A pair of ducts near the WOLFFIAN DUCTS in a developing embryo. In the male embryo, they degenerate with the appearance of testicular ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. In the absence of anti-mullerian hormone, mullerian ducts give rise to the female reproductive tract, including the OVIDUCTS; UTERUS; CERVIX; and VAGINA.
Hormones produced in the testis.
A pair of excretory ducts of the middle kidneys (MESONEPHROI) of an embryo, also called mesonephric ducts. In higher vertebrates, Wolffian ducts persist in the male forming VAS DEFERENS, but atrophy into vestigial structures in the female.
A tumor, basically a carcinoma with a single sarcoma such as leiomyosarcoma or angiosarcoma or multiple sarcomas of uterine origin. The role of estrogen has been postulated as a possible etiological factor in this tumor. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1703)
A glycoprotein that causes regression of MULLERIAN DUCTS. It is produced by SERTOLI CELLS of the TESTES. In the absence of this hormone, the Mullerian ducts develop into structures of the female reproductive tract. In males, defects of this hormone result in persistent Mullerian duct, a form of MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM.
Congenital conditions in individuals with a female karyotype, in which the development of the gonadal or anatomical sex is atypical.
Cell surface receptors that bind peptide messengers with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells.
In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.
The female reproductive organs. The external organs include the VULVA; BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS; and CLITORIS. The internal organs include the VAGINA; UTERUS; OVARY; and FALLOPIAN TUBES.
Congenital structural abnormalities of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.
The process in developing sex- or gender-specific tissue, organ, or function after SEX DETERMINATION PROCESSES have set the sex of the GONADS. Major areas of sex differentiation occur in the reproductive tract (GENITALIA) and the brain.
All the organs involved in reproduction and the formation and release of URINE. It includes the kidneys, ureters, BLADDER; URETHRA, and the organs of reproduction - ovaries, UTERUS; FALLOPIAN TUBES; VAGINA; and CLITORIS in women and the testes; SEMINAL VESICLES; PROSTATE; seminal ducts; and PENIS in men.
A malignant neoplasm arising simultaneously or consecutively in mesodermal tissue and glandular epithelium of the same part. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Endogenous or exogenous substances which inhibit the normal growth of human and animal cells or micro-organisms, as distinguished from those affecting plant growth (= PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS).
The channels that collect and transport the bile secretion from the BILE CANALICULI, the smallest branch of the BILIARY TRACT in the LIVER, through the bile ductules, the bile ducts out the liver, and to the GALLBLADDER for storage.
Cell-surface proteins that bind transforming growth factor beta and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. Two types of transforming growth factor receptors have been recognized. They differ in affinity for different members of the transforming growth factor beta family and in cellular mechanisms of action.
The external and internal organs related to reproduction.
The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Ducts that collect PANCREATIC JUICE from the PANCREAS and supply it to the DUODENUM.
One of a pair of excretory organs (mesonephroi) which grows caudally to the first pair (PRONEPHROI) during development. Mesonephroi are the permanent kidneys in adult amphibians and fish. In higher vertebrates, proneprhoi and most of mesonephroi degenerate with the appearance of metanephroi. The remaining ducts become WOLFFIAN DUCTS.
The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
A Wnt protein that is involved in regulating multiple developmental processes such as the formation of the KIDNEY; ADRENAL GLANDS; MAMMARY GLANDS; the PITUITARY GLAND; and the female reproductive system. Defects in WNT4 are a cause of ROKITANSKY KUSTER HAUSER SYNDROME.
The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.
A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)
Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.
In vivo method of screening investigative anticancer drugs and biologic response modifiers for individual cancer patients. Fresh tumor tissue is implanted under the kidney capsule of immunocompetent mice or rats; gross and histological assessments follow several days after tumor treatment in situ.
The largest lymphatic vessel that passes through the chest and drains into the SUBCLAVIAN VEIN.
Congenital conditions in individuals with a male karyotype, in which the development of the gonadal or anatomical sex is atypical.
A developmental defect in which a TESTIS or both TESTES failed to descend from high in the ABDOMEN to the bottom of the SCROTUM. Testicular descent is essential to normal SPERMATOGENESIS which requires temperature lower than the BODY TEMPERATURE. Cryptorchidism can be subclassified by the location of the maldescended testis.
The largest bile duct. It is formed by the junction of the CYSTIC DUCT and the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT.
A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS and regulates BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling.
The anatomical parts that make up an organism in the early stages of development.
The duct that is connected to the GALLBLADDER and allows the emptying of bile into the COMMON BILE DUCT.
The gamete-producing glands, OVARY or TESTIS.
A characteristic symptom complex.
Fushi tarazu transcription factors were originally identified in DROSOPHILA. They are found throughout ARTHROPODS and play important roles in segmentation and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM development.
A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with high affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They can interact with and undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS, TYPE II. They signal primarily through RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS.
A dilated cavity extended caudally from the hindgut. In adult birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes but few mammals, cloaca is a common chamber into which the digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts discharge their contents. In most mammals, cloaca gives rise to LARGE INTESTINE; URINARY BLADDER; and GENITALIA.
Any of the ducts which transport saliva. Salivary ducts include the parotid duct, the major and minor sublingual ducts, and the submandibular duct.
Large, long-tailed reptiles, including caimans, of the order Loricata.
The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.
A transcription factor and member of the nuclear receptor family NR5 that is expressed throughout the adrenal and reproductive axes during development. It plays an important role in sexual differentiation, formation of primary steroidogenic tissues, and their functions in post-natal and adult life. It regulates the expression of key steroidogenic enzymes.
Ducts that serve exclusively for the passage of eggs from the ovaries to the exterior of the body. In non-mammals, they are termed oviducts. In mammals, they are highly specialized and known as FALLOPIAN TUBES.
The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.

Paracrine-mediated apoptosis in reproductive tract development. (1/210)

In mammalian development, the signaling pathways that couple extracellular death signals with the apoptotic machinery are still poorly understood. We chose to examine Mullerian duct regression in the developing reproductive tract as a possible model of apoptosis during morphogenesis. The TGFbeta-like hormone, Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), initiates regression of the Mullerian duct or female reproductive tract anlagen; this event is essential for proper male sexual differentiation and occurs between embryonic days (E) 14 and 17 in the rat. Here, we show that apoptosis occurs during Mullerian duct regression in male embryos beginning at E15. Female Mullerian ducts exposed to MIS also exhibited prominent apoptosis within 13 h, which was blocked by a caspase inhibitor. In both males and females the MIS type-II receptor is expressed exclusively in the mesenchymal cell layer surrounding the duct, whereas apoptotic cells localize to the epithelium. In addition, tissue recombination experiments provide evidence that MIS does not act directly on the epithelium to induce apoptosis. Based on these data, we suggest that MIS triggers cell death by altering mesenchymal-epithelial interactions.  (+info)

Laparoscopically assisted full thickness skin graft for reconstruction in congenital agenesis of vagina and uterine cervix. (2/210)

In patients with agenesis of the vagina and cervix but with a functional endometrium, the traditional treatment is hysterectomy with construction of a neovagina. We report successful treatment by laparoscopically assisted full thickness skin graft for reconstruction in a patient with congenital agenesis of the vagina and uterine cervix concomitant with haematometra and ovarian endometrioma in a 12 year old girl. Postoperatively, the vaginal skin graft healed well, and menstruation first appeared 4 weeks later. In our opinion, a combined laparoscopic and vaginal procedure with full thickness skin graft is an efficacious alternative in managing such genital defects.  (+info)

Laparoscopic hemi-hysterectomy in treatment of a didelphic uterus with a hypoplastic cervix and obstructed hemivagina. (3/210)

Maldevelopment of the Mullerian duct system may result in various urogenital anomalies including didelphic uterus with a hypoplastic cervix and obstructed hemivagina. We report a patient with this anomaly who was treated by laparoscopic hemi-hysterectomy and hysteroscopic resection of hemivagina. A 17 year old patient who had complained of vaginal pus-like discharge on and off for 1 year was diagnosed by MRI to have a double uterus with obstructed right hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis. After hysteroscopic identification of hypoplasia of the right uterine cervix, laparoscopic resection of the right uterus and right Fallopian tube and hysteroscopically assisted resection of the vaginal septa were performed successfully. From our experience, combined laparoscopy and hysteroscopy may be an efficacious alternative in the management and diagnosis of Mullerian anomalies.  (+info)

Laparoscopic management of a unicornuate uterus with two cavitated, non-communicating rudimentary horns: case report. (4/210)

An 18 year old nulligravid woman presented with severe dysmenorrhoea secondary to stage IV (revised American Fertility Society) endometriosis, right haematosalpinx, right endometrioma, unicornuate uterus and two cavitated, non-communicating rudimentary uterine horns. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a unicornuate uterus accompanied by two rudimentary horns. Operative video-laparoscopy proved a successful approach for treating this previously unreported variant of congenital Mullerian anomaly. A review of the world literature confirms the uniqueness of this case while demonstrating laparoscopy to be a viable alternative to laparotomy for management of congenital Mullerian anomalies. The case presented may help to elucidate Mullerian duct embryology further.  (+info)

Kidney-specific cadherin (cdh16) is expressed in embryonic kidney, lung, and sex ducts. (5/210)

Cdh16 was initially described as a truncated cadherin expressed in the adult rabbit kidney. We have analyzed the expression pattern of cdh-16 during mouse embryogenesis, and show that cdh-16 transcripts are present in ureter-derived epithelia of the metanephric kidney. In addition, we demonstrate that cdh-16 is also transiently expressed in the epithelia of embryonic sex ducts and the lung of the embryo.  (+info)

Targeted mutagenesis of the endogenous mouse Mis gene promoter: in vivo definition of genetic pathways of vertebrate sexual development. (6/210)

Mutations were introduced into conserved steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1)- and SOX9-binding sites within the endogenous mouse Mullerian inhibiting substance (Mis) promoter. Male mice homozygous for the mutant SF1-binding site correctly initiated Mis transcription in fetal testes, although at significantly reduced levels. Surprisingly, sufficient MIS was produced to eliminate the MUllerian ducts. In contrast, males homozygous for the mutant SOX9-binding site did not initiate Mis transcription, resulting in pseudohermaphrodites. These studies suggest an essential role for SOX9 in the initiation of Mis transcription, whereas SF1 appears to act as a quantitative regulator of Mis transcript levels, perhaps for influencing non-Mullerian duct tissues. Comparative studies of Mis expression in vertebrates indicate that the Mis promoter receives transcriptional inputs that vary between species but result in the same functional readout.  (+info)

Human ovarian cancer, cell lines, and primary ascites cells express the human Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) type II receptor, bind, and are responsive to MIS. (7/210)

Six human ovarian cancer cell lines and samples of ascites cells isolated from 27 patients with stage III or IV ovarian papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma were studied individually to test whether recombinant human Mullerian inhibiting substance (rhMIS) acts via its receptor. To do these experiments, we scaled up production of rhMIS and labeled it successfully with biotin for binding studies, cloned the human MIS type II receptor for mRNA detection, and raised antibodies to an extracellular domain peptide for protein detection. These probes were first tested on the human ovarian cancer cell lines and then applied to primary ovarian ascites cells. rhMIS inhibited colony growth of five of six cell lines that expressed the human MIS type II receptor mRNA by Northern analysis while not inhibiting receptor-negative COS cells. Flow cytometry performed on MIS-sensitive ovarian cancer cell lines demonstrated specific and saturable binding of rhMIS (Kd = 10.2 nM). Ascites cells from 15 of 27 or 56% of patients tested bound biotinylated MIS (MIS-biotin) and, of the 11 that grew in soft agarose, 9 of 11 or 82% showed statistically significant inhibition of colony formation. Of the 15 patients who bound biotinylated MIS, mRNA was available for analysis from 9, and 8 of 9 expressed MIS type II receptor mRNA by reverse transcription-PCR, showing a statistically significant correlation, compared with binding, by chi2 analysis (P = 0.025). Solid ovarian cancers were positive for the MIS type II receptor protein by immunohistochemical staining, which colocalized with staining for antibody to CA-125 (OC-125). Thus, the detection of the MIS type I receptor by flow cytometry may be a useful predictor of therapeutic response to MIS and may be a modality to rapidly choose patients with late-stage ovarian cancer for treatment with MIS.  (+info)

Temperature-dependent sex determination in the American alligator: AMH precedes SOX9 expression. (8/210)

Gonadal morphogenesis is very similar among mammals, birds, and reptiles. Despite this similarity, each group utilises quite different genetic triggers for sex determination. In mammals, testis development is initiated by action of the Y-chromosome gene SRY. Current evidence suggests that SRY may act together with a related gene, SOX9, to activate another gene(s) in the pathway of testicular differentiation. A downstream candidate for regulation by SRY and SOX9 is AMH. In mouse, Sox9 is expressed in the Sertoli cells of the embryonic testis and it precedes the onset of Amh expression. During mouse gonadogenesis, Amh is confined to the embryonic testis, although it later shows postnatal expression in the ovary. Reptiles such as the American alligator, which exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) do not have dimorphic sex chromosomes and apparently no SRY orthologue. SOX9 is expressed during testis differentiation in the alligator; however, it appears to be expressed too late to cause testis determination. Here we describe the cloning and expression of the alligator AMH gene and show that AMH expression precedes SOX9 expression during testis differentiation. This is the opposite to that observed in the mouse where SOX9 precedes AMH expression. The data presented here, as well as findings from recent expression studies in the chick, suggest that AMH expression is not regulated by SOX9 in the non-mammalian vertebrates.  (+info)

Müllerian ducts are a pair of embryonic structures found in female mammals, including humans. They give rise to the female reproductive system during fetal development. In females, the Müllerian ducts develop into the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper part of the vagina.

In males, the regression of Müllerian ducts is induced by a hormone called anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), produced by the developing testes. In the absence of AMH or if it fails to function properly, the Müllerian ducts may persist and lead to conditions known as persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS) or Müllerian remnants in males.

In summary, Müllerian ducts are essential structures for female reproductive system development, and their regression is crucial for male reproductive organ formation.

Testicular hormones, also known as androgens, are a type of sex hormone primarily produced in the testes of males. The most important and well-known androgen is testosterone, which plays a crucial role in the development of male reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics. Testosterone is responsible for the growth and maintenance of male sex organs, such as the testes and prostate, and it also promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics like facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass.

Testicular hormones are produced and regulated by a feedback system involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain. The hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone, while FSH works together with testosterone to promote sperm production.

In addition to their role in male sexual development and function, testicular hormones also have important effects on other bodily functions, such as bone density, muscle mass, red blood cell production, mood, and cognitive function.

The Wolffian ducts, also known as the mesonephric ducts, are a pair of embryological structures present in the developing urinary system of male fetuses. They originate from the intermediate mesoderm and descend towards the posterior end of the developing kidney, or the metanephros.

The Wolffian ducts play a crucial role in the formation of the male reproductive system. In males, these ducts give rise to the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts. They also contribute to the development of the kidneys, specifically the pronephros and mesonephros, which are transient structures that eventually give way to the permanent kidney, or metanephros.

In females, the Wolffian ducts regress due to the absence of testicular hormones, as they do not contribute to the formation of female reproductive organs. Instead, the paramesonephric ducts, also known as the Mullerian ducts, develop into the female reproductive structures such as the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.

A mixed tumor, also known as a mullerian mixed tumor or carcinosarcoma, is a rare type of cancer that occurs most commonly in the female reproductive system. It is called a "mixed" tumor because it contains two or more different types of cells, specifically carcinoma (epithelial) cells and sarcoma (connective tissue) cells. These tumors can arise in the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, or other mullerian-derived structures.

Mullerian mixed tumors are aggressive and have a poor prognosis compared to other types of gynecologic malignancies. They typically occur in postmenopausal women, but can also be found in younger women. Symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain or pressure, and a mass or bulge in the lower abdomen. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence.

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein hormone that belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) family. It is primarily produced by the granulosa cells of developing follicles in the ovaries of females. AMH plays an essential role in female reproductive physiology, as it inhibits the recruitment and further development of primordial follicles, thereby regulating the size of the primordial follicle pool and the onset of puberty.

AMH levels are often used as a biomarker for ovarian reserve assessment in women. High AMH levels indicate a larger ovarian reserve, while low levels suggest a decreased reserve, which may be associated with reduced fertility or an earlier onset of menopause. Additionally, measuring AMH levels can help predict the response to ovarian stimulation during assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).

'46, XX Disorders of Sex Development' (DSD) is a medical term used to describe individuals who have typical female chromosomes (46, XX) but do not develop typical female physical characteristics. This condition is also sometimes referred to as 'Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome' (CAIS).

Individuals with 46, XX DSD/CAIS have testes instead of ovaries, and they typically do not have a uterus or fallopian tubes. They usually have female external genitalia that appear normal or near-normal, but they may also have undescended testes or inguinal hernias. Because their bodies are insensitive to androgens (male hormones), they do not develop male physical characteristics such as a penis or facial hair.

Individuals with 46, XX DSD/CAIS are typically raised as females and may not become aware of their condition until puberty, when they do not menstruate or develop secondary sexual characteristics such as breasts. Treatment for this condition typically involves surgery to remove the undescended testes and hormone replacement therapy to promote the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

It's important to note that individuals with 46, XX DSD/CAIS can live healthy and fulfilling lives, but they may face unique challenges related to their gender identity, sexuality, and fertility. It is essential to provide these individuals with comprehensive medical care, emotional support, and access to resources and information to help them navigate these challenges.

Peptide receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that bind to peptide hormones and neurotransmitters. These receptors play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including regulation of appetite, pain perception, immune function, and cardiovascular homeostasis. Peptide receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily or the tyrosine kinase receptor family. Upon binding of a peptide ligand, these receptors activate intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately lead to changes in cell behavior and communication with other cells.

Peptide receptors can be classified into two main categories: metabotropic and ionotropic. Metabotropic peptide receptors are GPCRs, which activate intracellular signaling pathways through coupling with heterotrimeric G proteins. These receptors typically have seven transmembrane domains and undergo conformational changes upon ligand binding, leading to the activation of downstream effectors such as adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, or ion channels.

Ionotropic peptide receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that directly modulate ion fluxes across the cell membrane upon ligand binding. These receptors contain four or five subunits arranged around a central pore and undergo conformational changes to allow ion flow through the channel.

Examples of peptide receptors include:

1. Opioid receptors (μ, δ, κ) - bind endogenous opioid peptides such as enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins to modulate pain perception and reward processing.
2. Somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-5) - bind somatostatin and cortistatin to regulate hormone secretion, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis.
3. Neuropeptide Y receptors (Y1-Y5) - bind neuropeptide Y to modulate feeding behavior, energy metabolism, and cardiovascular function.
4. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRP-R) - binds calcitonin gene-related peptide to mediate vasodilation and neurogenic inflammation.
5. Bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) - binds bradykinin to induce pain, inflammation, and vasodilation.
6. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2) - bind vasoactive intestinal peptide to regulate neurotransmission, hormone secretion, and smooth muscle contraction.
7. Oxytocin receptor (OXTR) - binds oxytocin to mediate social bonding, maternal behavior, and uterine contractions during childbirth.
8. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) - binds angiotensin II to regulate blood pressure, fluid balance, and cell growth.

Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) are a group of conditions that occur when there is a difference in the development and assignment of sex characteristics. These differences may be apparent at birth, at puberty, or later in life. DSD can affect chromosomes, gonads, genitals, or secondary sexual characteristics, and can result from genetic mutations or environmental factors during fetal development.

DSDs were previously referred to as "intersex" conditions, but the term "Disorders of Sex Development" is now preferred in medical settings because it is more descriptive and less stigmatizing. DSDs are not errors or abnormalities, but rather variations in human development that require sensitive and individualized care.

The diagnosis and management of DSD can be complex and may involve a team of healthcare providers, including endocrinologists, urologists, gynecologists, psychologists, and genetic counselors. Treatment options depend on the specific type of DSD and may include hormone therapy, surgery, or other interventions to support physical and emotional well-being.

Female genitalia refer to the reproductive and sexual organs located in the female pelvic region. They are primarily involved in reproduction, menstruation, and sexual activity. The external female genitalia, also known as the vulva, include the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and the external openings of the urethra and vagina. The internal female genitalia consist of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. These structures work together to facilitate menstruation, fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth.

Urogenital abnormalities refer to structural or functional anomalies that affect the urinary and genital systems. These two systems are closely linked during embryonic development, and sometimes they may not develop properly, leading to various types of congenital defects. Urogenital abnormalities can range from minor issues like a bifid scrotum (a condition where the scrotum is split into two parts) to more severe problems such as bladder exstrophy (where the bladder develops outside the body).

These conditions may affect urination, reproduction, and sexual function. They can also increase the risk of infections and other complications. Urogenital abnormalities can be diagnosed through physical examination, imaging tests, or genetic testing. Treatment options depend on the specific condition but may include surgery, medication, or lifestyle changes.

"Sex differentiation" is a term used in the field of medicine, specifically in reproductive endocrinology and genetics. It refers to the biological development of sexual characteristics that distinguish males from females. This process is regulated by hormones and genetic factors.

There are two main stages of sex differentiation: genetic sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation. Genetic sex determination occurs at fertilization, where the combination of X and Y chromosomes determines the sex of the individual (typically, XX = female and XY = male). Gonadal sex differentiation then takes place during fetal development, where the genetic sex signals the development of either ovaries or testes.

Once the gonads are formed, they produce hormones that drive further sexual differentiation, leading to the development of internal reproductive structures (such as the uterus and fallopian tubes in females, and the vas deferens and seminal vesicles in males) and external genitalia.

It's important to note that while sex differentiation is typically categorized as male or female, there are individuals who may have variations in their sexual development, leading to intersex conditions. These variations can occur at any stage of the sex differentiation process and can result in a range of physical characteristics that do not fit neatly into male or female categories.

The urogenital system is a part of the human body that includes the urinary and genital systems. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, which work together to produce, store, and eliminate urine. On the other hand, the genital system, also known as the reproductive system, is responsible for the production, development, and reproduction of offspring. In males, this includes the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, and penis. In females, it includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and external genitalia.

The urogenital system is closely related anatomically and functionally. For example, in males, the urethra serves as a shared conduit for both urine and semen, while in females, the urethra and vagina are separate but adjacent structures. Additionally, some organs, such as the prostate gland in males and the Skene's glands in females, have functions that overlap between the urinary and genital systems.

Disorders of the urogenital system can affect both the urinary and reproductive functions, leading to a range of symptoms such as pain, discomfort, infection, and difficulty with urination or sexual activity. Proper care and maintenance of the urogenital system are essential for overall health and well-being.

Adenosarcoma is a rare type of tumor that typically develops in the female reproductive system, particularly in the uterus. It is a mixed tumor, meaning it contains both glandular (epithelial) and connective tissue components.

The glandular component forms glands, which secrete substances, while the connective tissue component is made up of spindle-shaped cells called sarcoma cells. Adenosarcomas usually grow slowly and tend to remain localized, but they can sometimes spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.

These tumors most commonly occur in the uterus, where they are known as adenosarcomas of the uterus or uterine adenosarcomas. They can also develop in other areas of the body, such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the peritoneum (the lining of the abdominal cavity).

Adenosarcomas are typically treated with surgery to remove the tumor and surrounding tissue. The prognosis for adenosarcoma depends on several factors, including the stage of the disease at diagnosis, the patient's age and overall health, and the presence or absence of certain genetic mutations.

Growth inhibitors, in a medical context, refer to substances or agents that reduce or prevent the growth and proliferation of cells. They play an essential role in regulating normal cellular growth and can be used in medical treatments to control the excessive growth of unwanted cells, such as cancer cells.

There are two main types of growth inhibitors:

1. Endogenous growth inhibitors: These are naturally occurring molecules within the body that help regulate cell growth and division. Examples include retinoids, which are vitamin A derivatives, and interferons, which are signaling proteins released by host cells in response to viruses.

2. Exogenous growth inhibitors: These are synthetic or natural substances from outside the body that can be used to inhibit cell growth. Many chemotherapeutic agents and targeted therapies for cancer treatment fall into this category. They work by interfering with specific pathways involved in cell division, such as DNA replication or mitosis, or by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells.

It is important to note that growth inhibitors may also affect normal cells, which can lead to side effects during treatment. The challenge for medical researchers is to develop targeted therapies that specifically inhibit the growth of abnormal cells while minimizing harm to healthy cells.

Bile ducts are tubular structures that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage or directly to the small intestine to aid in digestion. There are two types of bile ducts: intrahepatic and extrahepatic. Intrahepatic bile ducts are located within the liver and drain bile from liver cells, while extrahepatic bile ducts are outside the liver and include the common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and common bile duct. These ducts can become obstructed or inflamed, leading to various medical conditions such as cholestasis, cholecystitis, and gallstones.

Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) receptors are a group of cell surface receptors that bind to TGF-β ligands and transduce signals into the cell. These receptors play crucial roles in regulating various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix production.

There are two types of TGF-β receptors: type I and type II. Type I receptors, also known as activin receptor-like kinases (ALKs), have serine/threonine kinase activity and include ALK1, ALK2, ALK3, ALK4, ALK5, and ALK6. Type II receptors are constitutively active serine/threonine kinases and include TGF-β RII, ActRII, and ActRIIB.

When a TGF-β ligand binds to a type II receptor, it recruits and phosphorylates a type I receptor, which in turn phosphorylates downstream signaling molecules called Smads. Phosphorylated Smads form complexes with co-Smad proteins and translocate to the nucleus, where they regulate gene expression.

Abnormalities in TGF-β signaling have been implicated in various human diseases, including fibrosis, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of TGF-β receptor function is essential for developing therapeutic strategies to target these conditions.

Genitalia, also known as the genitals, refer to the reproductive organs located in the pelvic region. In males, these include the penis and testicles, while in females, they consist of the vulva, vagina, clitoris, and ovaries. Genitalia are essential for sexual reproduction and can also be associated with various medical conditions, such as infections, injuries, or congenital abnormalities.

The vagina is the canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of the uterus) to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal because babies pass through it during childbirth. The vagina is where sexual intercourse occurs and where menstrual blood exits the body. It has a flexible wall that can expand and retract. During sexual arousal, the vaginal walls swell with blood to become more elastic in order to accommodate penetration.

It's important to note that sometimes people use the term "vagina" to refer to the entire female genital area, including the external structures like the labia and clitoris. But technically, these are considered part of the vulva, not the vagina.

The pancreatic ducts are a set of tubular structures within the pancreas that play a crucial role in the digestive system. The main pancreatic duct, also known as the duct of Wirsung, is responsible for transporting pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid from the pancreas to the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine.

The exocrine portion of the pancreas contains numerous smaller ducts called interlobular ducts and intralobular ducts that merge and ultimately join the main pancreatic duct. This system ensures that the digestive enzymes and fluids produced by the pancreas are effectively delivered to the small intestine, where they aid in the breakdown and absorption of nutrients from food.

In addition to the main pancreatic duct, there is an accessory pancreatic duct, also known as Santorini's duct, which can sometimes join the common bile duct before emptying into the duodenum through a shared opening called the ampulla of Vater. However, in most individuals, the accessory pancreatic duct usually drains into the main pancreatic duct before entering the duodenum.

Mesonephros is defined as the intermediate part of the embryonic excretory system in higher vertebrates, which develops into the permanent kidney in some lower vertebrates. In humans, it represents the transitory kidney that functions during early fetal life and gives rise to the male reproductive structures (i.e., epididymis, vas deferens, and efferent ductules) after its excretory function is taken over by the metanephros or permanent kidney. The mesonephros consists of a number of tubules called mesonephric tubules, which open into the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct, and a network of blood vessels known as the mesonephric capillaries or glomeruli.

The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the female pelvic cavity, between the bladder and the rectum. It has a thick, middle layer called the myometrium, which is composed of smooth muscle tissue, and an inner lining called the endometrium, which provides a nurturing environment for the fertilized egg to develop into a fetus during pregnancy.

The uterus is where the baby grows and develops until it is ready for birth through the cervix, which is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. The uterus plays a critical role in the menstrual cycle as well, by shedding its lining each month if pregnancy does not occur.

Wnt4 protein is a member of the Wnt family of signaling proteins, which are involved in various developmental processes, including cell fate determination, tissue homeostasis, and embryonic development. Specifically, Wnt4 plays crucial roles in female reproductive system development, such as promoting nephrogenesis (kidney development) and regulating Müllerian duct formation during sex differentiation. It exerts its functions by binding to Frizzled receptors and activating the canonical or non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways. Genetic mutations in WNT4 have been associated with certain genetic disorders, such as Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome, which is characterized by congenital absence of the uterus and vagina.

The testis, also known as the testicle, is a male reproductive organ that is part of the endocrine system. It is located in the scrotum, outside of the abdominal cavity. The main function of the testis is to produce sperm and testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.

The testis is composed of many tiny tubules called seminiferous tubules, where sperm are produced. These tubules are surrounded by a network of blood vessels, nerves, and supportive tissues. The sperm then travel through a series of ducts to the epididymis, where they mature and become capable of fertilization.

Testosterone is produced in the Leydig cells, which are located in the interstitial tissue between the seminiferous tubules. Testosterone plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. It also supports sperm production and sexual function.

Abnormalities in testicular function can lead to infertility, hormonal imbalances, and other health problems. Regular self-examinations and medical check-ups are recommended for early detection and treatment of any potential issues.

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic form of the hormone estrogen that was prescribed to pregnant women from the 1940s until the early 1970s to prevent miscarriage, premature labor, and other complications of pregnancy. However, it was later discovered that DES could cause serious health problems in both the mothers who took it and their offspring.

DES is a non-selective estrogen agonist, meaning that it binds to and activates both estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) in the body. It has a higher binding affinity for ERα than for ERβ, which can lead to disruptions in normal hormonal signaling pathways.

In addition to its use as a pregnancy aid, DES has also been used in the treatment of prostate cancer, breast cancer, and other conditions associated with hormonal imbalances. However, due to its potential health risks, including an increased risk of certain cancers, DES is no longer widely used in clinical practice.

Some of the known health effects of DES exposure include:

* In women who were exposed to DES in utero (i.e., their mothers took DES during pregnancy):
+ A rare form of vaginal or cervical cancer called clear cell adenocarcinoma
+ Abnormalities of the reproductive system, such as structural changes in the cervix and vagina, and an increased risk of infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and preterm delivery
+ An increased risk of breast cancer later in life
* In men who were exposed to DES in utero:
+ Undescended testicles
+ Abnormalities of the penis and scrotum
+ A higher risk of testicular cancer
* In both men and women who were exposed to DES in utero or who took DES themselves:
+ An increased risk of certain types of breast cancer
+ A possible increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including high blood pressure and stroke.

It is important for individuals who have been exposed to DES to inform their healthcare providers of this fact, as it may have implications for their medical care and monitoring.

Glycoproteins are complex proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to their polypeptide backbone. These glycans are linked to the protein through asparagine residues (N-linked) or serine/threonine residues (O-linked). Glycoproteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell recognition, cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion, and signal transduction. They are widely distributed in nature and can be found on the outer surface of cell membranes, in extracellular fluids, and as components of the extracellular matrix. The structure and composition of glycoproteins can vary significantly depending on their function and location within an organism.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Subrenal Capsule Assay" is not a widely recognized or established term in medicine or physiology. It appears that this term may be specific to certain research or experimental contexts.

In general, a capsule assay is a type of experimental setup where cells or tissues are encapsulated within a semi-permeable membrane, allowing for the study of cellular behavior and interactions with the external environment while being protected from immune system attack.

The term "subrenal" suggests that it may have something to do with the kidney, specifically below the renal capsule, which is the outermost layer of the kidney. However, without more context or information about the specific research or experimental procedure, it's difficult to provide a precise medical definition for this term.

If you could provide more context or details about where you encountered this term, I may be able to give a more accurate and helpful explanation.

The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the human body. It is a part of the lymphatic system, which helps to regulate fluid balance and immune function. The thoracic duct originates from the cisterna chyli, a dilated sac located in the abdomen near the aorta.

The thoracic duct collects lymph from the lower extremities, abdomen, pelvis, and left side of the thorax (chest). It ascends through the diaphragm and enters the chest, where it passes through the mediastinum (the central part of the chest between the lungs) and eventually drains into the left subclavian vein.

The thoracic duct plays a crucial role in transporting lymphatic fluid, which contains white blood cells, fats, proteins, and other substances, back into the circulatory system. Any obstruction or damage to the thoracic duct can lead to lymph accumulation in the surrounding tissues, causing swelling and other symptoms.

'46, XY Disorders of Sex Development' (DSD) is a term used to describe conditions in which individuals are born with chromosomes, gonads, or genitals that do not fit typical definitions of male or female. In these cases, the individual has 46 chromosomes, including one X and one Y chromosome (46, XY), which would typically result in the development of male characteristics. However, for various reasons, the sexual differentiation process may be disrupted, leading to atypical development of the internal and/or external sex organs.

There are several possible causes of 46, XY DSD, including genetic mutations, hormonal imbalances, or anatomical abnormalities. These conditions can range from mild to severe in terms of their impact on physical health and sexual function, and they may also have psychological and social implications.

Examples of 46, XY DSD include complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS), and disorders of gonadal development such as Swyer syndrome. Treatment for 46, XY DSD may involve surgical intervention, hormone replacement therapy, and/or psychological support.

Cryptorchidism is a medical condition in which one or both of a male infant's testicles fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum before birth or within the first year of life. Normally, the testicles descend from the abdomen into the scrotum during fetal development in the second trimester. If the testicles do not descend on their own, medical intervention may be necessary to correct the condition.

Cryptorchidism is a common birth defect, affecting about 3-5% of full-term and 30% of preterm male infants. In most cases, the testicle will descend on its own within the first six months of life. If it does not, treatment may be necessary to prevent complications such as infertility, testicular cancer, and inguinal hernia.

Treatment for cryptorchidism typically involves surgery to bring the testicle down into the scrotum. This procedure is called orchiopexy and is usually performed before the age of 2. In some cases, hormonal therapy may be used as an alternative to surgery. However, this approach has limited success and is generally only recommended in certain situations.

Overall, cryptorchidism is a treatable condition that can help prevent future health problems if addressed early on. Regular check-ups with a pediatrician or healthcare provider can help ensure timely diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

The common bile duct is a duct that results from the union of the cystic duct (which drains bile from the gallbladder) and the common hepatic duct (which drains bile from the liver). The common bile duct transports bile, a digestive enzyme, from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine.

The common bile duct runs through the head of the pancreas before emptying into the second part of the duodenum, either alone or in conjunction with the pancreatic duct, via a small opening called the ampulla of Vater. The common bile duct plays a crucial role in the digestion of fats by helping to break them down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

Smad8 protein, also known as Smad3b or DPC4, is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in the TGF-β (transforming growth factor-beta) signaling pathway. This pathway regulates various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Smad8 protein is primarily located in the cytoplasm, but upon activation by TGF-β ligands, it translocates to the nucleus where it binds to DNA and modulates gene expression. Smad8 forms a complex with other Smad proteins (such as Smad4) and regulates the transcription of target genes involved in various cellular responses. Mutations in the Smad8 gene have been associated with certain types of cancer, including colorectal and pancreatic cancers.

Embryonic structures refer to the various parts and components that develop during the embryonic stage of prenatal development, which occurs from fertilization to the end of the 8th week of gestation. These structures include the primitive streak, notochord, neural tube, heart, somites, and limb buds, among others.

During this stage, the embryo undergoes rapid cell division, differentiation, and organization to form these structures, which will eventually develop into the various organs and systems of the human body. The embryonic structures are formed through a complex process of gene expression, signaling pathways, and interactions between cells and tissues.

Understanding the development of embryonic structures is crucial for understanding normal human development, as well as for identifying abnormalities or defects that may occur during this critical period. This knowledge can also inform medical interventions and treatments to address developmental issues and improve health outcomes for individuals throughout their lives.

The cystic duct is a short tube that connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct, which carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine. The cystic duct allows bile to flow from the gallbladder into the common bile duct when it is needed for digestion. It is a part of the biliary system and plays an important role in the digestive process.

Gonads are the reproductive organs that produce gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones. In males, the gonads are the testes, which produce sperm and testosterone. In females, the gonads are the ovaries, which produce eggs and estrogen and progesterone. The development, function, and regulation of the gonads are crucial for reproductive health and fertility.

A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.

For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.

Fushi Tarazu (FTZ) transcription factors are a family of proteins that regulate gene expression during development in various organisms, including insects and mammals. The name "Fushi Tarazu" comes from the phenotype observed in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) mutants, which have segmentation defects resembling a "broken rosary bead" or "incomplete abdomen."

FTZ transcription factors contain a zinc finger DNA-binding domain and are involved in the regulation of homeotic genes, which control body pattern formation during development. They play crucial roles in establishing and maintaining proper segmentation and regional identity along the anterior-posterior axis of the organism. In mammals, FTZ transcription factors have been implicated in various processes, including neurogenesis, adipogenesis, and energy metabolism.

Bone morphogenetic protein receptors (BMPRs) are a group of transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors that play a crucial role in the signaling pathway of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are growth factors involved in various biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.

Type I BMPRs include three subtypes: activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2), ALK3 (also known as BMPR-IA), and ALK6 (also known as BMPR-IB). These receptors form a complex with type II BMPRs upon binding of BMP ligands to their extracellular domains. The activation of the receptor complex leads to the phosphorylation of intracellular signaling molecules, such as SMAD proteins, which then translocate to the nucleus and regulate gene expression.

Mutations in type I BMPRs have been associated with several genetic disorders, including hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), a vascular dysplasia disorder characterized by the formation of abnormal blood vessels. Additionally, alterations in BMP signaling pathways have been implicated in various human diseases, such as cancer, fibrosis, and bone disorders.

A cloaca is a common cavity or channel in some animals, including many birds and reptiles, that serves as the combined endpoint for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Feces, urine, and in some cases, eggs are all expelled through this single opening. In humans and other mammals, these systems have separate openings. Anatomical anomalies can result in a human born with a cloaca, which is very rare and typically requires surgical correction.

Salivary ducts are the excretory tubules that transport saliva from the major and minor salivary glands to the oral cavity. The main function of these ducts is to convey the salivary secretions, which contain enzymes and lubricants, into the mouth to aid in digestion, speech, and swallowing.

There are two pairs of major salivary glands: the parotid glands and the submandibular glands. Each pair has its own set of ducts. The parotid gland's saliva is drained through the parotid duct, also known as Stensen's duct, which opens into the oral cavity opposite the upper second molar tooth. The submandibular gland's saliva is transported through the submandibular duct, or Wharton's duct, which empties into the floor of the mouth near the base of the tongue.

Minor salivary glands are scattered throughout the oral cavity and pharynx, and their secretions are drained via small ducts directly into the oral mucosa.

Alligators and crocodiles are large, semi-aquatic reptiles belonging to the order Crocodylia. They are characterized by a long, broad snout, powerful tail, and sharp teeth designed for grabbing and holding onto prey. Alligators and crocodiles are similar in appearance but can be distinguished by their snouts: alligators have a wider, U-shaped snout, while crocodiles have a more V-shaped snout.

Alligators (family Alligatoridae) are native to the United States and China, with two living species: the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis). They prefer freshwater habitats such as rivers, lakes, and marshes.

Crocodiles (family Crocodylidae) are found in tropical regions around the world, including Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas. There are 14 species of crocodiles, including the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), the Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), and the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus). Crocodiles can tolerate both freshwater and saltwater environments.

Both alligators and crocodiles are apex predators, feeding on a variety of animals such as fish, birds, and mammals. They are known for their powerful bite force and have been reported to take down large prey, including deer and cattle. Alligators and crocodiles play an important role in maintaining the balance of their ecosystems by controlling populations of other animals and helping to keep waterways clean.

While alligators and crocodiles are often feared due to their size and predatory nature, they are also threatened by habitat loss, pollution, and hunting. Several species are considered endangered or vulnerable, and conservation efforts are underway to protect them and their habitats.

In medical and embryological terms, the mesoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early stages of embryonic development. It forms between the ectoderm and endoderm during gastrulation, and it gives rise to a wide variety of cell types, tissues, and organs in the developing embryo.

The mesoderm contributes to the formation of structures such as:

1. The connective tissues (including tendons, ligaments, and most of the bones)
2. Muscular system (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles)
3. Circulatory system (heart, blood vessels, and blood cells)
4. Excretory system (kidneys and associated structures)
5. Reproductive system (gonads, including ovaries and testes)
6. Dermis of the skin
7. Parts of the eye and inner ear
8. Several organs in the urogenital system

Dysfunctions or abnormalities in mesoderm development can lead to various congenital disorders and birth defects, highlighting its importance during embryogenesis.

Steroidogenic Factor 1 (SF-1 or NR5A1) is a nuclear receptor protein that functions as a transcription factor, playing a crucial role in the development and regulation of the endocrine system. It is involved in the differentiation and maintenance of steroidogenic tissues such as the adrenal glands, gonads (ovaries and testes), and the hypothalamus and pituitary glands in the brain.

SF-1 regulates the expression of genes that are essential for steroid hormone biosynthesis, including enzymes involved in the production of cortisol, aldosterone, and sex steroids (androgens, estrogens). Mutations in the SF-1 gene can lead to various disorders related to sexual development, adrenal function, and fertility.

In summary, Steroidogenic Factor 1 is a critical transcription factor that regulates the development and function of steroidogenic tissues and the biosynthesis of steroid hormones.

Oviducts, also known as fallopian tubes in humans, are pair of slender tubular structures that serve as the conduit for the ovum (egg) from the ovaries to the uterus. They are an essential part of the female reproductive system, providing a site for fertilization of the egg by sperm and early embryonic development before the embryo moves into the uterus for further growth.

In medical terminology, the term "oviduct" refers to this functional description rather than a specific anatomical structure in all female organisms. The oviducts vary in length and shape across different species, but their primary role remains consistent: to facilitate the transport of the egg and provide a site for fertilization.

An ovary is a part of the female reproductive system in which ova or eggs are produced through the process of oogenesis. They are a pair of solid, almond-shaped structures located one on each side of the uterus within the pelvic cavity. Each ovary measures about 3 to 5 centimeters in length and weighs around 14 grams.

The ovaries have two main functions: endocrine (hormonal) function and reproductive function. They produce and release eggs (ovulation) responsible for potential fertilization and development of an embryo/fetus during pregnancy. Additionally, they are essential in the production of female sex hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone, which regulate menstrual cycles, sexual development, and reproduction.

During each menstrual cycle, a mature egg is released from one of the ovaries into the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized by sperm. If not fertilized, the egg, along with the uterine lining, will be shed, leading to menstruation.

Bile duct diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the bile ducts, which are tiny tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver that helps break down fats in food.

There are several types of bile duct diseases, including:

1. Choledocholithiasis: This occurs when stones form in the common bile duct, causing blockage and leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, and fever.
2. Cholangitis: This is an infection of the bile ducts that can cause inflammation, pain, and fever. It can occur due to obstruction of the bile ducts or as a complication of other medical procedures.
3. Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC): This is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the bile ducts in the liver, causing inflammation and scarring that can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure.
4. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC): This is another autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts, leading to liver damage and potential liver failure.
5. Bile Duct Cancer: Also known as cholangiocarcinoma, this is a rare form of cancer that affects the bile ducts and can cause jaundice, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
6. Benign Strictures: These are narrowing of the bile ducts that can occur due to injury, inflammation, or surgery, leading to blockage and potential infection.

Symptoms of bile duct diseases may include jaundice, abdominal pain, fever, itching, dark urine, and light-colored stools. Treatment depends on the specific condition and may involve medication, surgery, or other medical interventions.

"Mullerian Duct Anomalies". Retrieved 2012-11-29. genital-010-Embryo Images at University of North Carolina How the Body Works/ ... The paramesonephric ducts (or Müllerian ducts) are paired ducts of the embryo in the female reproductive system that run down ... The paramesonephric ducts and the mesonephric ducts share a majority of the same mesenchyme due to Hox gene expression. The ... In the absence of the Wnta7a within the duct epithelium as the ducts regress, ductal AMHR-II expression is lost, and residual ...
Da Aw L, Zain MM, Esteves SC, Humaidan P (2016). "Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome: a rare entity with a rare presentation in ... Cinti, F; Sainato, D; Charlesworth, T (April 2021). "A case of persistent Mullerian duct syndrome in a dog". The Journal of ... Vanikar AV, Nigam LA, Patel RD, Kanodia KV, Suthar KS, Thakkar UG (June 2016). "Persistent mullerian duct syndrome presenting ... Sekhon V, Luthra M, Jevalikar G (January 2017). "Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome presenting as irreducible inguinal hernia ...
Wilson D, Bordoni B (2021). "Embryology, Mullerian Ducts (Paramesonephric Ducts)". StatPearls. PMID 32491659. "SRY gene: ... the embryo will reabsorb the mesonephric ducts and proceed with paramesonephric ducts, which give rise to ovaries. The Y ... In such instances, duct derivatives are present in males, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper vagina. Surgery is ... In the early stages of human development, a human embryo has the precursors of female (paramesonephric or Müllerian ducts) and ...
DCTN1 Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome, type I; 261550; AMH Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome, type II; 261550; AMHR2 ... TRIM37 Mullerian aplasia and hyperandrogenism; 158330; WNT4 Multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomata; 150800; FH Multiple ...
Li S, Qayyum A, Coakley FV, Hricak H (2000). "Association of renal agenesis and mullerian duct anomalies". Journal of Computer ... "Mullerian Duct Anomalies: Overview, Incidence and Prevalence, Embryology". 2016-06-01. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ... "Mullerian Duct Anomalies: Overview, Incidence and Prevalence, Embryology". 2016-06-01. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ... "Mullerian Duct Anomalies: Overview, Incidence and Prevalence, Embryology". 2016-06-01. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ...
Russell, W. W. (1899). Aberrant portions of the Mullerian duct found in an ovary. Johns Hopkins Hosp Bul, 94-96(January, ...
Cervical atresia is a relatively rare Mullerian duct anomaly of the female reproductive tract. It is associated with acute or ... However, Cervical Atresia is distinct from other Mullerian duct anomalies. Vaginal atresia: Vaginal atresia is another ...
... occur as a congenital malformation of the mullerian ducts during embryogenesis. The mullerian ducts are ... The Mullerian duct can be partially obstructed or fully obstructed. In the case where the Mullerian duct is partially ... The Mullerian ducts only develop in the absence of anti-Mullerian hormone, where the Wolffian ducts regress.[citation needed] ... The first stage of Mullerian duct development is organogenesis, where both Mullerian ducts are formed. If the formation of the ...
"Association of renal agenesis and mullerian duct anomalies". Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 24 (6): 829-34. doi: ... As the vagina is largely derived from the Müllerian ducts, lack of fusion of the two ducts can lead to the formation of a ... Class II-Unicornuate uterus (a one-sided uterus). Rare condition in which a partial or complete lack of one Müllerian duct is ... Class V-Septated uterus (uterine septum or partition). The two Müllerian ducts have fused, but the partition between them is ...
Lawrence S Amesse (April 13, 2016). "Mullerian Duct Anomalies: Overview, Incidence and Prevalence, Embryology". Archived from ... During development, the vaginal plate begins to grow where the fused ends of the paramesonephric ducts (Müllerian ducts) enter ... Cysts that can be present include Müllerian cysts, Gartner's duct cysts, and epidermoid cysts. A vaginal cyst is most likely to ... Hoogendam JP, Smink M (April 6, 2017). "Gartner's Duct Cyst". New England Journal of Medicine. 376 (14): e27. doi:10.1056/ ...
Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome - A disorder where the Mullerian ducts fail to fuse during embryonic development. Leading to ... Al-Salem, Ahmed H. (2020), Al-Salem, Ahmed H. (ed.), "Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome (Hernia Uteri Inguinalis)", Atlas of ... Penoscrotal transposition Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome - A condition where Fallopian tubes, uterus, or the upper part of ... causing symptoms ranging from undervirilization to complete sex reversal with persistent Müllerian ducts in affected 46,XY ...
Sertoli cells secrete anti-mullerian hormone, which causes the paramesonephric duct to regress. The development and maintenance ... Two ducts form next to each other that connect to the urogenital sinus; the mesonephric duct and the paramesonephric duct, ... The lower part of the tube ends as a straight tube called the excretory duct which joins with the vas deferens of that side of ... The ejaculatory ducts pass through the prostate gland before opening separately into the verumontanum of the prostatic urethra ...
"Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome in a Miniature Schnauzer Dog with Signs of Feminization and a Sertoli Cell Tumour". Reprod. ...
AMHR2 is a Type 2 receptor that binds AMH (Anti-mullerian hormone). This hormone is responsible for Mullerian Duct regression ... A syndrome called "Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome" (PMDS) can occur in human males and results in the uterus, vagina, and ... Furthermore, anti-Mullerian hormone receptor type 2 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the AMHR2 gene. Both men and ... "Entrez Gene: Anti-Mullerian hormone receptor type 2". Retrieved 2018-06-07. Adolfi MC, Nakajima RT, Nóbrega RH, Schartl M ( ...
The renal condition should not be confused with other conditions which are Mullerian duct anomalies, such as Herlyn-Werner- ...
For example, BMP signaling controls the early formation of the Mullerian duct (MD) which is a tubular structure in early ... Yuji, Yoshiko (2016). "Early formation of the Mullerian duct is regulated by sequential actions of BMP/Pax2 and FGF/Lim1 ...
Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS) is a congenital disorder of male sexual development and is a form of ... PMDS is primarily caused by a mutation in the Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) gene (PMDS Type 1) or AMHR2 gene (PMDS Type 2). In ... In mammals however, the pronephric tubules and the anterior portion of the pronephric duct degenerates in 3.5 weeks to be ... The cells of the pronephric duct migrate caudally whilst inducing adjacent mesenchyme to form the tubules of the initial kidney ...
Wilson, Danielle; Bordoni, Bruno (2022), "Embryology, Mullerian Ducts (Paramesonephric Ducts)", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL ... Without testosterone, the wolffian ducts fail to develop, so no internal male organs are formed. Also, the lack of testosterone ... Without AMH, the Müllerian ducts develop into normal internal female organs (uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, vagina). Due to ...
... upstream regulatory element and directly participates in the process of mammalian sex determination through mullerian duct ... Targeted disruption of NR5A1 (Ftzf1) in mice results in gonadal and adrenal agenesis, persistence of Mullerian structures and ... NR5A1 regulates the mullerian inhibitory substance by binding to a conserved ... Mullerian structures and primary adrenal failure (MIM 612965). After that, heterozygous NR5A1 mutations were described in seven ...
... mullerian ducts MeSH A16.254.600 - neural crest MeSH A16.254.610 - notochord MeSH A16.254.650 - organizers, embryonic MeSH ... vitelline duct MeSH A16.254.940 - wolffian duct MeSH A16.378.099 - aborted fetus MeSH A16.378.200 - fetal blood MeSH A16.378. ...
The WNT4 protein is important in regulating the formation of the Mullerian ducts, also known as the paramesonephric duct, which ...
... as it causes the persistence of the mullerian ducts that will eventually develop into the oviducts, uterus, cervix, and vagina ... Since the extension of the nephric duct as well as the outgrowth of the ureteric bud are influenced by Lim-1, defects in this ... Without the proper induction of ureteric buds and mesonephric ducts by Lim-1 and other transcription factors, nephrogenesis is ... Pedersen, Anissa; Skjong, Christian; Shawlot, William (2005-12-15). "Lim 1 is required for nephric duct extension and ureteric ...
Hypomagnesemia primary Hypomandibular faciocranial dysostosis Hypomelanotic disorder Hypomelia mullerian duct anomalies ... of the tibia with polydactyly Hypoplastic left heart syndrome Hypoplastic right heart microcephaly Hypoplastic thumb mullerian ...
... recessive type Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus type 1 Diabetes mellitus type 2 Diabetes persistent mullerian ducts Diabetes ...
Mullerian anomalies are structural anomalies caused by errors in embryonic müllerian duct development Mixed Müllerian tumor ... Müllerian may refer to: Müllerian mimicry, a type of mimicry or convergence named after Fritz Müller Müllerian ducts, which ...
There is a continuous range of the degree and location of the fusion of the paramesonephric ducts, and existence of a spectrum ... A bicornuate uterus or bicornate uterus (from the Latin cornū, meaning "horn"), is a type of mullerian anomaly in the human ... It occurs when the proximal (upper) portions of the paramesonephric ducts do not fuse, but the distal portions that develops ... The occurrence of all types of paramesonephric duct abnormalities in women is estimated around 0.4%. A bicornuate uterus is ...
If no hormone is produced from the gonads, the Müllerian ducts automatically develop, while the Wolffian ducts, which are ... August 2011). "Anti-mullerian hormone predicts menopause: a long-term follow-up study in normoovulatory women". The Journal of ... Its expression inhibits the development of the female reproductive tract, or Müllerian ducts (paramesonephric ducts), in the ... The Müllerian ducts are named after Johannes Peter Müller. A list of the names that have been used for the antimüllerian ...
Mullerian structures are not present in the individual. PAIS is one of three types of androgen insensitivity syndrome, which is ... 1995). "Persistent Müllerian duct remnants in three siblings with partial androgen insensitivity". Horumon to Rinsho. 43: 3-8. ... "Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome with persistent Mullerian derivatives: a case report". J Obstet Gynaecol. 25 (4): 403- ...
Josso gained her PhD in 1971 from the Pierre and Marie Curie University, with a dissertation on Wolffian ducts in fetal rats, ... Josso, Nathalie (October 1973). "In Vitro Synthesis of Mullerian-Inhibiting Hormone by Seminiferous Tubules Isolated from the ... and identifying the genetic origin of Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome. Josso published her second book in 2017, a book for ...
There are two general types of mimicry relevant to pollination ecology: Mullerian and Batesian mimicry. In the first case ( ... in a narrow duct (gynostemium) which, due to its very small diameter, causes the spirtromere to be trapped for a few moments. ...
The müllerian ducts are the primordial anlage of the female reproductive tract. ... Developmental anomalies of the müllerian duct system represent some of the most fascinating disorders that obstetricians and ... encoded search term (Mullerian Duct Anomalies) and Mullerian Duct Anomalies What to Read Next on Medscape ... 20] Development of the wolffian ducts precedes development of müllerian ducts. For a short period, the wolffian ducts drain the ...
... World J Clin Cases 2016; 4( ... Persistent mullerian duct syndrome presenting as retractile testis with hypospadias: A rare entity ... However persistence of mullerian structures in such a case is rare entity. This case highlights how early recognition of this ...
... fallopian tubes and upper vagina called Mullerian ducts. In normal male fetuses, the Mullerian ducts regress as sexual ... Mullerian Duct Syndrome (MDS) is an inherited disorder of sexual development affecting male dogs. In early in-utero development ... pair mutation encoding a premature stop codon in the MIS type II receptor is responsible for canine persistent Müllerian duct ...
Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome due to deficiency of anti-Mullerian hormone. ... Persistent mullerian duct syndrome, type I Persistent mullerian duct syndrome, type I. ... Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome due to deficiency of anti-Mullerian hormone. [from NCI] ... Persistent mullerian duct syndrome: A 24-year experience.. Saleem M, Ather U, Mirza B, Iqbal S, Sheikh A, Shaukat M, Sheikh MT ...
"Mullerian Duct Anomalies". Retrieved 2012-11-29. genital-010-Embryo Images at University of North Carolina How the Body Works/ ... The paramesonephric ducts (or Müllerian ducts) are paired ducts of the embryo in the female reproductive system that run down ... The paramesonephric ducts and the mesonephric ducts share a majority of the same mesenchyme due to Hox gene expression. The ... In the absence of the Wnta7a within the duct epithelium as the ducts regress, ductal AMHR-II expression is lost, and residual ...
PAX2 encodes a transcription factor necessary in the development of the Wolffian duct system, and the protein is expressed in ... PAX2 distinguishes benign mesonephric and mullerian glandular lesions of the cervix from endocervical adenocarcinoma, including ...
Mutations of the anti-mullerian hormone gene in patients with persistent mullerian duct syndrome: biosynthesis, secretion, and ... Josso N, Picard JY, Imbeaud S, di Clemente N, Rey R. Clinical aspects and molecular genetics of the persistent mullerian duct ... AMH and AMH receptor defects in persistent Mullerian duct syndrome. Hum Reprod Update. 2005 Jul-Aug;11(4):351-6. doi: 10.1093/ ... Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome. Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome type 1, a disorder of sexual development that affects ...
Wolffian and Mullerian ducts.. Now youve gone too far. I cancel my subscription. ...
Mullerian Anomalies (Müllerian Duct Anomalies) * Oligomenorrhea * Ovarian Dysfunction * Ovarian Failure * Ovarian Stimulation ...
Mullerian Anomalies (Müllerian Duct Anomalies) * Oligomenorrhea * Ovarian Dysfunction * Ovarian Endometriosis * Ovarian Failure ...
Mullerian ducts; Familial case; MNX1 gene MeSH Terms. Genes, Homeobox. Humans. Mothers*. Motor Neurons. Mullerian Ducts. ... Currarino triad with Mullerian duct anomaly in mother and daughter without MNX1 gene mutation. *Kim SH ... This triad may be associated with Mullerian duct anomalies, such as duplication of the vagina and uterus. Each of these ... Here we report cases of mother and daughter, who had Currarino triad and Mullerian duct anomaly without MNX1 gene mutation, ...
Renal and Mullerian Duct Hypoplasia. 8. renal hypoplasia. 8. oligomeganephronia. 1. Contact Us , About Us , License CC BY 4.0 ...
p,Didelphys uterus is a mullerian duct anomaly that is extremely rare and has unpredictable reproductive and gestational ... While some mullerian anomalies are easy to spot, others manifest in odd ways that make diagnosis and treatment difficult. For a ... Mullerian duct anomaly; Successful pregnancy.,/p,. Sharmila Poudel. Copyright (c) 2023 Sharmila Poudel http://creativecommons. ...
variants in the HOXA7 and HOXA9 genes are not common in Chinese women with Mullerian duct abnormalities Title: Mutation ... screening of HOXA7 and HOXA9 genes in Chinese women with Müllerian duct abnormalities. ...
Mullerian duct anomalies * uterine duplication anomalies *uterus didelphys. *bicornuate uterus. *septate uterus ...
Mullerian duct anomalies * uterine duplication anomalies *uterus didelphys. *bicornuate uterus. *septate uterus ...
Renal and Mullerian Duct Hypoplasia + renal coloboma syndrome Renal Dysplasia - Limb Defects Syndrome ...
Mullerian duct (xenopus). XAO:0000330. mesonephric early distal tubule (xenopus). XAO:0000333. heart primordium (xenopus). XAO: ... duct (xenopus). XAO:0004000. organism substance (xenopus). XAO:0004001. lateral line (xenopus). XAO:0004002. anatomical line ( ... mesonephric duct (xenopus). XAO:0000242. colon (xenopus). XAO:0000243. cloaca (xenopus). XAO:0000244. pharyngeal pouch 2 ( ... pronephric duct (xenopus). XAO:0000063. heart (xenopus). XAO:0000064. myocardium (xenopus). XAO:0000065. endocardium (xenopus) ...
Mullerian duct anomalies: from diagnosis to intervention. Br J Radiol. 2009 Dec;82(984):1034-42. ... Failure of the Müllerian ducts to fuse results in a bicornuate or didelphys uterus, whereas failure of the septum to resorb ... The optimal method for diagnosing Mullerian anomalies was the subject of a recent ESHRE consensus committee, which examined the ... ducts through a three-stage process, i.e. organogenesis, fusion and septal resorption (1). The lateral fusion of the Müllerian ...
Thickenings of the genital ridges that give rise to the female duct system (fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina) in the ... In the embryonic testes, produce Mullerian Inhibitory Substance (MIS) hormone that suppresses formation of the paramesonephric ... Thickenings of the genital ridges that give rise to the epididymal duct and ductus deferens under the influence of androgens ...
As the vagina is largely derived from the Mullerian ducts, lack of fusion of the two ducts can lead to the formation of a ... Both Mullerian ducts develop but fail to fuse, thus the patient has a "double uterus". This may be a condition with a double ... Pseudohermaphroditism · True hermaphroditism · Mixed gonadal dysgenesis · Swyer syndrome · Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome ... The two Mullerian ducts have fused, but the partition between them is still present, splitting the system into two parts. With ...
MRKH (Mullerian agenesis; vaginal agenesis; congenital absence of vagina) Mullerian (Duct) aplasia ... Ovo-testes (formerly true hermaphroditism) Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (PAIS) Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome ...
Müllerian Duct Development and Regression in Reeves Turtles, Mauremys reevesii, Under Female- and Male-Producing Temperatures ... The Müllerian duct is a tubular structure that primarily forms in mesonephros during embryogenesis in both sexes. While the ... In this study, we investigated the development and regression of the Müllerian duct in M. reevesii during the latter half of ... Nevertheless, development of other reproductive organs, such as the Müllerian duct, has not been described in this species. ...
Persistent mullerian duct syndrome with transverse testicular ectopia: Rare entity. Longterm cosmetic and sexual consequence of ... The uterus is derived from the two M�llerian ducts and the myom etrium is m ade up of a thin exterior, largely longitudinal, ... llerian ducts. The proportion of m uscle to connective tissue is greatest in the fundal space and dim inishes as the decrease ...
Homozygous null mice display neonatal lethality, disrupted ureteric bud branching, impaired Mullerian duct formation, and ...
In the presence of MIS and testosterone, the Mullerian duct regresses and the Wolffian duct differentiates into the vas ... the Wolffian duct regresses and the Mullerian duct develops into the oviduct, uterus, and upper vagina, resulting in a female ... Testosterone first directs the male ducts to build a bridge between the babys testes and ejaculatory duct, via a tube called ... Regulation of Wolffian duct development. Horm Res. 2007;67:142-151.. *Barsoum I, Yao HH. The road to maleness: from testis to ...
During embryonic development, MIS is secreted by tissues in male embryos to prevent maturation of the Mullerian duct, which ... describes how a single injection of a modified version of Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), a protein critical to sexual ...
The wolffian duct regresses and the mullerian duct then matures into the oviduct, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina. ... 4] An additional signaling molecule, Wnt4, is found in mullerian ducts and contributes to the development of female internal ... Until 7 weeks of gestation, the fetus is sexually indifferent, internally developing both wolffian and mullerian ducts. ... Müllerian duct structures typically develop on the gonadal side not containing testicular tissue. Wolffian duct structures tend ...
  • In early in-utero development all canine fetuses have precursors of the uterus, fallopian tubes and upper vagina called Mullerian ducts. (orivet.com)
  • The uterus and fallopian tubes are derived from a structure called the Müllerian duct during development of the fetus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • As a result of these mutations, the Müllerian duct persists and goes on to form a uterus and fallopian tubes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The first two portions of Mullerian ducts make the fallopian tube. (nih.gov)
  • In females, who do not produce the AMH protein during fetal development, the Müllerian duct becomes the uterus and fallopian tubes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The Müllerian duct persists and becomes a uterus and fallopian tubes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It facilitates the regression of the Mullerian duct, which forms the fallopian tubes and upper vagina sections in the male fetus, and provides the formation of male genital organs and the regulation of spermatogenesis, ie sperm production. (bebekistiyorum.com)
  • At about eight weeks of gestation, primordia for both female and male internal genitalia paramesonephric (Mullerian) and mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts appear. (nih.gov)
  • At this time, the mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts regress. (nih.gov)
  • Congenital uterine wall cysts arising from paramesonephric (Müllerian) and mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts are typically incidental findings in most species. (nih.gov)
  • Developmentally, when the testes begin to form during the seventh week of life, the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct differentiates into the male genital system. (medscape.com)
  • A pair of ducts near the WOLFFIAN DUCTS in a developing embryo. (bvsalud.org)
  • The condition may be associated with abnormalities of the Wolffian duct such as ipsilateral renal agenesis. (southsudanmedicaljournal.com)
  • Because the Müllerian ducts develop often in association with Wolffian ducts, abnormalities of the kidneys may be found in conjunction with uterine abnormalities. (southsudanmedicaljournal.com)
  • Some tumors are thought to derive from mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct) remnants. (nih.gov)
  • Developmental anomalies of the müllerian duct system represent some of the most fascinating disorders that obstetricians and gynecologists encounter. (medscape.com)
  • Most müllerian duct anomalies are associated with functioning ovaries and age-appropriate external genitalia. (medscape.com)
  • Because of the wide variation in clinical presentations, müllerian duct anomalies may be difficult to diagnose. (medscape.com)
  • Refinements in surgical techniques, such as the Vecchietti and McIndoe procedures, have enabled many women with müllerian duct anomalies to have normal sexual relations. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, developments in assisted reproductive technology allow some women with müllerian duct anomalies to conceive and deliver healthy babies. (medscape.com)
  • As a foundation for understanding müllerian duct anomalies, the first part of this article discusses the epidemiology and classification of müllerian duct defects as well as normal embryologic development of the female reproductive tract. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnosis and appropriate correction of intrauterine anomalies are considered et d'Application en Chirurgie essential in order to increase chances of conception. (who.int)
  • The American Fertility Society classifications of adnexal adhesions, distal tubal occlusion, tubal occlusion secondary to tubal ligation, tubal pregnancies, Mullerian anomalies and intrauterine adhesions. (ijrcog.org)
  • Renal tract malformations associated with mullerian duct anomalies. (ijrcog.org)
  • The paramesonephric ducts (or Müllerian ducts) are paired ducts of the embryo in the female reproductive system that run down the lateral sides of the genital ridge and terminate at the sinus tubercle in the primitive urogenital sinus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The female reproductive system is composed of two embryological segments: the urogenital sinus and the paramesonephric ducts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Paramesonephric ducts are present on the embryo of both sexes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The sex based differences in the contributions of the paramesonephric ducts to reproductive organs is based on the presence, and degree of presence, of anti-Müllerian hormone. (wikipedia.org)
  • During the formation of the reproductive system, the paramesonephric ducts are formed just lateral to the mesonephric ducts in both female and male embryos 6 weeks after fertilization. (wikipedia.org)
  • The paramesonephric ducts are formed by the craniocaudal invagination of a ribbon of thickened coelomic epithelium that extends from the third thoracic segment caudally to the posterior wall of the urogenital sinus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The caudal parts of the paramesonephric ducts fuse into a single tube, known as the uterovaginal primordium, before flowing into the dorsal aspect of the urogenital sinus at the sinus tubercle directly medial to the mesonephric ducts. (wikipedia.org)
  • AMH begins to be secreted around week 8, which in turn causes the paramesonephric ducts to regress very rapidly between the 8th and 10th weeks. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, small paramesonephric ducts can still be identified, and the remnants can be detected in the adult male, located in the appendix testis, a small cap of tissue associated with the testis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Remnants of the paramesonephric ducts can also be found in the prostatic utricle, an expansion of the prostatic urethra at the center of the seminal colliculus. (wikipedia.org)
  • AMH receptor-type II (AMHR-II), also known as Misr-II, causes AMH to act indirectly on mesenchymal cells surrounding the paramesonephric ducts rather than acting directly on the epithelium of the duct. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the absence of the Wnta7a within the duct epithelium as the ducts regress, ductal AMHR-II expression is lost, and residual paramesonephric ducts would be retained in males, throwing off the urogenital system. (wikipedia.org)
  • When these receptors are blocked or knocked out in mice within the paramesonephric duct mesenchyme, AMH-induced paramesonephric duct regression is lost. (wikipedia.org)
  • In females, the paramesonephric ducts give rise to the uterine tubes, uterus, and upper portion of the vagina, while the mesonephric ducts degenerate due to the absence of male androgens. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, the paramesonephric ducts begin to proliferate and differentiate in a cranial-caudal progression to form the aforementioned structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • During this time, the single-layered paramesonephric duct epithelium differentiates into other structures, ranging from the ciliated columnar epithelium in the uterine tube to stratified squamous epithelium in the vagina. (wikipedia.org)
  • The paramesonephric ducts and the mesonephric ducts share a majority of the same mesenchyme due to Hox gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • Individuals that are 46, XY and have been tested positive for mutations in their AMH or AMH receptor genes have been known to exhibit features typical of that which are exhibited in persistent müllerian duct syndrome due to the fact that the paramesonephric ducts fail to regress. (wikipedia.org)
  • The paramesonephric ducts of both sides extend caudally until they reach the urogenital sinus, where they project into its posterior wall to become the Mullerian tubercle. (nih.gov)
  • In the female embryo, because of the absence of a Y chromosome and lack of testosterone from any testicular tissue, the typical sequence of developmental events results in canalization and fusion of the paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts in the middle of the pelvis, which gives rise to the female pelvic organs. (nih.gov)
  • [ 1 ] Cystic masses of the seminal vesicles may also be felt on palpation and are typically embryologic remnants of the paramesonephric ducts. (medscape.com)
  • During development of a male fetus, these two proteins work together to induce breakdown (regression) of the Müllerian duct. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutations in the AMH and AMHR2 genes lead to nonfunctional proteins that cannot signal for regression of the Müllerian duct. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Patricia Donahoe, MD, and her colleagues have purified recombinant human Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (rhMIS), which directs normal male phenotypic development in the fetus by causing regression of the female reproductive duct. (massgeneral.org)
  • En ausencia de hormona antimülleriana los conductos paramesonéfricos dan lugar al aparato reproductor femenino: las TROMPAS, el ÚTERO, el CUELLO UTERINO y la VAGINA. (bvsalud.org)
  • this is called a Mullerian anomaly and can lead to many variants, ranging from a uterine septum to uterine didelphys (double uterus). (nih.gov)
  • Double uterus (uterus didelphys) is the second least common congenital anomaly of the female genital tract resulting from failure of fusion of the two Müllerian ducts during embryological development, leading to duplication of the uterus and the cervix. (southsudanmedicaljournal.com)
  • Unicornuate uterus with a non-communicating rudimentary horn is a rare type of mullerian duct anomaly which occurs due to defective fusion of malformed duct with contralateral duct. (ijrcog.org)
  • In a patient with refractory dysmenorrhea mullerian duct anomaly should be kept as differential diagnosis. (ijrcog.org)
  • In normal male fetuses, the Mullerian ducts regress as sexual differentiation occurs in-utero, allowing for development of male sexual anatomy. (orivet.com)
  • This receptor activation induces the ducts to regress. (wikipedia.org)
  • The exocrine pancreas drains into the gastrointestinal tract via the main and accessory pancreatic ducts . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Meandering main pancreatic duct (MMPD) comprises a reverse Z-type and loop-type of pancreatic ducts. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Ansa pancreatica is a rare anatomic variation of the pancreatic ducts. (radiopaedia.org)
  • The müllerian ducts are the primordial anlage of the female reproductive tract. (medscape.com)
  • The testes and female reproductive organs can be located in unusual positions in persistent Müllerian duct syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • All fetuses develop the Müllerian duct, the precursor to female reproductive organs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The Müllerian duct, found in both male and female fetuses, is the precursor to the female reproductive organs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The name comes from the discovery of Mullerian ducts, structures that continuously divide and replicate to form the female reproductive system [ 1 ]. (selfhacked.com)
  • The following image depicts the seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, and the prostate. (medscape.com)
  • Anterior aspect of the seminal vesicles, terminal parts of the deferent ducts, and the prostate. (medscape.com)
  • The short ducts of the seminal vesicles join the lateral aspects of the ductus deferentes at an acute angle, creating the ejaculatory ducts at the base of the prostate gland. (medscape.com)
  • The mesonephric duct ultimately forms the epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts by way of the mesonephric ductal system. (medscape.com)
  • Initially, the epididymis and ductus deferens form from the mesonephric duct. (medscape.com)
  • The first noted signs and symptoms in males with persistent Müllerian duct syndrome are usually undescended testes (cryptorchidism) or soft out-pouchings in the lower abdomen (inguinal hernias). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The mutated AMH protein cannot be released from the cells of the testes or cannot bind to the receptor on the Müllerian duct cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Anti Mullerian Hormone (AMH) is secreted from the Sertoli cells in the testes in men and is secreted throughout life, and ensures normal development of the sexual organ in the early period. (bebekistiyorum.com)
  • Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome is extremely rare. (nih.gov)
  • Hernia uterine inguinale and seminoma in persistent Müllerian duct syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • Novel homozygous mutation in a colombian patient with persistent müllerian duct syndrome: expanded phenotype. (nih.gov)
  • Pure Seminoma and Concurrent Aggressive Lymphoma: Case Report of a Patient With Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • Mullerian Duct Syndrome (MDS) is an inherited disorder of sexual development affecting male dogs. (orivet.com)
  • A single base pair mutation encoding a premature stop codon in the MIS type II receptor is responsible for canine persistent Müllerian duct syndrome. (orivet.com)
  • Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome is a disorder of sexual development that affects males. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The Müllerian duct usually breaks down during early development in males, but it is retained in those with persistent Müllerian duct syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This condition, called transverse testicular ectopia, is common in people with persistent Müllerian duct syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Other effects of persistent Müllerian duct syndrome may include the inability to father children (infertility) or blood in the semen (hematospermia). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most people with persistent Müllerian duct syndrome have mutations in the AMH gene or the AMHR2 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Approximately 45 percent of cases of persistent Müllerian duct syndrome are caused by mutations in the AMH gene and are called persistent Müllerian duct syndrome type 1. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Approximately 40 percent of cases are caused by mutations in the AMHR2 gene and are called persistent Müllerian duct syndrome type 2. (medlineplus.gov)
  • However, persistent Müllerian duct syndrome affects only males. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome type 1, a disorder of sexual development that affects males, is caused by mutations in the AMH gene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • At least 38 mutations in the AMH gene have been identified in people with persistent Müllerian duct syndrome type 1. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutations of the anti-mullerian hormone gene in patients with persistent mullerian duct syndrome: biosynthesis, secretion, and processing of the abnormal proteins and analysis using a three-dimensional model. (medlineplus.gov)
  • AMH and AMH receptor defects in persistent Mullerian duct syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Josso N, Picard JY, Imbeaud S, di Clemente N, Rey R. Clinical aspects and molecular genetics of the persistent mullerian duct syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 2. PERSISTENT Müllerian duct syndrome associated with transverse testicular ectopia: report of two cases. (nih.gov)
  • 3. Persistent mullerian duct syndrome and transverse testicular ectopia: embryology, presentation, and management. (nih.gov)
  • 4. [A case of persistent müllerian duct syndrome associated with seminoma]. (nih.gov)
  • 5. [Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome with seminoma: report of a case]. (nih.gov)
  • 6. Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome associated with transverse testicular ectopia: a case report. (nih.gov)
  • 7. A case of bilateral seminoma in the setting of persistent mullerian duct syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • 8. Combined persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome, Transverse Testicular Ectopia and Mosaic Klinefelter's Syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • 9. Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome (PMDS) with testicular seminoma. (nih.gov)
  • 10. [The persistent müllerian duct syndrome with transverse testicular ectopia. (nih.gov)
  • 13. Transverse testicular ectopia in a man with persistent Müllerian duct syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • 15. Laparoscopic management of persistent mullerian duct syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • 16. Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome with transverse testicular ectopia and seminoma. (nih.gov)
  • 17. Tuberculosis of transverse testicular ectopic testis associated with persistent mullerian duct syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • 18. Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome with transverse testicular ectopia presenting in an irreducible recurrent inguinal hernia. (nih.gov)
  • 19. Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome in adult: a case report. (nih.gov)
  • NICHD encourages scientists interested in reproduction to lead the way in determining the genes and their mechanisms of action involved in the development of the gonads, reproductive ducts, and genitalia, the processes of gametogenesis, normal and premature reproductive aging, and reproductive disorders such as infertility, cryptorchidism, endometriosis, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). (nih.gov)
  • 12. Transverse testicular ectopia with persisting mullerian remnant masquerading as right inguinal hernia and left undescended testis. (nih.gov)
  • With typical conventional anatomy, most of the pancreas is drained by the main pancreatic duct, with the uncinate process and lower head drained by an accessory duct 12,13 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Additionally, both male and female wnt4a mutants are sterile due to defects in reproductive duct development. (nih.gov)
  • The main and accessory ducts frequently communicate with each other, although there are several ductal variations, as outlined below. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Work is underway to scale-up rhMIS production in mammalian cells with an industrial partner, for use in preclinical and clinical trials against human tumors of Mullerian Duct origin. (massgeneral.org)
  • The secreted protein attaches (binds) to its receptor, which is found on the surface of Müllerian duct cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Binding of the AMH protein to its receptor induces self-destruction (apoptosis) of the Müllerian duct cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The second part of Mullerian ducts lies horizontally and crosses the ipsilateral Wolfian duct anteriorly. (nih.gov)
  • 8 The differential diagnosis of umbilical drainage also includes omphalitis, omphalomesenteric duct remnant, or an umbilical granuloma . (pediatricurologybook.com)
  • Efferent ducts in the head of the epididymis unite to form a single duct in the body and tail region (globus minor), which continues as the ductus deferens . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The pudendal nerve, derived from S2, S3 and S4, leaves the pelvis m edial to the sciatic nerve via the higher sciatic foram en. (dnahelix.com)
  • The first part is verticle and runs parallel Wolfian duct on its lateral side. (nih.gov)
  • They degenerate in males of certain species, but the adjoining mesonephric ducts develop into male reproductive organs. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the male embryo, they degenerate with the appearance of testicular ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. (bvsalud.org)
  • Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH), or Mullerian inhibiting substance, is a protein. (selfhacked.com)
  • Along this route, the genital ducts and accessory glandular structures produce mucous secretions that combine with the spermatozoa to create semen. (medscape.com)
  • The main pancreatic duct usually joins the common bile duct in the head of the pancreas, as outlined below 13,14 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • A pancreas divisum is the most common variation of pancreatic duct formation and can account for up to 14% 3 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • As a result, the dorsal pancreatic duct drains most of the pancreatic glandular parenchyma via the minor papilla. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Abnormal uterine findings were de Recherche et d'Application en identified in 95.8% of patients attending hysteroscopy at GESHRTH. (who.int)
  • The pancreatic duct typically joins the common bile duct at a 60-degree angle at the hepatopancreatic ampulla, before draining into the ampulla of Vater through the Sphincter of Oddi . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The pancreatic duct typically measures up to 3 mm at the head, 2 mm in the body, and 1 mm in the tail 14 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The accessory duct typically communicates with the main duct 13,14 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • In mammals, WNT4 is a signaling ligand that is essential for ovary and Müllerian duct development, where it antagonizes the male-promoting FGF9 signal. (nih.gov)
  • Rey R. Anti-Mullerian hormone in disorders of sex determination and differentiation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Female Sex Development and Reproductive Duct Formation Depend on Wnt4a in Zebrafish. (nih.gov)
  • Together these results strongly argue that Wnt4a is a conserved regulator of female sex determination and reproductive duct development in mammalian and nonmammalian vertebrates. (nih.gov)
  • The exocrine pancreatic tissue drains into multiple small lobular ducts, which drain into the larger main duct (and larger accessory ducts) and finally into the second part of the duodenum . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The accessory pancreatic duct (also known as the duct of Santorini or Bernard) drains the uncinate process and lower part of the head (of the migrated ventral pancreatic bud). (radiopaedia.org)
  • It is a communication between the main pancreatic duct and the accessory pancreatic duct. (radiopaedia.org)