, painful, and sometimes bleeding lesion. They can be classified as primary (e.g., aphthous ulcers, traumatic ulcers) or secondary (e.g., those caused by infections, underlying systemic conditions, or reactions to medications). Oral ulcers may cause discomfort, impacting speech and food consumption, and their presence might indicate an underlying medical issue that requires further evaluation.

Benzydamine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with local analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are involved in inflammation, pain perception, and fever. Benzydamine is available as a topical cream, gel, spray, or mouthwash for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with various conditions such as mouth ulcers, sore throat, sprains, strains, and other localized painful and inflammatory conditions. It is not commonly used systemically due to its short half-life and potential for gastrointestinal side effects.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Ageusia is a medical term that refers to the complete loss of taste. It can affect a person's ability to detect sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and savory flavors. Ageusia can be caused by various factors such as damage to the nerves responsible for transmitting taste signals to the brain, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation therapy, and some medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and upper respiratory infections. In some cases, ageusia may be temporary, while in others, it can be permanent. It is important to consult a healthcare professional if experiencing a loss of taste, as it could be a sign of an underlying health issue.

Antineoplastic agents are a class of drugs used to treat malignant neoplasms or cancer. These agents work by inhibiting the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, either by killing them or preventing their division and replication. Antineoplastic agents can be classified based on their mechanism of action, such as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, and targeted therapy agents.

Alkylating agents work by adding alkyl groups to DNA, which can cause cross-linking of DNA strands and ultimately lead to cell death. Antimetabolites interfere with the metabolic processes necessary for DNA synthesis and replication, while topoisomerase inhibitors prevent the relaxation of supercoiled DNA during replication. Mitotic inhibitors disrupt the normal functioning of the mitotic spindle, which is essential for cell division. Targeted therapy agents are designed to target specific molecular abnormalities in cancer cells, such as mutated oncogenes or dysregulated signaling pathways.

It's important to note that antineoplastic agents can also affect normal cells and tissues, leading to various side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and myelosuppression (suppression of bone marrow function). Therefore, the use of these drugs requires careful monitoring and management of their potential adverse effects.

Neutropenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low concentration (less than 1500 cells/mm3) of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in fighting off bacterial and fungal infections. Neutrophils are essential components of the innate immune system, and their main function is to engulf and destroy microorganisms that can cause harm to the body.

Neutropenia can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the severity of the neutrophil count reduction:

* Mild neutropenia: Neutrophil count between 1000-1500 cells/mm3
* Moderate neutropenia: Neutrophil count between 500-1000 cells/mm3
* Severe neutropenia: Neutrophil count below 500 cells/mm3

Severe neutropenia significantly increases the risk of developing infections, as the body's ability to fight off microorganisms is severely compromised. Common causes of neutropenia include viral infections, certain medications (such as chemotherapy or antibiotics), autoimmune disorders, and congenital conditions affecting bone marrow function. Treatment for neutropenia typically involves addressing the underlying cause, administering granulocyte-colony stimulating factors to boost neutrophil production, and providing appropriate antimicrobial therapy to prevent or treat infections.

Lichenoid eruptions are skin reactions that resemble the appearance of lichen, a type of slow-growing fungus. These eruptions are characterized by flat, scaly bumps (papules) and rough, discolored patches (plaques) on the skin. They can be caused by various factors, including medications, medical conditions, or as a reaction to certain chemicals or substances that come into contact with the skin.

The term "lichenoid" refers to the resemblance of these eruptions to lichen, which is characterized by its distinctive appearance and growth pattern. Lichenoid eruptions can occur anywhere on the body but are most commonly found on sun-exposed areas such as the arms, legs, and trunk.

The exact cause of lichenoid eruptions can vary, but they are often associated with an autoimmune response in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells. This can lead to inflammation, redness, itching, and other symptoms associated with these eruptions. Treatment for lichenoid eruptions typically involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, as well as managing symptoms with topical medications or other therapies.

Amifostine is a medication that is used to protect tissues from the harmful effects of radiation therapy and certain chemotherapy drugs. It is an organic thiophosphate compound, chemically known as (3-Aminopropyl)amidophosphoric acid, and is administered intravenously.

Amifostine works by scavenging free radicals and converting them into non-reactive substances, which helps to prevent damage to normal cells during cancer treatment. It is particularly useful in protecting the kidneys from cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and reducing xerostomia (dry mouth) caused by radiation therapy in head and neck cancers.

The medication is typically given as a slow intravenous infusion over 15 minutes before cancer treatment, and its use should be monitored carefully due to potential side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hypotension, and allergic reactions. Healthcare professionals must consider the benefits and risks of amifostine therapy on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the patient's overall health status, cancer type, and treatment plan.

Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat various types of cancers, including testicular, ovarian, bladder, head and neck, lung, and cervical cancers. It is an inorganic platinum compound that contains a central platinum atom surrounded by two chloride atoms and two ammonia molecules in a cis configuration.

Cisplatin works by forming crosslinks between DNA strands, which disrupts the structure of DNA and prevents cancer cells from replicating. This ultimately leads to cell death and slows down or stops the growth of tumors. However, cisplatin can also cause damage to normal cells, leading to side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hearing loss, and kidney damage. Therefore, it is essential to monitor patients closely during treatment and manage any adverse effects promptly.

Intravenous (IV) infusion is a medical procedure in which liquids, such as medications, nutrients, or fluids, are delivered directly into a patient's vein through a needle or a catheter. This route of administration allows for rapid absorption and distribution of the infused substance throughout the body. IV infusions can be used for various purposes, including resuscitation, hydration, nutrition support, medication delivery, and blood product transfusion. The rate and volume of the infusion are carefully controlled to ensure patient safety and efficacy of treatment.

Hematologic neoplasms, also known as hematological malignancies, are a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and accumulation of abnormal blood cells or bone marrow cells. These disorders can originate from the myeloid or lymphoid cell lines, which give rise to various types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Hematologic neoplasms can be broadly classified into three categories:

1. Leukemias: These are cancers that primarily affect the bone marrow and blood-forming tissues. They result in an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells, which interfere with the normal functioning of the blood and immune system. There are several types of leukemia, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
2. Lymphomas: These are cancers that develop from the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system responsible for fighting infections. Lymphomas can affect lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs. The two main types of lymphoma are Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).
3. Myelomas: These are cancers that arise from the plasma cells, a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies. Multiple myeloma is the most common type of myeloma, characterized by an excessive proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to the production of abnormal amounts of monoclonal immunoglobulins (M proteins) and bone destruction.

Hematologic neoplasms can have various symptoms, such as fatigue, weakness, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, and bone pain. The diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and sometimes bone marrow biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the disease and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these approaches.

Thiotepa is an antineoplastic (cancer-fighting) drug. It belongs to a class of medications called alkylating agents, which work by interfering with the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing. Thiotepa is used in the treatment of various types of cancers, including breast, ovarian, and bladder cancer.

It may be administered intravenously (into a vein), intravesically (into the bladder), or intrathecally (into the spinal cord). The specific dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the type and stage of cancer being treated, as well as the patient's overall health status.

Like all chemotherapy drugs, thiotepa can have significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and a weakened immune system. It is important for patients to discuss these potential risks with their healthcare provider before starting treatment.

Oral hemorrhage, also known as oral bleeding or mouth bleed, refers to the escape of blood from the blood vessels in the oral cavity, which includes the lips, gums, tongue, palate, and cheek lining. It can result from various causes such as trauma, dental procedures, inflammation, infection, tumors, or systemic disorders that affect blood clotting or cause bleeding tendencies. The bleeding may be minor and self-limiting, or it could be severe and life-threatening, depending on the underlying cause and extent of the bleed. Immediate medical attention is required for heavy oral hemorrhage to prevent airway obstruction, hypovolemia, and other complications.

"Eriobotrya" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae, which includes several species of trees and shrubs. The most well-known species is Eriobotrya japonica, also known as the loquat tree. The loquat tree is native to southeastern China and has been cultivated for its fruit, leaves, and bark in many parts of the world.

The name "Eriobotrya" comes from the Greek words "erion," meaning wool, and "botrys," meaning cluster of grapes, which refers to the woolly clusters of flowers that the tree produces. The fruits of the loquat tree are small, round, and orange or yellow in color, with a sweet and slightly tart flavor. They are often eaten fresh or used in jams, jellies, and other culinary applications.

In addition to its use as a food source, the loquat tree has also been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, including treating coughs, sore throats, and digestive disorders. The leaves of the tree contain several bioactive compounds that have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. However, it is important to note that the safety and efficacy of using loquat leaves or other parts of the plant for medicinal purposes have not been thoroughly studied in clinical trials, so they should be used with caution.

Radiation-protective agents, also known as radioprotectors, are substances that help in providing protection against the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. They can be used to prevent or reduce damage to biological tissues, including DNA, caused by exposure to radiation. These agents work through various mechanisms such as scavenging free radicals, modulating cellular responses to radiation-induced damage, and enhancing DNA repair processes.

Radiation-protective agents can be categorized into two main groups:

1. Radiosensitizers: These are substances that make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation therapy, increasing their susceptibility to damage and potentially improving treatment outcomes. However, radiosensitizers do not provide protection to normal tissues against radiation exposure.

2. Radioprotectors: These agents protect both normal and cancerous cells from radiation-induced damage. They can be further divided into two categories: direct and indirect radioprotectors. Direct radioprotectors interact directly with radiation, absorbing or scattering it away from sensitive tissues. Indirect radioprotectors work by neutralizing free radicals and reactive oxygen species generated during radiation exposure, which would otherwise cause damage to cellular structures and DNA.

Examples of radiation-protective agents include antioxidants like vitamins C and E, chemical compounds such as amifostine and cysteamine, and various natural substances found in plants and foods. It is important to note that while some radiation-protective agents have shown promise in preclinical studies, their efficacy and safety in humans require further investigation before they can be widely used in clinical settings.

Neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells or tissues in the body that serve no physiological function. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slow growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms are aggressive, invasive, and can metastasize to distant sites.

Neoplasms occur when there is a dysregulation in the normal process of cell division and differentiation, leading to uncontrolled growth and accumulation of cells. This can result from genetic mutations or other factors such as viral infections, environmental exposures, or hormonal imbalances.

Neoplasms can develop in any organ or tissue of the body and can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and type. Treatment options for neoplasms include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, among others.

Radiodermatitis is a cutaneous adverse reaction that occurs as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. It is characterized by inflammation, erythema, dryness, and desquamation of the skin, which can progress to moist desquamation, ulceration, and necrosis in severe cases. Radiodermatitis typically affects areas of the skin that have received high doses of radiation therapy during cancer treatment. The severity and duration of radiodermatitis depend on factors such as the total dose, fraction size, dose rate, and volume of radiation administered, as well as individual patient characteristics.

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) is a medical procedure where hematopoietic stem cells (immature cells that give rise to all blood cell types) are transplanted into a patient. This procedure is often used to treat various malignant and non-malignant disorders affecting the hematopoietic system, such as leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, aplastic anemia, inherited immune deficiency diseases, and certain genetic metabolic disorders.

The transplantation can be autologous (using the patient's own stem cells), allogeneic (using stem cells from a genetically matched donor, usually a sibling or unrelated volunteer), or syngeneic (using stem cells from an identical twin).

The process involves collecting hematopoietic stem cells, most commonly from the peripheral blood or bone marrow. The collected cells are then infused into the patient after the recipient's own hematopoietic system has been ablated (or destroyed) using high-dose chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. This allows the donor's stem cells to engraft, reconstitute, and restore the patient's hematopoietic system.

HSCT is a complex and potentially risky procedure with various complications, including graft-versus-host disease, infections, and organ damage. However, it offers the potential for cure or long-term remission in many patients with otherwise fatal diseases.

Sucrase is a digestive enzyme that is produced by the cells lining the small intestine. Its primary function is to break down sucrose, also known as table sugar or cane sugar, into its component monosaccharides: glucose and fructose. This process allows for the absorption of these simple sugars into the bloodstream, where they can be used as energy sources by the body's cells.

Sucrase is often deficient in people with certain genetic disorders, such as congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (CSID), which leads to an impaired ability to digest sucrose and results in gastrointestinal symptoms like bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain after consuming sugary foods or beverages. In these cases, a sucralose-based diet may be recommended to alleviate the symptoms.

"Drug evaluation" is a medical term that refers to the systematic process of assessing the pharmacological, therapeutic, and safety profile of a drug or medication. This process typically involves several stages, including preclinical testing in the laboratory, clinical trials in human subjects, and post-marketing surveillance.

The goal of drug evaluation is to determine the efficacy, safety, and optimal dosage range of a drug, as well as any potential interactions with other medications or medical conditions. The evaluation process also includes an assessment of the drug's pharmacokinetics, or how it is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body.

The findings from drug evaluations are used to inform regulatory decisions about whether a drug should be approved for use in clinical practice, as well as to provide guidance to healthcare providers about how to use the drug safely and effectively.

Aminopterin is a type of anti-folate drug that is primarily used in cancer treatment and research. It works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is necessary for the synthesis of nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA. By blocking this enzyme, aminopterin prevents the growth and multiplication of cancer cells.

In addition to its use in cancer treatment, aminopterin has also been used in experimental studies to investigate the role of folate metabolism in various biological processes, including embryonic development and immune function. However, due to its potent anti-proliferative effects, the use of aminopterin is limited to specialized medical and research settings, and it is not commonly used as a therapeutic agent in clinical practice.

Etoposide is a chemotherapy medication used to treat various types of cancer, including lung cancer, testicular cancer, and certain types of leukemia. It works by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called topoisomerase II, which is involved in DNA replication and transcription. By doing so, etoposide can interfere with the growth and multiplication of cancer cells.

Etoposide is often administered intravenously in a hospital or clinic setting, although it may also be given orally in some cases. The medication can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and an increased risk of infection. It can also have more serious side effects, such as bone marrow suppression, which can lead to anemia, bleeding, and a weakened immune system.

Like all chemotherapy drugs, etoposide is not without risks and should only be used under the close supervision of a qualified healthcare provider. It is important for patients to discuss the potential benefits and risks of this medication with their doctor before starting treatment.

Tolonium Chloride, also known as Toluidine Blue O, is a basic thiazine metachromatic dye that is used in medical and research settings. It is often used as a diagnostic agent in procedures such as the Toluidine Blue Test for identifying cancerous or precancerous cells in the cervix, oral mucosa, and other tissues. The dye selectively binds to acidic components in the extracellular matrix of neoplastic cells, making them more visible under a microscope. It is also used in research to study cell membrane permeability and lysosomal function. Please note that the use of Tolonium Chloride should be under medical supervision and professional guidance.

Hematologic diseases, also known as hematological disorders, refer to a group of conditions that affect the production, function, or destruction of blood cells or blood-related components, such as plasma. These diseases can affect erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets (thrombocytes), as well as clotting factors and hemoglobin.

Hematologic diseases can be broadly categorized into three main types:

1. Anemia: A condition characterized by a decrease in the total red blood cell count, hemoglobin, or hematocrit, leading to insufficient oxygen transport to tissues and organs. Examples include iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and aplastic anemia.
2. Leukemia and other disorders of white blood cells: These conditions involve the abnormal production or function of leukocytes, which can lead to impaired immunity and increased susceptibility to infections. Examples include leukemias (acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia), lymphomas, and myelodysplastic syndromes.
3. Platelet and clotting disorders: These diseases affect the production or function of platelets and clotting factors, leading to abnormal bleeding or clotting tendencies. Examples include hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, thrombocytopenia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Hematologic diseases can have various causes, including genetic defects, infections, autoimmune processes, environmental factors, or malignancies. Proper diagnosis and management of these conditions often require the expertise of hematologists, who specialize in diagnosing and treating disorders related to blood and its components.

Hematoxylin is not a medical term per se, but it is widely used in the field of histology and pathology, which are subspecialties within medicine. Hematoxylin is a natural dye that is commonly used in histological staining procedures to highlight cell nuclei in tissue samples. It is often combined with eosin, another dye, to create the well-known hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain, which is routinely used to examine tissue architecture and diagnose various medical conditions.

In essence, hematoxylin is a histological stain that selectively binds to the acidic components of nuclear chromatin, imparting a blue-purple color to the cell nuclei when visualized under a microscope. This staining technique helps pathologists and researchers identify and analyze various cellular structures and abnormalities within tissue samples.

Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent, which is a type of chemotherapy medication. It works by interfering with the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing. This helps to stop the spread of cancer in the body. Cyclophosphamide is used to treat various types of cancer, including lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, and breast cancer. It can be given orally as a tablet or intravenously as an injection.

Cyclophosphamide can also have immunosuppressive effects, which means it can suppress the activity of the immune system. This makes it useful in treating certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. However, this immunosuppression can also increase the risk of infections and other side effects.

Like all chemotherapy medications, cyclophosphamide can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and increased susceptibility to infections. It is important for patients receiving cyclophosphamide to be closely monitored by their healthcare team to manage these side effects and ensure the medication is working effectively.

Autologous transplantation is a medical procedure where cells, tissues, or organs are removed from a person, stored and then returned back to the same individual at a later time. This is different from allogeneic transplantation where the tissue or organ is obtained from another donor. The term "autologous" is derived from the Greek words "auto" meaning self and "logos" meaning study.

In autologous transplantation, the patient's own cells or tissues are used to replace or repair damaged or diseased ones. This reduces the risk of rejection and eliminates the need for immunosuppressive drugs, which are required in allogeneic transplants to prevent the body from attacking the foreign tissue.

Examples of autologous transplantation include:

* Autologous bone marrow or stem cell transplantation, where stem cells are removed from the patient's blood or bone marrow, stored and then reinfused back into the same individual after high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy to treat cancer.
* Autologous skin grafting, where a piece of skin is taken from one part of the body and transplanted to another area on the same person.
* Autologous chondrocyte implantation, where cartilage cells are harvested from the patient's own knee, cultured in a laboratory and then implanted back into the knee to repair damaged cartilage.

A semiconductor laser is a type of laser that uses a semiconductor material to produce coherent light. In a semiconductor laser, electrical current is passed through a p-n junction (a junction between p-type and n-type semiconductors) to create a population inversion, which is necessary for laser action. The active region of the laser, where stimulated emission occurs, is typically made up of multiple layers of semiconductor materials that are designed to confine the carriers (electrons and holes) and enhance the optical mode.

Semiconductor lasers are commonly used in a wide range of applications, including data storage, fiber optic communications, laser printers, and medical devices. They are compact, efficient, and can be easily modulated, making them ideal for use in high-speed optical communication systems. Additionally, semiconductor lasers can be made using various materials, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium phosphide (InP), and aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), which allow for the emission of light at different wavelengths.

Semiconductor lasers are also known as diode lasers or laser diodes, and they can be further classified based on their structure, such as edge-emitting lasers, surface-emitting lasers, vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), and distributed feedback lasers (DFB).

Cryotherapy is a medical treatment that uses low temperatures to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue. It can be applied locally to a small area, or more widely to larger areas of the body. In local cryotherapy, a substance such as liquid nitrogen or argon gas is applied directly to the skin to freeze and destroy unwanted cells, such as in the treatment of warts, skin tags, or certain types of cancer. More widespread cryotherapy can be achieved through the use of cold chambers that lower the temperature of the air around the body, which has been used to treat conditions such as inflammation, pain, and muscle spasms.

The medical definition of cryotherapy is:

"The therapeutic application of cold temperatures to damaged tissues to reduce inflammation, promote healing, and provide pain relief."

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

Melphalan is an antineoplastic agent, specifically an alkylating agent. It is used in the treatment of multiple myeloma and other types of cancer. The medical definition of Melphalan is:

A nitrogen mustard derivative that is used as an alkylating agent in the treatment of cancer, particularly multiple myeloma and ovarian cancer. Melphalan works by forming covalent bonds with DNA, resulting in cross-linking of the double helix and inhibition of DNA replication and transcription. This ultimately leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death) in rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells.

Melphalan is administered orally or intravenously, and its use is often accompanied by other anticancer therapies, such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Common side effects of Melphalan include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and bone marrow suppression, which can lead to anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. Other potential side effects include hair loss, mucositis, and secondary malignancies.

It is important to note that Melphalan should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can cause serious adverse reactions if not administered correctly.

Transplantation conditioning, also known as preparative regimen or immunoablative therapy, refers to the use of various treatments prior to transplantation of cells, tissues or organs. The main goal of transplantation conditioning is to suppress the recipient's immune system, allowing for successful engraftment and minimizing the risk of rejection of the donor tissue.

There are two primary types of transplantation conditioning: myeloablative and non-myeloablative.

1. Myeloablative conditioning is a more intensive regimen that involves the use of high-dose chemotherapy, radiation therapy or both. This approach eliminates not only immune cells but also stem cells in the bone marrow, requiring the recipient to receive a hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) from the donor to reconstitute their blood and immune system.
2. Non-myeloablative conditioning is a less intensive regimen that primarily targets immune cells while sparing the stem cells in the bone marrow. This approach allows for mixed chimerism, where both recipient and donor immune cells coexist, reducing the risk of severe complications associated with myeloablative conditioning.

The choice between these two types of transplantation conditioning depends on various factors, including the type of transplant, patient's age, overall health, and comorbidities. Both approaches carry risks and benefits, and the decision should be made carefully by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals in consultation with the patient.

The small intestine is the portion of the gastrointestinal tract that extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the beginning of the large intestine (cecum). It plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. The small intestine is divided into three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

1. Duodenum: This is the shortest and widest part of the small intestine, approximately 10 inches long. It receives chyme (partially digested food) from the stomach and begins the process of further digestion with the help of various enzymes and bile from the liver and pancreas.
2. Jejunum: The jejunum is the middle section, which measures about 8 feet in length. It has a large surface area due to the presence of circular folds (plicae circulares), finger-like projections called villi, and microvilli on the surface of the absorptive cells (enterocytes). These structures increase the intestinal surface area for efficient absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water.
3. Ileum: The ileum is the longest and final section of the small intestine, spanning about 12 feet. It continues the absorption process, mainly of vitamin B12, bile salts, and any remaining nutrients. At the end of the ileum, there is a valve called the ileocecal valve that prevents backflow of contents from the large intestine into the small intestine.

The primary function of the small intestine is to absorb the majority of nutrients, electrolytes, and water from ingested food. The mucosal lining of the small intestine contains numerous goblet cells that secrete mucus, which protects the epithelial surface and facilitates the movement of chyme through peristalsis. Additionally, the small intestine hosts a diverse community of microbiota, which contributes to various physiological functions, including digestion, immunity, and protection against pathogens.

Anti-infective agents, local, are medications that are applied directly to a specific area of the body to prevent or treat infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites. These agents include topical antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, and anti-parasitic drugs. They work by killing or inhibiting the growth of the infectious organisms, thereby preventing their spread and reducing the risk of infection. Local anti-infective agents are often used to treat skin infections, eye infections, and other localized infections, and can be administered as creams, ointments, gels, solutions, or drops.

The intestinal mucosa is the innermost layer of the intestines, which comes into direct contact with digested food and microbes. It is a specialized epithelial tissue that plays crucial roles in nutrient absorption, barrier function, and immune defense. The intestinal mucosa is composed of several cell types, including absorptive enterocytes, mucus-secreting goblet cells, hormone-producing enteroendocrine cells, and immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages.

The surface of the intestinal mucosa is covered by a single layer of epithelial cells, which are joined together by tight junctions to form a protective barrier against harmful substances and microorganisms. This barrier also allows for the selective absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. The intestinal mucosa also contains numerous lymphoid follicles, known as Peyer's patches, which are involved in immune surveillance and defense against pathogens.

In addition to its role in absorption and immunity, the intestinal mucosa is also capable of producing hormones that regulate digestion and metabolism. Dysfunction of the intestinal mucosa can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and food allergies.

'Radiation injuries, experimental' is not a widely recognized medical term. However, in the field of radiation biology and medicine, it may refer to the study and understanding of radiation-induced damage using various experimental models (e.g., cell cultures, animal models) before applying this knowledge to human health situations. These experiments aim to investigate the effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms' biological processes, tissue responses, and potential therapeutic interventions. The findings from these studies contribute to the development of medical countermeasures, diagnostic tools, and treatment strategies for accidental or intentional radiation exposures in humans.

Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that begins in the squamous cells, which are flat, thin cells that form the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). It commonly occurs on sun-exposed areas such as the face, ears, lips, and backs of the hands. Squamous cell carcinoma can also develop in other areas of the body including the mouth, lungs, and cervix.

This type of cancer usually develops slowly and may appear as a rough or scaly patch of skin, a red, firm nodule, or a sore or ulcer that doesn't heal. While squamous cell carcinoma is not as aggressive as some other types of cancer, it can metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body if left untreated, making early detection and treatment important.

Risk factors for developing squamous cell carcinoma include prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, fair skin, a history of sunburns, a weakened immune system, and older age. Prevention measures include protecting your skin from the sun by wearing protective clothing, using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, avoiding tanning beds, and getting regular skin examinations.

Doxorubicin is a type of chemotherapy medication known as an anthracycline. It works by interfering with the DNA in cancer cells, which prevents them from growing and multiplying. Doxorubicin is used to treat a wide variety of cancers, including leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and many others. It may be given alone or in combination with other chemotherapy drugs.

Doxorubicin is usually administered through a vein (intravenously) and can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, mouth sores, and increased risk of infection. It can also cause damage to the heart muscle, which can lead to heart failure in some cases. For this reason, doctors may monitor patients' heart function closely while they are receiving doxorubicin treatment.

It is important for patients to discuss the potential risks and benefits of doxorubicin therapy with their healthcare provider before starting treatment.

Taxoids are a class of naturally occurring compounds that are derived from the bark of the Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia) and other species of the genus Taxus. They are known for their antineoplastic (cancer-fighting) properties and have been used in chemotherapy to treat various types of cancer, including ovarian, breast, and lung cancer.

The most well-known taxoid is paclitaxel (also known by the brand name Taxol), which was first discovered in the 1960s and has since become a widely used cancer drug. Paclitaxel works by stabilizing microtubules, which are important components of the cell's skeleton, and preventing them from disassembling. This disrupts the normal function of the cell's mitotic spindle, leading to cell cycle arrest and ultimately apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Other taxoids that have been developed for clinical use include docetaxel (Taxotere), which is a semi-synthetic analogue of paclitaxel, and cabazitaxel (Jevtana), which is a second-generation taxoid. These drugs have similar mechanisms of action to paclitaxel but may have different pharmacokinetic properties or be effective against cancer cells that have developed resistance to other taxoids.

While taxoids have been successful in treating certain types of cancer, they can also cause significant side effects, including neutropenia (low white blood cell count), anemia (low red blood cell count), and peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage). As with all chemotherapy drugs, the use of taxoids must be carefully balanced against their potential benefits and risks.

Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor agonists are a class of drugs that selectively bind to and activate the 5-HT3 subtype of serotonin receptors. These receptors are located in the central and peripheral nervous system, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and vagus nerve.

The activation of 5-HT3 receptors by these agonists can lead to various effects, depending on the location of the receptors. In the gastrointestinal tract, 5-HT3 receptor agonists can increase intestinal motility and secretion, which can be useful in treating conditions such as chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

Examples of 5-HT3 receptor agonists include ondansetron, granisetron, palonosetron, and dolasetron. These drugs are commonly used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery.

Propantheline is an anticholinergic drug, which means it blocks the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the body. The specific action of propantheline is to inhibit the muscarinic receptors, leading to a decrease in glandular secretions and smooth muscle tone. It is primarily used as a treatment for peptic ulcers, as it reduces gastric acid secretion.

The medical definition of 'Propantheline' can be stated as:

A belladonna alkaloid with parasympatholytic effects, used as an antispasmodic and in the treatment of peptic ulcer to reduce gastric acid secretion. It inhibits the action of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors, leading to decreased glandular secretions and smooth muscle tone. Common side effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, and constipation.

Drug-related side effects and adverse reactions refer to any unintended or harmful outcome that occurs during the use of a medication. These reactions can be mild or severe and may include predictable, known responses (side effects) as well as unexpected, idiosyncratic reactions (adverse effects). Side effects are typically related to the pharmacologic properties of the drug and occur at therapeutic doses, while adverse reactions may result from allergic or hypersensitivity reactions, overdoses, or interactions with other medications or substances.

Side effects are often dose-dependent and can be managed by adjusting the dose, frequency, or route of administration. Adverse reactions, on the other hand, may require discontinuation of the medication or treatment with antidotes or supportive care. It is important for healthcare providers to monitor patients closely for any signs of drug-related side effects and adverse reactions and to take appropriate action when necessary.

A mucous membrane is a type of moist, protective lining that covers various body surfaces inside the body, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts, as well as the inner surface of the eyelids and the nasal cavity. These membranes are composed of epithelial cells that produce mucus, a slippery secretion that helps trap particles, microorganisms, and other foreign substances, preventing them from entering the body or causing damage to tissues. The mucous membrane functions as a barrier against infection and irritation while also facilitating the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the body and its environment.

Disease-free survival (DFS) is a term used in medical research and clinical practice, particularly in the field of oncology. It refers to the length of time after primary treatment for a cancer during which no evidence of the disease can be found. This means that the patient shows no signs or symptoms of the cancer, and any imaging studies or other tests do not reveal any tumors or other indications of the disease.

DFS is often used as an important endpoint in clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments for cancer. By measuring the length of time until the cancer recurs or a new cancer develops, researchers can get a better sense of how well a particular treatment is working and whether it is improving patient outcomes.

It's important to note that DFS is not the same as overall survival (OS), which refers to the length of time from primary treatment until death from any cause. While DFS can provide valuable information about the effectiveness of cancer treatments, it does not necessarily reflect the impact of those treatments on patients' overall survival.

... can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but oral mucositis refers to the particular inflammation ... Oral mucositis is a common and often debilitating complication of cancer treatment. Oral and gastrointestinal (GI) mucositis ... For most cancer treatment, about 5-15% of patients get mucositis. However, with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), up to 40% get mucositis ... Clinical research is ongoing in oral mucositis. A recent phase 2 exploratory trial in oral mucositis reported that dusquetide, ...
... implant mucositis, found that ozone showed significant potential for management of peri-implant mucositis compared to oxygen ... Where peri-implant mucositis has been brought about by the accumulation of bacteria and their formation of a biofilm, it has ... Peri-implant mucositis is defined as an inflammatory lesion of the peri-implant mucosa in the absence of continuing marginal ... In peri-implant mucositis, there is an increase in proportion of bacteria from the orange complex: F. nucleatum, P. intermedia ...
Peri-implant mucositis has the ability to transform into peri-implantitis if no action is taken to reverse signs of peri- ... implant mucositis, similar to gingivitis and periodontitis. To reverse peri-implant mucositis, good oral hygiene must be ... If peri-implant mucositis is present, it must be treated to deter it from progressing to peri-implantitis, for which currently ... Peri-implant mucositis is a disease where inflammation is limited to the surrounding mucosa of an implant whereby peri- ...
Mouth soreness and oral mucositis. Lipstick or food may stick to the teeth. A need to sip drinks frequently while talking or ...
... can also cause mucositis. Methotrexate pneumonitis is a rare complication of therapy, and appears to be reducing ... Oliff A, Bleyer WA, Poplack DG (1 September 1979). "Methotrexate-induced oral mucositis and salivary methotrexate ...
Diarrhea Oral mucositis (mouth, throat, or lip sores). Oral ulcers can be mitigated by proper oral hygiene, including rinsing ...
"Mouthwash for Oral Mucositis based on various Plant Extracts". C-Camp - Department of Biotechnology. 5 December 2017. Retrieved ... of the principal investigators of a program of the Department of Biotechnology for developing a mouthwash for oral mucositis ...
There can be GI signs including diarrhea and mucositis. The CNS folate deficiency is associated with a variety of neurological ...
... does not numb the mouth and can be used in conjunction with other treatment options for managing oral mucositis, ... Gelclair can be used in the management of the painful symptoms of oral mucositis usually caused by radiotherapy or chemotherapy ... 57% of patients reported an improvement in the grade of oral mucositis, 40% remained the same while 3% got worse. Berndtson ... Oral protective gel for mucositis pain relief". www.gelclair.net. Retrieved 2022-08-12. Innocenti, M, Moscatelli, G, Lopez, S ...
It is mostly well tolerated (though side effects include mucositis, diarrhea, hyperlipidemia, delayed wound healing) with drug- ... sirolimus requires therapeutic drug monitoring and can cause mucositis. A risk with any agent in pre-cancerous syndrome as ...
... they usually get severe oral mucositis. Palifermin reduces the incidence and duration of severe oral mucositis by protecting ... Palifermin is also being studied in the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis and dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) in ... Beaven AW, Shea TC (September 2007). "The effect of palifermin on chemotherapyand radiation therapy-induced mucositis: a review ... December 2004). "Palifermin for oral mucositis after intensive therapy for hematologic cancers". N. Engl. J. Med. 351 (25): ...
Chemotherapy often causes mucositis, severe inflammation of primarily the small intestines. Currently, there is no treatment to ... When rats were inflicted with mucositis by chemotherapy drugs, the intestinal tissues in those pretreated with streptococcus ... "Effects of Streptococcus thermophilus TH-4 on intestinal mucositis induced by the chemotherapeutic agent, 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU ... alleviate the symptoms of mucositis caused by chemotherapy. ...
Otorhinolaryngology: glandular fever, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, post-tonsillectomy, radiation or intubation mucositis. It may ...
The most frequent adverse effects for doxifluridine were neurotoxicity and mucositis.[citation needed] Doxifluridine is sold ...
... included transient mucositis, alopecia and, rarely, brain necrosis and osteomyelitis. Kankaanranta et al. have reported their ... The most common adverse event was oral mucositis, oral pain, and fatigue. Based on the clinical results, it was concluded that ...
Oral and pharyngeal mucositis and esophagitis suggest Herpes simplex infection or candidiasis. Either empirical antiviral or ...
This injury is termed mucositis and results in symptoms of nausea, vomiting, fatigue, diarrhea and abdominal pain. It recovers ... "Systematic review of agents for the management of gastrointestinal mucositis in cancer patients". Support Care Cancer. 21 (1): ...
They may help to prevent oral mucositis or mouth sores associated with high-dose chemotherapy. Xerostomia Ice pack Pagophagia " ... "Side Effects of Cancer Treatment: Mouth Sores or Mucositis". news.cancerconnect.com. Retrieved 2019-11-25. v t e v t e ( ...
Per preclinical data, zinc L-carnosine is superior to zinc sulfide for mucositis. It has a stimulatory effect on bone formation ... Clinical studies have also shown its efficacy for oral mucositis, esophagitis, proctitis, taste alteration and dermatitis ...
Chemotherapy frequently causes vomiting, nausea, alopecia, mucositis, myelosuppression particularly neutropenia, sometimes ... mucositis, and no alopecia in 90% of cases.[citation needed] Adjuvant therapy is particularly effective in certain types of ...
2008 Mar-Apr;16(2):294-9. Morvan et al, An engineered biopolymer prevents mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil in hamsters. Am J ...
"Towards unravelling biological mechanisms behind radiation-induced oral mucositis via mass spectrometry-based proteomics". ...
Mucositis is treated with pain medications plus intravenous infusions to prevent dehydration and malnutrition.[citation needed ... mucositis, infections (sepsis), graft-versus-host disease, and the development of new malignancies.[citation needed] Bone- ...
This last is related to mucositis, inflammation and ulceration in mouth or mucous membranes. Finally, the most adverse effect ...
A dry mouth can be associated with caries, cracked lips, fissured tongue and oral mucositis. It can impact heavily on the ...
Another condition in which antibiotics are indicated is staphylococcal mucositis and it is mostly found in immunocompromised ... "Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: cytokines and growth factors". ...
... acute chemotherapy-induced mucositis, and the efficacy of analgesics for these procedures and other painful conditions. ... "Effects of acute chemotherapy-induced mucositis on spontaneous behaviour and the grimace scale in laboratory rats". Laboratory ...
LLLT appears to be effective for preventing oral mucositis in recipients of a stem cell transplant with chemotherapy. In other ... Blue Cross Blue Shield Association and Aetna provide coverage for the prevention of oral mucositis, but not any other reason. ... On behalf of The Mucositis Study Group of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of ... "Effect of prophylactic low level laser therapy on oral mucositis: a systematic review and meta-analysis". PLOS ONE. 9 (9): ...
Oral swabs are especially helpful when a patient suffers from gross mucositis, potentially arising from chemotherapy. This is ...
Oral mucositis consists of inflammation of the mouth, along with sores and ulcers in the tissues. Healthy individuals normally ... Chemotherapy often induces damage to the oral cavity, resulting in oral mucositis, oral infection, and salivary gland ...
Mucositis can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but oral mucositis refers to the particular inflammation ... Oral mucositis is a common and often debilitating complication of cancer treatment. Oral and gastrointestinal (GI) mucositis ... For most cancer treatment, about 5-15% of patients get mucositis. However, with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), up to 40% get mucositis ... Clinical research is ongoing in oral mucositis. A recent phase 2 exploratory trial in oral mucositis reported that dusquetide, ...
Oral mucositis is a common complication of chemotherapy. It begins 5-10 days after the initiation of chemotherapy and lasts 7- ... However, the direct relationship between the WBC count and oral mucositis is uncertain, and not all patients with mucositis ... encoded search term (Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis) and Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis What to Read Next on Medscape ... a condition generally referred to as oral mucositis. Oral mucositis leads to pain and restriction of oral intake, and, in ...
New guidelines will provide healthcare professionals better tools to manage mucositis, a common and often debilitating ... Mucositis affects the inner lining of the oral and gastrointestinal tract. Oral mucositis often leads to difficulty eating and ... the Mucositis Study Groups major goal is to improve outcomes of patients experiencing mucositis associated with cancer ... Patients experiencing mucositis often require enteral or parenteral nutrition, consume more opioids, and experience more ...
Developing a Rat Model of Melphalan-Induced Mucositis for Fundamental and Translational Research Award recipient: Katia Rupel, ... Photobiomodulation Modulates Oxidative Stress In Vitro and In Vivo in Cancer Patients Suffering from Oral Mucositis ... Awards presented by the Mucositis Study Group at the MASCC/ISOO Annual Meeting. ... Abstract: Photobiomodulation Modulates Oxidative Stress In Vitro and In Vivo in Cancer Patients Suffering from Oral Mucositis ...
Global Oral Mucositis Drugs Market Size 2023 Top Countries By Cagr, And Manufacturers With Impact Of Domestic And Global Market ...
... symptoms and treatment for mucositis. Listen to the podcast now. ... 0:14 What is mucositis?. Mucositis is a common condition that ... Mucositis can cause a range of symptoms, many of which affect the mouth. In the beginning stages, there may be distinct areas ... Oral mucositis is probably one of the most common and severe complications of cancer treatments. It can lead to several ... In most cases, a physician may be able to diagnose mucositis as early as 1-2 weeks after radiation therapy or within 3 days of ...
Category Archives: Oral Mucositis in Patients with Cancer. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) - GUIDELINES What you ... Posted in Gastroenterology, Oral Mucositis in Patients with Cancer and tagged National Comprehensive Cancer Network, NCCN on ... Enter key words ORAL MUCOSITIS in the search bar/filter section of each website. ...
Non-Invasive Intraoral LED Phototherapy Device for the Prevention and Treatment of Oral Mucositis. Award Information ... the performance of an intraoral phototherapeutic device for the treatment and prevention of Oral MucositisOral Mucositis is one ...
Show periodontal implant mucositis and Peri-Implantitis from early to advanced stages models ... Implants periodontal gum disease - cross-sectioned model showing periodontal implant mucositis and Peri-Implantitis from early ...
Randomized DoubleBlind PlaceboControlled Trial of Propolis for Oral Mucositis in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy for Head and ... Oral mucositis, erythema and eating and drink ability were assessed at baseline and after 3 and 7 days using the World Health ... Organization (WHO) scale and the oral mucositis assessment scale (OMAS). Results: There were significant differences in OM, ... this clinical trial was to test the efficacy of propolis as a mouthwash in the reduction of chemotherapy induced oral mucositis ...
Oral mucositis is a common complication of chemotherapy. It begins 5-10 days after the initiation of chemotherapy and lasts 7- ... However, the direct relationship between the WBC count and oral mucositis is uncertain, and not all patients with mucositis ... encoded search term (Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis) and Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis What to Read Next on Medscape ... a condition generally referred to as oral mucositis. Oral mucositis leads to pain and restriction of oral intake, and, in ...
... or radiation therapy-induced oral mucositis. Impact. Oral mucositis. Major Proposed Activities. *RSpo1 formulation design and ... Modulation of oral epithelium stem cells by RSpo1 for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis. Return to Grants ... The proposed research will provide a new therapy for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis - a common complication of ... Modulation of oral epithelium stem cells by RSpo1 for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis. ...
Clinical Assessment in the Prevention of Peri-implant Mucositis, Peri-implantitis, and Implant Failure dental CE course & ... Current Concepts in Dental Implants: Clinical Assessment in the Prevention of Peri-implant Mucositis, Peri-implantitis, and ...
COMING SOON: In the next few weeks, Prescribers Letter is becoming Prescriber Insights, with all the high-quality content you trust, but delivered in profession-specific editions. As the updates push to your account, you will begin to see references to Prescriber Insights and a prompt to select your profession-specific edition ...
FDA has approved avasopasem for patients with head and neck cancer to treat their radiotherapy-induced severe oral mucositis. ... FDA Rejects NDA for Avasopasem in RT-Induced Severe Oral Mucositis. Aug 9, 2023. Nichole Tucker. Conor Killmurray ... "Oral mucositis is a common painful and debilitating side effect from head and neck radiation therapy. Avasopasem will decrease ... "This response from the FDA is deeply disappointing for Galera and for patients who suffer from severe oral mucositis," said Mel ...
Oral lichen planus and lichenoid mucositis.. Scott S De Rossi, Katharine Ciarrocca. Dental Clinics of North America 2014 April ... In cases of lichenoid mucositis or reactions, treatment should be directed at identifying and removing the presumed cause. ...
Common symptoms of oral mucositis include:. * Mouth and throat soreness (often with redness) ...
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Oral Mucositis. Oral mucositis is a lesion in the soft tissues of the mouth. These sores can become infected and extremely ... Honey applied to sores in the mouth is highly beneficial in healing the lesions of oral mucositis[8]. Also, honey acts as a ... Oral mucositis can make it very difficult to eat and can affect the patients quality of life. ... Mucositis is one of the most common, debilitating complications of cancer treatments, particularly chemotherapy and radiation. ...
Mucositis (mouth sores) is a severe adverse complication of chemotherapy & radiation treatments. ... oral mucositis is probably the most common, debilitating complication of cancer treatments, particularly chemotherapy & ... What is Oral Mucositis (OM)? According to the Oral Cancer Foundation, ... Chemotherapy Oral Mucositis: Oral mucositis is estimated to occur in 20% - 40% of patients receiving conventional chemotherapy ...
HENRIQUES, Paulo Sérgio Gomes et al. Prevalence of peri-implant mucositis. RGO, Rev. gaúch. odontol. (Online) [online]. 2016, ... Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of peri-implant mucositis, as well as hygiene care around ... Results The prevalence of mucositis in this population was 81.31% of the implants. The average percentage of bleeding score was ... Conclusion It can be observed a high prevalence of mucositis around the implants, which highlights the need for professionals ...
Oral mucositis is a common complication of cancer chemotherapy. ... Treatment of Oral Mucositis. Patients with oral mucositis can ... Oral mucositis has a major impact on a cancer patients quality of life.31 Being able to manage oral mucositis and all the ... Consequences of Oral Mucositis. The consequences of oral mucositis can have serious implications for the patient. The morbidity ... Oral mucositis is a common complication of cancer chemotherapy. The incidence of oral mucositis in cancer patients varies ...
Acute mucositis of the oral cavity. What does acute mucositis mean? Acute mucositis means inflammation of the tissue that ...
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Oral mucositis is a common complication of chemotherapy. It begins 5-10 days after the initiation of chemotherapy and lasts 7- ... encoded search term (Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis) and Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis What to Read Next on Medscape ... Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis Differential Diagnoses. Updated: Oct 09, 2015 * Author: Nathaniel S Treister, DMD, DMSc; ... Palifermin for oral mucositis after intensive therapy for hematologic cancers. N Engl J Med. 2004 Dec 16. 351(25):2590-8. [QxMD ...
म्यूकोसिटिस के लक्षण अक्सर कैंसर के इलाज के शुरुआती चरणों में स्पष्ट होते हैं। एक डॉक्टर विकिरण चिकित्सा के 1-2 सप्ताह के बाद या कीमोथेरेपी के 3 दिनों के भीतर म्यूकोसाइटिस का निदान करने में सक्षम हो सकता है।. ...
... viho.es/mucositis affects 40% of patients receiving chemotherapy at standard doses and 76% or more at high doses ... More than Mucositis and Mouthwash. Cancer Pract [Internet]. julio de 2002; 10(4):179-91. PMID: 12100102 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523- ... Management of oral mucositis in patients who have cancer. Dent Clin North Am. 2008;52(1):61‐viii. doi:10.1016/j.cden.2007.10. ... Many times mucositis can affect cancer treatment because patients may have to be given a lower dose of a drug or stop treatment ...
Oral mucositis is a common complication of chemotherapy. It begins 5-10 days after the initiation of chemotherapy and lasts 7- ... It is generally accepted that mucositis is underreported when measured as a toxicity compared with studies in which mucositis ... encoded search term (Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis) and Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis What to Read Next on Medscape ... a condition generally referred to as oral mucositis. Oral mucositis leads to pain and restriction of oral intake, and, in ...
5.8 Mucositis. Mucositis, stomatitis or esophagopharyngitis, which may lead to mucosal sloughing or ulceration, can occur with ... Mucositis: Fluorouracil can cause severe mucositis. Discontinue fluorouracil until resolved or decreased to Grade 1, then ... Withhold fluorouracil administration for Grade 3 or 4 mucositis; resume fluorouracil at a reduced dose once mucositis has ... 5.8 Mucositis 5.9 Increased Risk of Elevated International Normalized Ratio (INR) with Warfarin 5.10 Embryofetal Toxicity 6 ...
  • however, Lalla et al, while reviewing published trials for the 2014 Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) guidelines, found that mucositis occurs in approximately 20-40% of patients receiving conventional chemotherapy and in 80% of patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy. (medscape.com)
  • The MASCC/ISOO charged its Mucositis Study Group, comprised of 250 experts from 33 countries, to conduct the systematic review. (rochester.edu)
  • MASCC/ISOO clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy. (medscape.com)
  • The goal of this systematic review was to update the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer and International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) Clinical Practice Guidelines for mucositis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In total, the MASCC/ISOO Mucositis Guidelines now include 32 guidelines: 22 for oral mucositis and 10 for gastrointestinal mucositis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS The updated MASCC/ISOO Clinical Practice Guidelines for mucositis will help clinicians provide evidence-based management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The Mucositis Guidelines Leadership Group of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer and International Society of Oral Oncology (MASC/ISOO) 2014, ' MASCC/ISOO clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy ', Cancer , vol. 120, no. 10, pp. 1453-1461. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Oral mucositis is a common and often debilitating complication of cancer treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oral mucositis is a common complication of cancer chemotherapy. (medscape.com)
  • Updated clinical practice guidelines for managing mucositis, a very common and often debilitating complication of cancer therapy, was recently published in the journal Cancer . (rochester.edu)
  • According to the Oral Cancer Foundation , oral mucositis is probably the most common, debilitating complication of cancer treatments, particularly chemotherapy & radiation. (soothiefrost.com)
  • As mentioned earlier, about 40 percent of people who receive chemotherapy may develop mucositis to some extent. (outsourcestrategies.com)
  • You are more likely to develop mucositis after taking chemotherapy drugs if you drink alcohol, use tobacco, do not take care of your teeth and gums, are dehydrated, or have diabetes, HIV, or kidney disease . (webmd.com)
  • Seventy-five to eighty percent of bone marrow transplantation recipients experience mucositis, of which oral mucositis is the most common and most debilitating, especially when melphalan is used. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patients experiencing mucositis often require enteral or parenteral nutrition, consume more opioids, and experience more interruptions to cancer therapy than patients who do not experience mucositis. (rochester.edu)
  • The 2019/20 guidelines update is a landmark paper on the evolution of the mucositis clinical practice guidelines. (rochester.edu)
  • The FDA has approved avasopasem for patients with head and neck cancer to treat their radiotherapy-induced severe oral mucositis. (targetedonc.com)
  • The FDA has issued a complete response letter regarding the new drug application (NDA) for avasopasem manganese (GC4419) for the treatment of radiotherapy-induced severe oral mucositis (SOM) in patients with head and neck cancer who are receiving standard-of-care treatment. (targetedonc.com)
  • Mucositis is the painful inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes lining the digestive tract, usually as an adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment for cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • For most cancer treatment, about 5-15% of patients get mucositis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mucositis associated with radiotherapy usually appears at the end of the second week of treatment and may last for six to eight weeks. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, oral mucositis can be a dose-limiting condition, disrupting a patient's optimal cancer treatment plan and consequentially decreasing their chances of survival. (wikipedia.org)
  • when used topically and then swallowed, to suggest possible mucositis prevention for patients with head and neck cancer who receive treatment with either radiotherapy or radio-chemotherapy,' said Dr. Elad. (rochester.edu)
  • In today's podcast, Amber Darst, Solutions Manager from Managed Outsource Solutions discusses the causes, symptoms and treatment for mucositis . (outsourcestrategies.com)
  • Today, I'll be discussing the causes, symptoms and treatment for mucositis. (outsourcestrategies.com)
  • The proposed research will provide a new therapy for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis - a common complication of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer patients in California, the US, and globally. (ca.gov)
  • In cases of lichenoid mucositis or reactions, treatment should be directed at identifying and removing the presumed cause. (qxmd.com)
  • His treatment may have damaged his healthy gut bacteria, but now he is dealing with painful lesions in his mouth called oral mucositis [1] . (drdanenberg.com)
  • They are, however, not indicated for the treatment of oral mucositis after chemotherapy has been administered. (touchoncology.com)
  • Patient quality of life can be affected by oral mucositis, and its consequences can result in treatment delays, hospitalizations, and unintended increases in medical costs. (touchoncology.com)
  • Many times mucositis can affect cancer treatment because patients may have to be given a lower dose of a drug or stop treatment completely. (viho.es)
  • Gholizadeh N, Sheykhbahaei N, Sadrzadeh-Afshar MS. New Treatment Approaches of Oral Mucositis: A Review of Literature. (viho.es)
  • In patients undergoing HCT, oral mucositis is reported as the most debilitating aspect of their treatment. (medscape.com)
  • The primary endpoint was to gather the evidence about the efficacy of nutritional interventions in the prevention and/or treatment of antineoplastic induced oral mucositis in oncological patients. (preprints.org)
  • Mucositis is a common side effect of chemotherapy treatment. (webmd.com)
  • Low-level laser therapy in the prevention and treatment of cancer therapy-induced mucositis: 2012 state of the art based on literature review and meta-analysis. (justlight.com)
  • Oral mucositis is a frequent and devastating toxicity secondary to cancer treatment, which may affect 20-40% of patients receiving conventional chemotherapy and 60-85% of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. (pesclinical.com)
  • A literature search of published animal and clinical studies was perform to review the epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment options for cancer regimen-induced mucositis. (pesclinical.com)
  • Mucositis is one of the most common debilitating toxicities secondary to cancer treatment and can adversely affect patients' quality of life. (pesclinical.com)
  • Nurses can be empowered to advocate for methylene blue therapy as an effective oral mucositis pain relief treatment. (oncnursingnews.com)
  • Cochrane Abstracts , Evidence Central , evidence.unboundmedicine.com/evidence/view/Cochrane/435506/all/Interventions_for_preventing_oral_mucositis_in_patients_with_cancer_receiving_treatment:_oral_cryotherapy. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The administration of melatonin with conventional treatment has reduced severe oral mucositis development. (melatoninfacts.org)
  • This new regulatory approval for GelX is the first for a medical product to be used for both the treatment and prevention of oral mucositis in cancer patients. (drugdiscoverytrends.com)
  • This new approval will allow patients to receive cancer treatment with a significantly reduced chance of developing oral mucositis during that treatment and to reduce the grade of oral mucositis, allowing the opportunity for normal eating and drinking. (drugdiscoverytrends.com)
  • Marco Mastrodonato, founder and CEO of BMG Pharma S.r.l. commented, "We achieved a unique milestones by giving the opportunity to cancer patients to prevent Oral Mucositis in both adults and children which will allow them to continue with a complete nutritional program while under cancer treatment. (drugdiscoverytrends.com)
  • GelX will be available through its partners to over 1.1m patients in the seven major markets, suffering from oral mucositis as a side-effect of cancer and transplants treatment. (drugdiscoverytrends.com)
  • Clinically significant patient-reported oral mucositis may last 46 to 102 days depending on the treatment schedule and the modality used. (kjco.org)
  • Literature review of patient-reported mucositis occuring in the three common schedules of cancer treatment administration: daily radiation therapy, induction-based hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and multi-cycle chemo/immunotherapy (CT-IT). (kjco.org)
  • Review articles published in last 15 years focused on treatment-induced oral mucositis. (kjco.org)
  • The author reviewed 56 articles published in 15 years from 1999-2014 that focused primarily on treatment-induced oral mucositis. (kjco.org)
  • Mucositis caused by cancer treatment, regardless of modality, lasts far longer than the oft quoted 2-4 weeks (range, 14-28 days). (kjco.org)
  • There are three major treatment modalities wherein mucositis arises and can affect patient's willingness to continue cancer treatment without interruptions, delays or cancellations. (kjco.org)
  • Yet with each of this modalities, mucositis is regarded as a tolerable consequence of treatment due to its brief occurrence. (kjco.org)
  • These results provide a bacteriological basis for the prevention and treatment of peri-implant mucositis in patients with periodontitis history . (bvsalud.org)
  • It is concluded that the main oral complications in children during antineoplastic treatment were mucositis and xerostomia. (bvsalud.org)
  • When caused by chemotherapy, mucositis is usually due to the low white blood cell count. (soothiefrost.com)
  • Mouth sores (mucositis) can be caused by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. (nationaljewish.org)
  • Mucositis can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but oral mucositis refers to the particular inflammation and ulceration that occurs in the mouth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute mucositis means inflammation of the tissue that covers the inside surface of the oral cavity which includes the lips, tongue, buccal mucosa (cheeks), gingiva (gums), floor of mouth, and palate. (mypathologyreport.ca)
  • Oral mucositis (inflammation of the lining of the mouth) is a very common adverse effect when chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used to treat cancer. (viho.es)
  • Mucositis is inflammation of the moist tissue lining the mouth and digestive tract. (webmd.com)
  • New York, November 2023] A comprehensive market analysis report on the Oral Mucositis Market has been unveiled by Stats N Data, offering valuable insights and intelligence for both industry veterans and newcomers. (argylereport.com)
  • The new guidelines show that natural honey may help prevent oral mucositis for patients with head and neck cancer. (rochester.edu)
  • Phase IIb, randomized, double-blind trial of GC4419 versus placebo to reduce severe oral mucositis due to concurrent radiotherapy and cisplatin for head and neck cancer. (targetedonc.com)
  • Doxepin hydrochloride in treating oral mucositis pain in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. (medscape.com)
  • ChemotherapyAdvisor) - Doxepin mouth rinse alleviates radiation therapy-associated mouth sore and oral mucositis (OM) pain among patients with head and neck cancer, according to a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover-design phase 3 trial presented at the American Society for Radiation Oncology's (ASTRO's) 54th Annual Meeting in Boston, MA. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • Avasopasem will decrease the incidence, and more importantly, the duration of severe oral mucositis. (targetedonc.com)
  • The incidence of oral mucositis in cancer patients varies widely. (touchoncology.com)
  • 4 Patients receiving chemotherapy treatments using certain drugs such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 5 and melphalan 6 have a higher incidence of oral mucositis than those receving other chemotherapy drugs. (touchoncology.com)
  • Palifermin reduces the incidence of oral mucositis in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] They found that the incidence of severe mucositis (WHO grades 3 and 4) was no higher than 10% (and in most cases much lower) in any of the disease groups. (medscape.com)
  • In an interventional study by Rosen et al evaluating patients with colorectal cancer being treated with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin, the incidence of ulcerative mucositis was approximately 50% in the placebo group. (medscape.com)
  • The aim of this clinical trial was to test the efficacy of propolis as a mouthwash in the reduction of chemotherapy induced oral mucositis (OM) in a single center. (nih.gov)
  • More than Mucositis and Mouthwash. (viho.es)
  • Benzydamine mouthwash along with traditional curcumin & honey can prevent or reduce the severity of oral mucositis. (icpahealth.com)
  • Chemotherapy, either at conventional levels or in the higher-dosed myeloablative protocols used in conditioning regimens (with or without total body radiation in preparation for hematopoietic cell transplantation [HCT]), often results in erythema, edema, atrophy, and ulceration of the oral mucosa, a condition generally referred to as oral mucositis. (medscape.com)
  • Younger patients tend to develop oral mucositis more often than older patients, possibly because of a more rapid turnover of basal cells in the oral mucosa of younger patients. (touchoncology.com)
  • The pathobiology of mucositis includes a complex cascade of biologic events in which pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS, second messengers, and the oral microbiome contribute to tissue damage of the oral mucosa. (pesclinical.com)
  • Oral mucositis leads to pain and restriction of oral intake, and, in severe cases (eg, patients undergoing myeloablative therapy prior to HCT), necessitates total parenteral nutrition and increased use of narcotic analgesics. (medscape.com)
  • High dose chemotherapy, and localized high dose radiation therapy to the head and neck region are the main factors that cause oral mucositis. (outsourcestrategies.com)
  • In most cases, a physician may be able to diagnose mucositis as early as 1-2 weeks after radiation therapy or within 3 days of chemotherapy. (outsourcestrategies.com)
  • Oral mucositis is a common painful and debilitating side effect from head and neck radiation therapy. (targetedonc.com)
  • Mechanism-based management for mucositis: option for treating side effects without compromising the efficacy of cancer therapy. (viho.es)
  • BACKGROUND Mucositis is a highly significant, and sometimes dose-limiting, toxicity of cancer therapy. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The approval is based on clinical data, (conducted under Good Clinical Practice(GCP) principles) from 149 adult and paediatric patients showing unique results with 99.3 percent of patients experiencing prevention or remission of oral mucositis during cancer therapy. (drugdiscoverytrends.com)
  • This article is based on a commentary first published by the author in International Journal of BioMedicine 2014, 4(4):194-197, entitled: Commentary Regarding Mucositis During Cancer Therapy-Duration of Mucositis. (kjco.org)
  • To be fair, the reference continues: "Mucositis caused by radiation therapy usually lasts 6-8 weeks", which is closer to the reality, but is still far short of the 10-14 weeks required for the mucosa and mouth throat soreness to return to baseline [ 3 , 4 ]. (kjco.org)
  • Another impression given by these statements is that mucositis persisting beyond "2 to 4 weeks" is likely due to local infection which in turn should be suspected as the main driver of the mucositis process and not the cancer therapy itself. (kjco.org)
  • Implants periodontal gum disease - cross-sectioned model showing periodontal implant mucositis and Peri-Implantitis from early to advanced stages. (buyamag.com)
  • The diagnosis of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis is based on clinical findings and the chronology of the development of lesions. (medscape.com)
  • Honey applied to sores in the mouth is highly beneficial in healing the lesions of oral mucositis [8] . (drdanenberg.com)
  • My recommendation to help prevent and heal the lesions of oral mucositis would be to incorporate a regimen of taking spore-based probiotics daily as well as rinsing with raw honey as needed and swallowing it. (drdanenberg.com)
  • Acute GVHD lesions in the oral cavity occur following engraftment and restoration of the white blood cell count and well after the resolution of oral mucositis (OM) lesions, although in some cases, they may manifest as a continuation or exacerbation of oral mucositis. (medscape.com)
  • An important difference is that lesions of acute GVHD may affect the keratinized mucosa, which is not a feature of oral mucositis (see image below). (medscape.com)
  • A high index of suspicion of secondary or concomitant infection in lesions of oral mucositis is imperative. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with severe oral mucositis may require total parenteral nutrition. (medscape.com)
  • This response from the FDA is deeply disappointing for Galera and for patients who suffer from severe oral mucositis," said Mel Sorensen, MD, president and chief executive officer of Galera Therapeutics, in the press release. (targetedonc.com)
  • The pathophysiology of mucositis is complex and multifactorial. (wikipedia.org)
  • Depending on the severity and extent of discomfort, oral mucositis is treated symptomatically and usually involves targeting the infection while managing symptoms. (outsourcestrategies.com)
  • For the first time, we have two network meta-analyses (published in 2020) that have compared various oral care solutions and ranked them based on their beneficial role in preventing or reducing the severity of oral mucositis. (icpahealth.com)
  • All patients were clinically evaluated for oral mucositis severity and pain at three and six weeks after the start of radiotherapy. (melatoninfacts.org)
  • K12.30 is a billable ICD code used to specify a diagnosis of oral mucositis (ulcerative), unspecified. (icd.codes)
  • Chemotherapy drugs that cause mucositis can cause mouth sores to develop. (webmd.com)
  • Mucositis is one of the most common, debilitating complications of cancer treatments, particularly chemotherapy and radiation. (drdanenberg.com)
  • 2022 Congratulations to the members of the Mucositis Guidelines Leadership Group! (memberclicks.net)
  • However, with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), up to 40% get mucositis, and 10-15% get grade 3-4 oral mucositis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fluorouracil can cause severe mucositis. (nih.gov)
  • Even with the best evidence-based interventions, we don't have an ultimate guideline for mucositis in all clinical settings. (rochester.edu)
  • Likewise, it includes a guidelines publication about all interventions for gastrointestinal mucositis. (rochester.edu)
  • Oral mucositis is one of the most disabling and clinical guidelines do not take into account nutritional interventions. (preprints.org)
  • Low evidence is reported about oral mucositis nutritional interventions in spite of being attainable and affordable compounds. (preprints.org)
  • abstract = "The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of zinc supplementation on radiation-induced mucositis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and those with oral cancers (OC). (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Sonis ST. Pathobiology of oral mucositis: novel insights and opportunities. (medscape.com)
  • Chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis causes the mucosal lining of the mouth to atrophy and break down, forming ulcers. (medscape.com)
  • Mucositis is a common condition that occurs when your mouth or gut becomes sore and inflamed. (outsourcestrategies.com)
  • Mucositis can cause a range of symptoms, many of which affect the mouth. (outsourcestrategies.com)
  • Oral mucositis is a lesion in the soft tissues of the mouth. (drdanenberg.com)
  • Mucositis (mouth sores) is a severe adverse complication of chemotherapy & radiation treatments. (soothiefrost.com)
  • Mucositis causes painful swelling of the mouth and tongue and can lead to bleeding, pain, and mouth ulcers. (webmd.com)
  • 9 Medications such as palifermin 10 and caphasol 11 are indicated for the prevention of oral mucositis in patients undergoing high-dose myeloablative therapies. (touchoncology.com)
  • BMG Pharma S.r.l., a specialty pharmaceutical company, has announced the European regulatory approval for its GelX product to be used for the prevention of oral mucositis. (drugdiscoverytrends.com)
  • Recently, several studies 20-22 have shown that the complications caused by oral mucositis in cancer chemotherapy are very significant. (touchoncology.com)
  • It gives the impression that the duration of mucositis is short therefore tolerable particularly if there is no infection. (kjco.org)
  • Oral mucositis can make it very difficult to eat and can affect the patient's quality of life. (drdanenberg.com)
  • Mucositis has a very significant effect on the patient's quality of life & leads to several problems: open sore pain, inability to eat/nutritional concerns & increased risk of infection. (soothiefrost.com)
  • Oral and gastrointestinal (GI) mucositis affects almost all patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), 80% of patients with malignancies of the head and neck receiving radiotherapy, and a wide range of patients receiving chemotherapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • In grade 3 oral mucositis, the patient is unable to eat solid food, and in grade 4, the patient is unable to consume liquids as well. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patient reported mucositis persists from 46 to 102 days. (kjco.org)
  • Oral mucositis, erythema and eating and drink ability were assessed at baseline and after 3 and 7 days using the World Health Organization (WHO) scale and the oral mucositis assessment scale (OMAS). (nih.gov)
  • Oral mucositis in its early stages presents with erythema, mild pain, and mild dysphagia that is manageable with over-the-counter medications. (touchoncology.com)
  • Oral mucositis is estimated to occur in 20% - 40% of patients receiving conventional chemotherapy & up to 80% of patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy. (soothiefrost.com)
  • Patients should be informed about their risk for developing oral mucositis, as well as potential signs and symptoms, and should alert their provider at the earliest onset of oral discomfort. (medscape.com)
  • 8 Patients often do not report oral mucositis if the symptoms are mild or if they are not queried about it. (touchoncology.com)
  • Oral mucositis is probably one of the most common and severe complications of cancer treatments. (outsourcestrategies.com)
  • In addition, patients with periodontal history may be more likely to develop peri-implant mucositis . (bvsalud.org)
  • CLINICAL RELEVANCE The increase in periodontal pathogens and the decrease in health -associated bacteria in patients with periodontitis history may be more likely to develop peri-implant mucositis . (bvsalud.org)
  • Mucositis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a cohort study of methotrexate- and non-methotrexate-containing graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis regimens. (medscape.com)
  • Mucositis affects the inner lining of the oral and gastrointestinal tract. (rochester.edu)
  • It may be avoidable with HPPCLS that both prevents and rapidly reverses mucositis anywhere it occurs within the gastrointestinal tract. (kjco.org)