An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)
A mitochondrial myopathy characterized by slowly progressive paralysis of the levator palpebrae, orbicularis oculi, and extraocular muscles. Ragged-red fibers and atrophy are found on muscle biopsy. Familial and sporadic forms may occur. Disease onset is usually in the first or second decade of life, and the illness slowly progresses until usually all ocular motility is lost. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1422)
A mitochondrial disorder featuring the triad of chronic progressive EXTERNAL OPHTHALMOPLEGIA, cardiomyopathy (CARDIOMYOPATHIES) with conduction block (HEART BLOCK), and RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA. Disease onset is in the first or second decade. Elevated CSF protein, sensorineural deafness, seizures, and pyramidal signs may also be present. Ragged-red fibers are found on muscle biopsy. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p984)
Paralysis of one or more of the ocular muscles due to disorders of the eye muscles, neuromuscular junction, supporting soft tissue, tendons, or innervation to the muscles.
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)
A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)
A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Tests to experimentally measure the tumor-producing/cancer cell-producing potency of an agent by administering the agent (e.g., benzanthracenes) and observing the quantity of tumors or the cell transformation developed over a given period of time. The carcinogenicity value is usually measured as milligrams of agent administered per tumor developed. Though this test differs from the DNA-repair and bacterial microsome MUTAGENICITY TESTS, researchers often attempt to correlate the finding of carcinogenicity values and mutagenicity values.
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.
Long convoluted tubules in the nephrons. They collect filtrate from blood passing through the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS and process this filtrate into URINE. Each renal tubule consists of a BOWMAN CAPSULE; PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE; LOOP OF HENLE; DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULE; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCT leading to the central cavity of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS) that connects to the URETER.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
F344 rats are an inbred strain of albino laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) that have been widely used in biomedical research due to their consistent and reliable genetic background, which facilitates the study of disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)
Mitochondria of skeletal and smooth muscle. It does not include myocardial mitochondria for which MITOCHONDRIA, HEART is available.
An experimental animal model for central nervous system demyelinating disease. Inoculation with a white matter emulsion combined with FREUND'S ADJUVANT, myelin basic protein, or purified central myelin triggers a T cell-mediated immune response directed towards central myelin. The pathologic features are similar to MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, including perivascular and periventricular foci of inflammation and demyelination. Subpial demyelination underlying meningeal infiltrations also occurs, which is also a feature of ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED. Passive immunization with T-cells from an afflicted animal to a normal animal also induces this condition. (From Immunol Res 1998;17(1-2):217-27; Raine CS, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p604-5)
Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
Multiple protein bands serving as markers of specific ANTIBODIES and detected by ELECTROPHORESIS of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID or serum. The bands are most often seen during inflammatory or immune processes and are found in most patients with MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.
One of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by double-stranded RNA. It is a cytokine with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulating activity.
The lipid-rich sheath surrounding AXONS in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (SCHWANN CELLS in the peripheral and OLIGODENDROGLIA in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in DEMYELINATING DISEASES is a serious clinical problem.
A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
A transmembrane protein present in the MYELIN SHEATH of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is one of the main autoantigens implicated in the pathogenesis of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.
Determination of the degree of a physical, mental, or emotional handicap. The diagnosis is applied to legal qualification for benefits and income under disability insurance and to eligibility for Social Security and workmen's compensation benefits.
MYELIN-specific proteins that play a structural or regulatory role in the genesis and maintenance of the lamellar MYELIN SHEATH structure.
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal (not the same as SATELLITE CELLS, PERINEURONAL of GANGLIA) according to their location. They form the insulating MYELIN SHEATH of axons in the central nervous system.
A myelin protein found in the periaxonal membrane of both the central and peripheral nervous systems myelin sheaths. It binds to cells surface receptors found on AXONS and may regulate cellular interactions between MYELIN and AXONS.
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.
A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.
The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
A myelin protein that is the major component of the organic solvent extractable lipoprotein complexes of whole brain. It has been the subject of much study because of its unusual physical properties. It remains soluble in chloroform even after essentially all of its bound lipids have been removed. (From Siegel et al., Basic Neurochemistry, 4th ed, p122)
Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system.
A broad specificity HLA-DR antigen that is associated with HLA-DRB1 CHAINS encoded by DRB1*01:15 and DRB1*01:16 alleles.
An acute or subacute inflammatory process of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM characterized histologically by multiple foci of perivascular demyelination. Symptom onset usually occurs several days after an acute viral infection or immunization, but it may coincide with the onset of infection or rarely no antecedent event can be identified. Clinical manifestations include CONFUSION, somnolence, FEVER, nuchal rigidity, and involuntary movements. The illness may progress to COMA and eventually be fatal. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p921)
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
A rare central nervous system demyelinating condition affecting children and young adults. Pathologic findings include a large, sharply defined, asymmetric focus of myelin destruction that may involve an entire lobe or cerebral hemisphere. The clinical course tends to be progressive and includes dementia, cortical blindness, cortical deafness, spastic hemiplegia, and pseudobulbar palsy. Concentric sclerosis of Balo is differentiated from diffuse cerebral sclerosis of Schilder by the pathologic finding of alternating bands of destruction and preservation of myelin in concentric rings. Alpers' Syndrome refers to a heterogeneous group of diseases that feature progressive cerebral deterioration and liver disease. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p914; Dev Neurosci 1991;13(4-5):267-73)
A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Copper chelator that inhibits monoamine oxidase and causes liver and brain damage.
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
Derivatives of propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol). They are used as humectants and solvents in pharmaceutical preparations.
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.
Conditions characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin (see MYELIN SHEATH) in the brain, spinal cord, or optic nerves secondary to autoimmune mediated processes. This may take the form of a humoral or cellular immune response directed toward myelin or OLIGODENDROGLIA associated autoantigens.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
A species of CARDIOVIRUS which contains three strains: Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, Vilyuisk human encephalomyelitis virus, and Rat encephalomyelitis virus.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.
Assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system.
A subtype of HLA-DRB beta chains that includes over one hundred allele variants. The HLA-DRB1 subtype is associated with several of the HLA-DR SEROLOGICAL SUBTYPES.
Proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid, normally albumin and globulin present in the ratio of 8 to 1. Increases in protein levels are of diagnostic value in neurological diseases. (Brain and Bannister's Clinical Neurology, 7th ed, p221)
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.
A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.
Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.
Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE.
Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.
A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.
Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A rapid onset form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with progressive widespread SKIN thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by visual stimulation or stimulation of the visual pathways.
A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.
A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.
Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.
Gadolinium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.
A progressive form of dementia characterized by the global loss of language abilities and initial preservation of other cognitive functions. Fluent and nonfluent subtypes have been described. Eventually a pattern of global cognitive dysfunction, similar to ALZHEIMER DISEASE, emerges. Pathologically, there are no Alzheimer or PICK DISEASE like changes, however, spongiform changes of cortical layers II and III are present in the TEMPORAL LOBE and FRONTAL LOBE. (From Brain 1998 Jan;121(Pt 1):115-26)
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Inflammation of a transverse portion of the spinal cord characterized by acute or subacute segmental demyelination or necrosis. The condition may occur sporadically, follow an infection or vaccination, or present as a paraneoplastic syndrome (see also ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED). Clinical manifestations include motor weakness, sensory loss, and incontinence. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1242-6)
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
Improvement of the quality of a picture by various techniques, including computer processing, digital filtering, echocardiographic techniques, light and ultrastructural MICROSCOPY, fluorescence spectrometry and microscopy, scintigraphy, and in vitro image processing at the molecular level.
Persons with physical or mental disabilities that affect or limit their activities of daily living and that may require special accommodations.
Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure.
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.
Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.
Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.
The three membranes that cover the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD. They are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.
The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.
A rare, slowly progressive encephalitis caused by chronic infection with the MEASLES VIRUS. The condition occurs primarily in children and young adults, approximately 2-8 years after the initial infection. A gradual decline in intellectual abilities and behavioral alterations are followed by progressive MYOCLONUS; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; SEIZURES; DEMENTIA; autonomic dysfunction; and ATAXIA. DEATH usually occurs 1-3 years after disease onset. Pathologic features include perivascular cuffing, eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions, neurophagia, and fibrous gliosis. It is caused by the SSPE virus, which is a defective variant of MEASLES VIRUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp767-8)

The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study. 7. Progressive-relapsing and relapsing-progressive multiple sclerosis: a re-evaluation. (1/166)

Classifications of multiple sclerosis subtypes have been largely based on clinical phenomenology. Nevertheless, definitions of relapse, remission and progression have been imprecise. Recently an international consensus group, as part of a reclassification of disease subtypes, recommended dropping the term 'relapsing-progressive' (RP) and retaining the term 'progressive-relapsing' (PR) multiple sclerosis. The term 'RP' multiple sclerosis had been applied when the early course combined both relapses and progression and was believed to identify some patients with a worse than average outcome. The PR group consisted of patients with primary progressive disease who later in their course developed relapses. Since the terminology has been largely arbitrary, we have evaluated the validity of the terms 'RP' and 'PR' multiple sclerosis in the context of long-term outcome within a large population-based cohort of progressive multiple sclerosis patients seen at the London Multiple Sclerosis Clinic (Canada) between 1972 and 1984. Mean follow-up of the entire cohort was 25 years. Designation of RP multiple sclerosis did identify a more rapidly progressive subgroup. To realign these natural history data with consensus recommendations, these patients were reassigned to secondary progressive (SP) or to primary progressive (PP) multiple sclerosis, with progression defined as at least 1 year of progressive deterioration. PP multiple sclerosis patients with relapses after a year were designated as having PR multiple sclerosis. Relapses in primary progressive multiple sclerosis occurred in 27.8% of patients at some point even two to three decades after onset. In general these relapses were mild and remitting, but served to blur the distinction between progressive and relapsing-remitting disease. The long-term outcomes of time to Kurtzke disability scores (DSS) of 3, 6, 8 and 10 were compared among the progressive subtypes. Times to these disability end-points and to death were not different between PR and PP multiple sclerosis. Survival curves for progressive patients have been amended to incorporate the reassignment of PR multiple sclerosis patients into the PP group and the RP multiple sclerosis patients into the PP and SP subgroups. The time to reach DDS 3, 6, 8 and 10 for a population-based cohort of primary and secondary progressive patients resulting from the elimination of the categories of RP multiple sclerosis and PR multiple sclerosis has been established. These results provide justification for retaining only PP and SP multiple sclerosis as the subgroups of progressive disease.  (+info)

Investigation of apparent diffusion coefficient and diffusion tensor anisotrophy in acute and chronic multiple sclerosis lesions. (2/166)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The various stages of multiple sclerosis (MS) are characterized by de- and remyelination as well as by inflammation. Diffusion MR imaging is sensitive to tissue water motion, which might correspond to these pathologic processes. Our purpose was to demonstrate differences in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and diffusion tensor anisotropy in acute and chronic MS plaques and in normal-appearing brain. METHODS: Twelve MS patients underwent conventional and full-tensor diffusion MR imaging with B = 1221 s/mm2. Derivation of trace ADC and calculation of anisotropic scalars, including eccentricity, relative anisotropy (RA), and fractional anisotropy (FA) was performed on a per-pixel basis. Regions of interest of plaques and normal structures were determined on coregistered maps. MS lesions were classified as acute, subacute, or chronic on the basis of their appearance on conventional images and in relation to clinical findings. RESULTS: Seven patients had acute plaques with a concentric arrangement of alternating high and low signal intensity on diffusion-weighted images. In nine acute lesions, plaque centers had high ADC with reduced anisotropy compared with rim, normal-appearing white matter (NAWM), and chronic lesions. The thin rim of diffusion-weighted hyperintensity surrounding the center showed variable ADC and anisotropic values, which were not statistically different from NAWM. Subacute and chronic MS lesions had intermediate ADC elevations/anisotropic reductions. Calculated FA pixel maps were superior to eccentricity or RA maps; however, quality was limited by signal-to-noise constraints. CONCLUSION: ADC and diffusion anisotropic scalars reflect biophysical changes in the underlying pathology of the demyelinating process.  (+info)

Immunological profile of patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Expression of adhesion molecules. (3/166)

Adhesion molecules are important in the trafficking of peripheral leucocytes into the central nervous system, a major event in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, which is an inflammatory and demyelinating disease. The latest MRI evidence supports clinical divergence between forms of multiple sclerosis with relapses and the primary progressive form without relapses, which shows fewer and smaller inflammatory lesions. With the aim of elucidating whether different pathogenic mechanisms are involved in primary progressive multiple sclerosis, we compared membrane expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 (CD54), LFA-1alpha (CD11a), VLA-4 [alpha(4)/beta(1) integrin (CD49d/CD29)], L-selectin (CD62L) and ICAM-3 (CD50) in peripheral blood and the serum-soluble forms ICAM-1, L-selectin, VCAM-1 and ICAM-3 in 89 patients (39 with the primary progressive form, 25 with the secondary progressive form and 25 with the relapsing-remitting form) and 38 healthy controls. We found a significant decrease in leucocyte surface expression of most of the adhesion molecules tested and an increase in soluble ICAM-1 and L-selectin levels in secondary progressive and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis compared with primary progressive multiple sclerosis, which gave results similar to those in controls. These results, which are supported by MRI evidence, show that trafficking of autoreactive leucocytes through the blood-brain barrier is crucial to the pathogenesis of secondary progressive and relapsing-remitting forms of multiple sclerosis, whereas other mechanisms leading to progressive axonal damage would account for primary progressive forms of the disease.  (+info)

The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study: 8: familial multiple sclerosis. (4/166)

We have examined the demographics and long-term outcome of 1044 patients with sporadic and familial multiple sclerosis in a population-based cohort from London, Ontario. The mean follow-up was 25 years in duration, and by this time most patients had reached the unambiguous endpoint scores of the Kurtzke disability status scale (DSS), DSS 6, 8 or 10. An affected family member was identified in 19.8% of the total population, and this subgroup was further divided arbitrarily into the following three groups by the type and number of relatives affected: (i) first degree only; (ii) first degree plus others; (iii) second or third degree. The outcome in these groups was compared with that for those patients who, at a mean 25 year follow-up, had no relatives known to be affected. Familial cases closely resembled those remaining sporadic in both demographics and outcome, although onset in the most heavily loaded families was earlier and male/female ratio was greater. The times to DSS 6, 8 and 10 did not differ significantly when sporadic, familial and familial subgroups were compared. These results provide no clinical support for viewing familial multiple sclerosis as distinct from the sporadic form. The observed recurrence rate for siblings in a strictly defined epidemiological sample was 3.5%, much as projected. These results validate the recurrence risks which have previously been derived from age-corrected data for these first-degree relatives.  (+info)

Kurtzke scales revisited: the application of psychometric methods to clinical intuition. (5/166)

When developing his disability scales for multiple sclerosis, Kurtzke demonstrated perception and insight. However, 45 years later, the evaluation of his clinically derived scales remains limited, particularly for more disabled patients. Indeed, many of Kurtzke's assumptions underpinning the development of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and Functional Systems (FS) are untested. This study aims to build on previous work and provide a more detailed examination using psychometric methods of the EDSS and FS. There are three study objectives: (i) to examine comprehensively the psychometric properties of the EDSS in more disabled people with multiple sclerosis undergoing in-patient rehabilitation; (ii) to examine the reliability of the FS and test Kurtzke's assumptions that they measure different aspects of the neurological examination and measure different constructs from that measured by the EDSS; and (iii) to examine whether the FS can be summed to generate a summary score. The EDSS was examined for its acceptability (score distributions), reliability (inter- and intra-rater reproducibility, standard error of measurement), validity (convergent and discriminant validity, measurement precision, discrimination between individuals) and responsiveness (effect size). The FS were examined for their reliability (inter- and intra-rater reproducibility), intercorrelations, correlations with the EDSS and the extent to which they satisfy Likert's criteria as a summed rating scale. In this more disabled sample of people with multiple sclerosis, the EDSS is an acceptable measure but demonstrates limited variability. Inter-rater reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient; ICC = 0.78) is adequate for group comparison studies, but intra-rater reproducibility is variable (ICC = 0.62-0.94). Convergent and discriminant validity for the EDSS is supported, but its measurement precision relative to the Functional Independence Measure is limited (56%). Also, the EDSS has a limited ability to distinguish between individuals in terms of their disability and its responsiveness is poor (effect size = 0.10). Results indicate that the FS measure constructs distinct from each other (intercorrelations = -0.23 to +0. 52) and from the EDSS (correlations = -0.10 to +0.59). Intra-rater, but not inter-rater reproducibility is adequate for group comparison studies. The FS do not satisfy criteria as an eight-, seven- or six-item summed rating scale. Despite being based on sound clinical intuition, the lack of psychometric input into the development of the EDSS and FS has limited their usefulness as evaluative outcome measures in multiple sclerosis.  (+info)

One year follow up study of primary and transitional progressive multiple sclerosis. (6/166)

OBJECTIVE: To document clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of a large cohort of primary and transitional progressive multiple sclerosis (PP and TP MS) patients over one year. INTRODUCTION: Patients with PP or TP MS have been shown to have low brain T2 and T1 lesion loads and slow rates of new lesion formation with minimal gadolinium enhancement, despite their accumulating disability. Serial evaluation of these patients is needed to elucidate the pathological processes responsible for disease progression and to identify clinical and MRI measures which can monitor these processes in treatment trials. METHOD: Patients, recruited from six European centres, underwent two assessments on the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) and MRI of the brain and spinal cord, 1 year apart. RESULTS: Of the 167 patients studied (137 with PP MS and 30 with TP MS), 41 (25%; 35 PP and six TP) showed a one step increase in the EDSS. The mean number of new brain lesions seen was 0.88 in the PP group and 0.47 in the TP MS group. Both groups demonstrated change in T2 lesion load over the year (p< or =0.002), with median percentage changes of 7.3% in the PP group and 10. 8% in the TP MS group. The PP group also showed a significant change in T1 load (p< 0.001, median change 12.6%). The number of new cord lesions seen was small (mean of 0.14 in the PP group and no new cord lesions in the TP group). Both groups demonstrated a decrease in cord cross sectional area (p< 0.001, median changes; PP 3.8%, TP 4. 9%), but only the PP group showed evidence of significant brain atrophy (p<0.001, 0.95%). CONCLUSION: Although the monitoring of disease progression in this patient group is difficult, this study demonstrates changes in both lesion load and atrophy, which, if shown to correlate with clinical change over a longer time will facilitate therapeutic trial design.  (+info)

Demyelinating plaques in relapsing-remitting and secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis: assessment with diffusion MR imaging. (7/166)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Conventional MR imaging does not provide specific information that can be reliably associated with the pathologic substrate and clinical status of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Our goals were 1) to determine whether the orientationally averaged water diffusion coefficient () can be used to distinguish between plaques of different severity in these patients and 2) to assess possible correlations between values and disease duration, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, and signal intensity on T1-weighted MR images. METHODS: Twenty patients (10 with relapsing-remitting MS and 10 with secondary-progressive MS) and 11 healthy volunteers underwent a combined conventional and diffusion-weighted MR study of the brain. , a parameter that is proportional to the trace of the diffusion tensor, was computed by averaging the apparent diffusion coefficients measured in the x, y, and z directions. measurements were obtained for selected areas of white matter plaques. Differences in among the three groups were tested using analysis of variance. RESULTS: was significantly higher (1.445 +/- 0.129 x 10(-3) mm2/s) in secondary-progressive lesions than in relapsing-remitting lesions (0.951 +/- 0.08), and both values were higher than in normal white matter (0.732 +/- 0.02). There was a significant negative correlation between and the degree of hypointensity on T1-weighted images, and a positive correlation between and both EDSS score and disease duration. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that is useful for distinguishing MS lesions of different severities, which are associated with different degrees of clinical disability.  (+info)

Correlation of MRI lesions with visual psychophysical deficit in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. (8/166)

The aim of this work was, first, to clarify the nature of the relationship between the sensory deficit in the demyelinated visual pathway and morphological changes revealed by MRI and, secondly, to test whether there was a preferential effect of demyelination for either the magnocellular or parvocellular pathway in established multiple sclerosis. Twenty-four patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis were studied psychophysically and by MRI of the optic nerve and brain. MRI was performed with a Phillips (0.5T) scanner. Visual pathway MRI lesion load was evaluated independently using the total optic nerve lesion length and lesion area seen on STIR (short inversion time inversion recovery) images of the optic nerve and the total post-chiasmal lesion area on T(1)-, T(2)- and proton-density-weighted images of the brain. Psychophysical tests determined 75%-seeing thresholds for horizontal gratings consisting of isoluminant red and green sinusoids of the same spatial frequency combined out-of-phase for preferential stimulation of the parvocellular system and in-phase for preferential stimulation of the magnocellular system. It was found that, in this group of patients, visual psychophysical loss was significantly correlated with lesion area seen on proton density MRI sequences of the post-chiasmal visual pathway, and that the parvocellular pathway was more affected than the magnocellular pathway, especially at lower spatial frequencies.  (+info)

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. In MS, the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers, called myelin, leading to damage and scarring (sclerosis). This results in disrupted communication between the brain and the rest of the body, causing a variety of neurological symptoms that can vary widely from person to person.

The term "multiple" refers to the numerous areas of scarring that occur throughout the CNS in this condition. The progression, severity, and specific symptoms of MS are unpredictable and may include vision problems, muscle weakness, numbness or tingling, difficulty with balance and coordination, cognitive impairment, and mood changes. There is currently no cure for MS, but various treatments can help manage symptoms, modify the course of the disease, and improve quality of life for those affected.

Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is a rare, progressive neuromuscular disorder that affects the extraocular muscles, which are responsible for eye movement. This results in progressive weakness and paralysis of these muscles, leading to limitations in eye movement and, subsequently, binocular vision.

The term "chronic" refers to the slow, gradual progression of symptoms over time, while "progressive" highlights the worsening nature of the condition. "External" indicates that the extraocular muscles are involved, as opposed to the "internal" ophthalmoplegia, which would refer to the paralysis of the iris and ciliary body muscles within the eye.

CPEO is characterized by symmetrical, bilateral paresis (partial paralysis) or complete paralysis of the extraocular muscles, leading to drooping eyelids (ptosis), limited eye movements in all directions, and double vision (diplopia). The onset of symptoms typically occurs during adulthood, but it can also manifest in childhood.

CPEO is often associated with mitochondrial DNA abnormalities or mutations, which can lead to impaired energy production within the cells. This specific type of ophthalmoplegia is generally not linked to other neurological or systemic symptoms, but it can co-occur with additional manifestations in some cases, forming a broader spectrum of mitochondrial disorders known as Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) or oculocraniosomatic syndrome.

There is no cure for CPEO, and management primarily focuses on addressing the symptoms and improving quality of life. Treatment options may include surgical interventions to correct ptosis or strabismus (squint), as well as supportive care such as visual aids and rehabilitation strategies.

Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) is a rare, progressive genetic disorder that affects the function of the mitochondria, which are the energy-producing structures in cells. It is classified as a type of mitochondrial myopathy and is typically associated with symptoms that appear before the age of 20.

The medical definition of Kearns-Sayre Syndrome includes the following criteria:
1. Onset before 20 years of age
2. Progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO), which is characterized by weakness and paralysis of the eye muscles, leading to drooping eyelids (ptosis) and limited eye movement
3. Retinitis pigmentosa, a degenerative condition affecting the retina that can lead to vision loss
4. A cardiac conduction defect, such as heart block
5. Ragged red fibers on muscle biopsy
6. At least one major criteria or two minor criteria must be present:
* Major criteria include cerebellar ataxia (lack of coordination), deafness, or increased protein in the cerebrospinal fluid
* Minor criteria include pigmentary retinopathy, heart block, or a high level of creatine kinase in the blood.

Kearns-Sayre Syndrome is caused by a single large-scale deletion of genes in the mitochondrial DNA and is usually sporadic, meaning it occurs randomly and is not inherited from parents. The condition can be diagnosed through genetic testing, muscle biopsy, or other clinical tests. Treatment is focused on managing symptoms and may include physical therapy, surgery for ptosis, hearing aids, and pacemakers for heart block.

Ophthalmoplegia is a medical term that refers to the paralysis or weakness of the eye muscles, which can result in double vision (diplopia) or difficulty moving the eyes. It can be caused by various conditions, including nerve damage, muscle disorders, or neurological diseases such as myasthenia gravis or multiple sclerosis. Ophthalmoplegia can affect one or more eye muscles and can be partial or complete. Depending on the underlying cause, ophthalmoplegia may be treatable with medications, surgery, or other interventions.

Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is a type of multiple sclerosis (MS), which is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS). In RRMS, the immune system attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers (myelin sheath) in the CNS, leading to the formation of lesions or scars (scleroses). These attacks result in episodes of new or worsening symptoms, known as relapses or exacerbations.

The distinguishing feature of RRMS is that these relapses are followed by periods of partial or complete recovery (remissions), during which symptoms may improve, stabilize, or even disappear temporarily. The duration and severity of relapses and remissions can vary significantly among individuals with RRMS. Over time, the accumulation of damage to the nervous system can lead to progressive disability.

Approximately 85% of people with MS are initially diagnosed with the relapsing-remitting form. With appropriate treatment and management, many people with RRMS can effectively manage their symptoms and maintain a good quality of life for several years.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Chronic Progressive is a form of Multiple Sclerosis, a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS). In this form, the disease follows a steady progression with no distinct relapses or remissions. The symptoms worsen over time, leading to a decline in physical functioning and increased disability.

The term "chronic progressive" is used to describe the course of the disease, which is characterized by a continuous worsening of neurological functions from the onset, or after an initial relapsing-remitting phase. There are two types of chronic progressive MS: primary and secondary.

1. Primary Chronic Progressive MS (PCP): This form of MS shows a steady progression of symptoms from the beginning, with no distinct remissions or relapses. The disability accumulates gradually over time, and the person may experience varying degrees of physical and cognitive impairment.

2. Secondary Chronic Progressive MS (SCP): In this form, an individual initially has a relapsing-remitting course of MS (RRMS), characterized by unpredictable relapses followed by periods of partial or complete recovery (remissions). However, after some time, the disease transitions to a steady progression of symptoms and disability, even without distinct relapses. This is known as secondary chronic progressive MS.

The exact cause of Multiple Sclerosis remains unknown; however, it is believed to be influenced by genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. The disease involves the immune system attacking the myelin sheath, a protective covering surrounding nerve fibers in the CNS. This results in lesions or scars (scleroses) that disrupt communication between the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of the body, leading to various physical, cognitive, and sensory symptoms.

Management of Chronic Progressive MS typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, focusing on symptom management, rehabilitation, and maintaining quality of life. Currently, there are no approved disease-modifying therapies specifically for chronic progressive MS; however, some medications used to treat relapsing-remitting MS may help slow the progression of disability in certain individuals with secondary chronic progressive MS.

Oxymetholone is an anabolic steroid medication, which is used to treat various medical conditions such as anemia due to lack of red blood cells and wasting syndrome in people with HIV infection. It works by increasing the production of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells. Oxymetholone also helps to improve muscle mass and appetite.

It is important to note that oxymetholone is a controlled substance and has potential for serious side effects, including liver toxicity, masculinization in women, and cardiovascular risks. Therefore, it should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider and for legitimate medical purposes.

Carcinogenicity tests are a type of toxicity test used to determine the potential of a chemical or physical agent to cause cancer. These tests are typically conducted on animals, such as rats or mice, and involve exposing the animals to the agent over a long period of time, often for the majority of their lifespan. The animals are then closely monitored for any signs of tumor development or other indicators of cancer.

The results of carcinogenicity tests can be used by regulatory agencies, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), to help determine safe exposure levels for chemicals and other agents. The tests are also used by industry to assess the potential health risks associated with their products and to develop safer alternatives.

It is important to note that carcinogenicity tests have limitations, including the use of animals, which may not always accurately predict the effects of a chemical on humans. Additionally, these tests can be time-consuming and expensive, which has led to the development of alternative test methods, such as in vitro (test tube) assays and computational models, that aim to provide more efficient and ethical alternatives for carcinogenicity testing.

Blepharoptosis is a medical term that refers to the drooping or falling of the upper eyelid. It is usually caused by weakness or paralysis of the muscle that raises the eyelid, known as the levator palpebrae superioris. This condition can be present at birth or acquired later in life due to various factors such as aging, nerve damage, eye surgery complications, or certain medical conditions like myasthenia gravis or brain tumors. Blepharoptosis may obstruct vision and cause difficulty with daily activities, and treatment options include eyedrops, eye patches, or surgical correction.

Sclerosis is a medical term that refers to the abnormal hardening or scarring of body tissues, particularly in the context of various degenerative diseases affecting the nervous system. The term "sclerosis" comes from the Greek word "skleros," which means hard. In these conditions, the normally flexible and adaptable nerve cells or their protective coverings (myelin sheath) become rigid and inflexible due to the buildup of scar tissue or abnormal protein deposits.

There are several types of sclerosis, but one of the most well-known is multiple sclerosis (MS). In MS, the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, leading to scarring and damage that disrupts communication between the brain and the rest of the body. This results in a wide range of symptoms, such as muscle weakness, numbness, vision problems, balance issues, and cognitive impairment.

Other conditions that involve sclerosis include:

1. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): Also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness, stiffness, and atrophy.
2. Systemic sclerosis: A rare autoimmune connective tissue disorder characterized by thickening and hardening of the skin and internal organs due to excessive collagen deposition.
3. Plaque psoriasis: A chronic inflammatory skin condition marked by red, scaly patches (plaques) resulting from rapid turnover and accumulation of skin cells.
4. Adhesive capsulitis: Also known as frozen shoulder, this condition involves stiffening and thickening of the shoulder joint's capsule due to scarring or inflammation, leading to limited mobility and pain.

Disease progression is the worsening or advancement of a medical condition over time. It refers to the natural course of a disease, including its development, the severity of symptoms and complications, and the impact on the patient's overall health and quality of life. Understanding disease progression is important for developing appropriate treatment plans, monitoring response to therapy, and predicting outcomes.

The rate of disease progression can vary widely depending on the type of medical condition, individual patient factors, and the effectiveness of treatment. Some diseases may progress rapidly over a short period of time, while others may progress more slowly over many years. In some cases, disease progression may be slowed or even halted with appropriate medical interventions, while in other cases, the progression may be inevitable and irreversible.

In clinical practice, healthcare providers closely monitor disease progression through regular assessments, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. This information is used to guide treatment decisions and adjust care plans as needed to optimize patient outcomes and improve quality of life.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the genetic material present in the mitochondria, which are specialized structures within cells that generate energy. Unlike nuclear DNA, which is present in the cell nucleus and inherited from both parents, mtDNA is inherited solely from the mother.

MtDNA is a circular molecule that contains 37 genes, including 13 genes that encode for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, a process that generates energy in the form of ATP. The remaining genes encode for rRNAs and tRNAs, which are necessary for protein synthesis within the mitochondria.

Mutations in mtDNA can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, including mitochondrial diseases, which can affect any organ system in the body. These mutations can also be used in forensic science to identify individuals and establish biological relationships.

Kidney tubules are the structural and functional units of the kidney responsible for reabsorption, secretion, and excretion of various substances. They are part of the nephron, which is the basic unit of the kidney's filtration and reabsorption process.

There are three main types of kidney tubules:

1. Proximal tubule: This is the initial segment of the kidney tubule that receives the filtrate from the glomerulus. It is responsible for reabsorbing approximately 65% of the filtrate, including water, glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes.
2. Loop of Henle: This U-shaped segment of the tubule consists of a thin descending limb, a thin ascending limb, and a thick ascending limb. The loop of Henle helps to concentrate urine by creating an osmotic gradient that allows water to be reabsorbed in the collecting ducts.
3. Distal tubule: This is the final segment of the kidney tubule before it empties into the collecting duct. It is responsible for fine-tuning the concentration of electrolytes and pH balance in the urine by selectively reabsorbing or secreting substances such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and hydrogen ions.

Overall, kidney tubules play a critical role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, regulating acid-base balance, and removing waste products from the body.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

F344 is a strain code used to designate an outbred stock of rats that has been inbreeded for over 100 generations. The F344 rats, also known as Fischer 344 rats, were originally developed at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and are now widely used in biomedical research due to their consistent and reliable genetic background.

Inbred strains, like the F344, are created by mating genetically identical individuals (siblings or parents and offspring) for many generations until a state of complete homozygosity is reached, meaning that all members of the strain have identical genomes. This genetic uniformity makes inbred strains ideal for use in studies where consistent and reproducible results are important.

F344 rats are known for their longevity, with a median lifespan of around 27-31 months, making them useful for aging research. They also have a relatively low incidence of spontaneous tumors compared to other rat strains. However, they may be more susceptible to certain types of cancer and other diseases due to their inbred status.

It's important to note that while F344 rats are often used as a standard laboratory rat strain, there can still be some genetic variation between individual animals within the same strain, particularly if they come from different suppliers or breeding colonies. Therefore, it's always important to consider the source and history of any animal model when designing experiments and interpreting results.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements, such as speaking, walking, breathing, and swallowing. The condition is characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons in the brain (upper motor neurons) and spinal cord (lower motor neurons), leading to their death.

The term "amyotrophic" comes from the Greek words "a" meaning no or negative, "myo" referring to muscle, and "trophic" relating to nutrition. When a motor neuron degenerates and can no longer send impulses to the muscle, the muscle becomes weak and eventually atrophies due to lack of use.

The term "lateral sclerosis" refers to the hardening or scarring (sclerosis) of the lateral columns of the spinal cord, which are primarily composed of nerve fibers that carry information from the brain to the muscles.

ALS is often called Lou Gehrig's disease, named after the famous American baseball player who was diagnosed with the condition in 1939. The exact cause of ALS remains unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is currently no cure for ALS, and treatment primarily focuses on managing symptoms and maintaining quality of life.

The progression of ALS varies from person to person, with some individuals experiencing rapid decline over just a few years, while others may have a more slow-progressing form of the disease that lasts several decades. The majority of people with ALS die from respiratory failure within 3 to 5 years after the onset of symptoms. However, approximately 10% of those affected live for 10 or more years following diagnosis.

Mitochondria in muscle, also known as the "powerhouses" of the cell, are organelles that play a crucial role in generating energy for muscle cells through a process called cellular respiration. They convert the chemical energy found in glucose and oxygen into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the main source of energy used by cells.

Muscle cells contain a high number of mitochondria due to their high energy demands for muscle contraction and relaxation. The number and size of mitochondria in muscle fibers can vary depending on the type of muscle fiber, with slow-twitch, aerobic fibers having more numerous and larger mitochondria than fast-twitch, anaerobic fibers.

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to various muscle disorders, including mitochondrial myopathies, which are characterized by muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, and other symptoms related to impaired energy production in the muscle cells.

Autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a model of inflammatory demyelinating disease used in medical research to study the mechanisms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and develop new therapies. It is experimentally induced in laboratory animals, typically mice or rats, through immunization with myelin antigens or T-cell transfer. The resulting immune response leads to inflammation, demyelination, and neurological dysfunction in the central nervous system (CNS), mimicking certain aspects of MS.

EAE is a valuable tool for understanding the pathogenesis of MS and testing potential treatments. However, it is essential to recognize that EAE is an experimental model and may not fully recapitulate all features of human autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disorder that causes non-cancerous (benign) tumors to grow in many parts of the body. These tumors can affect the brain, skin, heart, kidneys, eyes, and lungs. The signs and symptoms of TSC can vary widely, depending on where the tumors develop and how severely a person is affected.

The condition is caused by mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene, which regulate a protein that helps control cell growth and division. When these genes are mutated, the protein is not produced correctly, leading to excessive cell growth and the development of tumors.

TSC is typically diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, medical imaging, and genetic testing. Treatment for TSC often involves a multidisciplinary approach, with specialists in neurology, dermatology, cardiology, nephrology, pulmonology, and ophthalmology working together to manage the various symptoms of the condition. Medications, surgery, and other therapies may be used to help control seizures, developmental delays, skin abnormalities, and other complications of TSC.

Kidney disease, also known as nephropathy or renal disease, refers to any functional or structural damage to the kidneys that impairs their ability to filter blood, regulate electrolytes, produce hormones, and maintain fluid balance. This damage can result from a wide range of causes, including diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, lupus, infections, drugs, toxins, and congenital or inherited disorders.

Depending on the severity and progression of the kidney damage, kidney diseases can be classified into two main categories: acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). AKI is a sudden and often reversible loss of kidney function that occurs over hours to days, while CKD is a progressive and irreversible decline in kidney function that develops over months or years.

Symptoms of kidney diseases may include edema, proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, anemia, and decreased urine output. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the disease and may include medications, dietary modifications, dialysis, or kidney transplantation.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Demyelinating diseases are a group of disorders that are characterized by damage to the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering surrounding nerve fibers in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord. Myelin is essential for the rapid transmission of nerve impulses, and its damage results in disrupted communication between the brain and other parts of the body.

The most common demyelinating disease is multiple sclerosis (MS), where the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath. Other demyelinating diseases include:

1. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): An autoimmune disorder that typically follows a viral infection or vaccination, causing widespread inflammation and demyelination in the brain and spinal cord.
2. Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) or Devic's Disease: A rare autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord, leading to severe vision loss and motor disability.
3. Transverse Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord causing damage to both sides of one level (segment) of the spinal cord, resulting in various neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, depending on which part of the spinal cord is affected.
4. Guillain-Barré Syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that causes rapid-onset muscle weakness, often beginning in the legs and spreading to the upper body, including the face and breathing muscles. It occurs when the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves' myelin sheath.
5. Central Pontine Myelinolysis (CPM): A rare neurological disorder caused by rapid shifts in sodium levels in the blood, leading to damage to the myelin sheath in a specific area of the brainstem called the pons.

These diseases can result in various symptoms, such as muscle weakness, numbness, vision loss, difficulty with balance and coordination, and cognitive impairment, depending on the location and extent of the demyelination. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms, modifying the immune system's response, and promoting nerve regeneration and remyelination when possible.

Kidney neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the kidney tissues that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can originate from various types of kidney cells, including the renal tubules, glomeruli, and the renal pelvis.

Malignant kidney neoplasms are also known as kidney cancers, with renal cell carcinoma being the most common type. Benign kidney neoplasms include renal adenomas, oncocytomas, and angiomyolipomas. While benign neoplasms are generally not life-threatening, they can still cause problems if they grow large enough to compromise kidney function or if they undergo malignant transformation.

Early detection and appropriate management of kidney neoplasms are crucial for improving patient outcomes and overall prognosis. Regular medical check-ups, imaging studies, and urinalysis can help in the early identification of these growths, allowing for timely intervention and treatment.

Optic neuritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. This condition can result in various symptoms such as vision loss, pain with eye movement, color vision disturbances, and pupillary abnormalities. Optic neuritis may occur in isolation or be associated with other underlying medical conditions, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and autoimmune disorders. The diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, dilated funduscopic examination, and possibly imaging studies like MRI to evaluate the optic nerve and brain. Treatment options may include corticosteroids or other immunomodulatory therapies to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the optic nerve.

Proteinuria is a medical term that refers to the presence of excess proteins, particularly albumin, in the urine. Under normal circumstances, only small amounts of proteins should be found in the urine because the majority of proteins are too large to pass through the glomeruli, which are the filtering units of the kidneys.

However, when the glomeruli become damaged or diseased, they may allow larger molecules such as proteins to leak into the urine. Persistent proteinuria is often a sign of kidney disease and can indicate damage to the glomeruli. It is usually detected through a routine urinalysis and may be confirmed with further testing.

The severity of proteinuria can vary, and it can be a symptom of various underlying conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and other kidney diseases. Treatment for proteinuria depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to control blood pressure, manage diabetes, or reduce protein loss in the urine.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) is a key structural protein found in the myelin sheath, which is a multilayered membrane that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers (axons) in the nervous system. The myelin sheath enables efficient and rapid transmission of electrical signals (nerve impulses) along the axons, allowing for proper communication between different neurons.

MBP is one of several proteins responsible for maintaining the structural integrity and organization of the myelin sheath. It is a basic protein, meaning it has a high isoelectric point due to its abundance of positively charged amino acids. MBP is primarily located in the intraperiod line of the compact myelin, which is a region where the extracellular leaflets of the apposing membranes come into close contact without fusing.

MBP plays crucial roles in the formation, maintenance, and repair of the myelin sheath:

1. During development, MBP helps mediate the compaction of the myelin sheath by interacting with other proteins and lipids in the membrane.
2. MBP contributes to the stability and resilience of the myelin sheath by forming strong ionic bonds with negatively charged phospholipids in the membrane.
3. In response to injury or disease, MBP can be cleaved into smaller peptides that act as chemoattractants for immune cells, initiating the process of remyelination and repair.

Dysregulation or damage to MBP has been implicated in several demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), where the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath, leading to its degradation and loss. The presence of autoantibodies against MBP is a common feature in MS patients, suggesting that an abnormal immune response to this protein may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.

Systemic Scleroderma, also known as Systemic Sclerosis (SSc), is a rare, chronic autoimmune disease that involves the abnormal growth and accumulation of collagen in various connective tissues, blood vessels, and organs throughout the body. This excessive collagen production leads to fibrosis or scarring, which can cause thickening, hardening, and tightening of the skin and damage to internal organs such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract.

Systemic Scleroderma is characterized by two main features: small blood vessel abnormalities (Raynaud's phenomenon) and fibrosis. The disease can be further classified into two subsets based on the extent of skin involvement: limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc).

Limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis affects the skin distally, typically involving fingers, hands, forearms, feet, lower legs, and face. It is often associated with Raynaud's phenomenon, calcinosis, telangiectasias, and pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis involves more extensive skin thickening and fibrosis that spreads proximally to affect the trunk, upper arms, thighs, and face. It is commonly associated with internal organ involvement, such as interstitial lung disease, heart disease, and kidney problems.

The exact cause of Systemic Scleroderma remains unknown; however, it is believed that genetic, environmental, and immunological factors contribute to its development. There is currently no cure for Systemic Scleroderma, but various treatments can help manage symptoms, slow disease progression, and improve quality of life.

An adenoma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor that develops from glandular epithelial cells. These types of cells are responsible for producing and releasing fluids, such as hormones or digestive enzymes, into the surrounding tissues. Adenomas can occur in various organs and glands throughout the body, including the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, and digestive systems.

Depending on their location, adenomas may cause different symptoms or remain asymptomatic. Some common examples of adenomas include:

1. Colorectal adenoma (also known as a polyp): These growths occur in the lining of the colon or rectum and can develop into colorectal cancer if left untreated. Regular screenings, such as colonoscopies, are essential for early detection and removal of these polyps.
2. Thyroid adenoma: This type of adenoma affects the thyroid gland and may result in an overproduction or underproduction of hormones, leading to conditions like hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).
3. Pituitary adenoma: These growths occur in the pituitary gland, which is located at the base of the brain and controls various hormonal functions. Depending on their size and location, pituitary adenomas can cause vision problems, headaches, or hormonal imbalances that affect growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
4. Liver adenoma: These rare benign tumors develop in the liver and may not cause any symptoms unless they become large enough to press on surrounding organs or structures. In some cases, liver adenomas can rupture and cause internal bleeding.
5. Adrenal adenoma: These growths occur in the adrenal glands, which are located above the kidneys and produce hormones that regulate stress responses, metabolism, and blood pressure. Most adrenal adenomas are nonfunctioning, meaning they do not secrete excess hormones. However, functioning adrenal adenomas can lead to conditions like Cushing's syndrome or Conn's syndrome, depending on the type of hormone being overproduced.

It is essential to monitor and manage benign tumors like adenomas to prevent potential complications, such as rupture, bleeding, or hormonal imbalances. Treatment options may include surveillance with imaging studies, medication to manage hormonal issues, or surgical removal of the tumor in certain cases.

Oligoclonal bands (OB) are a pattern of immunoglobulin (antibody) proteins found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) when it is analyzed using a technique called electrophoresis. This pattern shows a limited number (oligo) of distinct protein bands, which are clonally expanded (clonal), indicating the presence of an intr Theatreaterathecal immunoglobulin synthesis, typically in response to some sort of central nervous system (CNS) antigenic stimulation or immune response.

The detection of oligoclonal bands is often associated with inflammatory conditions affecting the CNS, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and other infectious or autoimmune diseases. However, it's important to note that their presence alone does not confirm a specific diagnosis, but rather serves as a supportive finding in conjunction with other clinical and diagnostic data.

Interferon-beta (IFN-β) is a type of cytokine - specifically, it's a protein that is produced and released by cells in response to stimulation by a virus or other foreign substance. It belongs to the interferon family of cytokines, which play important roles in the body's immune response to infection.

IFN-β has antiviral properties and helps to regulate the immune system. It works by binding to specific receptors on the surface of cells, which triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of genes involved in the antiviral response. This results in the production of proteins that inhibit viral replication and promote the death of infected cells.

IFN-β is used as a medication for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). In MS, the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective coating around nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, causing inflammation and damage to the nerves. IFN-β has been shown to reduce the frequency and severity of relapses in people with MS, possibly by modulating the immune response and reducing inflammation.

It's important to note that while IFN-β is an important component of the body's natural defense system, it can also have side effects when used as a medication. Common side effects of IFN-β therapy include flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, and muscle aches, as well as injection site reactions. More serious side effects are rare but can occur, so it's important to discuss the risks and benefits of this treatment with a healthcare provider.

The myelin sheath is a multilayered, fatty substance that surrounds and insulates many nerve fibers in the nervous system. It is essential for the rapid transmission of electrical signals, or nerve impulses, along these nerve fibers, allowing for efficient communication between different parts of the body. The myelin sheath is produced by specialized cells called oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Damage to the myelin sheath, as seen in conditions like multiple sclerosis, can significantly impair nerve function and result in various neurological symptoms.

A point mutation is a type of genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base (A, T, C, or G) in DNA is altered, deleted, or substituted with another nucleotide. Point mutations can have various effects on the organism, depending on the location of the mutation and whether it affects the function of any genes. Some point mutations may not have any noticeable effect, while others might lead to changes in the amino acids that make up proteins, potentially causing diseases or altering traits. Point mutations can occur spontaneously due to errors during DNA replication or be inherited from parents.

The spinal cord is a major part of the nervous system, extending from the brainstem and continuing down to the lower back. It is a slender, tubular bundle of nerve fibers (axons) and support cells (glial cells) that carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord primarily serves as a conduit for motor information, which travels from the brain to the muscles, and sensory information, which travels from the body to the brain. It also contains neurons that can independently process and respond to information within the spinal cord without direct input from the brain.

The spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column (spine) and is divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each segment corresponds to a specific region of the body and gives rise to pairs of spinal nerves that exit through the intervertebral foramina at each level.

The spinal cord is responsible for several vital functions, including:

1. Reflexes: Simple reflex actions, such as the withdrawal reflex when touching a hot surface, are mediated by the spinal cord without involving the brain.
2. Muscle control: The spinal cord carries motor signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement and muscle tone regulation.
3. Sensory perception: The spinal cord transmits sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, and vibration, from the body to the brain for processing and awareness.
4. Autonomic functions: The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system originate in the thoracolumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord, respectively, controlling involuntary physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.

Damage to the spinal cord can result in various degrees of paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury, depending on the severity and location of the damage.

Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) is a protein found exclusively on the outermost layer of myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS). The myelin sheath is a fatty substance that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers, allowing for efficient and rapid transmission of electrical signals. MOG plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and structure of the myelin sheath. It is involved in the adhesion of oligodendrocytes to the surface of neuronal axons and contributes to the stability of the compact myelin structure. Autoimmune reactions against MOG have been implicated in certain inflammatory demyelinating diseases, such as optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM).

Disability Evaluation is the process of determining the nature and extent of a person's functional limitations or impairments, and assessing their ability to perform various tasks and activities in order to determine eligibility for disability benefits or accommodations. This process typically involves a medical examination and assessment by a licensed healthcare professional, such as a physician or psychologist, who evaluates the individual's symptoms, medical history, laboratory test results, and functional abilities. The evaluation may also involve input from other professionals, such as vocational experts, occupational therapists, or speech-language pathologists, who can provide additional information about the person's ability to perform specific tasks and activities in a work or daily living context. Based on this information, a determination is made about whether the individual meets the criteria for disability as defined by the relevant governing authority, such as the Social Security Administration or the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Myelin proteins are proteins that are found in the myelin sheath, which is a fatty (lipid-rich) substance that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers (axons) in the nervous system. The myelin sheath enables the rapid transmission of electrical signals (nerve impulses) along the axons, allowing for efficient communication between different parts of the nervous system.

There are several types of myelin proteins, including:

1. Proteolipid protein (PLP): This is the most abundant protein in the myelin sheath and plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of the myelin sheath.
2. Myelin basic protein (MBP): This protein is also found in the myelin sheath and helps to stabilize the compact structure of the myelin sheath.
3. Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG): This protein is involved in the adhesion of the myelin sheath to the axon and helps to maintain the integrity of the myelin sheath.
4. 2'3'-cyclic nucleotide 3' phosphodiesterase (CNP): This protein is found in oligodendrocytes, which are the cells that produce the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. CNP plays a role in maintaining the structure and function of the oligodendrocytes.

Damage to myelin proteins can lead to demyelination, which is a characteristic feature of several neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), Guillain-Barré syndrome, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

Oligodendroglia are a type of neuroglial cell found in the central nervous system (CNS) of vertebrates, including humans. These cells play a crucial role in providing support and insulation to nerve fibers (axons) in the CNS, which includes the brain and spinal cord.

More specifically, oligodendroglia produce a fatty substance called myelin that wraps around axons, forming myelin sheaths. This myelination process helps to increase the speed of electrical impulse transmission (nerve impulses) along the axons, allowing for efficient communication between different neurons.

In addition to their role in myelination, oligodendroglia also contribute to the overall health and maintenance of the CNS by providing essential nutrients and supporting factors to neurons. Dysfunction or damage to oligodendroglia has been implicated in various neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), where demyelination of axons leads to impaired nerve function and neurodegeneration.

Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein (MAG) is a glycoprotein found on the surface of myelin sheaths, which are the protective insulating layers around nerve fibers in the nervous system. MAG plays a role in the adhesion and interaction between the myelin sheath and the axon it surrounds. It's particularly important during the development and maintenance of the nervous system. Additionally, MAG has been implicated in the regulation of neuronal growth and signal transmission. In certain autoimmune diseases like Guillain-Barré syndrome, the immune system may mistakenly attack MAG, leading to damage of the myelin sheath and associated neurological symptoms.

Atrophy is a medical term that refers to the decrease in size and wasting of an organ or tissue due to the disappearance of cells, shrinkage of cells, or decreased number of cells. This process can be caused by various factors such as disuse, aging, degeneration, injury, or disease.

For example, if a muscle is immobilized for an extended period, it may undergo atrophy due to lack of use. Similarly, certain medical conditions like diabetes, cancer, and heart failure can lead to the wasting away of various tissues and organs in the body.

Atrophy can also occur as a result of natural aging processes, leading to decreased muscle mass and strength in older adults. In general, atrophy is characterized by a decrease in the volume or weight of an organ or tissue, which can have significant impacts on its function and overall health.

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), also known as Devic's disease, is an autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS). It primarily causes inflammation and damage to the optic nerves (which transmit visual signals from the eye to the brain) and the spinal cord. This results in optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve, causing vision loss) and myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord, leading to motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction).

A key feature of NMO is the presence of autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG), a water channel protein found in astrocytes (a type of glial cell) in the CNS. These antibodies play a crucial role in the development of the disease, as they target and damage the AQP4 proteins, leading to inflammation, demyelination (loss of the protective myelin sheath around nerve fibers), and subsequent neurological dysfunction.

NMO is distinct from multiple sclerosis (MS), another autoimmune disorder affecting the CNS, as it has different clinical features, radiological findings, and treatment responses. However, NMO can sometimes be misdiagnosed as MS due to overlapping symptoms in some cases. Accurate diagnosis of NMO is essential for appropriate management and treatment, which often includes immunosuppressive therapies to control the autoimmune response and prevent further damage to the nervous system.

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is called the "central" system because it receives information from, and sends information to, the rest of the body through peripheral nerves, which make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

The CNS is responsible for processing sensory information, controlling motor functions, and regulating various autonomic processes like heart rate, respiration, and digestion. The brain, as the command center of the CNS, interprets sensory stimuli, formulates thoughts, and initiates actions. The spinal cord serves as a conduit for nerve impulses traveling to and from the brain and the rest of the body.

The CNS is protected by several structures, including the skull (which houses the brain) and the vertebral column (which surrounds and protects the spinal cord). Despite these protective measures, the CNS remains vulnerable to injury and disease, which can have severe consequences due to its crucial role in controlling essential bodily functions.

Myelin Proteolipid Protein (PLP) is a major component of the myelin sheath, which is a fatty insulating substance that covers and protects nerve fibers in the central nervous system (CNS). PLP makes up about 50% of the proteins found in the myelin sheath. It plays a crucial role in the structure and function of the myelin sheath, including maintaining its compactness and stability. Defects or mutations in the gene that encodes for PLP can lead to various demyelinating diseases, such as X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD), which are characterized by the degeneration of the myelin sheath and subsequent neurological impairments.

Immunologic factors refer to the elements of the immune system that contribute to the body's defense against foreign substances, infectious agents, and cancerous cells. These factors include various types of white blood cells (such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils), antibodies, complement proteins, cytokines, and other molecules involved in the immune response.

Immunologic factors can be categorized into two main types: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the non-specific defense mechanism that provides immediate protection against pathogens through physical barriers (e.g., skin, mucous membranes), chemical barriers (e.g., stomach acid, enzymes), and inflammatory responses. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is a specific defense mechanism that develops over time as the immune system learns to recognize and respond to particular pathogens or antigens.

Abnormalities in immunologic factors can lead to various medical conditions, such as autoimmune disorders, immunodeficiency diseases, and allergies. Therefore, understanding immunologic factors is crucial for diagnosing and treating these conditions.

HLA-DR2 antigen is a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II histocompatibility antigen. HLAs are proteins that play an important role in the body's immune system. They help the immune system distinguish between the body's own cells and foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria.

The HLA-DR2 antigen is found on the surface of certain white blood cells called B lymphocytes and activated T lymphocytes. It is encoded by genes located on chromosome 6 in a region known as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The HLA-DR2 antigen is further divided into two subtypes, DRB1*1501 and DRB1*1502.

The HLA-DR2 antigen is associated with an increased risk of developing certain autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes. It is also associated with an increased susceptibility to certain infectious diseases, such as leprosy and tuberculosis.

It's important to note that having the HLA-DR2 antigen does not guarantee that a person will develop an autoimmune or infectious disease, but it may increase their risk. Other genetic and environmental factors also play a role in the development of these conditions.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, characterized by a sudden onset of widespread inflammation and damage to the brain and spinal cord. It typically follows a viral infection or, less commonly, vaccination and is more prevalent in children than adults.

The condition involves the rapid development of multiple inflammatory lesions throughout the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. These lesions lead to demyelination, which means the loss of the protective myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers, disrupting communication between neurons. This results in various neurological symptoms such as:

1. Encephalopathy (changes in consciousness, behavior, or mental status)
2. Weakness or paralysis of limbs
3. Visual disturbances
4. Speech and language problems
5. Seizures
6. Ataxia (loss of coordination and balance)
7. Sensory changes
8. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction (e.g., temperature regulation, blood pressure, heart rate)

The diagnosis of ADEM is based on clinical presentation, radiological findings, and laboratory tests to exclude other possible causes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) typically shows multiple, large, bilateral lesions in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis may reveal an elevated white blood cell count and increased protein levels.

Treatment for ADEM generally includes high-dose corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and improve outcomes. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or plasma exchange (plasmapheresis) may be used if there is no response to steroid therapy. Most patients with ADEM recover completely or have significant improvement within several months, although some may experience residual neurological deficits.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Diffuse cerebral sclerosis of Schilder, also known as Schilder's disease, is a rare inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. It primarily affects children and young adults, but can occur at any age. The condition is characterized by widespread destruction of the myelin sheath, which surrounds and protects nerve fibers in the brain.

The hallmark feature of Schilder's disease is the presence of multiple, large, symmetrical lesions in the white matter of both cerebral hemispheres. These lesions are typically located in the parieto-occipital regions of the brain and can extend to involve other areas as well.

The symptoms of Schilder's disease vary depending on the location and extent of the lesions, but may include:

* Progressive intellectual decline
* Seizures
* Visual disturbances
* Weakness or paralysis on one side of the body (hemiparesis)
* Loss of sensation in various parts of the body
* Speech difficulties
* Behavioral changes, such as irritability, mood swings, and depression

The exact cause of Schilder's disease is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, in which the body's own immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath. There is no cure for Schilder's disease, and treatment typically involves corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive therapies to reduce inflammation and slow the progression of the disease. Despite treatment, many patients with Schilder's disease experience significant disability and may require long-term care.

Myelinated nerve fibers are neuronal processes that are surrounded by a myelin sheath, a fatty insulating substance that is produced by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. This myelin sheath helps to increase the speed of electrical impulse transmission, also known as action potentials, along the nerve fiber. The myelin sheath has gaps called nodes of Ranvier where the electrical impulses can jump from one node to the next, which also contributes to the rapid conduction of signals. Myelinated nerve fibers are typically found in the peripheral nerves and the optic nerve, but not in the central nervous system (CNS) tracts that are located within the brain and spinal cord.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Cuprizone is not a medical condition or disease, but rather a chemical compound that is used in laboratory settings for research purposes. Cuprizone, also known as bis-cyclohexanone oxaldihydrazone, is a copper chelator, which means it can bind to and remove copper ions from various substances.

In research, cuprizone is often used to induce demyelination in animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurological disorders. Demyelination refers to the loss or damage of the myelin sheath, which is a fatty substance that surrounds and protects nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. When cuprizone is added to the diet of laboratory animals such as mice, it can cause demyelination in specific areas of the brain, making it a useful tool for studying the mechanisms underlying MS and other demyelinating diseases.

It's important to note that while cuprizone is a valuable research tool, it is not used as a medical treatment or therapy for any human conditions.

An axon is a long, slender extension of a neuron (a type of nerve cell) that conducts electrical impulses (nerve impulses) away from the cell body to target cells, such as other neurons or muscle cells. Axons can vary in length from a few micrometers to over a meter long and are typically surrounded by a myelin sheath, which helps to insulate and protect the axon and allows for faster transmission of nerve impulses.

Axons play a critical role in the functioning of the nervous system, as they provide the means by which neurons communicate with one another and with other cells in the body. Damage to axons can result in serious neurological problems, such as those seen in spinal cord injuries or neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis.

Propylene glycol is not a medical term, but rather a chemical compound. Medically, it is classified as a humectant, which means it helps retain moisture. It is used in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic products as a solvent, preservative, and moisturizer. In medical settings, it can be found in topical creams, oral and injectable medications, and intravenous (IV) fluids.

The chemical definition of propylene glycol is:

Propylene glycol (IUPAC name: propan-1,2-diol) is a synthetic organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)CH2OH. It is a viscous, colorless, and nearly odorless liquid that is miscible with water, acetone, and chloroform. Propylene glycol is used as an antifreeze when mixed with water, as a solvent in the production of polymers, and as a moisturizer in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. It has a sweet taste and is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as a food additive.

Nervous system diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a group of conditions that affect the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. These diseases can affect various functions of the body, such as movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. They can be caused by genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or tumors. Examples of nervous system diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, migraine, stroke, and neuroinfections like meningitis and encephalitis. The symptoms and severity of these disorders can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe and debilitating.

The "age of onset" is a medical term that refers to the age at which an individual first develops or displays symptoms of a particular disease, disorder, or condition. It can be used to describe various medical conditions, including both physical and mental health disorders. The age of onset can have implications for prognosis, treatment approaches, and potential causes of the condition. In some cases, early onset may indicate a more severe or progressive course of the disease, while late-onset symptoms might be associated with different underlying factors or etiologies. It is essential to provide accurate and precise information regarding the age of onset when discussing a patient's medical history and treatment plan.

Demyelinating autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are a group of disorders characterized by inflammation and damage to the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering that surrounds nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. This damage can result in various neurological symptoms, including muscle weakness, sensory loss, vision problems, and cognitive impairment.

The most common demyelinating autoimmune disease of the CNS is multiple sclerosis (MS), which affects approximately 2.3 million people worldwide. Other examples include neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), and transverse myelitis.

These conditions are thought to arise when the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath, leading to inflammation, damage, and scarring (sclerosis) in the CNS. The exact cause of this autoimmune response is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a complex interplay between genetic, environmental, and immunological factors.

Treatment for demyelinating autoimmune diseases of the CNS typically involves a combination of medications to manage symptoms, reduce inflammation, and modify the course of the disease. These may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) that target specific components of the immune system.

Recurrence, in a medical context, refers to the return of symptoms or signs of a disease after a period of improvement or remission. It indicates that the condition has not been fully eradicated and may require further treatment. Recurrence is often used to describe situations where a disease such as cancer comes back after initial treatment, but it can also apply to other medical conditions. The likelihood of recurrence varies depending on the type of disease and individual patient factors.

Theilovirus is not typically considered a separate virus in modern virology. Instead, it is now classified as a genotype (genotype 3) of the human parechovirus (HPeV), which belongs to the family Picornaviridae. HPeVs are small, non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses that can cause various clinical manifestations, ranging from mild respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms to severe neurological diseases in infants and young children.

Historically, Theilovirus was first identified as a separate virus in 1958 by H. Theil and K. Maassab, isolated from the feces of healthy children. It was initially classified as a member of the Enterovirus genus but was later reclassified as a distinct genus, Theilovirus, in 1999. However, subsequent genetic analysis revealed that Theilovirus is closely related to HPeVs, and it is now considered a genotype within the HPeV species.

In summary, Theilovirus is not a separate medical term or virus but rather a historical name for what is now classified as human parechovirus genotype 3 (HPeV3).

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a shock absorber for the central nervous system and provides nutrients to the brain while removing waste products. CSF is produced by specialized cells called ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) inside the brain. From there, it circulates through the ventricular system and around the outside of the brain and spinal cord before being absorbed back into the bloodstream. CSF analysis is an important diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, including infections, inflammation, and cancer.

T-lymphocytes, also known as T-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the adaptive immune system's response to infection. They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. There are several different types of T-cells, including CD4+ helper T-cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, and regulatory T-cells (Tregs).

CD4+ helper T-cells assist in activating other immune cells, such as B-lymphocytes and macrophages. They also produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help coordinate the immune response. CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells directly kill infected cells by releasing toxic substances. Regulatory T-cells help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases by suppressing the activity of other immune cells.

T-lymphocytes are important in the immune response to viral infections, cancer, and other diseases. Dysfunction or depletion of T-cells can lead to immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to infections. On the other hand, an overactive T-cell response can contribute to autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

Microglia are a type of specialized immune cell found in the brain and spinal cord. They are part of the glial family, which provide support and protection to the neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia account for about 10-15% of all cells found in the CNS.

The primary role of microglia is to constantly survey their environment and eliminate any potentially harmful agents, such as pathogens, dead cells, or protein aggregates. They do this through a process called phagocytosis, where they engulf and digest foreign particles or cellular debris. In addition to their phagocytic function, microglia also release various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that help regulate the immune response in the CNS, promote neuronal survival, and contribute to synaptic plasticity.

Microglia can exist in different activation states depending on the nature of the stimuli they encounter. In a resting state, microglia have a small cell body with numerous branches that are constantly monitoring their surroundings. When activated by an injury, infection, or neurodegenerative process, microglia change their morphology and phenotype, retracting their processes and adopting an amoeboid shape to migrate towards the site of damage or inflammation. Based on the type of activation, microglia can release both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors that contribute to either neuroprotection or neurotoxicity.

Dysregulation of microglial function has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Therefore, understanding the role of microglia in health and disease is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies to treat these conditions.

A neurological examination is a series of tests used to evaluate the functioning of the nervous system, including both the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body). It is typically performed by a healthcare professional such as a neurologist or a primary care physician with specialized training in neurology.

During a neurological examination, the healthcare provider will assess various aspects of neurological function, including:

1. Mental status: This involves evaluating a person's level of consciousness, orientation, memory, and cognitive abilities.
2. Cranial nerves: There are 12 cranial nerves that control functions such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, and movement of the face and neck. The healthcare provider will test each of these nerves to ensure they are functioning properly.
3. Motor function: This involves assessing muscle strength, tone, coordination, and reflexes. The healthcare provider may ask the person to perform certain movements or tasks to evaluate these functions.
4. Sensory function: The healthcare provider will test a person's ability to feel different types of sensations, such as touch, pain, temperature, vibration, and proprioception (the sense of where your body is in space).
5. Coordination and balance: The healthcare provider may assess a person's ability to perform coordinated movements, such as touching their finger to their nose or walking heel-to-toe.
6. Reflexes: The healthcare provider will test various reflexes throughout the body using a reflex hammer.

The results of a neurological examination can help healthcare providers diagnose and monitor conditions that affect the nervous system, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, or peripheral neuropathy.

HLA-DRB1 chains are part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules in the human body. The MHC class II molecules play a crucial role in the immune system by presenting pieces of foreign proteins to CD4+ T cells, which then stimulate an immune response.

HLA-DRB1 chains are one of the two polypeptide chains that make up the HLA-DR heterodimer, the other chain being the HLA-DRA chain. The HLA-DRB1 chain contains specific regions called antigen-binding sites, which bind to and present foreign peptides to CD4+ T cells.

The HLA-DRB1 gene is highly polymorphic, meaning that there are many different variations or alleles of this gene in the human population. These variations can affect an individual's susceptibility or resistance to certain diseases, including autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases. Therefore, the identification and characterization of HLA-DRB1 alleles have important implications for disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins refer to the proteins present in the cerebrospinal fluid, which is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. The protein concentration in the CSF is much lower than that in the blood, and it contains a specific set of proteins that are produced by the brain, spinal cord, and associated tissues.

The normal range for CSF protein levels is typically between 15-45 mg/dL, although this can vary slightly depending on the laboratory's reference range. An elevation in CSF protein levels may indicate the presence of neurological disorders such as meningitis, encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, or Guillain-Barre syndrome. Additionally, certain conditions such as spinal cord injury, brain tumors, or neurodegenerative diseases can also cause an increase in CSF protein levels.

Therefore, measuring CSF protein levels is an important diagnostic tool for neurologists to evaluate various neurological disorders and monitor disease progression. However, it's essential to interpret the results of CSF protein tests in conjunction with other clinical findings and laboratory test results to make an accurate diagnosis.

The optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, is the nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. It is composed of approximately one million nerve fibers that carry signals related to vision, such as light intensity and color, from the eye's photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) to the visual cortex in the brain. The optic nerve is responsible for carrying this visual information so that it can be processed and interpreted by the brain, allowing us to see and perceive our surroundings. Damage to the optic nerve can result in vision loss or impairment.

Spontaneous remission in a medical context refers to the disappearance or significant improvement of symptoms of a disease or condition without any specific treatment being administered. In other words, it's a situation where the disease resolves on its own, without any apparent cause. While spontaneous remission can occur in various conditions, it is relatively rare and not well understood. It's important to note that just because a remission occurs without treatment doesn't mean that medical care should be avoided, as many conditions can worsen or lead to complications if left untreated.

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the immune system, which normally protects the body from foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues. This results in inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues in the body.

In autoimmune diseases, the body produces autoantibodies that target its own proteins or cell receptors, leading to their destruction or malfunction. The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is not fully understood, but it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development.

There are over 80 different types of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific autoimmune disease and the organs or tissues affected. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and suppressing the immune system to prevent further damage.

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of brain cells that regulate movement, thoughts, behavior, and eye movements. The term "supranuclear" refers to the location of the damage in the brain, specifically above the level of the "nuclei" which are clusters of nerve cells that control voluntary movements.

The most common early symptom of PSP is a loss of balance and difficulty coordinating eye movements, particularly vertical gaze. Other symptoms may include stiffness or rigidity of muscles, slowness of movement, difficulty swallowing, changes in speech and writing, and cognitive decline leading to dementia.

PSP typically affects people over the age of 60, and its progression can vary from person to person. Currently, there is no cure for PSP, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms and maintaining quality of life.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Nerve degeneration, also known as neurodegeneration, is the progressive loss of structure and function of neurons, which can lead to cognitive decline, motor impairment, and various other symptoms. This process occurs due to a variety of factors, including genetics, environmental influences, and aging. It is a key feature in several neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. The degeneration can affect any part of the nervous system, leading to different symptoms depending on the location and extent of the damage.

Immunosuppressive agents are medications that decrease the activity of the immune system. They are often used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and to treat autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. These drugs work by interfering with the immune system's normal responses, which helps to reduce inflammation and damage to tissues. However, because they suppress the immune system, people who take immunosuppressive agents are at increased risk for infections and other complications. Examples of immunosuppressive agents include corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and sirolimus.

Fatigue is a state of feeling very tired, weary, or exhausted, which can be physical, mental, or both. It is a common symptom that can be caused by various factors, including lack of sleep, poor nutrition, stress, medical conditions (such as anemia, diabetes, heart disease, or cancer), medications, and substance abuse. Fatigue can also be a symptom of depression or other mental health disorders. In medical terms, fatigue is often described as a subjective feeling of tiredness that is not proportional to recent activity levels and interferes with usual functioning. It is important to consult a healthcare professional if experiencing persistent or severe fatigue to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Cardiovirus infections refer to diseases caused by viruses belonging to the Cardiovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. These viruses are small, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and birds.

In humans, the most common cardiovirus is the human enterovirus 71 (HEV71), which primarily causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). HFMD is a mild, self-limiting illness characterized by fever, sore throat, and rash on the hands, feet, and mouth. However, in some cases, HEV71 infection can lead to severe neurological complications such as encephalitis, meningitis, and acute flaccid paralysis.

Another important cardiovirus is the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), which primarily infects mice and causes a biphasic disease characterized by an initial phase of flaccid paralysis followed by a second phase of chronic demyelination. TMEV has been used as a model to study the mechanisms of viral-induced demyelination and has provided valuable insights into the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.

Cardiovirus infections are typically diagnosed through the detection of viral RNA or antigens in clinical specimens such as stool, throat swabs, or cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment is generally supportive and aimed at managing symptoms, as there are no specific antiviral therapies available for cardiovirus infections. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals.

Autoimmunity is a medical condition in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy tissues within the body. In normal function, the immune system recognizes and fights off foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. However, when autoimmunity occurs, the immune system identifies self-molecules or tissues as foreign and produces an immune response against them.

This misguided response can lead to chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and impaired organ function. Autoimmune diseases can affect various parts of the body, including the joints, skin, glands, muscles, and blood vessels. Some common examples of autoimmune diseases are rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and Graves' disease.

The exact cause of autoimmunity is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that trigger an abnormal immune response in susceptible individuals. Treatment for autoimmune diseases typically involves managing symptoms, reducing inflammation, and suppressing the immune system's overactive response using medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and biologics.

The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is a highly specialized, selective interface between the central nervous system (CNS) and the circulating blood. It is formed by unique endothelial cells that line the brain's capillaries, along with tight junctions, astrocytic foot processes, and pericytes, which together restrict the passage of substances from the bloodstream into the CNS. This barrier serves to protect the brain from harmful agents and maintain a stable environment for proper neural function. However, it also poses a challenge in delivering therapeutics to the CNS, as most large and hydrophilic molecules cannot cross the BBB.

Methylprednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug, which is a class of hormones that naturally occur in the body and are produced by the adrenal gland. It is often used to treat various medical conditions such as inflammation, allergies, and autoimmune disorders. Methylprednisolone works by reducing the activity of the immune system, which helps to reduce symptoms such as swelling, pain, and redness.

Methylprednisolone is available in several forms, including tablets, oral suspension, and injectable solutions. It may be used for short-term or long-term treatment, depending on the condition being treated. Common side effects of methylprednisolone include increased appetite, weight gain, insomnia, mood changes, and increased susceptibility to infections. Long-term use of methylprednisolone can lead to more serious side effects such as osteoporosis, cataracts, and adrenal suppression.

It is important to note that methylprednisolone should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can cause serious side effects if not used properly. The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on various factors such as the patient's age, weight, medical history, and the condition being treated.

Autoantibodies are defined as antibodies that are produced by the immune system and target the body's own cells, tissues, or organs. These antibodies mistakenly identify certain proteins or molecules in the body as foreign invaders and attack them, leading to an autoimmune response. Autoantibodies can be found in various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and thyroiditis. The presence of autoantibodies can also be used as a diagnostic marker for certain conditions.

Astrocytes are a type of star-shaped glial cell found in the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord. They play crucial roles in supporting and maintaining the health and function of neurons, which are the primary cells responsible for transmitting information in the CNS.

Some of the essential functions of astrocytes include:

1. Supporting neuronal structure and function: Astrocytes provide structural support to neurons by ensheathing them and maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, which helps regulate the entry and exit of substances into the CNS.
2. Regulating neurotransmitter levels: Astrocytes help control the levels of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft (the space between two neurons) by taking up excess neurotransmitters and breaking them down, thus preventing excessive or prolonged activation of neuronal receptors.
3. Providing nutrients to neurons: Astrocytes help supply energy metabolites, such as lactate, to neurons, which are essential for their survival and function.
4. Modulating synaptic activity: Through the release of various signaling molecules, astrocytes can modulate synaptic strength and plasticity, contributing to learning and memory processes.
5. Participating in immune responses: Astrocytes can respond to CNS injuries or infections by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which help recruit immune cells to the site of injury or infection.
6. Promoting neuronal survival and repair: In response to injury or disease, astrocytes can become reactive and undergo morphological changes that aid in forming a glial scar, which helps contain damage and promote tissue repair. Additionally, they release growth factors and other molecules that support the survival and regeneration of injured neurons.

Dysfunction or damage to astrocytes has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Diffuse scleroderma is a medical condition that falls under the systemic sclerosis category of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. It is characterized by thickening and hardening (sclerosis) of the skin and involvement of internal organs. In diffuse scleroderma, the process affects extensive areas of the skin and at least one internal organ.

The disease process involves an overproduction of collagen, a protein that makes up connective tissues in the body. This excessive collagen deposition leads to fibrosis (scarring) of the skin and various organs, including the esophagus, gastrointestinal tract, heart, lungs, and kidneys.

Diffuse scleroderma can present with a rapid progression of skin thickening within the first few years after onset. The skin involvement may extend to areas beyond the hands, feet, and face, which are commonly affected in limited scleroderma (another form of systemic sclerosis). Additionally, patients with diffuse scleroderma have a higher risk for severe internal organ complications compared to those with limited scleroderma.

Early diagnosis and appropriate management of diffuse scleroderma are crucial to prevent or slow down the progression of organ damage. Treatment typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, focusing on symptom management, immunosuppressive therapy, and addressing specific organ involvement.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

Evoked potentials, visual, also known as visually evoked potentials (VEPs), are electrical responses recorded from the brain following the presentation of a visual stimulus. These responses are typically measured using electroencephalography (EEG) and can provide information about the functioning of the visual pathways in the brain.

There are several types of VEPs, including pattern-reversal VEPs and flash VEPs. Pattern-reversal VEPs are elicited by presenting alternating checkerboard patterns, while flash VEPs are elicited by flashing a light. The responses are typically analyzed in terms of their latency (the time it takes for the response to occur) and amplitude (the size of the response).

VEPs are often used in clinical settings to help diagnose and monitor conditions that affect the visual system, such as multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis, and brainstem tumors. They can also be used in research to study the neural mechanisms underlying visual perception.

Genetic predisposition to disease refers to an increased susceptibility or vulnerability to develop a particular illness or condition due to inheriting specific genetic variations or mutations from one's parents. These genetic factors can make it more likely for an individual to develop a certain disease, but it does not guarantee that the person will definitely get the disease. Environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and interactions between genes also play crucial roles in determining if a genetically predisposed person will actually develop the disease. It is essential to understand that having a genetic predisposition only implies a higher risk, not an inevitable outcome.

Spinal cord diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the spinal cord, which is a part of the central nervous system responsible for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body. These diseases can cause damage to the spinal cord, leading to various symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, pain, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and difficulty with movement and coordination.

Spinal cord diseases can be congenital or acquired, and they can result from a variety of causes, including infections, injuries, tumors, degenerative conditions, autoimmune disorders, and genetic factors. Some examples of spinal cord diseases include multiple sclerosis, spina bifida, spinal cord injury, herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

The treatment for spinal cord diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Treatment options may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, and rehabilitation. In some cases, the damage to the spinal cord may be irreversible, leading to permanent disability or paralysis.

HLA-DR antigens are a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecule that plays a crucial role in the immune system. They are found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes. HLA-DR molecules present peptide antigens to CD4+ T cells, also known as helper T cells, thereby initiating an immune response.

HLA-DR antigens are highly polymorphic, meaning that there are many different variants of these molecules in the human population. This diversity allows for a wide range of potential peptide antigens to be presented and recognized by the immune system. HLA-DR antigens are encoded by genes located on chromosome 6 in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region.

In transplantation, HLA-DR compatibility between donor and recipient is an important factor in determining the success of the transplant. Incompatibility can lead to a heightened immune response against the transplanted organ or tissue, resulting in rejection. Additionally, certain HLA-DR types have been associated with increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

Transgenic mice are genetically modified rodents that have incorporated foreign DNA (exogenous DNA) into their own genome. This is typically done through the use of recombinant DNA technology, where a specific gene or genetic sequence of interest is isolated and then introduced into the mouse embryo. The resulting transgenic mice can then express the protein encoded by the foreign gene, allowing researchers to study its function in a living organism.

The process of creating transgenic mice usually involves microinjecting the exogenous DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized egg, which is then implanted into a surrogate mother. The offspring that result from this procedure are screened for the presence of the foreign DNA, and those that carry the desired genetic modification are used to establish a transgenic mouse line.

Transgenic mice have been widely used in biomedical research to model human diseases, study gene function, and test new therapies. They provide a valuable tool for understanding complex biological processes and developing new treatments for a variety of medical conditions.

Motor Neuron Disease (MND) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the motor neurons, which are nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for controlling voluntary muscles involved in movement, speaking, breathing, and swallowing. As the motor neurons degenerate and die, they stop sending signals to the muscles, causing them to weaken, waste away (atrophy), and eventually lead to paralysis.

There are several types of MND, including:

1. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, this is the most common form of MND. It affects both upper and lower motor neurons, causing muscle weakness, stiffness, twitching, and atrophy throughout the body.
2. Progressive Bulbar Palsy (PBP): This type primarily affects the bulbar muscles in the brainstem, which control speech, swallowing, and chewing. Patients with PBP experience difficulties with speaking, slurred speech, and problems swallowing and may also have weak facial muscles and limb weakness.
3. Primary Lateral Sclerosis (PLS): This form of MND affects only the upper motor neurons, causing muscle stiffness, spasticity, and weakness, primarily in the legs. PLS progresses more slowly than ALS, and patients usually maintain their ability to speak and swallow for a longer period.
4. Progressive Muscular Atrophy (PMA): This type of MND affects only the lower motor neurons, causing muscle wasting, weakness, and fasciculations (muscle twitches). PMA progresses more slowly than ALS but can still be severely disabling over time.
5. Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA): This is a genetic form of MND that typically presents in infancy or childhood, although adult-onset forms exist. SMA affects the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord, causing muscle weakness and atrophy, primarily in the legs and trunk.

The exact cause of Motor Neuron Disease is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. There is currently no cure for MND, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms, maintaining quality of life, and slowing disease progression through various therapies and medications.

Inflammation is a complex biological response of tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is characterized by the following signs: rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), dolor (pain), and functio laesa (loss of function). The process involves the activation of the immune system, recruitment of white blood cells, and release of inflammatory mediators, which contribute to the elimination of the injurious stimuli and initiation of the healing process. However, uncontrolled or chronic inflammation can also lead to tissue damage and diseases.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

Nonparametric statistics is a branch of statistics that does not rely on assumptions about the distribution of variables in the population from which the sample is drawn. In contrast to parametric methods, nonparametric techniques make fewer assumptions about the data and are therefore more flexible in their application. Nonparametric tests are often used when the data do not meet the assumptions required for parametric tests, such as normality or equal variances.

Nonparametric statistical methods include tests such as the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (also known as the Mann-Whitney U test) for comparing two independent groups, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for comparing two related groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis test for comparing more than two independent groups. These tests use the ranks of the data rather than the actual values to make comparisons, which allows them to be used with ordinal or continuous data that do not meet the assumptions of parametric tests.

Overall, nonparametric statistics provide a useful set of tools for analyzing data in situations where the assumptions of parametric methods are not met, and can help researchers draw valid conclusions from their data even when the data are not normally distributed or have other characteristics that violate the assumptions of parametric tests.

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases refer to medical conditions that primarily affect the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is responsible for controlling various functions in the body, including movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. Therefore, diseases of the CNS can have significant impacts on a person's quality of life and overall health.

There are many different types of CNS diseases, including:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites that infect the brain or spinal cord. Examples include meningitis, encephalitis, and polio.
2. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are characterized by progressive loss of nerve cells in the brain or spinal cord. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
3. Structural diseases: These involve damage to the physical structure of the brain or spinal cord, such as from trauma, tumors, or stroke.
4. Functional diseases: These affect the function of the nervous system without obvious structural damage, such as multiple sclerosis and epilepsy.
5. Genetic disorders: Some CNS diseases are caused by genetic mutations, such as spinal muscular atrophy and Friedreich's ataxia.

Symptoms of CNS diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and the area of the brain or spinal cord that is affected. They may include muscle weakness, paralysis, seizures, loss of sensation, difficulty with coordination and balance, confusion, memory loss, changes in behavior or mood, and pain. Treatment for CNS diseases depends on the specific condition and may involve medications, surgery, rehabilitation therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Autoantigens are substances that are typically found in an individual's own body, but can stimulate an immune response because they are recognized as foreign by the body's own immune system. In autoimmune diseases, the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy tissues and organs because it recognizes some of their components as autoantigens. These autoantigens can be proteins, DNA, or other molecules that are normally present in the body but have become altered or exposed due to various factors such as infection, genetics, or environmental triggers. The immune system then produces antibodies and activates immune cells to attack these autoantigens, leading to tissue damage and inflammation.

Gadolinium is a rare earth metal that is used as a contrast agent in medical imaging techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA). It works by shortening the relaxation time of protons in tissues, which enhances the visibility of internal body structures on the images. Gadolinium-based contrast agents are injected into the patient's bloodstream during the imaging procedure.

It is important to note that in some individuals, gadolinium-based contrast agents can cause a condition called nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), which is a rare but serious disorder that affects people with severe kidney disease. NSF causes thickening and hardening of the skin, joints, eyes, and internal organs. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate a patient's renal function before administering gadolinium-based contrast agents.

A biological marker, often referred to as a biomarker, is a measurable indicator that reflects the presence or severity of a disease state, or a response to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be found in various materials such as blood, tissues, or bodily fluids, and they can take many forms, including molecular, histologic, radiographic, or physiological measurements.

In the context of medical research and clinical practice, biomarkers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Diagnosis: Biomarkers can help diagnose a disease by indicating the presence or absence of a particular condition. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker used to detect prostate cancer.
2. Monitoring: Biomarkers can be used to monitor the progression or regression of a disease over time. For instance, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are monitored in diabetes patients to assess long-term blood glucose control.
3. Predicting: Biomarkers can help predict the likelihood of developing a particular disease or the risk of a negative outcome. For example, the presence of certain genetic mutations can indicate an increased risk for breast cancer.
4. Response to treatment: Biomarkers can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific treatment by measuring changes in the biomarker levels before and after the intervention. This is particularly useful in personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual patients based on their unique biomarker profiles.

It's important to note that for a biomarker to be considered clinically valid and useful, it must undergo rigorous validation through well-designed studies, including demonstrating sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and clinical relevance.

Neuritis is a general term that refers to inflammation of a nerve or nerves, often causing pain, loss of function, and/or sensory changes. It can affect any part of the nervous system, including the peripheral nerves (those outside the brain and spinal cord) or the cranial nerves (those that serve the head and neck). Neuritis may result from various causes, such as infections, autoimmune disorders, trauma, toxins, or metabolic conditions. The specific symptoms and treatment depend on the underlying cause and the affected nerve(s).

Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) is a neurological disorder characterized by progressive loss of language capabilities, while other cognitive abilities remain preserved. It is a type of dementia that primarily affects speech and language. Unlike other forms of aphasia that result from stroke or head injury, PPA is degenerative and gets worse over time.

There are three main types of PPA:

1. Semantic Variant PPA (svPPA): This type is characterized by difficulty in understanding words and objects, despite having no trouble with the mechanics of speech or writing. Over time, people with svPPA may lose their ability to understand spoken or written language, as well as to recognize objects and faces.

2. Nonfluent/Agrammatic Variant PPA (nfvPPA): This type is characterized by difficulty with speaking and writing, including producing grammatical sentences and articulating words. People with nfvPPA may also have problems with understanding spoken language, particularly when it comes to complex sentences or ambiguous phrases.

3. Logopenic Variant PPA (lvPPA): This type is characterized by difficulty with word-finding and sentence repetition, while speech remains fluent. People with lvPPA may also have problems with understanding spoken language, particularly when it comes to complex sentences or ambiguous phrases.

The exact cause of PPA is not known, but it is believed to be related to degeneration of specific areas of the brain involved in language processing, such as Broca's area and Wernicke's area. There is currently no cure for PPA, but speech and language therapy can help to slow down the progression of the disorder and improve communication skills.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

Transverse Myelitis is a neurological disorder that involves inflammation of the spinal cord, leading to damage in both sides of the cord. This results in varying degrees of motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction, typically defined by the level of the spine that's affected. Symptoms may include a sudden onset of lower back pain, muscle weakness, paraesthesia or loss of sensation, and bowel/bladder dysfunction. The exact cause is often unknown but can be associated with infections, autoimmune disorders, or other underlying conditions.

Cytokines are a broad and diverse category of small signaling proteins that are secreted by various cells, including immune cells, in response to different stimuli. They play crucial roles in regulating the immune response, inflammation, hematopoiesis, and cellular communication.

Cytokines mediate their effects by binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, which triggers intracellular signaling pathways that ultimately result in changes in gene expression, cell behavior, and function. Some key functions of cytokines include:

1. Regulating the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of immune cells such as T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages.
2. Coordinating the inflammatory response by recruiting immune cells to sites of infection or tissue damage and modulating their effector functions.
3. Regulating hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell formation in the bone marrow, by controlling the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
4. Modulating the development and function of the nervous system, including neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration.

Cytokines can be classified into several categories based on their structure, function, or cellular origin. Some common types of cytokines include interleukins (ILs), interferons (IFNs), tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), chemokines, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), and transforming growth factors (TGFs). Dysregulation of cytokine production and signaling has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Image enhancement in the medical context refers to the process of improving the quality and clarity of medical images, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, or ultrasound images, to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. Image enhancement techniques may include adjusting contrast, brightness, or sharpness; removing noise or artifacts; or applying specialized algorithms to highlight specific features or structures within the image.

The goal of image enhancement is to provide clinicians with more accurate and detailed information about a patient's anatomy or physiology, which can help inform medical decision-making and improve patient outcomes.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "disabled persons" are those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which may hinder their participation in society on an equal basis with others. The term "disability" is not meant to be understood as a 'personal tragedy' but rather as a complex interaction between the features of a person's body and mind, the activities they wish to perform and the physical and social barriers they encounter in their environment.

It's important to note that the term 'disabled persons' has been largely replaced by 'people with disabilities' or 'persons with disabilities' in many contexts, as it is considered more respectful and empowering to put the person first, rather than focusing on their disability. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) uses the term "persons with disabilities" throughout its text.

The corpus callosum is the largest collection of white matter in the brain, consisting of approximately 200 million nerve fibers. It is a broad, flat band of tissue that connects the two hemispheres of the brain, allowing them to communicate and coordinate information processing. The corpus callosum plays a crucial role in integrating sensory, motor, and cognitive functions between the two sides of the brain. Damage to the corpus callosum can result in various neurological symptoms, including difficulties with movement, speech, memory, and social behavior.

Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders characterized by progressive and persistent loss of neuronal structure and function, often leading to cognitive decline, functional impairment, and ultimately death. These conditions are associated with the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and genetic mutations in the brain. Examples of neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). The underlying causes and mechanisms of these diseases are not fully understood, and there is currently no cure for most neurodegenerative disorders. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms and slowing disease progression.

Encephalomyelitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of both the brain (encephalitis) and spinal cord (myelitis). This condition can be caused by various infectious agents, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, or it can be due to an autoimmune response where the body's own immune system attacks the nervous tissue.

The symptoms of encephalomyelitis can vary widely depending on the extent and location of the inflammation, but they may include fever, headache, stiff neck, seizures, muscle weakness, sensory changes, and difficulty with coordination or walking. In severe cases, encephalomyelitis can lead to permanent neurological damage or even death.

Treatment for encephalomyelitis typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as administering antiviral medications for viral infections or immunosuppressive drugs for autoimmune reactions. Supportive care, such as pain management, physical therapy, and rehabilitation, may also be necessary to help manage symptoms and promote recovery.

Neuropsychological tests are a type of psychological assessment that measures cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and perception. These tests are used to help diagnose and understand the cognitive impact of neurological conditions, including dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders that affect the brain.

The tests are typically administered by a trained neuropsychologist and can take several hours to complete. They may involve paper-and-pencil tasks, computerized tasks, or interactive activities. The results of the tests are compared to normative data to help identify any areas of cognitive weakness or strength.

Neuropsychological testing can provide valuable information for treatment planning, rehabilitation, and assessing response to treatment. It can also be used in research to better understand the neural basis of cognition and the impact of neurological conditions on cognitive function.

Computer-assisted image processing is a medical term that refers to the use of computer systems and specialized software to improve, analyze, and interpret medical images obtained through various imaging techniques such as X-ray, CT (computed tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), ultrasound, and others.

The process typically involves several steps, including image acquisition, enhancement, segmentation, restoration, and analysis. Image processing algorithms can be used to enhance the quality of medical images by adjusting contrast, brightness, and sharpness, as well as removing noise and artifacts that may interfere with accurate diagnosis. Segmentation techniques can be used to isolate specific regions or structures of interest within an image, allowing for more detailed analysis.

Computer-assisted image processing has numerous applications in medical imaging, including detection and characterization of lesions, tumors, and other abnormalities; assessment of organ function and morphology; and guidance of interventional procedures such as biopsies and surgeries. By automating and standardizing image analysis tasks, computer-assisted image processing can help to improve diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and consistency, while reducing the potential for human error.

Brain diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or structural abnormalities. They can affect different parts of the brain, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Some examples of brain diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease - a progressive degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease - a movement disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
3. Multiple sclerosis - a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system and can cause a range of symptoms such as vision loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
4. Epilepsy - a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
5. Brain tumors - abnormal growths in the brain that can be benign or malignant.
6. Stroke - a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can cause paralysis, speech difficulties, and other neurological symptoms.
7. Meningitis - an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
8. Encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune disorders.
9. Huntington's disease - a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination, cognitive function, and mental health.
10. Migraine - a neurological condition characterized by severe headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.

Brain diseases can range from mild to severe and may be treatable or incurable. They can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life.

Cognitive disorders are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as brain injury, degenerative diseases, infection, substance abuse, or developmental disabilities. Examples of cognitive disorders include dementia, amnesia, delirium, and intellectual disability. It's important to note that the specific definition and diagnostic criteria for cognitive disorders may vary depending on the medical source or classification system being used.

Immunologic adjuvants are substances that are added to a vaccine to enhance the body's immune response to the antigens contained in the vaccine. They work by stimulating the immune system and promoting the production of antibodies and activating immune cells, such as T-cells and macrophages, which help to provide a stronger and more sustained immune response to the vaccine.

Immunologic adjuvants can be derived from various sources, including bacteria, viruses, and chemicals. Some common examples include aluminum salts (alum), oil-in-water emulsions (such as MF59), and bacterial components (such as lipopolysaccharide or LPS).

The use of immunologic adjuvants in vaccines can help to improve the efficacy of the vaccine, particularly for vaccines that contain weak or poorly immunogenic antigens. They can also help to reduce the amount of antigen needed in a vaccine, which can be beneficial for vaccines that are difficult or expensive to produce.

It's important to note that while adjuvants can enhance the immune response to a vaccine, they can also increase the risk of adverse reactions, such as inflammation and pain at the injection site. Therefore, the use of immunologic adjuvants must be carefully balanced against their potential benefits and risks.

The meninges are the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. They consist of three layers: the dura mater (the outermost, toughest layer), the arachnoid mater (middle layer), and the pia mater (the innermost, delicate layer). These membranes provide protection and support to the central nervous system, and contain blood vessels that supply nutrients and remove waste products. Inflammation or infection of the meninges is called meningitis, which can be a serious medical condition requiring prompt treatment.

The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain, characterized by its intricate folded structure and wrinkled appearance. It is a region of great importance as it plays a key role in higher cognitive functions such as perception, consciousness, thought, memory, language, and attention. The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres, each containing four lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. These areas are responsible for different functions, with some regions specializing in sensory processing while others are involved in motor control or associative functions. The cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter, which contains neuronal cell bodies, and is covered by a layer of white matter that consists mainly of myelinated nerve fibers.

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, progressive, and fatal inflammatory disease of the brain characterized by seizures, cognitive decline, and motor function loss. It is caused by a persistent infection with the measles virus, even in individuals who had an uncomplicated acute measles infection earlier in life. The infection results in widespread degeneration and scarring (sclerosis) of the brain's gray matter.

The subacute phase of SSPE typically lasts for several months to a couple of years, during which patients experience a decline in cognitive abilities, behavioral changes, myoclonic jerks (involuntary muscle spasms), and visual disturbances. As the disease progresses, it leads to severe neurological impairment, coma, and eventually death.

SSPE is preventable through early childhood measles vaccination, which significantly reduces the risk of developing this fatal condition later in life.

Oki S (February 2018). "Novel mechanism and biomarker of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis". Clinical and Experimental ... National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis". Neurology ... National Multiple Sclerosis Society. "Changes in multiple sclerosis disease-course (or "type") descriptions" (PDF). Archived ( ... Atlas: Multiple Sclerosis Resources in the World, 2008. World Health Organization & Multiple Sclerosis International Federation ...
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Oki S (March 2018). "Novel mechanisms of chronic inflammation in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis". Neuroimmunology. 9 ... Cause of nerve fiber damage in multiple sclerosis identified Wolswijk G (15 January 1998). "Chronic stage multiple sclerosis ... secondary progressive multiple sclerosis) than in RRMS (relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis) and most of them remain ... Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Type Dictates Effective Treatment Bitsch A, Brück W (2002). "Differentiation of multiple sclerosis ...
"Brain viscoelasticity alteration in chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e29888. Bibcode:2012PLoSO... ... regional and global decreases in brain viscoelasticity have been observed in Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. It has ... "Exercise training effects on memory and hippocampal viscoelasticity in multiple sclerosis: a novel application of magnetic ... The diagnostic performance of MRE in assessing liver fibrosis has been established in multiple studies. Liver MRE examinations ...
Lyme can cause a chronic encephalomyelitis that resembles multiple sclerosis. It may be progressive and can involve cognitive ... Brain fog affects 15% to 40% of those with chronic pain as their major illness. In such illnesses, pain processing may use up ... In chronic fatigue syndrome, also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis, the CDC's recommended criteria for diagnosis include that ... "Symptoms of ME/CFS , Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)". CDC. 9 February 2021. Bratton, Robert L.; ...
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Fitzner, D; Simons, M (2010). "Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis - Pathogenesis of Neurodegeneration and Therapeutic ... Some mitochondrial myopathies Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome Mueller-Weiss syndrome Multiple sclerosis (MS) Multiple ... Owolabi, LF (2013). "Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Misdiagnosed as Parkinson's Disease: A Case Report and Review of Literature ... Maroon, JC; Winkelman, R; Bost, J; Amos, A; Mathyssek, C; Miele, V (2015-02-11). "Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Contact ...
Chronic progressive vision loss that mimics a compressive lesion. The main features that differentiate AON from the more common ... Unlike typical optic neuritis, there is no association with multiple sclerosis, but the visual prognosis for AON is worse than ... Furthermore, the workup for multiple sclerosis including MRI, will be negative. Thus, it may be necessary to diagnose AON after ... Thus AON patients have different treatment, and often receive chronic immunosuppression. No formal recommendation can be made ...
... is used in the treatment of the relapsing form of multiple sclerosis. Its effect in those with primary progressive ... It may also be used in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. The most common side effects of fingolimod have been ... "MS-UK , Multiple Sclerosis Information, Helpline, support, MS news and research". Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. ... It has been reported to reduce the rate of relapses in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis by approximately one-half over a ...
She was diagnosed with a chronic progressive neurological disorder and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. In 2000 Wahls ... In that same year, Wahls was diagnosed with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) that progressed to a stage where she ... Wahls has claimed that the diet alleviated the symptoms of her own multiple sclerosis. Wahls' promotion of her diet and ... People with multiple sclerosis, Pseudoscientific diet advocates, University of Iowa alumni, University of Iowa faculty, ...
... in patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis". Multiple Sclerosis Journal: Experimental, Translational and Clinical ... Dutt, Streetama (July 17, 2017). "MIS416 for Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis". Multiple Sclerosis News Today via ... "patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis". Innate Immunotherapeutics undertook a 12-month clinical study ( ... "Safety and Efficacy Study of MIS416 to Treat Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis". United States Library of Medicine (NIH ...
Inacio, Patricia (June 29, 2021). "Progressive MS Projects Earn Research Challenge Awards". Multiple Sclerosis News Today. ... In 2014, Gommerman began investigating chronic inflammatory diseases in South Asian immigrants raised in Canada using funding ... Gommerman has been examining the role of B lymphocytes in Multiple Sclerosis patients and in animal models of MS. She also ... She intended to continue her work with multiple sclerosis (MS) but eventually broadened her research to include the impact of ...
... multiple sclerosis, tumour or other acquired neurological condition. Patients usually have non-progressive conditions and one ... The WNRC also has specialist medical and non-medical services for patients suffering from chronic pain. Healthcare in London ...
... pilot trial of COP 1 in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis". Neurology. 41 (4): 533-539. doi:10.1212/WNL.41.4.533. PMID ... He is probably best known as the co-developer (with Ruth Arnon and Dvora Teitelbaum) of the multiple sclerosis drug copaxone. ...
IFN-β1 is not an appropriate treatment for patients with progressive, non-relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. Whilst the ... multiple myeloma, follicular and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Human IFNβ (Feron, Toray ltd.) has ... "Interferon beta for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1: CD005181. doi: ... "Interferon Beta for primary progressive multiple sclerosis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD006643. doi: ...
... it was the only medication approved in the US for both secondary progressive and progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis; ... Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS). Several ... "Multiple sclerosis: its effects on you and those you love" (PDF). Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada. 2008. Archived from the ... Bakshi R (June 2003). "Fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, impact and management". Multiple Sclerosis. 9 (3 ...
Systemic sclerosis (progressive systemic scleroderma), a rare, chronic disease which affects the skin, and in some cases also ... Multiple sclerosis, or focal sclerosis, is a central nervous system disease which affects coordination. Osteosclerosis, a ... Tuberous sclerosis, a rare genetic disease which affects multiple systems. "Welcome To The NephCure Foundation". Archived from ... Primary lateral sclerosis, progressive muscle weakness in the voluntary muscles. Primary sclerosing cholangitis, a hardening of ...
In patients with Parkinson's disease or with multiple sclerosis, ApoD expression is strongly increased in glial cells of the ... Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) is a genetic disorder affecting cholesterol transport that is accompanied by chronic progressive ... a disease very similar to multiple sclerosis. Tg mice infected with OC43 display increased survivability compared to control ... "Increased intrathecal production of apolipoprotein D in multiple sclerosis". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 119 (2): 327-32. doi: ...
... multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been reported as a symptom ... PBA is generally associated with later stages of the disease (chronic progressive phase). PBA in MS patients is associated with ... Recent studies suggest that approximately 10% of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) will experience at least one episode of ... Surridge D (1969). "An investigation into some psychiatric aspects of multiple sclerosis". British Journal of Psychiatry. 115 ( ...
... and chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. There is currently no treatment or cure for CARASIL. Most frequently, a combination ... Progressive damage to and loss of the white matter, or myelinated areas, in the brain leads to some of the other neurological ... The prognosis for individuals with CARASIL is progressive neurological decline over the course of 10-20 years after the onset ... Diffuse white matter changes (leukoencephalopathy) and multiple lacunar infarcts in the basal ganglia of the thalamus are ...
These antibodies are more related to the peripheral nervous demyelination, but they were also found in chronic progressive PPMS ... "A pilot trial of low-dose naltrexone in primary progressive multiple sclerosis". Multiple Sclerosis. 14 (8): 1076-83. doi: ... "Mayo Clinic: Multiple Sclerosis". "FDA approves new oral treatment for multiple sclerosis". fda.gov. Retrieved 2019-05-11. ... "Myelocortical multiple sclerosis: a subgroup of multiple sclerosis patients with spinal cord and cortical demyelination". ...
... disseminata, a synonym for multiple sclerosis. AntiMOG associated encephalomyelitis, one of the underlying ... Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM) - A kind of stiff person syndrome. AIDS-related ... Chronic fatigue syndrome, sometimes called myalgic encephalomyelitis. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis at NIH's Office of ...
This leads to certain neurodegenerative disorders like multiple sclerosis and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy ... PD is both chronic and progressive. Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and ... Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder that results from demyelination of axons in the central nervous system. Some ... When multiple neurons are functionally connected together, they form what is called a neural circuit. Neurons are special cells ...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, caused by an autoimmune ... of others begin with a progressive course on the onset of Multiple sclerosis. The inflammatory response contributes to the loss ... Neurodegenerative diseases include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease ... Multiple sclerosis presents itself as a spectrum based on the degree of inflammation, a majority of patients experience early ...
... progressive demyelinating polyneuropathy, an auto-immune disorder similar to the nerve disease multiple sclerosis. He was 40 ... On 31 January 2010, Pauly Fuemana died at North Shore Hospital in Auckland after suffering for several years from a chronic ...
Natalizumab (Tysabri) was approved in 2004 by the FDA for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). It supposedly works by ... but people on chronic immunosuppressive medications including chemotherapy are also at increased risk of PML, such as patients ... Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare and often fatal viral disease characterized by progressive damage (- ... multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other autoimmune diseases. Symptoms can develop over several weeks to ...
... multiple sclerosis MeSH C20.111.258.250.500.200 - multiple sclerosis, chronic progressive MeSH C20.111.258.250.500.600 - ... multiple sclerosis, relapsing-remitting MeSH C20.111.258.250.500.650 - neuromyelitis optica MeSH C20.111.258.250.550 - myelitis ... chronic MeSH C20.673.774.600 - Job's syndrome MeSH C20.683.460.640 - monoclonal gammopathies, benign MeSH C20.683.515.250 - ... multiple myeloma MeSH C20.683.515.761.802 - reticuloendotheliosis MeSH C20.683.515.761.802.750 - mast-cell sarcoma MeSH C20.683 ...
... multiple sclerosis MeSH C10.114.375.500.200 - multiple sclerosis, chronic progressive MeSH C10.114.375.500.600 - multiple ... multiple sclerosis MeSH C10.314.350.500.200 - multiple sclerosis, chronic progressive MeSH C10.314.350.500.600 - multiple ... chronic progressive external MeSH C10.597.622.447.690 - supranuclear palsy, progressive MeSH C10.597.622.669 - paraplegia MeSH ... progressive MeSH C10.292.562.775 - ophthalmoplegia, chronic progressive external MeSH C10.292.562.775.500 - kearns-sayer ...
... like most forms of multiple sclerosis, indeed do degrade the body over time and do involve actual progressive worsening of the ... Spastic diplegia is a form of cerebral palsy (CP) that is a chronic neuromuscular condition of hypertonia and spasticity- ... multiple sclerosis, or another nerve disease. The degree of spasticity in spastic diplegia (and, for that matter, other types ... backed by any scientific consensus as to why medical science has made a point of researching adult cases of multiple sclerosis ...
Ocrelizumab was approved by the FDA in March 2017 for multiple sclerosis as the first treatment of the primary progressive form ... The anti-CD20 mAB ofatumumab (Genmab) was approved by FDA in October 2009 for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The anti-CD20 mAB ... It is found on B-cell lymphomas, hairy cell leukemia, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and melanoma cancer stem cells. ... May 2019). "B-Lymphocyte Depletion in Patients With Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Randomized, Double- ...
Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of multiple sclerosis. Learn more. ... MS is a chronic and often progressive disease. There is no cure, but treatment can reduce symptoms. In many cases, treatment ... Late onset multiple sclerosis is the term for multiple sclerosis (MS) that develops later in life, usually after the age of 50 ... Multiple sclerosis and systemic sclerosis are two autoimmune conditions that affect different parts of the body. Learn more ...
Oki S (February 2018). "Novel mechanism and biomarker of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis". Clinical and Experimental ... National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis". Neurology ... National Multiple Sclerosis Society. "Changes in multiple sclerosis disease-course (or "type") descriptions" (PDF). Archived ( ... Atlas: Multiple Sclerosis Resources in the World, 2008. World Health Organization & Multiple Sclerosis International Federation ...
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive / diagnostic imaging* * Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive / pathology * Multiple ... Comparison of Multiple Sclerosis Cortical Lesion Types Detected by Multicontrast 3T and 7T MRI AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2019 Jul; ... Total and leukocortical lesion counts were significantly higher in secondary-progressive MS, at 3T and 7T (P ≤ .02). Subpial ... Multicontrast 3T and 7T MR images from 10 participants with relapsing-remitting MS and 10 with secondary-progressive MS. We ...
The prevalence rate of Chronic Lower Limb Oedema (CLLO) in people with MS (pwms) has been reported to be between 45% and 62% ... Chronic lower limb oedema in a population of saudi arabian residents with multiple sclerosis: An evaluation of progressive ... Introduction: The prevalence rate of Chronic Lower Limb Oedema (CLLO) in people with MS (pwms) has been reported to be between ... Therefore, with this Lack of evidence in this area this study is aimed to assess the effectiveness of progressive resistance ...
Magnetic Fields of Perceptual-motor Performance and Visual Memory in a Patient with Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. / ... Resolution of Dysarthria in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment with Weak Electromagnetic Fields Multiple Sclerosis / By art ... Reversal of Alexia in Multiple Sclerosis Weak Electromagnetic Fields Multiple Sclerosis / By art ... Magnetic Fields of Perceptual-motor Performance and Visual Memory in a Patient with Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis," ...
High doses of biotin in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2015 Mar. 4 (2):159-69 ... MD1003 (high-dose biotin) for the treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled ... High-dose biotin has been found to be helpful in certain neurological conditions (e.g. multiple sclerosis); however, the ... Smoking and Chronic alcoholism: Studies have shown that smoking may accelerate biotin catabolism, especially in women. Chronic ...
... for the Treatment of Chronic Visual Loss Related to Optic Neuritis in Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- ... placebo-controlled study with a 6-month open-label progressive ... compared with placebo in MS patients with multiple sclerosis ( ... 2018 Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate whether Background Chronic visual loss is a disabling feature in ... MS). It was recently patients with chronic visual loss. shown that MD1003 (high-dose pharmaceutical-grade Methods The MS-ON was ...
Multiple Sclerosis/diagnostic imaging, Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/metabolism, Phenotype. in Scientific Reports. ... Multiple Sclerosis/diagnostic imaging; Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/metabolism; Phenotype}}, language = {{eng}}, ... Our finding establishes 1H MRS as a viable means of characterizing progressive multiple sclerosis disease status and paves the ... Our finding establishes 1H MRS as a viable means of characterizing progressive multiple sclerosis disease status and paves the ...
Primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a 5-year clinical and MR study. Brain 2003;126:2528-36. ... Patterns of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency observed in multiple sclerosis (MS) cases. Normal: example of normal ... The clinical features and natural history of primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 1999;122:625-39. ... Selective venography and MRI in a clinically defined multiple sclerosis case with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency ...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease that attacks myelinated axons in the central nervous system ... Low-dose (7.5 mg) oral methotrexate reduces the rate of progression in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 1995 ... National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology ... Guideline] Multiple Sclerosis Coalition. The Use of Disease-Modifying Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis: Principles and Current ...
How much do you know about secondary progressive multiple sclerosis? Check your knowledge with this short quiz. ... Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease that attacks the myelin of the central nervous ... Most patients with RRMS will eventually develop secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), marked by the presence of ... Current and Emerging Approaches to B-Cell-Targeted Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis 0.25 CME Credits ...
Around the same time, Alison was diagnosed with chronic progressive Multiple Sclerosis. She began experiencing Tic Doloureux ( ... Multiple other world cup wins and podiums. Gold medal Nagano winter Olympics Feb 8, 1998.. Tested positive for THC. ...
These include canonical immune-mediated diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, psoriasis or multiple sclerosis; however, it is ... Chronic inflammatory diseases are a heterogeneous group of conditions associated with progressive inflammation-driven injury ... Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic disease characterized by chronic inflammation and extracellular matrix degradation. ... have been implicated in the onset and progression of many progressive chronic diseases, including but not limited to those ...
Progressive multiple sclerosis is not associated with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. Neurology 2011;77:844-50. ... Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009;80:392-99. ... No evidence of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency at multiple sclerosis onset. Ann Neurol 2011;69:909-19. ... Proposed chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency criteria do not predict multiple sclerosis risk or severity. Ann Neurol ...
... agreement rate for multiple sclerosis diagnosis. Concordance on the use of any treatment was 59%, and agreement on reports of ... and the high concordance at multiple levels suggests that the matching process was accurate. Likewise, the high degree of ... with a self-reported diagnosis of multiple sclerosis or Parkinsons disease (PD) were invited to participate during a 2-week ... Fitzner D, Simons M. Chronic progressive multiple sclerosis - pathogenesis of neurodegeneration and therapeutic strategies. ...
New data from SPRINT-MS show that the drug has beneficial effects on slowly evolving lesions in people with multiple sclerosis ... Ibudilast has a significant beneficial effect on slowly evolving lesions (SELs) in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis ... Chronic active lesions (CALs) contribute to clinical worsening among patients with MS. SELs have been proposed as a biomarker ... The findings were presented at the 38th Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis ( ...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common disabling neurological disease of young adults with symptom onset generally ... This treatment has not been shown to be effective for secondary progressive or chronic progressive MS. ... What is multiple sclerosis? Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common disabling neurological disease of young adults with ... The term multiple sclerosis refers to the distinctive areas of scar tissue (sclerosis-also called plaques or lesions) that ...
Eisais news release BIOGEN AND EISAI COMMENCE CO-PROMOTION OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS TREATMENTS IN JAPAN is posted. ... An autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, multiple sclerosis is a serious, chronic, progressive disease accompanied ... including relapse-remitting multiple sclerosis, the most common type of multiple sclerosis. TECFIDERA was approved in Japan for ... "Biogen is a leading company in multiple sclerosis, and approximately 40% of multiple sclerosis patients worldwide use Biogens ...
Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in patients with relapsing/remitting form and chronic progressive form of multiple sclerosis. J ... amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), and Parkinson disease (6-11). Researchers have critically ... amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), and Parkinson disease; no geographic correlations were identified ... Significance of reactive Lyme serology in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 1993;34:745-7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ...
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral masitinib versus placebo in the treatment of patients with primary progressive or ... Impact of the Cionic Neural Sleeve on Mobility in Multiple Sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis , Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic ... Nicotinamide Riboside Supplementation In Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (Norseman) Progressive Multiple Sclerosis , Multiple ... Patients with either primary progressive or secondary progressive multiple sclerosis with onset of symptoms at least five years ...
... is common in multiple sclerosis (MS). As a measure of IPS the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), the measure ... Those with relapsing-remitting MS showed greater improvement on repeated assessment than those with chronic-progressive MS, on ... Within session practice effects on the PASAT in clients with multiple sclerosis Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005 Mar;20(2):145-52. ... Impaired information processing speed (IPS) is common in multiple sclerosis (MS). As a measure of IPS the Paced Auditory Serial ...
... has disease-modifying activity in multiple sclerosis models. This activity is dependent on innate IFN-γ; however, the precise ... and is a therapeutic target for progressive disease. Recently, it has been demonstrated that MIS416, a novel immunomodulatory ... The innate immune system plays a central role in the immune-mediated pathology of multiple sclerosis, ... in patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical ...
Fitzner D, Simons M. Chronic progressive multiple sclerosis - pathogenesis of neurodegeneration and therapeutic strategies. ... Multiple Sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:169-80 94. Hauser SL, Cree BAC. Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. Am J Med ... Multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:43 3. Klineova S, Lublin FD. Clinical Course of Multiple Sclerosis. Cold Spring ... Meningeal B-cell follicles in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis associate with early onset of disease and severe ...
... systemic sclerosis (SSc), type 1 diabetes (T1D), Graves disease (GD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), aplastic anemia (AA ... systemic sclerosis (SSc), type 1 diabetes (T1D), Graves disease (GD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), aplastic anemia (AA ... These relationships have been studied in various autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), ... These relationships have been studied in various autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), ...
... diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, has successfully managed the disease thanks to Cleveland Clinics Hillcrest Hospital. ... Rensel has worked continuously with Tim to address the chronic and progressive effects of his MS with a variety of medications ... He says it felt like he was "carrying a sack of potatoes." Its likely that feeling was an early symptom of multiple sclerosis ... According to Mary Rensel, MD, a neurologist with Cleveland Clinics Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research ...
Patients with multiple sclerosis commonly have neuropsychiatric comorbidity. ECT may be used to treat severe and life- ... multiple sclerosis, chronic progressive multiple sclerosis, acute relapsing multiple sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, ... multiple sclerosis, chronic progressive multiple sclerosis, acute relapsing multiple sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, ... Possible effects of electroconvulsive therapy on refractory psychosis in primary progressive multiple sclerosis:a case report. ...
... and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) patients using a computerized battery. ,i ,Methods,/i,. RRMS patients ,svg ... i ,Objective,/i,. To investigate the pattern of cognitive impairment in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) ... consistent with previous studies suggesting that cognitive deficits are more frequent and pronounced in chronic progressive MS ... secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS), and even benign multiple ...
Association of a Marker of N-Acetylglucosamine With Progressive Multiple Sclerosis and Neurodegeneration. JAMA Neurol 2021. doi ... Arguably the worst manifestation of MS is its chronic progressive form. Unlike the more common relapsing-remitting variant ( ... Multiple sclerosis, or MS for short, manifests itself slightly differently in each person - which is why some call it "the ... have discovered a sugar molecule whose levels are reduced in the blood of patients with particularly severe multiple sclerosis ...
"High doses of biotin in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: a pilot study." Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, Vol. ... for the treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study." Multiple Sclerosis. ... A novel area of biotin research is its potential impact on the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). A randomized, double- ... Her areas of focus include womens health, childrens health, chronic pain, and more. ...
Multiple Sclerosis): learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... for multiple sclerosis. If you are receiving alemtuzumab for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, read the monograph entitled ... secondary progressive forms (course of disease where relapses occur more often).. Alemtuzumab is in a class of medications ... Alemtuzumab injection is used to treat adults with various forms of multiple sclerosis (MS; a disease in which the nerves do ...
  • Because of the neurotropism of Lyme disease, speculative websites and articles and even peer-reviewed journals have purported causal associations between Lyme disease and several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), and Parkinson disease ( 6 - 11 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Severe uncontrolled spasticity as found in multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord injury and cerebral palsy may cause further pain and affect the individual's physical functioning and quality of life. (nih.gov)
  • These include multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. (nih.gov)
  • There are many patients who suffer from debilitating motor disorders, like ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) or locked-in syndrome, that can impair their ability to speak," said Dr. Cogan. (earth.com)
  • But new research shows it's closer to ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) … or Lou Gehrig's Disease. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
  • Suicide rates have been shown to be higher in people with conditions associated with chronic pain or poor prognosis 29, including patients with cancer 30, neurological diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 31 or progressive multiple sclerosis 32. (natap.org)
  • If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. (uchicago.edu)
  • Keyword pattern analysis showed that magnetic resonance imaging, optical coherence tomography, expanded disability status, demyelination, and epidemiology were the major themes of multiple sclerosis research in Arab countries. (who.int)
  • The pathological course of multiple sclerosis is largely characterized by chronic inflammation, demyelination, axonal damage, and neurodegeneration. (who.int)
  • Disease pathology is characterized by two key players: intermittent bursts of focal inflammatory demyelination and widespread progressive axonal degeneration. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Eventually, remyelination fails to reverse demyelination, leading to chronic demyelination, persistent conduction failure along axons, and axonal degeneration due to lack of trophic support from the myelin sheath. (jneurosci.org)
  • The genetic basis underlying the complex cascade of demyelination, remyelination, and the progression to chronic demyelination is still marginally defined. (jneurosci.org)
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system involving a profound destruction of myelin and oligodendrocytes that form focal areas of demyelination. (blogspot.com)
  • Indeed, recent magnetic resonance imaging studies show leptomeningeal contrast enhancement in subjects with progressive multiple sclerosis, possibly representing an in vivo marker of inflammation associated to subpial demyelination. (qxmd.com)
  • Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic progressive disease involving demyelination of the nerves. (medicinetraditions.com)
  • However, treatment of Biozzi mice with chronic-progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with PD0325901 showed no clinical improvement in comparison to the control group, no reduction in demyelination, nor induction of OPC migration into foci of demyelination. (huji.ac.il)
  • In multiple sclerosis chronic demyelination is associated with axonal loss, and ultimately contributes to irreversible progressive disability. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Researchers created a detailed map of cells in the expanding lesions involved in more disabling forms of multiple sclerosis. (nih.gov)
  • Chronic progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severely disabling demyelinating disease in which autoimmune processes seem to have a major role. (nih.gov)
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS that causes disability in young adults as a result of the irreversible accumulation of neurological deficits. (nih.gov)
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) usually affecting young adults. (degruyter.com)
  • Therapeutic efficacy will be further validated in a well-characterized murine model of progressive MS, the Theilerandapos;s murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD). (sbir.gov)
  • Multiple sclerosis is a complex and intractable neurological disease associated with substantial morbidity, healthcare utilization, management cost, and loss of productivity. (who.int)
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common disabling neurological disease of young adults with symptom onset generally occurring between the ages of 20 to 40 years. (nih.gov)
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, often progressive neurological disease that can negatively impact many aspects of daily life. (nih.gov)
  • Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic neurological disease which affects the myelin in the brain, leading to progressive loss of control over some muscles. (eastonbh.ac.nz)
  • Although there are potent disease-modifying agents for its initial relapsing-remitting phase, these therapies show limited efficacy in secondary progressive MS (SPMS). (nih.gov)
  • The value of this discovery to patients is that there are now approved therapies, as well as new ones in development in the Oregon and Yale labs, which target the MIF pathway and could be directed toward progressive MS," said co-senior author Dr. Richard Bucala, professor of medicine, pathology, and epidemiology, and public health at Yale. (scitechdaily.com)
  • A major issue with current therapies in MS is the inability to treat chronic-active neuroinflammation in the brain and the associated failure to repair the loss of myelin that covers and protects axons, the electrical wires of the brain. (newswise.com)
  • A clinical trial has begun testing an experimental stem cell treatment against the best available biologic therapies for severe forms of relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). The trial, sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, will compare the safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the two therapeutic approaches. (nih.gov)
  • During the past decades, better understanding of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis disease mechanisms have led to the development of several disease-modifying therapies, reducing relapse rates and severity, through immune system modulation or suppression. (qxmd.com)
  • and natalizumab is generally recommended for patients who have had an inadequate response to, or are unable to tolerate, alternate multiple sclerosis therapies. (highmark.com)
  • Multiple sclerosis is typically diagnosed based on the presenting signs and symptoms, in combination with supporting medical imaging and laboratory testing. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most patients with RRMS will eventually develop secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), marked by the presence of fixed symptoms without remission. (medscape.com)
  • Examples of a varying course include the abrupt onset of symptoms, a waxing and waning of symptoms, a progressive slow decline in symptoms or stability of symptoms throughout the course of the disease. (nih.gov)
  • Clinically, multiple sclerosis symptoms manifest as sensory, motor, and cognitive dysfunction, and affected individuals are mostly aged 15-45 years (2). (who.int)
  • Symptoms of the disease vary widely and may include motor and speech difficulties, weakness, fatigue and chronic pain. (nih.gov)
  • Secondary-progressive MS-People with this form of MS usually have had a previous history of MS attacks but then start to develop gradual and steady symptoms and deterioration in their function over time. (nih.gov)
  • Primary-progressive MS-This type of MS is less common and is characterized by progressively worsening symptoms from the beginning with no noticeable relapses or exacerbations of the disease, although there may be temporary or minor relief from symptoms. (nih.gov)
  • Progressive-relapsing MS-The rarest form of MS is characterized by a steady worsening of symptoms from the beginning with acute relapses that can occur over time during the disease course. (nih.gov)
  • So this question comes up a lot because patients who have multiple sclerosis can sometimes get a transient worsening of their symptoms in heat or if they exercise strenuously. (mayoclinic.org)
  • There are no specific tests for MS . Instead, a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis often relies on ruling out other conditions that might produce similar signs and symptoms, known as a differential diagnosis. (mayoclinic.org)
  • This sample can show abnormalities in antibodies that are associated with MS . A spinal tap can also help rule out infections and other conditions with symptoms like MS . A new antibody test (for kappa free light chains) may be faster and less expensive than previous spinal fluid tests for multiple sclerosis. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Alison Myrden, a 40-year-old Burlington resident who has a federal exemption to smoke pot to treat chronic progressive multiple sclerosis and other ailments, said the Toronto Compassion Centre is able to supply the right 'strain' of cannabis to ease her symptoms. (themarijuanamission.com)
  • This causes nerves to malfunction, resulting in multiple sclerosis symptoms. (cam.ac.uk)
  • We believe that this combination may also promote remyelination in people with multiple sclerosis, which could potentially reverse or alleviate symptoms. (cam.ac.uk)
  • The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (uchicago.edu)
  • Ultimately, most patients become disabled and office visits to private neurologists' practices or to neurol- may or may not have superimposed relapses (secondary ogy departments in tertiary care facilities during a 3-year progressive MS) (3,4). (cdc.gov)
  • Among the other inflammatory events, it is recognized that both acute and chronic activation of the complement pathway plays a role in the development of secondary brain injuries by inducing neuronal cell loss and synaptic pruning. (sbir.gov)
  • Most individuals start with a relapsing-remitting pattern, in which newly formed clinical deficits restore partially or completely over time, but after several years they often develop a secondary progressive phase of slower but continuous neurological worsening. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most individuals with severe relapsing-remitting MS may go on to develop secondary progressive MS if they are untreated. (nih.gov)
  • The relationship between MRI measures (conventional and non-conventional) and clinical disability in progressive MS therefore warrants further investigation.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between clinical disability and MRI measures in patients with progressive MS.METHODS: Data from 93 primary and secondary progressive MS patients who had participated in 3 phase 2 clinical trials were included in this cross-sectional study. (ku.dk)
  • Experts are not sure how methotrexate works in rheumatoid arthritis but believe it may have multiple mechanisms including an effect on immune function. (drugs.com)
  • Samples from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS, n=10), rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n=47) with or without rheumatoid factor (RF) and/or anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP2) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, n=10) with or without RF, were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using 17 commercially available lateral flow assays (LFA), two ELISA kits and one in-house developed IgG multiplex bead-based assay. (frontiersin.org)
  • Approximately 6% of the world's population are affected by chronic inflammatory diseases which includes conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The so-called autoimmune illnesses like diabetes, lupus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis continue to stymie researchers, and though some of these diseases now have treatments that improve quality of life, none have divulged any of the secrets that might lead to a cure. (wheelchairkamikaze.com)
  • Testing of cerebrospinal fluid obtained from a lumbar puncture can provide evidence of chronic inflammation in the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • We identified a set of cells that appear to be driving some of the chronic inflammation seen in progressive MS," Reich says. (nih.gov)
  • Additionally, in another group of animals, blocking C1q reduced iron-containing microglia, revealing a potential new therapeutic avenue to treat chronic brain inflammation in MS and related neurodegenerative diseases. (nih.gov)
  • Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulation suppresses pathogenic astrocyte activation and chronic progressive CNS inflammation. (nih.gov)
  • Researchers identified a cytokine, called macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), along with its related protein, D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT), which are associated with progressive MS. These cytokines worsen the disease by increasing inflammation within the central nervous system. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Newswise - Irvine, CA - Sept. 11, 2023 - UCI researchers have found that a simple sugar, N-acetylglucosamine, reduces multiple inflammation and neurodegeneration markers in people who suffer from multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition, they also found this dietary supplement improved neurological function in 30% of patients. (newswise.com)
  • The study, N-acetylglucosamine inhibits inflammation and neurodegeneration markers in multiple sclerosis: a mechanistic trial , was published in the Journal of Neuroinflammation. (newswise.com)
  • Researchers found that N-acetylglucosamine was safe and reduced multiple inflammation and neurodegeneration markers in MS patients despite the patients already being on the FDA approved immunomodulatory therapy Glatiramer Acetate, known to impact these pathways outside the brain. (newswise.com)
  • However, the researchers stress that the trial was unblinded and therefore future blinded studies and additional parameters are essential to validate N-acetylglucosamine's potential to improve residual chronic-active brain inflammation, myelin repair, neurodegeneration and neurological function in MS. (newswise.com)
  • The chronic inflammation destroys the myelin sheath, leading to progressive nerve tissue damage. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging studies in progressive multiple sclerosis show decreased blood-brain barrier permeability, probably reflecting compartmentalization of inflammation behind a relatively intact blood-brain barrier. (qxmd.com)
  • The most common type is relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). (medscape.com)
  • METHODS: Using flow cytometry, we investigated phenotype, prevalence, and function of Tfh cells in blood and CSF from controls and patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and primary progressive MS (PPMS). (regionh.dk)
  • The prognostic significance of non-disabling relapses in people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is unclear. (cam.ac.uk)
  • In 20 of the affected subjects, evaluated before the availability of computerized tomography and without regard to family history, the diagnosis was multiple sclerosis. (nih.gov)
  • Multiple sclerosis diagnosis can only be made when there is proof of lesions disseminated in time and in space. (wikipedia.org)
  • In order to get as close as possible to the ideal diagnosis status, a lot of research into multiple sclerosis biomarkers is taking place currently. (wikipedia.org)
  • Arab countries can improve their regional expertise and add a wealth of knowledge to global multiple sclerosis resources by diversifying their current research initiatives, and tracking recent advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of multiple sclerosis. (who.int)
  • Well, the most important thing about having a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is that you are at the center of your medical team. (mayoclinic.org)
  • We are left with a possible differential diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis, a slowly progressive muscular weakness that waxes and wanes. (criminalelement.com)
  • 18. Circulating immune complexes and complement in the course of multiple sclerosis. (nih.gov)
  • Researchers used single-cell RNA sequencing to map the cells found at the edges of chronic MS lesions. (nih.gov)
  • But treatments are not as effective for patients with chronic active lesions-areas of damage or scarring that slowly expand. (nih.gov)
  • A previous study found that chronic active lesions are linked to more aggressive and disabling forms of MS. The research team, led by Dr. Daniel Reich of NIH's National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), set out to learn more about the cells that drive these chronic active lesions. (nih.gov)
  • The scientists were able to create the first comprehensive map of cell types involved in chronic lesions, as well as their gene activity patterns and interactions. (nih.gov)
  • They found a great diversity of cell types in the tissue surrounding chronic active lesions compared to healthy brain tissue. (nih.gov)
  • Chronic lesions with inflamed rims, or "smoldering" plaques, in the brains of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) have been linked to more aggressive and disabling forms of the disease. (nih.gov)
  • Using brain tissue from humans, researchers at the National Institutes of Health's National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) built a detailed cellular map of chronic MS lesions, identifying genes that play a critical role in lesion repair and revealing potential new therapeutic targets for progressive MS. The study was published in Nature . (nih.gov)
  • Chronic active lesions are characterized by a slow, expanding rim of immune cells called microglia. (nih.gov)
  • By analyzing the gene activity profiles of over 66,000 cells from human brain tissue, researchers created the first comprehensive map of cell types involved in chronic lesions, as well as their gene expression patterns and interactions. (nih.gov)
  • Dr. Reich's team found a great diversity of cell types in the tissue surrounding chronic active lesions compared to normal tissue, and a high proportion of immune cells and astrocytes at the active edges of those lesions. (nih.gov)
  • This study aims to examine a time-extended dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) protocol and report a comparative study with three different pharmacokinetic (PK) models, for accurate determination of subtle blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). This time-extended DCE-MRI perfusion protocol, called Snaps, was applied on 24 active demyelinating lesions of 12 MS patients. (degruyter.com)
  • The term multiple sclerosis refers to the distinctive areas of scar tissue (sclerosis-also called plaques or lesions) that result from the attack on myelin by the immune system. (nih.gov)
  • Brain MRI scan showing white lesions associated with multiple sclerosis. (mayoclinic.org)
  • In multivariable analyses, increasing clinical disability was independently correlated with increasing T2 lesion volumes and MTR in T2 lesions.CONCLUSION: In progressive MS, clinical disability is related to lesion volume and microstructure. (ku.dk)
  • A comprehensive MS center is the best place for management of multiple sclerosis, and this typically includes physicians with expertise in multiple sclerosis, neurologists, but also urologists, physiatrists or physical medicine and rehabilitation providers, psychologists, and many other providers who have specialty interest in multiple sclerosis. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Complement over-activation is also firmly implicated in the pathology that underlies the irreversible progression of multiple sclerosis (MS), a common inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the CNS. (sbir.gov)
  • A novel area of biotin research is its potential impact on the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 154 patients with progressive MS and evidence of disease worsening within the previous two years were given 300 mg of biotin daily or placebo for 12 months, followed by biotin therapy for both groups for 12 more months. (newrootsherbal.com)
  • abstract = 'BACKGROUND: Progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterised by diffuse changes on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which complicates the use of MRI as a diagnostic and prognostic marker. (ku.dk)
  • Leading the trial is Jeffrey A. Cohen, M.D., a professor of neurology at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine and the director of the Experimental Therapeutics Program in the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research at the Cleveland Clinic. (nih.gov)
  • For the first time, we have an FDA-approved treatment specifically for children and adolescents with multiple sclerosis," said Billy Dunn, M.D., director of the Division of Neurology Products in the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. (fda.gov)
  • 20. Immune complexes and the complement factors C4 and C3 in cerebrospinal fluid and serum from patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. (nih.gov)
  • Proteomic pattern analysis discriminates among multiple sclerosis-related disorders. (uchicago.edu)
  • An increased risk of suicide has also been shown for several neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis, stroke, Huntington disease and epilepsy, whereas Parkinson's disease may be associated with a reduced risk of suicide 34. (natap.org)
  • If the patients with other chronic diseases do NOT have Env present, then there is more weight towards the hypothesis that HERV-W is causing trouble in MS patients, not the other way around. (scienceblogs.com)
  • If that's true, it may be possible to map the most important genetic determinants of central nervous system repair in patients with MS and define a reparative genotype that could predict patients' outcomes," says Moses Rodriguez, M.D., a Mayo Clinic neurologist and director of Mayo Clinic's Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases Research and Therapeutics. (disabled-world.com)
  • The ability to adjust and cope with the course of these diseases may require different coping strategies in comparison to conditions in which there is no progressive decline. (nih.gov)
  • Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases are often treated with immunosuppressants and therefore are of particular concern during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. (frontiersin.org)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the specificity of SARS-Cov-2 serological assays using samples from patients with chronic inflammatory diseases collected prior to April 2019, thus defined as negative. (frontiersin.org)
  • No false positive samples were detected in any assay using samples from patients with MS. Poor specificity of commercial serological assays could possibly be, at least partly, due to interfering antibodies in samples from patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • These are generally progressive diseases and although for the majority there are no cures, treatment is centered around slowing disease progression with immunomodulatory treatments. (frontiersin.org)
  • People with chronic diseases like MS are two-to-three times more likely to suffer from depression. (theperfectworkout.com)
  • Here, we show that the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulator fingolimod (FTY720) ameliorated chronic progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in nonobese diabetic mice, an experimental model that resembles several aspects of SPMS, including neurodegeneration and disease progression driven by the innate immune response in the CNS. (nih.gov)
  • A team of researchers has uncovered two closely related cytokines - molecules involved in cell communication and movement - that may explain why some people develop progressive multiple sclerosis (MS), the most severe form of the disease. (scitechdaily.com)
  • We now have a rational, molecular target for slowing or preventing the transition from relapsing-remitting to progressive MS, a stage of MS which is much more severe. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The law allowed for the prescription of medical marijuana to patients suffering from severe health conditions, including chronic pain, multiple sclerosis, and cancer. (amsterdammarijuanaseeds.com)
  • Since our founding in 1990, we have provided more than 10 million medically tailored meals (MTMs) to our clients across Massachusetts who are living with severe critical and chronic illnesses such as HIV, cancer, diabetes, and kidney disease. (servings.org)
  • A rare brain infection that usually leads to death or severe disability, called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) has been reported in patients being treated with Gilenya. (fda.gov)
  • Dr. Mark Ware, a professor of family medicine and anesthesia at McGill University, treats patients with severe, chronic pain. (themarijuanamission.com)
  • Clinical and pathological features of an autosomal dominant, adult-onset leukodystrophy simulating chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. (nih.gov)
  • Cortical and subcortical atrophy occurs in multiple sclerosis (MS) and relates to clinical outcomes. (nih.gov)
  • UCI researchers announce publication of an open-label clinical trial suggesting that N-acetylglucosamine restores neurological function in Multiple Sclerosis patients. (newswise.com)
  • Although there have been many epidemiological, genetic, neurological, diagnostic, and clinical studies of multiple sclerosis conducted in Arab countries, there has been no narrative or systematic review of its overall scope and trends (7-9). (who.int)
  • Although most previous clinical trials in progressive multiple sclerosis have yielded disappointing results, important lessons have been learnt, improving the design of novel ones. (qxmd.com)
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a long-lasting condition that affects the brain and spinal cord. (nih.gov)
  • At the time, the centre was providing marijuana to 1,200 patients who had doctors' prescriptions to treat illnesses such as epilepsy, spinal cord disease and multiple sclerosis. (themarijuanamission.com)
  • Remyelination failure is considered a major obstacle in treating chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). Studies have shown blockage in the differentiation of resident oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) into myelin-forming cells, suggesting that pushing OPC into a differentiation program might be sufficient to overcome remyelination failure. (huji.ac.il)
  • Multiple factors influence lesion remyelination. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Over time, unprotected nerve fibres die, leading to the progressive phase of MS. To avoid this happening, we are trying to promote remyelination - the process by which myelin is regenerated. (cam.ac.uk)
  • 3) to define the biological response, PK/PD, dose-ranging and toxicology in multiple model animals, including toxicology studies in non-human primates.Narrative: As result of this project, first in class complement inhibiting and neurotropic antibody therapeutics capable of crossing the blood brain barrier for treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis will be obtained. (sbir.gov)
  • Immunity sheltered behind an intact blood-brain barrier, energy failure, and membrane channel dysfunction may be key processes in progressive disease. (qxmd.com)
  • The findings reveal potential new therapeutic targets for progressive disease. (nih.gov)
  • When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. (uchicago.edu)
  • Chronic pain is highly prevalent in multiple sclerosis (MS). Pain heterogeneity may contribute to poor treatment outcomes. (medscape.com)
  • This article reports on the cases of three female chronic multiple sclerosis patients who experienced a reversal of cognitive deficits following treatment with brief external applications of alternating pulsed electromagnetic fields in the picotesla range of intensity. (pemfprofessionals.com)
  • R. Sandyk, Reversal of Visuospatial Hemi-inattention in Patients with Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Treatment with Weak Electromagnetic Fields," International Journal of Neurosci, 79(3-4), December 1994, p. 169-184. (pemfprofessionals.com)
  • MD1003 (high-dose biotin) for the treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. (medscape.com)
  • The findings point the way toward developing a novel treatment to prevent progressive forms of the disease. (scitechdaily.com)
  • This study will be presented at the Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis in Dusseldorf, Germany, on Sept. 11, 2009. (disabled-world.com)
  • Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease with no curative treatment and causes massive loss of productivity and disruption of social life. (who.int)
  • Well, the first drug approved by the FDA for treatment of multiple sclerosis was in 1993. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Progressive multiple sclerosis: from pathogenic mechanisms to treatment. (qxmd.com)
  • Natalizumab is not indicated for the treatment of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. (highmark.com)
  • A chronic and progressive movement disorder, Parkinson's disease involves the malfunction and death of vital nerve cells in the brain, many of which produce dopamine. (earth.com)
  • Michael Demetriou, MD, PhD, Chief of the Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology at UCI, is the lead investigator of the study. (newswise.com)
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease that attacks the myelin of the central nervous system. (medscape.com)
  • In multiple sclerosis (MS), the immune system attacks the myelin, leaving nerve fibres (similar to the metal wire in the cable) unprotected. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects approximately 1 million people in the United States and is the leading cause of nontraumatic disability in young adults. (medscape.com)
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is widely accepted as a systemic T- cell-mediated autoimmune disease with a T-helper type-1 (TH-1) profile of cytokine production. (inims.de)
  • Multiple sclerosis is a complex autoimmune disease that targets the nervous system, and affects ~0.03% of the human population (1). (who.int)
  • MS is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that disrupts communication between the brain and other parts of the body. (fda.gov)
  • Patients with chronic inflammatory disease are often treated with immunomodulatory treatments and therefore potentially more susceptible to infections ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • MS is a chronic condition that affects an estimated 2.3 million people worldwide. (scitechdaily.com)
  • MS is a chronic disease that affects people differently. (nih.gov)
  • Effect of dronabinol on progression in progressive multiple sclerosis (CUPID): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Tfh cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). (regionh.dk)
  • Current standards for diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS) are based on the 2018 revision of McDonald criteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • This review discusses mechanisms involved in progressive multiple sclerosis, correlations between histopathology and magnetic resonance imaging studies, along with possible new therapeutic approaches. (qxmd.com)
  • A lymphocyte-microglia-astrocyte axis in chronic active multiple sclerosis. (nih.gov)
  • A subset of people will develop progressive MS, resulting in extensive brain tissue damage and disability. (nih.gov)
  • Axonal degeneration is related to long-term disability in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The underlying mechanism remains ill understood but appears to involve axonal energetic dysfunction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • and it is the main cause of permanent and progressive disability in MS patients. (jneurosci.org)
  • Over time, recovery may be incomplete, leading to progressive decline in function and increased disability. (fda.gov)
  • One possible explanation is a lack of understanding of pathogenic mechanisms driving progressive multiple sclerosis. (qxmd.com)
  • We studied a large kindred with a chronic progressive neurologic disorder affecting at least 10 men and 11 women in four generations in a pattern compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance. (nih.gov)
  • A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. (uchicago.edu)
  • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Gilenya (fingolimod) to treat relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) in children and adolescents age 10 years and older. (fda.gov)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive" by people in this website by year, and whether "Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uchicago.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive" by people in Profiles. (uchicago.edu)
  • For many people with MS-a chronic, debilitating, unpredictable and currently incurable disease-daily life can be a challenge," said NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. "AHSCT has the potential to halt the progress of relapsing MS, eliminate the need for a person to take lifelong medication, and allow the body to partially regain function. (nih.gov)
  • We recently trialled bexarotene versus placebo in 49 people with multiple sclerosis. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody selectively depleting CD20+ B cells, has demonstrated efficacy in reducing disease activity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). We evaluated rituximab in adults with primary progressive MS (PPMS) through 96 weeks and safety through 122 weeks. (nih.gov)
  • Versus CIS patients, RR or progressive MS patients showed significantly lower volumes of subcortical regions and cortical thinning. (nih.gov)
  • High doses of biotin in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. (medscape.com)
  • Low doses have been given for chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. (drugs.com)
  • These may occur following single or multiple doses of methotrexate. (drugs.com)
  • Study finds two genes associated with good central nervous system repair in multiple sclerosis. (disabled-world.com)
  • A Mayo Clinic study has found that two genes in mice were associated with good central nervous system repair in multiple sclerosis (MS). (disabled-world.com)
  • Central Nervous System (CNS) physical injuries, including bacterial or viral infection, can induce chronic neuroinflammation that is believed to persist for the lifetime of an individual. (sbir.gov)
  • Treatments for progressive disease depend on underlying mechanisms causing central nervous system damage. (qxmd.com)
  • Over time, this leads to permanent nerve cell damage and slow progressive loss of neurological function in patients. (newswise.com)
  • The data suggest that N-acetylglucosamine reduced untreated chronic-active neuroinflammation and/or promoted myelin repair. (newswise.com)