Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.
Prominent lobed neuropils found in ANNELIDA and all ARTHROPODS except crustaceans. They are thought to be involved in olfactory learning and memory.
An extensive order of basidiomycetous fungi whose fruiting bodies are commonly called mushrooms.
Mushrooms in the order AGARICALES containing B vitamins, cortinelin, and the polysaccharide LENTINAN.
The fruiting 'heads' or 'caps' of FUNGI, which as a food item are familiarly known as MUSHROOMS, that contain the FUNGAL SPORES.
A genus of fungi of the family Agaricaceae, order Agaricales; most species are poisonous.
A phylum of fungi that produce their sexual spores (basidiospores) on the outside of the basidium. It includes forms commonly known as mushrooms, boletes, puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, bird's-nest fungi, jelly fungi, bracket or shelf fungi, and rust and smut fungi.
A member of the AGARICALES known for edible MUSHROOMS.
A dense intricate feltwork of interwoven fine glial processes, fibrils, synaptic terminals, axons, and dendrites interspersed among the nerve cells in the gray matter of the central nervous system.
A genus of black-spored basidiomycetous fungi of the family Coprinaceae, order Agaricales; some species are edible.
A genus of fungi in the family Ganodermataceae, order POLYPORALES, containing a dimitic hyphal system. It causes a white rot, and is a wood decomposer. Ganoderma lucidum (REISHI) is used in traditional Chinese medicine (MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL).
Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. It includes the OLFACTORY NERVE; OLFACTORY BULB; OLFACTORY TRACT; OLFACTORY TUBERCLE; ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE; and OLFACTORY CORTEX.
The body of a fungus which is made up of HYPHAE.
An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction between L-tyrosine, L-dopa, and oxygen to yield L-dopa, dopaquinone, and water. It is a copper protein that acts also on catechols, catalyzing some of the same reactions as CATECHOL OXIDASE. EC 1.14.18.1.
A mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, of the POLYPORALES order of basidiomycetous fungi. It has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine in various forms.
A genus of mushrooms in the family Tricholomataceae, whose species are characterized by a slimy cap (FRUITING BODIES, FUNGAL).
A genus of edible mushrooms in the family Pluteaceae. They have pink gills and a volva at the stem base, and species can be confused with those of the poisonous genus AMANITA.
A genus of fungi of the family Tricholomataceae, order AGARICALES. The commonly known SHIITAKE MUSHROOMS are Lentinula edodes (also seen as Lentinus edodes).
Insect members of the superfamily Apoidea, found almost everywhere, particularly on flowers. About 3500 species occur in North America. They differ from most WASPS in that their young are fed honey and pollen rather than animal food.
Radioactive food contamination refers to the presence of radioactive substances in food or water supplies, often resulting from nuclear accidents, nuclear weapons testing, or improper disposal of radioactive waste, leading to potential health risks including radiation sickness and cancer upon consumption.
An order of fungi in the phylum BASIDIOMYCOTA having macroscopic basidiocarps. The members are characterized by their saprophytic activities as decomposers, particularly in the degradation of CELLULOSE and LIGNIN. A large number of species in the order have been used medicinally. (From Alexopoulos, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, pp504-68)
The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
The ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS.
Compounds consisting of benzene rings linked to each other in either ortho, meta or para positions. Permitted are any substitutions, but ring fusion to any of the benzene rings is not allowed.
A genus of fleshy shelf basidiomycetous fungi, family Schizophyllaceae, order POLYPORALES, growing on woody substrata. It is pathogenic in humans.
The volatile portions of substances perceptible by the sense of smell. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.
Cell wall components constituting a polysaccharide core found in fungi. They may act as antigens or structural substrates.
A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.
ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.
A plant genus of the family BALANOPHORACEAE. Members contain stigmastanes and ursanes (TRITERPENES) and lignan glucopyranosides (LIGNANS).
Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.
A family of bracket fungi, order POLYPORALES, living in decaying plant matter and timber.
A thick-rooted perennial (Cichorium intybus) native to Europe but widely grown for its young leaves used as salad greens and for its roots, dried and ground-roasted, used to flavor or adulterate coffee. (From Webster, 3d ed)
A genus of basidiomycetous mushroom in the family Strophariaceae, exhibiting a bipolar mating system.
Individual members of Central American ethnic groups with ancient historic ancestral origins in Asia. Mexican Indians are not included.
Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.
A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.
Insoluble polymers of TYROSINE derivatives found in and causing darkness in skin (SKIN PIGMENTATION), hair, and feathers providing protection against SUNBURN induced by SUNLIGHT. CAROTENES contribute yellow and red coloration.
A genus of ascomycetous fungi (ASCOMYCOTA), family Clavicipitaceae, order HYPOCREALES, that grows by infecting insect larvae or mature insects with spores that germinate often before the cocoon is formed.
Unstable isotopes of cesium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cs atoms with atomic weights of 123, 125-132, and 134-145 are radioactive cesium isotopes.
Head to tail array of covalently joined DNA sequences generated by concatenation. Concatenated DNA is attached end to end in contrast to CATENATED DNA which is attached loop to loop.
A paleotropical genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae. They are obligate symbionts of termites.
Glucose polymers consisting of a backbone of beta(1->3)-linked beta-D-glucopyranosyl units with beta(1->6) linked side chains of various lengths. They are a major component of the CELL WALL of organisms and of soluble DIETARY FIBER.
An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction between catechol and oxygen to yield benzoquinone and water. It is a complex of copper-containing proteins that acts also on a variety of substituted catechols. EC 1.10.3.1.
Remembrance of information from 3 or more years previously.
Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Proteins found in any species of fungus.
Isomeric forms and derivatives of octanol (C8H17OH).
Reproductive bodies produced by fungi.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that acts as both a human and plant pathogen.
Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.
A subclass of GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS containing large polar heads made up of several sugar units. One or more of their terminal sugar units are bound to a negatively charged molecule at pH 7. Members of this class include: GANGLIOSIDES, uronoglycosphingolipids, SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS, phosphoglycosphingolipids, and phosphonoglycosphingolipids.
The study of plant lore and agricultural customs of a people. In the fields of ETHNOMEDICINE and ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY, the emphasis is on traditional medicine and the existence and medicinal uses of PLANTS and PLANT EXTRACTS and their constituents, both historically and in modern times.
A genus of saprobic mushrooms in the family Bolbitiaceae that grow in grass, dung, garden mulch, or in woods.
A family of fungi, order POLYPORALES, found on decaying wood.
A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.
Mixtures of many components in inexact proportions, usually natural, such as PLANT EXTRACTS; VENOMS; and MANURE. These are distinguished from DRUG COMBINATIONS which have only a few components in definite proportions.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.
Measurement and evaluation of the components of substances to be taken as FOOD.
Animal searching behavior. The variable introductory phase of an instinctive behavior pattern or sequence, e.g., looking for food, or sequential courtship patterns prior to mating.
The aggregation of ERYTHROCYTES by AGGLUTININS, including antibodies, lectins, and viral proteins (HEMAGGLUTINATION, VIRAL).
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
A device used to detect airborne odors, gases, flavors, volatile substances or vapors.
7-Hydroxycoumarins. Substances present in many plants, especially umbelliferae. Umbelliferones are used in sunscreen preparations and may be mutagenic. Their derivatives are used in liver therapy, as reagents, plant growth factors, sunscreens, insecticides, parasiticides, choleretics, spasmolytics, etc.
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates consisting of long, often branched chains of repeating monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds, which serve as energy storage molecules (e.g., glycogen), structural components (e.g., cellulose), and molecular recognition sites in various biological systems.
Cell surface proteins that bind biogenic amines with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells. Biogenic amine is a chemically imprecise term which, by convention, includes the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, the indoleamine serotonin, the imidazolamine histamine, and compounds closely related to each of these.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Picrates are salts of picric acid, an explosive organic compound previously used as a yellow dye and antiseptic, which are now primarily used in chemical research and industrial applications. Please note that picrates should be handled with care due to their potential explosiveness when heated or subjected to friction.
An antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids. It acts by interfering with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A as well as inhibiting the activity of HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.
Profound physical changes during maturation of living organisms from the immature forms to the adult forms, such as from TADPOLES to frogs; caterpillars to BUTTERFLIES.
It is the study of social phenomena which characterize the learned, shared, and transmitted social activities of particular ethnic groups with focus on the causes, consequences, and complexities of human social and cultural variability.
A genus of tiny mushrooms in the family Tricholomataceae. They help break down the decaying organic matter of the forest floor.
Paired sense organs connected to the anterior segments of ARTHROPODS that help them navigate through the environment.
The family Gryllidae consists of the common house cricket, Acheta domesticus, which is used in neurological and physiological studies. Other genera include Gryllotalpa (mole cricket); Gryllus (field cricket); and Oecanthus (tree cricket).
An inactive stage between the larval and adult stages in the life cycle of insects.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
'Frozen foods' in a medical context typically refers to prepared or raw food items that have been rapidly cooled then stored at freezing temperatures, typically below -18 degrees Celsius, to minimize microbial growth and enzymatic reactions, thereby extending their shelf life.
Learning that takes place when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Unstable isotopes of potassium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. K atoms with atomic weights 37, 38, 40, and 42-45 are radioactive potassium isotopes.
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE.
Complex pharmaceutical substances, preparations, or matter derived from organisms usually obtained by biological methods or assay.
An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.
Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.
Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.
Fungal genes that mostly encode TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. In some FUNGI they also encode PHEROMONES and PHEROMONE RECEPTORS. The transcription factors control expression of specific proteins that give a cell its mating identity. Opposite mating type identities are required for mating.
A cyclic octapeptide with a thioether bridge between the cystine and tryptophan. It inhibits RNA POLYMERASE II. Poisoning may require LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.
The intergenic DNA segments that are between the ribosomal RNA genes (internal transcribed spacers) and between the tandemly repeated units of rDNA (external transcribed spacers and nontranscribed spacers).
Polysaccharide isolated from the edible mushroom LENTINULA EDODES. The exact composition is unknown.
Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.
Benzene derivatives that include one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure.
Sarcoma 180 is an undifferentiated, transplantable mouse tumor model originally induced by methylcholanthrene, widely used in preclinical cancer research for evaluating efficacy of potential therapeutic agents.
The study, utilization, and manipulation of those microorganisms capable of economically producing desirable substances or changes in substances, and the control of undesirable microorganisms.
The principle that items experienced together enter into a connection, so that one tends to reinstate the other.
Keto-pyrans.
The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.
The process by which the nature and meaning of olfactory stimuli, such as odors, are recognized and interpreted by the brain.
A mitosporic fungal genus used in the fermentation of wine. Teleomorphs are in the genus HANSENIASPORA.
Determination of the energy distribution of gamma rays emitted by nuclei. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Facilities which provide information concerning poisons and treatment of poisoning in emergencies.
A large and heterogenous group of fungi whose common characteristic is the absence of a sexual state. Many of the pathogenic fungi in humans belong to this group.
An order of fungi in the phylum ASCOMYCOTA that includes a number of species which are parasitic on higher plants, insects, or fungi. Other species are saprotrophic.
The enactment of laws and ordinances and their regulation by official organs of a nation, state, or other legislative organization. It refers also to health-related laws and regulations in general or for which there is no specific heading.
Social rank-order established by certain behavioral patterns.
A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Cell surface receptors that respond to PHEROMONES.
Components of the usual diet that may provide health benefits beyond basic nutrients. Examples of functional foods include soy, nuts, chocolate, and cranberries (From NCCAM Backgrounder, March 2004, p3).
Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.
Specialized organs adapted for the reception of stimuli by the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as BACTERIA; FUNGI; and cryptogamic plants.
A genus of basidiomyceteous fungi in the family POLYPORACEAE found mostly on living trees or dead wood.
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.
A polyvinyl resin used extensively in the manufacture of plastics, including medical devices, tubing, and other packaging. It is also used as a rubber substitute.
Plant-eating orthopterans having hindlegs adapted for jumping. There are two main families: Acrididae and Romaleidae. Some of the more common genera are: Melanoplus, the most common grasshopper; Conocephalus, the eastern meadow grasshopper; and Pterophylla, the true katydid.
Characteristic properties and processes of the NERVOUS SYSTEM as a whole or with reference to the peripheral or the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
Radioactive air pollution refers to the presence and circulation of radioactive particles or gases in the atmosphere, originating from human activities such as nuclear power plant accidents, nuclear weapons testing, or improper disposal of radioactive waste, which can pose significant health risks to living organisms due to ionizing radiation exposure.
In invertebrate zoology, a lateral lobe of the FOREBRAIN in certain ARTHROPODS. In vertebrate zoology, either of the corpora bigemina of non-mammalian VERTEBRATES. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1329)
Substances made up of an aggregation of small particles, as that obtained by grinding or trituration of a solid drug. In pharmacy it is a form in which substances are administered. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).
Spectrophotometric techniques by which the absorption or emmision spectra of radiation from atoms are produced and analyzed.
The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.
A general term referring to the learning of some particular response.

Substance abuse and the kidney. (1/53)

Substance abuse has been increasing steadily in the UK and some other countries. Recent evidence suggests more than 40% of young people have tried illicit drugs at some time. There are numerous medical consequences to recreational drug use, and a physician should always consider substance abuse in any unexplained illness. The renal complications of drug abuse are also becoming more frequent, and may encompass a spectrum of glomerular, interstitial and vascular diseases. Although some substances are directly nephrotoxic, a number of other mechanisms are also involved. These effects are often chronic and irreversible, but occasionally acute with possible recovery. The rapid growth of illicit drug use is clearly a major public health problem. We review the commonly used substances of abuse and their associations with renal disease.  (+info)

Amanita virosa induced toxic hepatitis: report of three cases. (2/53)

We report here three cases of Amanita virosa induced toxic hepatitis. Two of the three cases recovered but the other died 10 days after mushroom ingestion. Since the mortality of Amanita mushroom induced toxic hepatitis is very high, prompt diagnosis and aggressive therapeutic measures should be initiated as soon as possible. Our cases showed that the initial serum aminotransferase levels might not predict the clinical outcome of the patient, but that the prothrombin time (PT) seemed to be a more useful prognostic marker. Close monitoring of aminotransferase levels and PT as well as appropriate therapy are recommended. All three cases showed signs of proteinuria and we were able to characterize mixed tubular and glomerular type proteinuria at 3 or 4 days after ingestion in two cases. Among the previously reported Korean cases of suspected Amanita induced toxic hepatitis, most species could not be identified except for four cases of Amanita virosa. No cases of Amanita phalloides induced toxic hepatitis have been identified in Korea so far.  (+info)

5-Year analysis of mushroom exposures in California. (3/53)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate outcomes following toxic mushroom ingestions. DESIGN: Retrospective data analysis. METHODS: We analyzed American Association of Poison Control Center data for California from 1993 through 1997. RESULTS: A total of 6,317 exposures occurred during the study period. Most (n = 6,229 [99.7%]) were acute exposures, and the rest (0.3%) were chronic; 87.6% (n = 5,536) were unintentional. Most (n = 4,235 [67.0%]) were in children younger than 6 years, and of these, only 6.0% experienced any clinical effects. The most common symptoms in patients aged 6 years and older were vomiting in 588 patients (28.2%), nausea in 307 patients (14.7%), diarrhea in 263 patients (12.6%), and abdominal pain in 221 patients (10.6%). No effects were seen in 3,131 (49.6% of all patients). Major effects were seen in only 17 patients (0.3%). Only 61 patients (1.0%) were admitted to a critical care unit. Death occurred in a 32-year-old adult who ate foraged mushrooms. Of all patients, 1,375 (21.8%) received no therapy or were observed only. CONCLUSIONS: Most mushroom exposures were acute and unintentional and occurred in children younger than 6 years. Major toxic reactions or death was uncommon.  (+info)

Management of maternal Amanita phalloides poisoning during the first trimester of pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature. (4/53)

BACKGROUND: Amanita phalloides poisoning produces acute liver failure and often death. Maternal poisonings are rare, and medical decisions of abortion or liver transplantation in this critical situation frequently are based on laboratory data. We report here the case of a 22-year-old-woman in the 11th week of pregnancy, who ingested mushrooms. CASE REPORT: The patient's clinical symptoms (e.g., vomiting and diarrhea) and blood chemistry data (persistent increases of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and severe decreases in prothrombin, factor V, factor II, factor VII, and factor X) indicated poisoning of medium severity. The management consisted of intravenous hydration, and administration of silymarine and N-acetylcysteine. No fetal damage was observed, and birth and development of the infant (now 2 years of age) proceeded without incident. CONCLUSION: Abortion is not necessarily indicated in maternal poisoning by A. phalloides, even in the first trimester of pregnancy.  (+info)

Lethal ingestion of stored Amanita phalloides mushrooms. (5/53)

We report the first case of a lethal Amanita phalloides intoxication from stored mushrooms. After picking the mushrooms were kept in a freezer for 7-8 months. This case is in accordance with the well-known stability of the amatoxins and demonstrates the possibility of A. phalloides poisoning at any time of year.  (+info)

Delayed onset acute renal failure associated with Amanita pseudoporphyria Hongo ingestion. (6/53)

A 66-year-old man with diabetes developed acute renal failure after ingestion of Amanita pseudoporphyria Hongo. Laboratory data showed acute nonoliguric renal failure. A renal biopsy showed acute tubular necrosis with glomerular minor abnormalities. He received hemodialysis treatment for 3 weeks and his renal function normalized 2 months after admission. We discuss the differences in acute renal failure caused by possible toxins of Amanita pseudoporphyria Hongo from that caused by other poisonous mushrooms.  (+info)

Current applications of plasmapheresis in clinical toxicology. (7/53)

The clinical applications of plasmapheresis are rapidly increasing in number and scope. This trend is also observed in the application of plasmapheresis as a method of detoxification in clinical toxicology. Because of a lack of large controlled series, the rationale for using plasmapheresis must be confirmed in each type of intoxication by evidence of effective clearance, as well as by high plasma protein binding and a low volume of distribution of the toxic substance. Plasmapheresis is used mostly to treat phalloid mushroom intoxications. In this potentially fatal intoxication, for which there is no antidote, plasmapheresis is at least as effective as haemoperfusion in reducing mortality from as high as 30-50% with conventional therapy to <20%. In our series of 28 patients treated with plasmapheresis, mortality was 17.8%. In our experience, plasmaphe-resis is also very effective in the treatment of life-threatening intoxications with tricyclic (amitriptyline) and 4-cyclic (maprotyline) antidepressants. We confirmed a 63% reduction in the plasma level of amitriptyline in one patient after single plasmapheresis. Other drugs such as L-thyroxine, verapamil, diltiazem and carbamazepime are also removed effectively by plasmapheresis, as are theophylline and heavy metals (mercury and vanadate). Phosphoroorganic substances are not removed effectively. We measured the plasma concentrations of dimethoate in two patients with this intoxication and did not find clinically significant clearance with plasmapheresis.  (+info)

Effects of picroliv, the active principle of Picrorhiza kurroa, on biochemical changes in rat liver poisoned by Amanita phalloides. (8/53)

The efficacy of Picroliv, a standardized iridoid glycoside fraction of Picrorhiza kurroa, was studied against the Amanita phalloides-induced biochemical changes in rat liver. A phalloides (50 mg.kg-1) caused significant increases in the activities of hepatic 5'-nucleotidase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, acid ribonuclease, and succinate dehydrogenase, but a decrease in glucose-6-phosphatase. The level of cytochrome P-450 in microsomal fraction and content of glycogen in liver showed significant depletions. Picroliv (25 mg.kg-1.d-1 x 10 d) provided significant restorations of all the biochemical changes poisoned by A phalloides except cytochrome P-450 and glycogen. These results demonstrated the protective effect of Picroliv against A phalloides-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.  (+info)

Mushroom poisoning refers to the adverse health effects that occur after ingesting toxic mushrooms. These effects can range from mild gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, to severe neurological and systemic reactions, including hallucinations, organ failure, and even death in serious cases. The severity of the poisoning depends on several factors, including the type and amount of toxic mushroom consumed, the age and health status of the individual, and the time elapsed between ingestion and medical treatment. It is crucial to seek immediate medical attention if mushroom poisoning is suspected, as some symptoms may not appear until several hours or days after consumption, and delays in treatment can lead to more severe outcomes.

"Mushroom bodies" is a term that is primarily used in the field of insect neuroanatomy, rather than human or mammalian medicine. They are a pair of prominent structures in the insect brain, located in the olfactory processing center and involved in sensory integration, learning, and memory.

These structures have a distinctive morphology, resembling a mushroom with a large cap-like structure (the calyx) sitting atop a stalk (the peduncle). The calyx receives input from various sensory neurons, while the peduncle and its downstream processes are involved in information processing and output.

While not directly relevant to human medicine, understanding the organization and function of insect nervous systems can provide valuable insights into the evolution of neural circuits and behaviors across species.

Agaricales is an order of fungi that includes mushrooms, toadstools, and other gilled fungi. These fungi are characterized by their distinctive fruiting bodies, which have a cap (pileus) and stem (stipe), and gills (lamellae) on the underside of the cap where the spores are produced. Agaricales contains many well-known and economically important genera, such as Agaricus (which includes the common button mushroom), Amanita (which includes the deadly "death cap" mushroom), and Coprinus (which includes the inky cap mushrooms). The order was established by the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1821.

Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) are not a medical term, but rather a type of edible mushroom that is commonly used in cooking and has been studied for potential medicinal properties. Here's a brief description:

Shiitake mushrooms are native to East Asia and are widely cultivated and consumed in many countries, including Japan, China, and Korea. They have a distinctive brown cap, a firm texture, and a rich, earthy flavor. Shiitake mushrooms contain various bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharides, terpenoids, and sterols, which are believed to contribute to their potential health benefits. Some of the reported medicinal properties include immunomodulatory, antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, more research is needed to confirm these findings and establish the optimal dosage and safety profiles for different applications.

It's important to note that while shiitake mushrooms can be a healthy addition to a balanced diet, they should not be used as a substitute for medical treatment or professional advice. Always consult with a healthcare provider for any health concerns or conditions.

A fruiting body, in the context of mycology (the study of fungi), refers to the part of a fungus that produces spores for sexual or asexual reproduction. These structures are often what we typically think of as mushrooms or toadstools, although not all fungal fruiting bodies resemble these familiar forms.

Fungal fruiting bodies can vary greatly in size, shape, and color, depending on the species of fungus. They may be aboveground, like the caps and stalks of mushrooms, or underground, like the tiny, thread-like structures known as "corals" in some species.

The primary function of a fruiting body is to produce and disperse spores, which can give rise to new individuals when they germinate under favorable conditions. The development of a fruiting body is often triggered by environmental factors such as moisture, temperature, and nutrient availability.

"Amanita" is a genus of fungi that includes several species commonly known as mushrooms. Some of these species are edible and considered delicacies, while others are highly toxic and can cause serious illness or death if ingested. The most famous toxic species is Amanita phalloides, also known as the "death cap" mushroom.

Here is a medical definition of "Amanita":

"A genus of fungi in the family Amanitaceae, characterized by the production of large fruiting bodies with a universal veil that often leaves a skirt-like ring on the stipe and a volva at the base. Some species are edible and highly prized, while others are poisonous and can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms, liver damage, or even death. Examples of toxic Amanita species include A. phalloides (the 'death cap'), A. virosa (the 'destroying angel'), and A. muscaria (the 'fly agaric')."

(Source: Medscape Medical Dictionary)

Basidiomycota is a phylum in the kingdom Fungi that consists of organisms commonly known as club fungi or club mushrooms. The name Basidiomycota is derived from the presence of a characteristic reproductive structure called a basidium, which is where spores are produced.

The basidiomycetes include many familiar forms such as mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi, and other types of polypores. They have a complex life cycle that involves both sexual and asexual reproduction. The sexual reproductive stage produces a characteristic fruiting body, which may be microscopic or highly visible, depending on the species.

Basidiomycota fungi play important ecological roles in decomposing organic matter, forming mutualistic relationships with plants, and acting as parasites on other organisms. Some species are economically important, such as edible mushrooms, while others can be harmful or even deadly to humans and animals.

"Grifola" is not a term with a widely accepted medical definition in the English language. It is a genus name in mycology, which is the branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi. "Grifola" is the name of a genus of fungi, which includes several species commonly known as hen-of-the-woods or maitake mushrooms. These mushrooms have been used in traditional medicine in some cultures, but their medicinal properties and uses are not widely recognized or well-studied in modern Western medicine.

Neuropil refers to the complex network of interwoven nerve cell processes (dendrites, axons, and their synaptic connections) in the central nervous system that forms the basis for information processing and transmission. It is the part of the brain or spinal cord where the neuronal cell bodies are not present, and it mainly consists of unmyelinated axons, dendrites, and synapses. Neuropil plays a crucial role in neural communication and is often the site of various neurochemical interactions.

"Coprinus" is a genus of fungi in the family Agaricaceae. It includes several species commonly known as "ink caps" or "shaggy manes." These mushrooms are characterized by their slimy, shaggy caps and the dark ink-like liquid that oozes from the gills when they mature. Some species of Coprinus are edible and considered delicacies, while others can cause adverse reactions if consumed with alcohol. It's important to note that proper identification is necessary before consuming any wild mushrooms.

Ganoderma is not a medical term but a genus of fungi that are commonly known as bracket or shelf mushrooms. Some species in this genus, particularly Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma tsugae, have been used in traditional medicine for centuries in Asia. These fungi are often referred to as "Lingzhi" in Chinese medicine and "Reishi" in Japanese medicine. They are believed to have various health benefits, such as boosting the immune system, reducing stress, and improving mental clarity. However, it's important to note that while some studies suggest these mushrooms may have medicinal properties, more research is needed before they can be recommended as a treatment for any specific medical condition.

The olfactory pathways refer to the neural connections and structures involved in the sense of smell. The process begins with odor molecules that are inhaled through the nostrils, where they bind to specialized receptor cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium.

These receptor cells then transmit signals via the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I) to the olfactory bulb, a structure at the base of the brain. Within the olfactory bulb, the signals are processed and relayed through several additional structures, including the olfactory tract, lateral olfactory striae, and the primary olfactory cortex (located within the piriform cortex).

From there, information about odors is further integrated with other sensory systems and cognitive functions in higher-order brain regions, such as the limbic system, thalamus, and hippocampus. This complex network of olfactory pathways allows us to perceive and recognize various scents and plays a role in emotional responses, memory formation, and feeding behaviors.

Mycelium is not a specifically medical term, but it is a biological term used in fungi and other organisms. Medically, it might be relevant in certain contexts such as discussing fungal infections. Here's the general definition:

Mycelium (my-SEE-lee-um) is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. It is the underground portion of the fungus that supports the growth of the organism and is often responsible for the decomposition of organic material. Mycelium can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and dead or living organisms.

Tyrosinase, also known as monophenol monooxygenase, is an enzyme (EC 1.14.18.1) that catalyzes the ortho-hydroxylation of monophenols (like tyrosine) to o-diphenols (like L-DOPA) and the oxidation of o-diphenols to o-quinones. This enzyme plays a crucial role in melanin synthesis, which is responsible for the color of skin, hair, and eyes in humans and animals. Tyrosinase is found in various organisms, including plants, fungi, and animals. In humans, tyrosinase is primarily located in melanocytes, the cells that produce melanin. The enzyme's activity is regulated by several factors, such as pH, temperature, and metal ions like copper, which are essential for its catalytic function.

Ganoderma lucidum, also known as Reishi or Lingzhi, is a species of fungus that has been used in traditional medicine for centuries. In medical terms, it's classified as a medicinal mushroom. It's native to various parts of Asia and can be found growing on the trunks of deciduous trees.

Reishi mushrooms contain various bioactive compounds, including triterpenoids, polysaccharides, and peptidoglycans, which are believed to have several health benefits. These benefits include boosting the immune system, reducing stress, improving sleep, and having potential anti-cancer effects. However, more scientific research is needed to confirm these claims and understand the optimal dosages and potential side effects.

"Flammulina" is a genus of fungi in the family Physalacriaceae. It is commonly known as the "Winter Fungus" or "Enoki Mushroom." The most common species is Flammulina velutipes, which has white or pale brown caps and long, slender stems. This mushroom is often cultivated for food in East Asia and can be found in woods during the winter months in cooler climates. It contains various bioactive compounds with potential health benefits, such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antitumor activities.

"Volvariella" is a genus of gilled mushrooms, commonly known as "pigeon eggs" or "flowery agarics." It's not a medical term, but a taxonomic one used in mycology (the study of fungi.) The most well-known species in this genus is Volvariella volvacea, which is the edible "straw mushroom" commonly consumed in Asian cuisine.

However, it's worth noting that some sources may use "volvariella" to describe a characteristic of certain medical conditions or symptoms, specifically referring to the presence of a volva - a membranous sac-like structure often found encircling the base of certain mushrooms, including some poisonous species. The term "volvariella" in this context is not a formal medical term but might be used by mycologists, toxicologists, or medical professionals discussing potential mushroom poisonings.

"Lentinula" is the genus name for a group of mushroom-forming fungi, which includes one particularly well-known and widely consumed species: "Lentinula edodes," commonly known as the Shiitake mushroom. These edible mushrooms are highly prized in East Asian cuisines for their rich, savory flavor and diverse health benefits.

The genus Lentinula is characterized by its distinctive brown or dark-colored caps, tan gills, and a stem that often features a ring-like structure (annulus). These mushrooms typically grow on decaying wood in the wild but can also be cultivated commercially for consumption.

In addition to their culinary uses, Lentinula species have been studied for their potential medicinal properties. For instance, Shiitake mushrooms contain various bioactive compounds that may support immune function, exhibit antimicrobial and antiviral activities, and help lower cholesterol levels.

It is important to note that while Lentinula species are generally considered safe for consumption, individuals with mushroom allergies or sensitivities should exercise caution when introducing new fungi into their diet. Always consult a healthcare professional if you have concerns about potential adverse reactions.

"Bees" are not a medical term, as they refer to various flying insects belonging to the Apidae family in the Apoidea superfamily. They are known for their role in pollination and honey production. If you're looking for medical definitions or information, please provide relevant terms.

Radioactive food contamination refers to the presence of radioactive substances in food or agricultural products. This can occur through various means such as nuclear accidents, improper disposal of radioactive waste, or use of phosphate fertilizers that contain low levels of radioactivity. The consumption of radioactively contaminated food can lead to internal exposure to radiation, which may pose risks to human health, including increased risk of cancer and other diseases. It's important to note that regulatory bodies set limits on the acceptable levels of radioactivity in food to minimize these risks.

Polyporales is an order of class Agaricomycetes, division Basidiomycota, in the kingdom Fungi. This order consists of various wood-decay fungi, characterized by their typically annual growth rings and pores on the underside of the cap. The fruiting bodies or conks of these fungi can be either resupinate (crust-like) or pileate (cap-like). Polyporales includes several economically important species that cause decay in trees and timber, as well as some medicinal mushrooms. Examples of genera within this order include Polyporus, Trametes, Fomes, and Ganoderma.

Psilocybin is defined as a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain species of mushrooms, also known as "magic mushrooms." It is classified as a tryptamine and is structurally similar to the neurotransmitter serotonin. When ingested, psilocybin is converted into psilocin, which acts as a serotonin receptor agonist in the brain, leading to altered consciousness, perception, and thought. Its effects can vary widely depending on the individual, the dose, and the setting in which it is taken.

In medical terms, the sense of smell is referred to as olfaction. It is the ability to detect and identify different types of chemicals in the air through the use of the olfactory system. The olfactory system includes the nose, nasal passages, and the olfactory bulbs located in the brain.

When a person inhales air containing volatile substances, these substances bind to specialized receptor cells in the nasal passage called olfactory receptors. These receptors then transmit signals to the olfactory bulbs, which process the information and send it to the brain's limbic system, including the hippocampus and amygdala, as well as to the cortex. The brain interprets these signals and identifies the various scents or smells.

Impairment of the sense of smell can occur due to various reasons such as upper respiratory infections, sinusitis, nasal polyps, head trauma, or neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Loss of smell can significantly impact a person's quality of life, including their ability to taste food, detect dangers such as smoke or gas leaks, and experience emotions associated with certain smells.

Terphenyl compounds are organic substances that consist of three phenyl groups (benzene rings) connected in a linear fashion through single carbon-carbon bonds. They can be either symmetrical or unsymmetrical, depending on the arrangement of the phenyl groups and the type of substituents attached to them. These compounds are known for their high melting points, chemical stability, and electrical insulation properties, making them useful in various industrial applications such as lubricants, plasticizers, and high-temperature resins.

"Schizophyllum" is not a term that has a medical definition on its own. However, it is the name of a genus of fungi that are commonly found in temperate and tropical regions worldwide. The most common and well-known species in this genus is Schizophyllum commune, which is known to cause a rare and mild form of respiratory infection in humans called pulmonary schizophyllosis.

Pulmonary schizophyllosis is caused by inhaling the spores of S. commune, which can lead to allergic reactions or, more rarely, invasive fungal infections in people with weakened immune systems. Symptoms of this condition may include coughing, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.

It's worth noting that pulmonary schizophyllosis is a very rare disease, and most people who come into contact with S. commune fungi do not develop any symptoms or health problems. Nonetheless, it is important for medical professionals to be aware of this potential infection source in immunocompromised patients who present with respiratory symptoms.

In the context of medicine, "odors" refer to smells or scents that are produced by certain medical conditions, substances, or bodily functions. These odors can sometimes provide clues about underlying health issues. For example, sweet-smelling urine could indicate diabetes, while foul-smelling breath might suggest a dental problem or gastrointestinal issue. However, it's important to note that while odors can sometimes be indicative of certain medical conditions, they are not always reliable diagnostic tools and should be considered in conjunction with other symptoms and medical tests.

"Drosophila" is a genus of small flies, also known as fruit flies. The most common species used in scientific research is "Drosophila melanogaster," which has been a valuable model organism for many areas of biological and medical research, including genetics, developmental biology, neurobiology, and aging.

The use of Drosophila as a model organism has led to numerous important discoveries in genetics and molecular biology, such as the identification of genes that are associated with human diseases like cancer, Parkinson's disease, and obesity. The short reproductive cycle, large number of offspring, and ease of genetic manipulation make Drosophila a powerful tool for studying complex biological processes.

Fungal polysaccharides refer to complex carbohydrates that are produced and found in fungi, including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. These polysaccharides are made up of long chains of sugar molecules that are linked together by glycosidic bonds.

Fungal polysaccharides have various structures and functions depending on the specific fungal species they come from. Some fungal polysaccharides, such as beta-glucans, have been shown to have immunomodulatory effects and are used in some medical treatments. Beta-glucans, for example, can stimulate the immune system's response to infections and cancer.

Other fungal polysaccharides, such as chitin, are structural components of fungal cell walls. Chitin is a polysaccharide made up of N-acetylglucosamine units and is also found in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans.

Fungal polysaccharides have been studied for their potential therapeutic uses, including as antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory agents. However, more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and potential benefits and risks.

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis is a type of lung inflammation that occurs in response to inhaling organic dusts or mold spores that contain allergens. It is also known as hypersensitivity pneumonitis. This condition typically affects people who have been repeatedly exposed to the allergen over a period of time, such as farmers, bird fanciers, and workers in certain industries.

The symptoms of extrinsic allergic alveolitis can vary but often include cough, shortness of breath, fever, and fatigue. These symptoms may develop gradually or suddenly, depending on the frequency and intensity of exposure to the allergen. In some cases, the condition may progress to cause permanent lung damage if it is not treated promptly.

Diagnosis of extrinsic allergic alveolitis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging studies such as chest X-rays or CT scans, and pulmonary function tests. In some cases, blood tests or bronchoscopy with lavage may also be used to help confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for extrinsic allergic alveolitis typically involves avoiding further exposure to the allergen, as well as using medications such as corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization and oxygen therapy may be necessary. With prompt and appropriate treatment, most people with extrinsic allergic alveolitis can recover fully and avoid long-term lung damage.

Genetically modified animals (GMAs) are those whose genetic makeup has been altered using biotechnological techniques. This is typically done by introducing one or more genes from another species into the animal's genome, resulting in a new trait or characteristic that does not naturally occur in that species. The introduced gene is often referred to as a transgene.

The process of creating GMAs involves several steps:

1. Isolation: The desired gene is isolated from the DNA of another organism.
2. Transfer: The isolated gene is transferred into the target animal's cells, usually using a vector such as a virus or bacterium.
3. Integration: The transgene integrates into the animal's chromosome, becoming a permanent part of its genetic makeup.
4. Selection: The modified cells are allowed to multiply, and those that contain the transgene are selected for further growth and development.
5. Breeding: The genetically modified individuals are bred to produce offspring that carry the desired trait.

GMAs have various applications in research, agriculture, and medicine. In research, they can serve as models for studying human diseases or testing new therapies. In agriculture, GMAs can be developed to exhibit enhanced growth rates, improved disease resistance, or increased nutritional value. In medicine, GMAs may be used to produce pharmaceuticals or other therapeutic agents within their bodies.

Examples of genetically modified animals include mice with added genes for specific proteins that make them useful models for studying human diseases, goats that produce a human protein in their milk to treat hemophilia, and pigs with enhanced resistance to certain viruses that could potentially be used as organ donors for humans.

It is important to note that the use of genetically modified animals raises ethical concerns related to animal welfare, environmental impact, and potential risks to human health. These issues must be carefully considered and addressed when developing and implementing GMA technologies.

Cynomorium is a genus of flowering plants, and the only species in the family Cynomoriaceae. It is commonly known as the "desert truffle" or "sand wine." The plant is parasitic, with no leaves and lacking chlorophyll. It has a brown, branching, shrub-like structure that grows underground, emerging above ground only when it blooms to produce yellowish flowers.

Cynomorium is found in arid regions of North Africa and Asia, including the Middle East and Mongolia. It has been used in traditional medicine in various cultures for a variety of purposes, although there is limited scientific evidence to support its effectiveness for most uses. Some studies suggest that it may have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-boosting properties. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits and to establish safe and effective dosages.

Lectins are a type of proteins that bind specifically to carbohydrates and have been found in various plant and animal sources. They play important roles in biological recognition events, such as cell-cell adhesion, and can also be involved in the immune response. Some lectins can agglutinate certain types of cells or precipitate glycoproteins, while others may have a more direct effect on cellular processes. In some cases, lectins from plants can cause adverse effects in humans if ingested, such as digestive discomfort or allergic reactions.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Polyporaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in mycology, which is the branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi.

Polyporaceae is a family of fungi that includes various types of polypores, which are characterized by having pores on the underside of their fruiting bodies (the above-ground reproductive structures) instead of gills. These fungi are mostly saprotrophic, meaning they decompose dead or decaying organic matter to obtain nutrients. Some species can also be parasitic and cause diseases in living trees.

Examples of genera within Polyporaceae include Trametes, Ganoderma, Fomes, and Irpex, among others. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, please feel free to ask!

Chicory is a plant species with the scientific name Cichorium intybus. It is a perennial herb that is native to Europe and parts of Asia, but has been naturalized in many other regions of the world, including North America. Chicory is known for its blue or lavender flowers and its long, tapering leaves.

In addition to being used as an ornamental plant, chicory has a number of medicinal uses. The roots and leaves of the plant contain various compounds that have been found to have potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and diuretic properties. Chicory is also sometimes used as a coffee substitute or additive, due to the fact that it contains certain compounds that can mimic the taste of coffee.

It's important to note that while chicory has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, more research is needed to fully understand its potential health benefits and risks. As with any herbal remedy or supplement, it's always a good idea to talk to your doctor before using chicory, especially if you have any underlying medical conditions or are taking any medications.

"Pholiota" is a genus of fungi in the family Strophariaceae. These mushrooms are characterized by their slimy or viscid cap surfaces, which often have a yellowish-brown or orange-brown color. The gills are attached to the stem and are typically pale yellow or brown. The spores are cinnamon-brown. Many species of Pholiota are found on dead or dying wood, but some can be parasitic on living trees. Some members of this genus are edible, while others are toxic and can cause gastrointestinal symptoms if consumed. It is important to be able to accurately identify Pholiota species before consuming them.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Indians, Central American" is not a medical term. It refers to individuals or populations that originate from Central America and self-identify as indigenous or native to the region. In a medical context, it's more common to see specific references to individual ethnic groups or populations, such as Maya, Garifuna, or Miskitu, among others. These groups may have unique genetic characteristics, health risks, or cultural practices that are relevant to medical care and research. However, it's important to note that any discussion of medical issues should be sensitive to the individual's self-identified ethnicity and personal preferences.

'Drosophila proteins' refer to the proteins that are expressed in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. This organism is a widely used model system in genetics, developmental biology, and molecular biology research. The study of Drosophila proteins has contributed significantly to our understanding of various biological processes, including gene regulation, cell signaling, development, and aging.

Some examples of well-studied Drosophila proteins include:

1. HSP70 (Heat Shock Protein 70): A chaperone protein involved in protein folding and protection from stress conditions.
2. TUBULIN: A structural protein that forms microtubules, important for cell division and intracellular transport.
3. ACTIN: A cytoskeletal protein involved in muscle contraction, cell motility, and maintenance of cell shape.
4. BETA-GALACTOSIDASE (LACZ): A reporter protein often used to monitor gene expression patterns in transgenic flies.
5. ENDOGLIN: A protein involved in the development of blood vessels during embryogenesis.
6. P53: A tumor suppressor protein that plays a crucial role in preventing cancer by regulating cell growth and division.
7. JUN-KINASE (JNK): A signaling protein involved in stress response, apoptosis, and developmental processes.
8. DECAPENTAPLEGIC (DPP): A member of the TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor Beta) superfamily, playing essential roles in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.

These proteins are often studied using various techniques such as biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, and structural biology to understand their functions, interactions, and regulation within the cell.

'Drosophila melanogaster' is the scientific name for a species of fruit fly that is commonly used as a model organism in various fields of biological research, including genetics, developmental biology, and evolutionary biology. Its small size, short generation time, large number of offspring, and ease of cultivation make it an ideal subject for laboratory studies. The fruit fly's genome has been fully sequenced, and many of its genes have counterparts in the human genome, which facilitates the understanding of genetic mechanisms and their role in human health and disease.

Here is a brief medical definition:

Drosophila melanogaster (droh-suh-fih-luh meh-lon-guh-ster): A species of fruit fly used extensively as a model organism in genetic, developmental, and evolutionary research. Its genome has been sequenced, revealing many genes with human counterparts, making it valuable for understanding genetic mechanisms and their role in human health and disease.

Melanin is a pigment that determines the color of skin, hair, and eyes in humans and animals. It is produced by melanocytes, which are specialized cells found in the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin) and the choroid (the vascular coat of the eye). There are two main types of melanin: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Eumelanin is a black or brown pigment, while pheomelanin is a red or yellow pigment. The amount and type of melanin produced by an individual can affect their skin and hair color, as well as their susceptibility to certain diseases, such as skin cancer.

Cordyceps is a type of fungus that grows on the larvae of insects, particularly caterpillars. It belongs to the family Cordycipitaceae and the order Hypocreales. The most well-known species is Cordyceps sinensis, which is native to the high altitude regions of the Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau.

Cordyceps fungi are parasitic, meaning they infect and kill their host insects before growing and fruiting from the insect's body. The mature fungus produces long, thin, brown or black stalks that emerge from the ground, resembling a small club or a tiny stick.

In traditional Chinese medicine, Cordyceps has been used for centuries to treat various health conditions, including respiratory disorders, kidney diseases, and liver problems. Modern research suggests that Cordyceps may have several bioactive compounds with potential medicinal benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. However, more rigorous clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings and establish the safety and efficacy of Cordyceps as a therapeutic agent.

Cesium radioisotopes are different forms of the element cesium that have unstable nuclei and emit radiation. Some commonly used medical cesium radioisotopes include Cs-134 and Cs-137, which are produced from nuclear reactions in nuclear reactors or during nuclear weapons testing.

In medicine, cesium radioisotopes have been used in cancer treatment for the brachytherapy of certain types of tumors. Brachytherapy involves placing a small amount of radioactive material directly into or near the tumor to deliver a high dose of radiation to the cancer cells while minimizing exposure to healthy tissues.

Cesium-137, for example, has been used in the treatment of cervical, endometrial, and prostate cancers. However, due to concerns about potential long-term risks associated with the use of cesium radioisotopes, their use in cancer therapy is becoming less common.

It's important to note that handling and using radioactive materials requires specialized training and equipment to ensure safety and prevent radiation exposure.

"Concatenated DNA" is a term used to describe two or more DNA molecules that are linked together in a head-to-tail fashion, forming a continuous double helix. This can occur either naturally or through laboratory manipulation. In the context of molecular biology and genetics, concatenation refers to the joining of multiple DNA fragments into one longer molecule.

Concatenated DNA molecules are often used in various applications, such as cloning large DNA sequences, constructing artificial chromosomes, or studying the recombination and repair of DNA. The process of creating concatemers (the plural form of concatener) typically involves ligating multiple copies of a DNA fragment together using an enzyme called a ligase, which forms covalent bonds between the ends of the fragments to create a single, uninterrupted molecule.

It is important to note that "DNA, concatenated" is not a formal medical term or diagnosis but rather a technical term used in molecular biology and genetics research.

"Termitomyces" is a genus of fungi that have a mutualistic relationship with termites. These fungi grow inside the nests of certain termite species, particularly those in the family Macrotermitinae, and are cultivated by the termites for food. The termites feed on the fungus's hyphae and spores, while the fungi receive shelter and nutrients from the termites. This mutualistic relationship is one of the most complex examples of symbiosis in the animal kingdom.

The Termitomyces fungi produce large, fleshy mushrooms that grow above ground and are highly prized as a food source in some parts of the world, particularly in Africa. The mushrooms have a distinctive appearance, with caps that can range in size from a few centimeters to over 30 cm in diameter, and stems that can be several centimeters long.

It's worth noting that Termitomyces is not a medical term per se, but rather a taxonomic category used in the field of mycology (the study of fungi).

Beta-glucans are a type of complex carbohydrate known as polysaccharides, which are found in the cell walls of certain cereals, bacteria, and fungi, including baker's yeast, mushrooms, and algae. They consist of long chains of glucose molecules linked together by beta-glycosidic bonds.

Beta-glucans have been studied for their potential health benefits, such as boosting the immune system, reducing cholesterol levels, and improving gut health. They are believed to work by interacting with immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, and enhancing their ability to recognize and destroy foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells.

Beta-glucans are available in supplement form and are also found in various functional foods and beverages, such as baked goods, cereals, and sports drinks. However, it is important to note that the effectiveness of beta-glucans for these health benefits may vary depending on the source, dose, and individual's health status. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any dietary supplements or making significant changes to your diet.

Catechol oxidase, also known as polyphenol oxidase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of catechols and other phenolic compounds to quinones. These quinones can then undergo further reactions to form various pigmented compounds, such as melanins. Catechol oxidase is widely distributed in nature and is found in plants, fungi, and some bacteria. In humans, catechol oxidase is involved in the metabolism of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and epinephrine.

Long-term memory is the cognitive system that stores information for extended periods of time, ranging from hours to a lifetime. It is responsible for the retention and retrieval of factual knowledge (semantic memory), personal experiences (episodic memory), skills (procedural memory), and other types of information. Long-term memory has a larger capacity compared to short-term or working memory, and its contents are more resistant to interference and forgetting. The formation and consolidation of long-term memories often involve the hippocampus and other medial temporal lobe structures, as well as widespread cortical networks.

A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

A larva is a distinct stage in the life cycle of various insects, mites, and other arthropods during which they undergo significant metamorphosis before becoming adults. In a medical context, larvae are known for their role in certain parasitic infections. Specifically, some helminth (parasitic worm) species use larval forms to infect human hosts. These invasions may lead to conditions such as cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, or gnathostomiasis, depending on the specific parasite involved and the location of the infection within the body.

The larval stage is characterized by its markedly different morphology and behavior compared to the adult form. Larvae often have a distinct appearance, featuring unsegmented bodies, simple sense organs, and undeveloped digestive systems. They are typically adapted for a specific mode of life, such as free-living or parasitic existence, and rely on external sources of nutrition for their development.

In the context of helminth infections, larvae may be transmitted to humans through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct skin contact with infective stages, or transmission via an intermediate host (such as a vector). Once inside the human body, these parasitic larvae can cause tissue damage and provoke immune responses, leading to the clinical manifestations of disease.

It is essential to distinguish between the medical definition of 'larva' and its broader usage in biology and zoology. In those fields, 'larva' refers to any juvenile form that undergoes metamorphosis before reaching adulthood, regardless of whether it is parasitic or not.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Fungal proteins are a type of protein that is specifically produced and present in fungi, which are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds. These proteins play various roles in the growth, development, and survival of fungi. They can be involved in the structure and function of fungal cells, metabolism, pathogenesis, and other cellular processes. Some fungal proteins can also have important implications for human health, both in terms of their potential use as therapeutic targets and as allergens or toxins that can cause disease.

Fungal proteins can be classified into different categories based on their functions, such as enzymes, structural proteins, signaling proteins, and toxins. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in fungal cells, while structural proteins provide support and protection for the cell. Signaling proteins are involved in communication between cells and regulation of various cellular processes, and toxins are proteins that can cause harm to other organisms, including humans.

Understanding the structure and function of fungal proteins is important for developing new treatments for fungal infections, as well as for understanding the basic biology of fungi. Research on fungal proteins has led to the development of several antifungal drugs that target specific fungal enzymes or other proteins, providing effective treatment options for a range of fungal diseases. Additionally, further study of fungal proteins may reveal new targets for drug development and help improve our ability to diagnose and treat fungal infections.

Octanols are a type of chemical compound known as alcohols, specifically they are fatty alcohols with a chain of 8 carbon atoms. The most common octanol is called 1-octanol, which has the chemical formula CH3(CH2)7OH. It is a colorless oily liquid that is used in the synthesis of other chemicals and as a solvent. Octanols are often used as standards for measuring the partition coefficient between octanol and water, which is a measure of a compound's hydrophobicity or lipophilicity. This property is important in understanding how a compound may be absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body.

Fungal spores are defined as the reproductive units of fungi that are produced by specialized structures called hyphae. These spores are typically single-celled and can exist in various shapes such as round, oval, or ellipsoidal. They are highly resistant to extreme environmental conditions like heat, cold, and dryness, which allows them to survive for long periods until they find a suitable environment to germinate and grow into a new fungal organism. Fungal spores can be found in the air, water, soil, and on various surfaces, making them easily dispersible and capable of causing infections in humans, animals, and plants.

'Burkholderia gladioli' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that belongs to the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). This complex includes several closely related species that can cause respiratory infections, particularly in people with weakened immune systems or chronic lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis.

'Burkholderia gladioli' is commonly found in the environment, including soil and water. It has been isolated from a variety of plants, including onions, gladiolus, and other flowers. While it can cause serious infections in humans, it is also being studied for its potential use in bioremediation and as a source of novel antibiotics.

Infections caused by 'Burkholderia gladioli' can be difficult to treat due to the bacterium's resistance to many commonly used antibiotics. Treatment typically involves the use of multiple antibiotics and close monitoring of the patient's response to therapy.

In the context of medical and clinical neuroscience, memory is defined as the brain's ability to encode, store, retain, and recall information or experiences. Memory is a complex cognitive process that involves several interconnected regions of the brain and can be categorized into different types based on various factors such as duration and the nature of the information being remembered.

The major types of memory include:

1. Sensory memory: The shortest form of memory, responsible for holding incoming sensory information for a brief period (less than a second to several seconds) before it is either transferred to short-term memory or discarded.
2. Short-term memory (also called working memory): A temporary storage system that allows the brain to hold and manipulate information for approximately 20-30 seconds, although this duration can be extended through rehearsal strategies. Short-term memory has a limited capacity, typically thought to be around 7±2 items.
3. Long-term memory: The memory system responsible for storing large amounts of information over extended periods, ranging from minutes to a lifetime. Long-term memory has a much larger capacity compared to short-term memory and is divided into two main categories: explicit (declarative) memory and implicit (non-declarative) memory.

Explicit (declarative) memory can be further divided into episodic memory, which involves the recollection of specific events or episodes, including their temporal and spatial contexts, and semantic memory, which refers to the storage and retrieval of general knowledge, facts, concepts, and vocabulary, independent of personal experience or context.

Implicit (non-declarative) memory encompasses various forms of learning that do not require conscious awareness or intention, such as procedural memory (skills and habits), priming (facilitated processing of related stimuli), classical conditioning (associative learning), and habituation (reduced responsiveness to repeated stimuli).

Memory is a crucial aspect of human cognition and plays a significant role in various aspects of daily life, including learning, problem-solving, decision-making, social interactions, and personal identity. Memory dysfunction can result from various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and depression.

Acidic glycosphingolipids are a class of complex lipids that contain one or more sugar molecules (glycans) and a fatty acid attached to sphingosine, which is a type of amino alcohol. The term "acidic" refers to the presence of a negatively charged group, such as a sulfate or a carboxylic acid, in the glycan part of the molecule.

Acidic glycosphingolipids are important components of cell membranes and play a role in various biological processes, including cell recognition, signal transduction, and cell adhesion. They are also involved in the development and progression of several diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious diseases caused by bacteria and viruses.

Examples of acidic glycosphingolipids include sulfatides, gangliosides, and globosides, which differ in the structure and composition of their sugar chains. Abnormalities in the metabolism or function of acidic glycosphingolipids have been associated with various pathological conditions, such as lysosomal storage diseases, inflammatory disorders, and autoimmune diseases.

Ethnobotany is the scientific study of the traditional knowledge, practices, and beliefs about plants held by a particular group of people or culture. It involves the documentation and analysis of the ways in which people use plants for medicinal, food, shelter, clothing, dye, ritual, and other purposes. The field of ethnobotany draws on anthropology, botany, ecology, chemistry, and geography to understand the complex relationships between human cultures and their plant resources.

Ethnobotanists may conduct fieldwork with communities to learn about their traditional plant use, documenting this knowledge through interviews, observations, and collections of plant specimens. They may also study the ecological and cultural factors that shape plant use and management, as well as the impacts of globalization, environmental change, and other forces on traditional plant knowledge and practices.

The information gathered through ethnobotanical research can have important implications for conservation, human health, and sustainable development. For example, traditional plant remedies may provide leads for the development of new drugs or therapies, while understanding the cultural significance of plants can help inform efforts to protect biodiversity and support the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities.

Agrocybe is a genus of fungi in the family Strophariaceae. These mushrooms are commonly known as "meadow mushrooms" or " lawn mushrooms." They are saprobic, meaning they obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter. Some species of Agrocybe are considered edible and are found in many parts of the world. However, it is important to note that some species can be toxic and should not be consumed without proper identification by a trained mycologist.

Here is a medical definition of Agrocybe:

A genus (Agrocybe) of fungi in the family Strophariaceae, characterized by brown to yellow-brown pileus (cap), adnexed to adnate gills, and a stipe (stem) that is often bulbous at the base. Some species are considered edible, while others can be toxic. Proper identification of Agrocybe species is important before consumption.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Coriolaceae" is not a medical term or concept. It is a taxonomic name used in botany to refer to a family of fungi that includes several genera of discomycetes (cup fungi). If you have any questions related to the field of medicine or biology, I would be happy to try and help answer them for you.

Laccase is an enzyme (specifically, a type of oxidoreductase) that is widely distributed in plants, fungi, and bacteria. It catalyzes the oxidation of various phenolic compounds, including polyphenols, methoxy-substituted phenols, aromatic amines, and some inorganic ions, while reducing molecular oxygen to water. This enzyme plays a crucial role in lignin degradation, as well as in the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds and in the synthesis of various pigments and polymers. The medical relevance of laccase is linked to its potential applications in bioremediation, biofuel production, and biotechnology.

A complex mixture is a type of mixture that contains a large number of different chemical components, which can interact with each other in complex ways. These interactions can result in the emergence of new properties or behaviors that are not present in the individual components.

In the context of medical research and regulation, complex mixtures can pose significant challenges due to their complexity and the potential for unexpected interactions between components. Examples of complex mixtures include tobacco smoke, air pollution, and certain types of food and beverages.

Because of their complexity, it can be difficult to study the health effects of complex mixtures using traditional methods that focus on individual chemicals or components. Instead, researchers may need to use more holistic approaches that take into account the interactions between different components and the overall composition of the mixture. This is an active area of research in fields such as toxicology, epidemiology, and environmental health.

Fungal DNA refers to the genetic material present in fungi, which are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as larger organisms like mushrooms. The DNA of fungi, like that of all living organisms, is made up of nucleotides that are arranged in a double helix structure.

Fungal DNA contains the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of fungi. This includes the instructions for making proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of cells, as well as other important molecules such as enzymes and nucleic acids.

Studying fungal DNA can provide valuable insights into the biology and evolution of fungi, as well as their potential uses in medicine, agriculture, and industry. For example, researchers have used genetic engineering techniques to modify the DNA of fungi to produce drugs, biofuels, and other useful products. Additionally, understanding the genetic makeup of pathogenic fungi can help scientists develop new strategies for preventing and treating fungal infections.

"Food analysis" is not a medical term per se, but it falls under the broader field of food science and nutrition. Food analysis refers to the laboratory methods and techniques used to determine the composition and quality of food products. This can include testing for nutrients (such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals), contaminants (like heavy metals, pesticides, or allergens), and other components that may affect the safety, quality, or authenticity of food.

The results of food analysis can be used to ensure compliance with regulatory standards, develop new food products, assess the nutritional value of diets, investigate food-borne illnesses, and monitor trends in food consumption. While not a medical definition, food analysis is an important tool for promoting public health and preventing diet-related diseases.

Appetitive behavior is a term used in the field of psychology and neuroscience to refer to actions or behaviors that are performed in order to obtain a reward or positive reinforcement. These behaviors are often driven by basic biological needs, such as hunger, thirst, or the need for social interaction. They can also be influenced by learned associations and past experiences.

In the context of medical terminology, appetitive behavior may be used to describe a patient's level of interest in food or their desire to eat. For example, a patient with a good appetite may have a strong desire to eat and may seek out food regularly, while a patient with a poor appetite may have little interest in food and may need to be encouraged to eat.

Appetitive behavior is regulated by a complex interplay of hormonal, neural, and psychological factors. Disruptions in these systems can lead to changes in appetitive behavior, such as increased or decreased hunger and eating. Appetitive behavior is an important area of study in the field of obesity research, as it is thought that understanding the underlying mechanisms that drive appetitive behavior may help to develop more effective treatments for weight management.

Hemagglutination is a medical term that refers to the agglutination or clumping together of red blood cells (RBCs) in the presence of an agglutinin, which is typically a protein or a polysaccharide found on the surface of certain viruses, bacteria, or incompatible blood types.

In simpler terms, hemagglutination occurs when the agglutinin binds to specific antigens on the surface of RBCs, causing them to clump together and form visible clumps or aggregates. This reaction is often used in diagnostic tests to identify the presence of certain viruses or bacteria, such as influenza or HIV, by mixing a sample of blood or other bodily fluid with a known agglutinin and observing whether hemagglutination occurs.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays are also commonly used to measure the titer or concentration of antibodies in a serum sample, by adding serial dilutions of the serum to a fixed amount of agglutinin and observing the highest dilution that still prevents hemagglutination. This can help determine whether a person has been previously exposed to a particular pathogen and has developed immunity to it.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

An "Electronic Nose" is a device that analytically detects, identifies, and quantifies volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in gaseous samples to identify specific odors or chemical compositions. It typically consists of an array of electronic gas sensors with partial specificity and pattern recognition software to analyze the response patterns of these sensors. The device mimics the functioning of a human nose, which can recognize a wide range of smells based on the unique pattern of activation of its olfactory receptors. Electronic noses have applications in various fields, including medical diagnostics, food quality control, environmental monitoring, and security.

Umbelliferone is not a medical term, but a chemical compound that belongs to the class of coumarins. It can be found in various plants, including those from the family Apiaceae (also known as Umbelliferae), hence its name. Coumarins like umbelliferone have been studied for their potential pharmacological properties, such as anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. However, they are not typically considered as a medical treatment on their own.

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates consisting of long chains of monosaccharide units (simple sugars) bonded together by glycosidic linkages. They can be classified based on the type of monosaccharides and the nature of the bonds that connect them.

Polysaccharides have various functions in living organisms. For example, starch and glycogen serve as energy storage molecules in plants and animals, respectively. Cellulose provides structural support in plants, while chitin is a key component of fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons.

Some polysaccharides also have important roles in the human body, such as being part of the extracellular matrix (e.g., hyaluronic acid) or acting as blood group antigens (e.g., ABO blood group substances).

Biogenic amine receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that bind and respond to biogenic amines, which are naturally occurring compounds that function as neurotransmitters or hormones in the human body. These receptors play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including regulation of mood, appetite, sleep, and cognition.

Examples of biogenic amines include:

1. Dopamine (DA): Dopamine receptors are involved in motor control, reward processing, and motivation. They are divided into two main classes: D1-like (D1 and D5) and D2-like (D2, D3, and D4).
2. Serotonin (5-HT): Serotonin receptors regulate mood, appetite, sleep, and pain perception. There are seven distinct families of serotonin receptors (5-HT1 to 5-HT7), with multiple subtypes within each family.
3. Norepinephrine (NE): Also known as noradrenaline, norepinephrine receptors play a role in the "fight or flight" response, attention, and arousal. They are divided into two main classes: α-adrenergic (α1 and α2) and β-adrenergic (β1, β2, and β3).
4. Histamine (HA): Histamine receptors regulate allergic responses, wakefulness, and appetite. There are four types of histamine receptors (H1 to H4), with distinct functions and signaling pathways.
5. Acetylcholine (ACh): While not a biogenic amine, acetylcholine is often included in this category due to its similar role as a neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine receptors are involved in learning, memory, and muscle contraction. They can be further divided into muscarinic (M1-M5) and nicotinic (α and β subunits) receptor classes.

Biogenic amine receptors typically function through G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways, although some can also activate ion channels directly. Dysregulation of biogenic amine systems has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, depression, and schizophrenia.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

I am not a medical expert, but I can provide some information that may be helpful. "Picrates" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. Instead, it is a term used in chemistry to refer to salts of picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol), which was once used as a yellow dye and explosive.

Picric acid has been used historically in some medical applications, such as a component in certain topical antiseptics and in histological staining procedures. However, its use in modern medicine is quite limited due to its high sensitivity to impact, heat, and friction, which makes it potentially dangerous to handle.

Therefore, it's important to note that "picrates" is not a medical term per se but rather a chemical one, and any medical application of picric acid or its salts would be highly specialized and unlikely to be encountered in most healthcare settings.

I apologize, but I am unable to provide a medical definition for "Meglutol" as it is not a recognized term in medicine or pharmacology. It is possible that there may be a spelling error or confusion with another similar term. If you have any more information or context about where you encountered this term, I'd be happy to help you try to clarify it.

Biological metamorphosis is a complex process of transformation that certain organisms undergo during their development from embryo to adult. This process involves profound changes in form, function, and structure of the organism, often including modifications of various body parts, reorganization of internal organs, and changes in physiology.

In metamorphosis, a larval or juvenile form of an animal is significantly different from its adult form, both morphologically and behaviorally. This phenomenon is particularly common in insects, amphibians, and some fish and crustaceans. The most well-known examples include the transformation of a caterpillar into a butterfly or a tadpole into a frog.

The mechanisms that drive metamorphosis are regulated by hormonal signals and genetic programs. In many cases, metamorphosis is triggered by environmental factors such as temperature, moisture, or food availability, which interact with the organism's internal developmental cues to initiate the transformation. The process of metamorphosis allows these organisms to exploit different ecological niches at different stages of their lives and contributes to their evolutionary success.

Cultural anthropology is a subfield of anthropology that focuses on the study of human culture, society, and behavior. It seeks to understand the ways in which different cultural groups organize and structure their social lives, as well as the meanings and symbols that shape their beliefs, practices, and institutions. Cultural anthropologists conduct ethnographic research, which involves immersing themselves in a particular cultural setting and observing and participating in the daily lives of its members. They generate detailed descriptions and analyses of cultural phenomena, with the aim of providing insights into both the specificity of individual cultures and the broader patterns of human social and cultural life. Cultural anthropology has important applications in fields such as international development, public health, education, and business, where an understanding of cultural differences is essential for effective communication, collaboration, and problem-solving.

"Marasmius" is a genus of fungi in the family Marasmiaceae. It includes several species of small, slender mushrooms that typically have a cap that is convex to bell-shaped and gills that are attached to the stem. Some species of Marasmius are known for their ability to dry out and then rehydrate when conditions are favorable, allowing them to survive in harsh environments. The best-known species is probably Marasmius oreades, also known as the "fairy ring mushroom," which grows in circles in grassy areas and is often considered edible, although it can cause digestive upset in some people.

Arthropod antennae are the primary sensory organs found in arthropods, which include insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and myriapods. These paired appendages are usually located on the head or nearest segment to the head and are responsible for detecting various stimuli from the environment such as touch, taste, smell, temperature, humidity, vibration, and air motion.

The structure of arthropod antennae varies among different groups but generally consists of one or more segments called flagellum or funicle that may be further divided into subsegments called annuli. The number and arrangement of these segments are often used to classify and identify specific taxa.

Insect antennae, for example, typically have a distinct shape and can be thread-like, feathery, or clubbed depending on the species. They contain various sensory receptors such as olfactory neurons that detect odor molecules, mechanoreceptors that respond to touch or movement, and thermoreceptors that sense temperature changes.

Overall, arthropod antennae play a crucial role in enabling these organisms to navigate their environment, find food, avoid predators, and communicate with conspecifics.

"Gryllidae" is not a medical term. It is the family designation for crickets in the order Orthoptera, which includes various species of insects that are characterized by their long antennae and ability to produce chirping sounds. The misinterpretation might have arisen from the fact that some scientific research or studies may reference these creatures; however, it is not a medical term or concept.

I must clarify that the term 'pupa' is not typically used in medical contexts. Instead, it is a term from the field of biology, particularly entomology, which is the study of insects.

In insect development, a pupa refers to a stage in the life cycle of certain insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. During this phase, the larval body undergoes significant transformation and reorganization within a protective casing called a chrysalis (in butterflies and moths) or a cocoon (in other insects). The old larval tissues are broken down and replaced with new adult structures. Once this process is complete, the pupal case opens, and the adult insect emerges.

Since 'pupa' is not a medical term, I couldn't provide a medical definition for it. However, I hope this explanation helps clarify its meaning in the context of biology.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "frozen foods" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It generally refers to food that has been frozen and preserved at low temperatures. While there may be some medical concerns related to the consumption of certain types of frozen foods (such as those high in sodium or fat), it's not a term that would be used within a medical context. If you have any questions about the safety or nutritional content of specific frozen foods, I'd recommend consulting with a healthcare provider or a nutritionist.

Classical conditioning is a type of learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together, leading to an association between them. This concept was first introduced by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, in his studies on classical conditioning in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

In classical conditioning, there are typically two types of stimuli involved: the unconditioned stimulus (US) and the neutral stimulus (NS). The US is a stimulus that naturally triggers a response, known as the unconditioned response (UR), in an organism. For example, food is an US that triggers salivation, which is the UR, in dogs.

The NS, on the other hand, is a stimulus that does not initially trigger any response in the organism. However, when the NS is repeatedly paired with the US, it becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) and begins to elicit a conditioned response (CR). The CR is similar to the UR but is triggered by the CS instead of the US.

For example, if Pavlov repeatedly rang a bell (NS) just before presenting food (US) to a dog, the dog would eventually start salivating (CR) in response to the bell (CS) even when food was not presented. This is an example of classical conditioning.

Classical conditioning has been widely studied and is believed to play a role in various physiological processes, such as learning, memory, and emotion regulation. It has also been used in various applications, including behavioral therapy and advertising.

Potassium radioisotopes refer to unstable isotopes or variants of the element potassium that emit radiation as they decay towards a stable form. A common example is Potassium-40 (40K), which occurs naturally in small amounts in potassium-containing substances. It decays through beta decay and positron emission, as well as electron capture, with a half-life of approximately 1.25 billion years.

Radioisotopes like 40K have medical applications such as in dating archaeological artifacts or studying certain biological processes. However, exposure to high levels of radiation from potassium radioisotopes can be harmful and potentially lead to health issues like radiation sickness or cancer.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lespedeza" is not a medical term. It is a genus of plants commonly known as bush clover or lespedeza. These plants are native to warm temperate and subtropical regions of the world, including parts of North America, Asia, and Africa. They have been used in some traditional medicine practices, but there is no widely recognized medical definition associated with "Lespedeza." If you have any questions related to a specific medical term or concept, I'd be happy to help if I can!

According to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), biological products are "products that are made from or contain a living organism or its derivatives, such as vaccines, blood and blood components, cells, genes, tissues, and proteins." These products can be composed of sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, or complex combinations of these substances, and they can come from many sources, including humans, animals, microorganisms, or plants.

Biological products are often used to diagnose, prevent, or treat a wide range of medical conditions, and they can be administered in various ways, such as through injection, inhalation, or topical application. Because biological products are derived from living organisms, their manufacturing processes can be complex and must be tightly controlled to ensure the safety, purity, and potency of the final product.

It's important to note that biological products are not the same as drugs, which are chemically synthesized compounds. While drugs are designed to interact with specific targets in the body, such as enzymes or receptors, biological products can have more complex and varied mechanisms of action, making them potentially more difficult to characterize and regulate.

Octopamine is not primarily used in medical definitions, but it is a significant neurotransmitter in invertebrates, including insects. It is the equivalent to noradrenaline (norepinephrine) in vertebrates and has similar functions related to the "fight or flight" response, arousal, and motivation. Insects use octopamine for various physiological processes such as learning, memory, regulation of heart rate, and modulation of muscle contraction. It also plays a role in the social behavior of insects like aggression and courtship.

Amanitins are a type of bicyclic octapeptide toxin found in several species of mushrooms belonging to the Amanita genus, including the death cap (Amanita phalloides) and the destroying angel (Amanita virosa). These toxins are part of the group of compounds known as amatoxins.

Amanitins are highly toxic to humans and other animals, affecting the liver and kidneys in particular. They work by inhibiting RNA polymerase II, an enzyme that plays a crucial role in gene expression by transcribing DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA). This interference with protein synthesis can lead to severe damage to cells and tissues, potentially resulting in organ failure and death if left untreated.

Symptoms of amanitin poisoning typically appear in two phases. The first phase, which occurs within 6-24 hours after ingestion, includes gastrointestinal distress such as vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. This initial phase may subside for a short period, giving a false sense of recovery. However, the second phase, which can occur 3-7 days later, is characterized by liver and kidney damage, with symptoms such as jaundice, disorientation, seizures, coma, and ultimately, multiple organ failure if not treated promptly and effectively.

Treatment for amanitin poisoning usually involves supportive care, such as fluid replacement and addressing any complications that arise. In some cases, medications like silibinin (from milk thistle) or activated charcoal may be used to help reduce the absorption and toxicity of the amanitins. Additionally, liver transplantation might be considered in severe cases where organ failure is imminent. Prevention is key when it comes to amanitin poisoning, as there is no antidote available. Being able to identify and avoid potentially deadly mushrooms is essential for foragers and those who enjoy gathering wild fungi.

Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron that receive and process signals from other neurons. They are typically short and highly branching, increasing the surface area for receiving incoming signals. Dendrites are covered in small protrusions called dendritic spines, which can form connections with the axon terminals of other neurons through chemical synapses. The structure and function of dendrites play a critical role in the integration and processing of information in the nervous system.

1. Genes: These are hereditary units that carry genetic information from parents to offspring and determine various characteristics such as eye color, hair color, and height in living organisms. In fungi, genes are responsible for encoding different traits, including mating type.

2. Mating Type: Fungi have a complex sexual reproduction system involving two or more mating types that must come together to reproduce sexually. The mating type of a fungus is determined by the presence or absence of specific genes called "mating type loci" (MAT). These genes control the ability of fungal cells to recognize and fuse with each other during sexual reproduction.

3. Fungal: This term refers to any member of the kingdom Fungi, which includes a diverse group of organisms such as yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. Fungi are eukaryotic, meaning they have complex cells with a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They play essential roles in various ecosystems, decomposing organic matter, recycling nutrients, and forming mutualistic relationships with plants and animals.

In summary, 'Genes, Mating Type, Fungal' refers to the genetic factors that determine the mating type of fungi, which is crucial for their sexual reproduction and survival in various environments.

Alpha-Amanitin is a bicyclic octapeptide and the main toxic component found in several species of mushrooms, including the deadly "death cap" (Amanita phalloides) and "destroying angel" (Amanita virosa). It is a potent inhibitor of RNA polymerase II, which is an enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) in eukaryotic cells. This specific mode of action disrupts protein synthesis and leads to severe cellular damage, primarily affecting the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system.

Clinical symptoms of alpha-amanitin poisoning include gastrointestinal distress (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) within a few hours after ingestion, followed by a symptom-free period of up to 24 hours. After this latent phase, symptoms reappear and can progress to liver and kidney failure, coma, and even death in severe cases. There is no specific antidote for alpha-amanitin poisoning, and treatment primarily focuses on supportive care, such as fluid replacement, electrolyte management, and organ function support.

The ribosomal spacer in DNA refers to the non-coding sequences of DNA that are located between the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These spacer regions are present in the DNA of organisms that have a nuclear genome, including humans and other animals, plants, and fungi.

In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, there are two ribosomal RNA genes, 16S and 23S, separated by a spacer region known as the intergenic spacer (IGS). In eukaryotic cells, there are multiple copies of ribosomal RNA genes arranged in clusters called nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), which are located on the short arms of several acrocentric chromosomes. Each cluster contains hundreds to thousands of copies of the 18S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNA genes, separated by non-transcribed spacer regions known as internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and external transcribed spacers (ETS).

The ribosomal spacer regions in DNA are often used as molecular markers for studying evolutionary relationships among organisms because they evolve more rapidly than the rRNA genes themselves. The sequences of these spacer regions can be compared among different species to infer their phylogenetic relationships and to estimate the time since they diverged from a common ancestor. Additionally, the length and composition of ribosomal spacers can vary between individuals within a species, making them useful for studying genetic diversity and population structure.

Lentinan is a polysaccharide derived from the shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) that has been studied for its potential immune-enhancing and anti-cancer effects. It is a beta-glucan with a complex structure, including both β-(1,3)-D-glucan and β-(1,6)-D-glucan branches.

In the medical context, lentinan is considered an immunomodulator, as it can stimulate various immune cells like macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cells. These immune cells play crucial roles in recognizing and eliminating foreign substances, including cancer cells and pathogens.

Lentinan has been investigated for its potential therapeutic benefits in treating several types of cancer, such as gastric, colorectal, and breast cancers. However, most of the research is still preclinical or based on small-scale clinical trials, so more extensive studies are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety before it can be widely adopted in medical practice.

It's important to note that lentinan supplements should not replace conventional cancer treatments but may potentially be used as an adjunct therapy under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Phytotherapy is the use of extracts of natural origin, especially plants or plant parts, for therapeutic purposes. It is also known as herbal medicine and is a traditional practice in many cultures. The active compounds in these plant extracts are believed to have various medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, or sedative effects. Practitioners of phytotherapy may use the whole plant, dried parts, or concentrated extracts to prepare teas, capsules, tinctures, or ointments for therapeutic use. It is important to note that the effectiveness and safety of phytotherapy are not always supported by scientific evidence, and it should be used with caution and preferably under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Phenols, also known as phenolic acids or phenol derivatives, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon ring. In the context of medicine and biology, phenols are often referred to as a type of antioxidant that can be found in various foods and plants.

Phenols have the ability to neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause damage to cells and contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Some common examples of phenolic compounds include gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and ellagic acid, among many others.

Phenols can also have various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic effects. However, some phenolic compounds can also be toxic or irritating to the body in high concentrations, so their use as therapeutic agents must be carefully monitored and controlled.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sarcoma 180" is not a recognized medical term or an official classification of sarcomas in humans. It appears to be a term used primarily in research involving mice. Sarcoma 180 is a transplantable tumor that was first isolated from a mouse and has been used as a model for cancer research, particularly in studies involving immunotherapy and cancer treatment.

In general, sarcomas are cancers that develop from connective tissues such as bones, muscles, tendons, cartilages, nerves, and blood vessels. They can be further classified into various subtypes based on the specific type of tissue they originate from and their genetic characteristics. If you have any concerns about a specific medical condition or term, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional for accurate information.

Industrial microbiology is not strictly a medical definition, but it is a branch of microbiology that deals with the use of microorganisms for the production of various industrial and commercial products. In a broader sense, it can include the study of microorganisms that are involved in diseases of animals, humans, and plants, as well as those that are beneficial in industrial processes.

In the context of medical microbiology, industrial microbiology may involve the use of microorganisms to produce drugs, vaccines, or other therapeutic agents. For example, certain bacteria and yeasts are used to ferment sugars and produce antibiotics, while other microorganisms are used to create vaccines through a process called attenuation.

Industrial microbiology may also involve the study of microorganisms that can cause contamination in medical settings, such as hospitals or pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities. These microorganisms can cause infections and pose a risk to patients or workers, so it is important to understand their behavior and develop strategies for controlling their growth and spread.

Overall, industrial microbiology plays an important role in the development of new medical technologies and therapies, as well as in ensuring the safety and quality of medical products and environments.

Association learning, also known as associative learning, is a type of learning in which an individual learns to associate two stimuli or a response with a particular outcome. This can occur through classical conditioning or operant conditioning.

In classical conditioning, first described by Ivan Pavlov, an initially neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) is repeatedly paired with a biologically significant stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus), until the conditioned stimulus elicits a response (the conditioned response) similar to that of the unconditioned stimulus. For example, a dog may learn to salivate at the sound of a bell if the bell is repeatedly rung just before it is fed.

In operant conditioning, described by B.F. Skinner, behavior is modified by its consequences, with desired behaviors being reinforced and undesired behaviors being punished. For example, a child may learn to put their toys away if they are given a reward for doing so.

Association learning is an important mechanism in the acquisition of many types of knowledge and skills, and it plays a key role in the development and modification of behavior.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Pyrones" is not a medical term, but rather a chemical term used to describe a class of organic compounds known as lactones with a characteristic eight-membered ring. These compounds are found in various natural sources such as plants and fungi, and some have been studied for their potential biological activities.

However, if you meant "pyrexia" instead of "pyrones," then I can provide the medical definition:

Pyrexia is a term used to describe an abnormally elevated body temperature, also known as fever. In adults, a core body temperature of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher is generally considered indicative of pyrexia. Fever is often a response to an infection or inflammation in the body and can be part of the immune system's effort to combat pathogens.

I apologize for any confusion, but "agriculture" is not a term that has a medical definition. Agriculture refers to the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants, and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. It is an important industry and practice that has been developed over thousands of years and continues to play a critical role in global food production and security.

Olfactory perception refers to the ability to perceive and recognize odors or smells, which is mediated by olfactory receptor neurons located in the nasal cavity. These neurons detect and transmit information about chemical compounds present in the inhaled air to the brain, specifically to the primary olfactory cortex, where the perception of smell is processed and integrated with other sensory inputs. Olfactory perception plays a crucial role in various aspects of human behavior, including food selection, safety, and emotional responses.

"Kloeckera" is not a term that has a widely accepted medical definition. It is a genus of budding yeasts that are commonly found in nature, particularly on the surfaces of fruits and plants. They are often associated with the fermentation process and can be found in various food and drink products. In a medical context, "Kloeckera" species may occasionally be mentioned in relation to certain types of infections, such as fungal skin infections, but they are not typically considered primary human pathogens.

It's worth noting that the taxonomy of yeasts is complex and constantly evolving, and some species that were previously classified under the genus "Kloeckera" have since been reclassified under other genera, such as "Hanseniaspora." Therefore, it's essential to consult the most recent scientific literature for accurate and up-to-date information on this topic.

Gamma spectrometry is a type of spectrometry used to identify and measure the energy and intensity of gamma rays emitted by radioactive materials. It utilizes a device called a gamma spectrometer, which typically consists of a scintillation detector or semiconductor detector, coupled with electronic circuitry that records and analyzes the energy of each detected gamma ray.

Gamma rays are a form of ionizing radiation, characterized by their high energy and short wavelength. When they interact with matter, such as the detector in a gamma spectrometer, they can cause the ejection of electrons from atoms or molecules, leading to the creation of charged particles that can be detected and measured.

In gamma spectrometry, the energy of each detected gamma ray is used to identify the radioactive isotope that emitted it, based on the characteristic energy levels associated with different isotopes. The intensity of the gamma rays can also be measured, providing information about the quantity or activity of the radioactive material present.

Gamma spectrometry has a wide range of applications in fields such as nuclear medicine, radiation protection, environmental monitoring, and nuclear non-proliferation.

Poison Control Centers are specialized organizations that provide immediate, free, and expert advice and treatment recommendations for exposure to potentially harmful substances, also known as poisons. They are staffed by trained healthcare professionals, including medical toxicologists, nurses, pharmacists, and poison information providers. These centers manage a wide range of poisoning cases, from accidental ingestions in children to intentional overdoses and chemical exposures in adults. They offer 24/7 emergency hotline services to the public, healthcare providers, and first responders for poison-related emergencies and provide valuable resources for poison prevention and education. The primary goal of Poison Control Centers is to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with poison exposures and promote overall public health and safety.

Mitosporic fungi, also known as asexual fungi or anamorphic fungi, are a group of fungi that produce mitospores (also called conidia) during their asexual reproduction. Mitospores are produced from the tip of specialized hyphae called conidiophores and are used for dispersal and survival of the fungi in various environments. These fungi do not have a sexual reproductive stage or it has not been observed, making their taxonomic classification challenging. They are commonly found in soil, decaying organic matter, and water, and some of them can cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants. Examples of mitosporic fungi include Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species.

Hypocreales is an order of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. This group includes many species that are saprophytic (growing on dead or decaying organic matter) as well as pathogenic, causing various diseases in plants and animals. Some notable members of Hypocreales include the genera Trichoderma, Hypocrea, Nectria, and Fusarium. These fungi are characterized by their perithecial ascomata (sexual fruiting bodies) and often produce colorful, flask-shaped structures called ascostromata. Some species in this order produce toxic compounds known as mycotoxins, which can have harmful effects on humans and animals if ingested or inhaled.

"Legislation as Topic" is a legal term that refers to laws, regulations, or statutes related to medicine, healthcare, and the medical field. This can include legislation regarding the practice of medicine, patient rights, healthcare financing, medical research, pharmaceuticals, and public health, among other things. Essentially, "Legislation as Topic" covers any law or regulation that impacts the medical community, healthcare system, or individual patients. It is a broad category that can encompass many different areas of law and policy.

A social hierarchy in the context of medicine and public health often refers to the organization of individuals or groups based on their relative status, power, or influence within a society or community. This structure can have significant implications for health outcomes and access to care. For instance, those with higher socioeconomic status (SES) tend to have better health and longer lifespans than those with lower SES, due in part to factors such as better access to healthcare, nutritious food, safe housing, and educational opportunities.

Social hierarchies can also intersect with other forms of inequality, such as racism, sexism, and ableism, to create additional barriers to health and well-being for marginalized communities. Understanding the role of social hierarchy in health is crucial for developing effective public health interventions and policies that address these underlying determinants of health.

Tolonium Chloride, also known as Toluidine Blue O, is a basic thiazine metachromatic dye that is used in medical and research settings. It is often used as a diagnostic agent in procedures such as the Toluidine Blue Test for identifying cancerous or precancerous cells in the cervix, oral mucosa, and other tissues. The dye selectively binds to acidic components in the extracellular matrix of neoplastic cells, making them more visible under a microscope. It is also used in research to study cell membrane permeability and lysosomal function. Please note that the use of Tolonium Chloride should be under medical supervision and professional guidance.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

Pheromone receptors are a specific type of sensory receptor found in many animals, including insects and mammals, that detect and respond to pheromones. Pheromones are chemical signals that are released by an individual and received by another individual of the same species, which can elicit various behavioral or physiological responses.

Pheromone receptors are located in the sensory organs responsible for detecting chemical stimuli, such as the antennae of insects or the vomeronasal organ (VNO) in mammals. These receptors contain specialized proteins called G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that bind to specific pheromone molecules and trigger a cascade of intracellular signaling events, ultimately leading to the activation of downstream effector pathways.

In insects, pheromone receptors are typically found in olfactory sensory neurons located on the antennae or other peripheral organs. These receptors can detect a wide range of pheromones, including sex pheromones that play a critical role in mating behavior, as well as aggregation pheromones that help to coordinate group behaviors such as feeding or nesting.

In mammals, pheromone receptors are found in the vomeronasal organ (VNO), which is located in the nasal cavity and contains specialized sensory neurons called vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs). VSNs express a variety of pheromone receptors that can detect different types of pheromones, including those involved in social recognition, mating behavior, and aggression.

Overall, the activation of pheromone receptors plays a critical role in mediating various aspects of animal behavior and physiology, highlighting their importance in chemical communication and social interaction.

Functional food is a term used to describe food that has a potentially positive effect on health beyond basic nutrition. These foods contain bioactive components, such as vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, proteins, peptides, fatty acids, or various types of carbohydrates, that may help to reduce the risk of chronic diseases and promote optimal health. Examples include fortified cereals, omega-3 enriched eggs, probiotic yogurts, and antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables. It's important to note that functional foods should not replace a balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle but can be a part of it.

In the context of medicine and healthcare, learning is often discussed in relation to learning abilities or disabilities that may impact an individual's capacity to acquire, process, retain, and apply new information or skills. Learning can be defined as the process of acquiring knowledge, understanding, behaviors, and skills through experience, instruction, or observation.

Learning disorders, also known as learning disabilities, are a type of neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to learn and process information in one or more areas, such as reading, writing, mathematics, or reasoning. These disorders are not related to intelligence or motivation but rather result from differences in the way the brain processes information.

It is important to note that learning can also be influenced by various factors, including age, cognitive abilities, physical and mental health status, cultural background, and educational experiences. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of an individual's learning abilities and needs should take into account these various factors to provide appropriate support and interventions.

Sense organs are specialized structures in living organisms that are responsible for receiving and processing various external or internal stimuli, such as light, sound, taste, smell, temperature, and touch. They convert these stimuli into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system, allowing the organism to interact with and respond to its environment. Examples of sense organs include the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin.

In the context of medicine, spores are typically discussed in relation to certain types of infections and diseases caused by microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi. Spores are a dormant, resistant form of these microorganisms that can survive under harsh environmental conditions, such as extreme temperatures, lack of nutrients, and exposure to chemicals.

Spores can be highly resistant to heat, radiation, and disinfectants, making them difficult to eliminate from contaminated surfaces or medical equipment. When the conditions are favorable, spores can germinate and grow into mature microorganisms that can cause infection.

Some examples of medically relevant spores include those produced by Clostridioides difficile (C. diff), a bacterium that can cause severe diarrhea and colitis in hospitalized patients, and Aspergillus fumigatus, a fungus that can cause invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals.

It's worth noting that spores are not unique to medical contexts and have broader relevance in fields such as botany, mycology, and biology.

"Polyporus" is a term that is used in the field of mycology, which is the study of fungi. It specifically refers to a genus of fungi that belong to the family Polyporaceae. These fungi are characterized by their poroid hymenophore, which means that they have tiny pores on the underside of their caps through which their spores are released. Many species in this genus are saprophytic, meaning they decompose dead or decaying organic matter. Some polypores are also known to be parasitic, infecting and growing on living trees. It is important to note that "polyporus" is not a medical term, but a taxonomic one used to classify certain types of fungi.

An axon is a long, slender extension of a neuron (a type of nerve cell) that conducts electrical impulses (nerve impulses) away from the cell body to target cells, such as other neurons or muscle cells. Axons can vary in length from a few micrometers to over a meter long and are typically surrounded by a myelin sheath, which helps to insulate and protect the axon and allows for faster transmission of nerve impulses.

Axons play a critical role in the functioning of the nervous system, as they provide the means by which neurons communicate with one another and with other cells in the body. Damage to axons can result in serious neurological problems, such as those seen in spinal cord injuries or neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis.

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) refers to the specific regions of DNA in a cell that contain the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomes are complex structures composed of proteins and rRNA, which play a crucial role in protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins.

In humans, there are four types of rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S, and 5S. These rRNAs are encoded by multiple copies of rDNA genes that are organized in clusters on specific chromosomes. In humans, the majority of rDNA genes are located on the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22.

Each cluster of rDNA genes contains both transcribed and non-transcribed spacer regions. The transcribed regions contain the genes for the four types of rRNA, while the non-transcribed spacers contain regulatory elements that control the transcription of the rRNA genes.

The number of rDNA copies varies between species and even within individuals of the same species. The copy number can also change during development and in response to environmental factors. Variations in rDNA copy number have been associated with various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Polyvinyl Chloride" (PVC) is not a medical term. It is a type of synthetic plastic polymer material. PVC is commonly used in various industrial, commercial, and consumer products, such as pipes, cable insulation, clothing, and inflatable items.

If you have any medical concerns or questions, please provide them, and I would be happy to help you find a relevant answer.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "grasshoppers" is not a term used in medical definitions. Grasshoppers are a type of insect that belongs to the order Orthoptera and suborder Caelifera. They are known for their long hind legs which they use for jumping, and some species can jump over 20 times their own body length. If you have any questions about medical terminology or topics, I'd be happy to help with those instead!

'Nervous system physiological phenomena' refer to the functions, activities, and processes that occur within the nervous system in a healthy or normal state. This includes:

1. Neuronal Activity: The transmission of electrical signals (action potentials) along neurons, which allows for communication between different cells and parts of the nervous system.

2. Neurotransmission: The release and binding of neurotransmitters to receptors on neighboring cells, enabling the transfer of information across the synapse or junction between two neurons.

3. Sensory Processing: The conversion of external stimuli into electrical signals by sensory receptors, followed by the transmission and interpretation of these signals within the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).

4. Motor Function: The generation and execution of motor commands, allowing for voluntary movement and control of muscles and glands.

5. Autonomic Function: The regulation of internal organs and glands through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, maintaining homeostasis within the body.

6. Cognitive Processes: Higher brain functions such as perception, attention, memory, language, learning, and emotion, which are supported by complex neural networks and interactions.

7. Sleep-Wake Cycle: The regulation of sleep and wakefulness through interactions between the brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain, ensuring proper rest and recovery.

8. Development and Plasticity: The growth, maturation, and adaptation of the nervous system throughout life, including processes such as neuronal migration, synaptogenesis, and neural plasticity.

9. Endocrine Regulation: The interaction between the nervous system and endocrine system, with the hypothalamus playing a key role in controlling hormone release and maintaining homeostasis.

10. Immune Function: The communication between the nervous system and immune system, allowing for the coordination of responses to infection, injury, or stress.

Dihydroxyphenylalanine is not a medical term per se, but it is a chemical compound that is often referred to in the context of biochemistry and neuroscience. It is also known as levodopa or L-DOPA for short.

L-DOPA is a precursor to dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in regulating movement, emotion, and cognition. In the brain, L-DOPA is converted into dopamine through the action of an enzyme called tyrosine hydroxylase.

L-DOPA is used medically to treat Parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia (slowness of movement). In Parkinson's disease, the dopamine-producing neurons in the brain gradually degenerate, leading to a deficiency of dopamine. By providing L-DOPA as a replacement therapy, doctors can help alleviate some of the symptoms of the disease.

It is important to note that L-DOPA has potential side effects and risks, including nausea, dizziness, and behavioral changes. Long-term use of L-DOPA can also lead to motor complications such as dyskinesias (involuntary movements) and fluctuations in response to the medication. Therefore, it is typically used in combination with other medications and under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

'Animal behavior' refers to the actions or responses of animals to various stimuli, including their interactions with the environment and other individuals. It is the study of the actions of animals, whether they are instinctual, learned, or a combination of both. Animal behavior includes communication, mating, foraging, predator avoidance, and social organization, among other things. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology. This field seeks to understand the evolutionary basis for behaviors as well as their physiological and psychological mechanisms.

Radioactive air pollution refers to the presence of radioactive particles or radionuclides in the air. These substances emit ionizing radiation, which can be harmful to human health and the environment. Radioactive air pollution can come from a variety of sources, including nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons testing, industrial activities, and natural processes such as the decay of radon gas.

Exposure to radioactive air pollution can increase the risk of developing cancer and other diseases, particularly in cases of prolonged or high-level exposure. It is important to monitor and regulate radioactive air pollution to protect public health and ensure compliance with safety standards.

The optic lobe in non-mammals refers to a specific region of the brain that is responsible for processing visual information. It is a part of the protocerebrum in the insect brain and is analogous to the mammalian visual cortex. The optic lobes receive input directly from the eyes via the optic nerves and are involved in the interpretation and integration of visual stimuli, enabling non-mammals to perceive and respond to their environment. In some invertebrates, like insects, the optic lobe is further divided into subregions, including the lamina, medulla, and lobula, each with distinct functions in visual processing.

In the context of medical terminology, "powders" do not have a specific technical definition. However, in a general sense, powders refer to dry, finely ground or pulverized solid substances that can be dispersed in air or liquid mediums. In medicine, powders may include various forms of medications, such as crushed tablets or capsules, which are intended to be taken orally, mixed with liquids, or applied topically. Additionally, certain medical treatments and therapies may involve the use of medicated powders for various purposes, such as drying agents, abrasives, or delivery systems for active ingredients.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that provides information about the biochemical composition of tissues, including their metabolic state. It is often used in conjunction with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to analyze various metabolites within body tissues, such as the brain, heart, liver, and muscles.

During MRS, a strong magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer are used to produce detailed images and data about the concentration of specific metabolites in the targeted tissue or organ. This technique can help detect abnormalities related to energy metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, pH balance, and other biochemical processes, which can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic diseases.

There are different types of MRS, such as Proton (^1^H) MRS, Phosphorus-31 (^31^P) MRS, and Carbon-13 (^13^C) MRS, each focusing on specific elements or metabolites within the body. The choice of MRS technique depends on the clinical question being addressed and the type of information needed for diagnosis or monitoring purposes.

Atomic spectrophotometry is a type of analytical technique used to determine the concentration of specific atoms or ions in a sample by measuring the intensity of light absorbed or emitted at wavelengths characteristic of those atoms or ions. This technique involves the use of an atomic spectrometer, which uses a source of energy (such as a flame, plasma, or electrode) to excite the atoms or ions in the sample, causing them to emit light at specific wavelengths. The intensity of this emitted light is then measured and used to calculate the concentration of the element of interest.

Atomic spectrophotometry can be further divided into two main categories: atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and atomic emission spectrophotometry (AES). In AAS, the sample is atomized in a flame or graphite furnace and the light from a lamp that emits light at the same wavelength as one of the elements in the sample is passed through the atoms. The amount of light absorbed by the atoms is then measured and used to determine the concentration of the element. In AES, the sample is atomized and excited to emit its own light, which is then measured and analyzed to determine the concentration of the element.

Atomic spectrophotometry is widely used in various fields such as environmental monitoring, clinical chemistry, forensic science, and industrial quality control for the determination of trace elements in a variety of sample types including liquids, solids, and gases.

Carbohydrates are a major nutrient class consisting of organic compounds that primarily contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They are classified as saccharides, which include monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (double sugars), oligosaccharides (short-chain sugars), and polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates).

Monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose, are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of a single sugar molecule that cannot be broken down further by hydrolysis. Disaccharides, like sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (malt sugar), are formed from two monosaccharide units joined together.

Oligosaccharides contain a small number of monosaccharide units, typically less than 20, while polysaccharides consist of long chains of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides can be further classified into starch (found in plants), glycogen (found in animals), and non-starchy polysaccharides like cellulose, chitin, and pectin.

Carbohydrates play a crucial role in providing energy to the body, with glucose being the primary source of energy for most cells. They also serve as structural components in plants (cellulose) and animals (chitin), participate in various metabolic processes, and contribute to the taste, texture, and preservation of foods.

... is usually the result of ingestion of wild mushrooms after misidentification of a toxic mushroom as an ... To prevent mushroom poisoning, mushroom gatherers familiarize themselves with the mushrooms they intend to collect, as well as ... Mushroom poisoning is poisoning resulting from the ingestion of mushrooms that contain toxic substances. Symptoms can vary from ... Summerbell Mushroom Poisoning Syndromes from the North American Mycological Association Mushroom Poisoning Case Registry (North ...
In 1793, mushroom poisonings that occurred in France were attributed to Morchella pleopus, and in 1885, the poisonings were ... a distinctive feature which does not develop after poisoning by other types of mushrooms. In most cases of poisoning, symptoms ... there were poisonings across Europe due to the consumption of Gyromitra mushrooms; however, the toxin causing the poisonings ... When foraging for mushrooms in the wild, it is important to be cautious of ones that may not be safe to eat. Morel mushrooms ...
... a distinctive feature which does not develop after poisoning by other types of mushrooms. In most cases of poisoning, symptoms ... "brain mushroom", "turban fungus", elephant ears, or "beefsteak mushroom/morel", although beefsteak mushroom can also refer to ... If boiling the mushrooms indoors, care should be taken to ensure adequate ventilation, and, if symptoms of gyromitrin poisoning ... Gyromitra poisonings are rare in Spain, due to the widespread practice of drying the mushrooms before preparation and ...
It is found in other mushrooms, but in much lower amounts. In a poisoning case reported in 1992, one German family who consumed ... Saviuc P, Danel V (2006). "New syndromes in mushroom poisoning". Toxicological Reviews. 25 (3): 199-209. doi:10.2165/00139709- ... "Mushroom poisoning" (PDF). Acta Medica Mediterranea. 27: 121-124. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. (CS1 French- ... symptoms began about 12 hours after consuming the mushroom. Additionally, the urine of all three poisoning victims temporarily ...
Interestingly, symptoms of coprine poisoning do not appear when the mushroom is ingested raw, but only when the mushroom is ... "Mushroom Poisoning Syndromes". North American Mycological Association. Retrieved 23 April 2020. Haberl, Bettina; Pfab, Rudolf; ... Benjamin, Denis R. (1995). Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas-a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians. New York: WH ... all the cases had well-cooked the mushrooms before ingestion. The symptoms of coprine poisoning and alcohol consumption are ...
Mushroom poisoning G. Shoham; D.C. Rees; W.N. Lipscomb; G. Zanotti; Th. Wieland (1984). "Crystal and Molecular Structure of S- ... The average Amanita mushroom contains 3-5 mg of amanitoxins, so one 40-50 g mushroom could kill an average adult. The U.S. ... These mushrooms were then dried for 24 hours and then ground in a blender with water. The slurry created was homogenized ... It is part of a group of toxins called amatoxins, which can be found in several mushrooms belonging to the genus Amanita. Some ...
Diaz, James H. (February 2005). "Syndromic diagnosis and management of confirmed mushroom poisonings". Critical Care Medicine. ... Hypercholesterolemia Autoimmune disorder Small fiber peripheral neuropathy Fabry's disease Mercury poisoning Mushroom poisoning ... mushroom or mercury poisoning, and some autoimmune disorders. Primary erythromelalgia is caused by mutation of the voltage- ... "Erythromelalgia and mushroom poisoning". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 39 (4): 403-07. doi:10.1081/CLT-100105162. PMID 11527236. ...
It was discovered to be poisonous in 1918, when symptoms of mushroom poisoning occurred within three days of consumption. It ... Diaz, James H. (February 2005). "Syndromic diagnosis and management of confirmed mushroom poisonings". Critical Care Medicine. ... "Erythromelalgia and mushroom poisoning". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 39 (4): 403-07. doi:10.1081/CLT-100105162. PMID 11527236. ... Ichimura, J (1918). "A new poisonous mushroom". Bot Gaz (Tokyo). 65: 10911. Saviuc PF, Danel VC, Moreau PA, Guez DR, Claustre ...
Diaz, James H. (February 2005). "Syndromic diagnosis and management of confirmed mushroom poisonings". Critical Care Medicine. ... commonly called the poison dwarf bamboo mushroom. It had been discovered to be poisonous in 1918. "Species Fungorum - ... "Erythromelalgia and mushroom poisoning". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 39 (4): 403-07. doi:10.1081/CLT-100105162. PMID 11527236. ... Ichimura, J (1918). "A new poisonous mushroom". Bot Gaz (Tokyo). 65: 10911. v t e (Articles with 'species' microformats, ...
Mushroom poisoning T. Wieland; Faulstich H. (1978). "Amatoxins, Phallotoxins, Phallolysin, and Antamanide: the Biologically ... It is an amatoxin, all of which are found in several members of the mushroom genus Amanita. Amanullinic acid is relatively non- ... Active Components of Poisonous Amanita Mushrooms". CRC Critical Reviews in Biochemistry. 5 (3): 185-260. doi:10.3109/ ...
Spoerke DG, Rumack BH (1994). Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning. CRC Press. p. 356. ISBN 978-0-8493-0194-0. Retrieved 2008-08-16. ... The mushroom used to be highly regarded in Russia, where it would be picked in dry seasons when other edible species were less ... The mushroom is also popular in Finland, where cooks boil it repeatedly (disposing of the water each time), and then store it ... Phillips R. (1981). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of Great Britain and Europe. London: Pan Books. p. 77. ISBN 0-330-26441-9. ...
"Jack O'Lantern Mushroom Poisoning". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 20 (5): 559-561. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(05)81617-8. PMID ... Jack o' lantern mushroom fungus clusters growing at the base of an oak tree. Jack o' lantern mushrooms glowing bioluminescence ... Omphalotus illudens, commonly known as the eastern jack-o'lantern mushroom, is a large, orange mushroom that is often found in ... Its application is still in the experimental phase.[citation needed] Jack o' lantern mushroom fungus with U.S. quarter for size ...
"Mushroom poisoning from species of genus Inocybe (fiber head mushroom): a case series with exact species identification". ... "Clathrus ruber: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide". Mushroom Identification - Ultimate Mushroom Library. Retrieved 2023-04-06. Genest ... "Mycena pelianthina: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide". Mushroom Identification - Ultimate Mushroom Library. Retrieved 2023-04-06. ... See also mushroom poisoning. There are 119 poisonous fungus species listed below. List of deadly fungi List of poisonous ...
Fungi portal List of Tricholomataceae genera Mushroom hunting Mushroom poisoning Staude F. (1857). Die Schwämme ... Diaz, James H. (2005). "Syndromic diagnosis and management of confirmed mushroom poisonings". Critical Care Medicine. 33 (2): ... "Erythromelalgia and mushroom poisoning". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 39 (4): 403-07. doi:10.1081/CLT-100105162. PMID 11527236. ... Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2. ...
Mushroom poisoning M. Cochet-Meillhac; Chambon P. (1974). "Animal DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. 11. Mechanism of the ... It is one of the amatoxins, all of which are found in several members of the mushroom genus Amanita. Like other amatoxins, ...
This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities resulting from mushroom poisoning, with the death cap ... Saviuc, P.; Danel, V. (2006). "New Syndromes in Mushroom Poisoning". Toxicological Reviews. 25 (3): 199-209. doi:10.2165/ ... The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is α-Amanitin. The genus also contains many edible mushrooms, but mycologists ... Caesar's mushroom), and Amanita jacksonii (American Caesar's mushroom). Inedible species of Amanita include Amanita albocreata ...
Merlet A, Dauchy FA, Dupon M. (2012). Hyperprocalcitonemia due to mushroom poisoning. Clin Infect Dis. 54: 307-308. White, ... 1995). "Red-pored boletes". Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas-A Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists and Physicians. New York, ... "Mushroom poisoning: A proposed new clinical classification". Toxicon. 157: 53-65. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.007. PMID ... Boletes are a group of mushrooms reasonably safe for human consumption, as none of them are known to be deadly to adults. ...
Chilton WS (1978). "Chemistry and Mode of Action of Mushroom Toxins". In Rumack, BH, Salzman, E (eds.). Mushroom Poisoning: ... 1994). Handbook of mushroom poisoning: diagnosis and treatment. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-8493-0194-0. OCLC ... A Guide to British Psilocybin Mushrooms by Richard Cooper published in 1977 recommends a smaller dose, 8.5 g, and suggests that ... A correct dose may be difficult to determine because potency varies dramatically from one mushroom to the next. When consumed, ...
ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0. Saviuc, P.; Danel, V. (2006). "New syndromes in mushroom poisoning". Toxicological Reviews. 25 (3): 199 ... Medicinal mushroom polypores in use today are Ganoderma lucidum coll. (reishi or lingzhi), Trametes versicolor (turkey tail) ... Phillips, Roger (2006), Mushrooms. Pub. McMilan, ISBN 0-330-44237-6. P. 314. Bold, Harold C.; Alexopoulos, Constantine J.; ... They are mainly found on trees (living and dead) and coarse woody debris, and may resemble mushrooms. Some form annual fruiting ...
Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 181-186. ISBN 0-8493-5185-5. Ammirati J, Traquair ... Hard ME (1908). The Mushroom Edible and Otherwise. Columbus, OH: Mushroom Publishing. McDougall WB (1973) [1925]. Mushrooms. ... The mushroom is not recommended for consumption, and has been shown to cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals. ... Smith AH, Weber NS (1980). The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 221. ISBN 0-472- ...
White J, Weinstein SA, De Haro L, Bédry R, Schaper A, Rumack BH, Zilker T. (2018). Mushroom poisoning: a proposed new clinical ... Schenk-Jaeger KM, Rauber-Lüthy C, Bodmer M, Kupferschmidt H, Kullak-Ublick GA, Ceschi A (2012). "Mushroom poisoning: a study on ... A 2012 study on mushroom poisonings in Switzerland by Katharina M. Schenk-Jaeger and colleagues, found Rubroboletus satanas to ... 295 p. Spoerke DG, Rumack BH (eds). (1994). Handbook of mushroom poisoning: diagnosis and treatment. CRC Press, Boca Raton. ...
1994). Handbook of mushroom poisoning : diagnosis and treatment. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849301940. Rumack received three highest ... In 1978, together with Emanuel Salzman Rumack co-authored Mushroom Poisoning:diagnosis and treatment, which had a second ... Drug information and poisoning management cards used by the early poison control centers were replaced by microfiche as the ... Rumack, Barry H.; Salzman, Emanuel (1978). Mushroom Poisoning:diagnosis and treatment. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849351853. Bayer, ...
Mushroom poisoning "Toxnet Has Moved". Archived from the original on 2018-07-24. v t e (Articles with short description, Short ... It is an amatoxin, a group of toxins isolated from and found in several members of the mushroom genus Amanita, one being the ...
Saviuc P, Danel V (2006). "New Syndromes in Mushroom Poisoning". Toxicological Reviews. 25 (3): 199-209. doi:10.2165/00139709- ... 2013). The pocket guide to wild mushrooms : helpful tips for mushrooming in the field. Marklund, Hans, 1937-, Hedström, Ellen. ... The mushroom species is distinguished by its fruit bodies, which begin as a pure white and then form a tinge of yellow over ... Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, ...
Mushroom poisoning M. Cochet-Meillhac; Chambon P. (1974). "Animal DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. 11. Mechanism of the ... It is an amatoxin, all of which are found in several members of the mushroom genus Amanita. The oral LD50 of ε-amanitin is ... Amatoxins REVISED Archived 2009-01-13 at the Wayback Machine Poisonous Mushrooms (German) (Articles with short description, ...
Saviuc P, Danel V (2006). "New syndromes in mushroom poisoning". Toxicological Reviews. 25 (3): 199-209. doi:10.2165/00139709- ... poisoning associated with pasture or agricultural poisons such as organophosphates), while others predispose to exertional ... Ouzounellis T (February 1970). "Some notes on quail poisoning". JAMA. 211 (7): 1186-1187. doi:10.1001/jama.1970.03170070056017 ...
"Mushroom Poisoning Outbreaks - China, 2020". China CDC Weekly. 3 (3): 41-45. doi:10.46234/ccdcw2021.014. ISSN 2096-7071. PMC ... It has been involved in at least one non-lethal case of psycho-neurological poisoning in China. Cui, Yang-Yang; Cai, Qing; Tang ...
Mushroom poisoning M. Cochet-Meillhac; Chambon P. (1974). "Animal DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. 11. Mechanism of the ... It is one of the amatoxins, all of which are found in several members of the mushroom genera Amanita, Lepiota and Galerina. It ... Amatoxins REVISED Archived 2009-01-13 at the Wayback Machine Poisonous Mushrooms (German) (Articles without EBI source, ...
ISBN 978-0-7817-4586-4. Saviuc P, Danel V. (2006). "New Syndromes in Mushroom Poisoning". Toxicological Reviews. 25 (3): 199- ... It is responsible for poisonings in the Pacific Northwest when mistaken for the edible and sought after Tricholoma murrillianum ... It causes initial gastrointestinal symptoms that manifest 1 to 12 hours after eating the mushrooms, followed by acute nephritis ... Several similar species have been implicated in similar cases of poisoning: A. sphaerobulbosa, A. thiersii, A. proxima, (Spain ...
The poison mushroom, in particular, works as an anti-mushroom, shrinking or killing the player character. Some levels require " ... The game's poison mushroom item, with its character-impairing effects, became a staple of the Mario franchise. Some of the Lost ... Poison Mushroom)". GamesRadar. p. 5. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2017. Rorie, Gamespot ( ... It introduces obstacles including poison mushrooms, level warps that set the player farther back in the game, and gusts that ...
Diaz, James (2016). "Mistaken Mushroom Poisonings". Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. 27 (2): 330-335. doi:10.1016/j.wem. ... murrillianum is also known as the ponderosa mushroom, pine mushroom, and Western matsutake. Matsutake mushrooms (including T. ... "Matsutake mushroom Mecca goes from boom to bust". South China Morning Post. 2018-12-20. Retrieved 2018-12-19. "Proper harvest ... Serious poisonings have occurred due to confusion with poisonous look-alikes, most notably Amanita smithiana. As Japanese ...
Mushroom poisoning is usually the result of ingestion of wild mushrooms after misidentification of a toxic mushroom as an ... To prevent mushroom poisoning, mushroom gatherers familiarize themselves with the mushrooms they intend to collect, as well as ... Mushroom poisoning is poisoning resulting from the ingestion of mushrooms that contain toxic substances. Symptoms can vary from ... Summerbell Mushroom Poisoning Syndromes from the North American Mycological Association Mushroom Poisoning Case Registry (North ...
... who died after a suspected mushroom poisoning incident in Victoria, is remembered by her son as being thoughtful, faithful and ... In short: About 300 people have gathered for a memorial service for one of the victims of a suspected mushroom poisoning, ... The third victim of a suspected mushroom poisoning incident which claimed the lives of a trio of family members has been ... Heather Wilkinson, victim of suspected mushroom poisoning, farewelled at memorial. By Georgia Lenton-Williams and staff ...
The Food Safety Information Council has warned people in Australia not to pick or eat wild mushrooms following a number of ... "While this latest spate of wild mushroom poisonings werent from death cap mushrooms be aware that the poison in one death cap ... Tags: Australia, Food Safety Information Council, mushroom poisoning, toxic mushrooms, wild mushrooms ... Australian poisons information centers received almost 900 calls about possible wild mushroom poisoning in 12 months and a ...
There are five main types of mushrooms with deadly toxins growing in the UK ... The most common mushroom poisoning in the UK comes from a Yellow Stainer mushroom that looks similar to mushrooms sold in ... "In the UK weve got about five deadly toxic mushrooms that can kill you" Mr Wood said. "Then theres a huge realm of mushrooms ... Mr Wood says the safest way to forage for mushrooms is to use a flow-chart guide where you answer questions about a mushrooms ...
Treatment of Mushroom Poisoning You should immediately get your dog to the vet clinic after they ingested any type of mushroom ... How Deadly are Mushrooms to Dogs? Toxic reactions to mushrooms are as diverse as mushrooms themselves. Symptoms can range from ... So, are these mushrooms just as deadly to dogs as they are to us? To be safe, you should keep your dog away from any mushrooms ... Identifying Poisonous Mushrooms Due to their similar biology, identifying mushrooms can be very tricky, and this can lead major ...
poison control centerpoisonous mushrooms. Post navigation. Previous Post2021 Farm Dog of The Year NominationsNext PostPuppy ... Important news from CBS in Philadelphia regarding your dog and mushrooms.. Write this down and hang it on your refrigerator or ...
This page contains images of the Poison Mushroom. ... Gallery:Poison Mushroom. From the Super Mario Wiki, the Mario ... Switch • 1-Up Mushroom • ? Block • Airship • Animal crate • Barrel • Bill Blaster • Bonus Star • Brick Block • Burner • Cannon ... Retrieved from "https://www.mariowiki.com/index.php?title=Gallery:Poison_Mushroom&oldid=4054045" ... Mushroom Platform • Note Block • P Switch • Paddle Platform • Pipe Frame • POW Block • Red Shell • Rope • Semisolid Platform • ...
Simply handling mushrooms can on rare occasion cause a rash and itching similar to reaction to poison oak and poison ivy in ... Pets can also be poisoned. Be alert to keep any mushrooms that grow in your yard picked and disposed of (the mushrooms are safe ... After the incident, help document mushroom poisonings by submitting an online report to the NAMA Poison Case Registry. ... While we have no cases reported for North America, Saviuc and Danel (Saviuc P, Danel V, "New Syndromes in Mushroom Poisoning." ...
... mushroom intoxication ranks near the top of the list of pet poisonings each year, says Dr. Justin Heinz. ... Avoid mushroom poisoning in pets. November 5, 2018. Although commonly underestimated, mushroom intoxication ranks near the top ... Of these deadly fungi, Death Cap mushrooms are the number one cause of fatal mushroom poisoning worldwide. ... By removing mushrooms from your path and keeping a close eye on your pet during walks and outings, you can ensure their good ...
... where three people died after eating a family meal that was suspected to contain death cap mushrooms. ... Australian police charge a woman with 3 murders in alleged mushroom poisoning ... The mushrooms are suspected to have been used to poison several members of a family in Victoria.. ... Death cap mushrooms cause painful symptoms. "About 9 out of 10 fungi-related deaths are attributable to the Death Cap mushroom ...
Watch out for poisonous mushrooms, the B.C. Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC) warned today (October 28). ... "Poison Control received 201 mushroom poisoning calls as of September 30, 2019, well on track to being one of the most active ... There are still three months left in 2019 but already, the agency has counted the same number of mushroom poisonings as it did ... Death cap mushrooms are spreading through B.C. and poisonings are up, CDC warns. ...
Mushroom Poisonings in Dogs and Cats. Dogs and Cats and Mushrooms. Pets have been known to eat mushrooms in yards and while on ... NAMA tracks ALL mushroom poisonings.. After the incident, help document mushroom poisonings by submitting an online report or ... If your pet may have been poisoned by mushrooms, try to get a sample of the same mushroom or mushrooms from where they were ... In a mushroom poisoning emergency…. Contact your nearest poison control center in the US or Canada, emergency room, or your ...
The death cap mushroom is one of the deadliest poison fungi on earth. Few effective treatments are available. But a team of ... So those poisonings are about [other kinds of mushroom]," she says. But since many mushrooms across the world produce the ... In fact, Pringle says other cases of mushroom poisoning are often misattributed to death caps. "All the poisonings in huge ... Mushroom poisoning is often a case of mistaken identity While foragers should take heed of regular warnings by health officials ...
The September Issue of Militant Leadership Monitor focuses on militant leaders in Africa and the Middle East. In the first brief, Nicholas A. Heras analyzes an Iraqi Shiite militia leader who has vowed vengeance if the United States and its Allies launch a strike on Syria. The second brief looks at... MORE ...
Three soldiers died and one became seriously ill after eating potentially poisonous mushrooms picked near the temple of Preah ... Chea Mon, commander of Division 4, said the men cooked and ate unknown mushrooms in a soup a few days prior to the deaths. ... Three soldiers died and one became seriously ill after eating potentially poisonous mushrooms picked near the temple of Preah ... "We tried to cure them, but we couldnt help, because they ate a lot of poisonous mushrooms," he said. ...
How a suspected mushroom poisoning case in a small Aussie town dominated headlines around the world. ...
NJ Poison Center Sees a Spike in Mushroom Poisoning. Dont be the Next Case ... NJ Poison Center - August 3, 2017 Warning: Never eat wild mushrooms whether growing in your garden, on your lawn or in the wild ... Eating even a few bites of certain mushrooms can cause severe illness. Some symptoms of mushroom poisoning include intense ... The poison center will arrange for an expert to identify the mushroom and the center can then provide advice on management ...
The ultimate decision whether to eat a wild mushroom is yours. Michigan State University, the Michigan Department of Public ... At least 50 of the larger species of wild mushrooms that grow in Michigan are known to be poisonous. There may be more. ... Dont Pick Poison - When Gathering Mushrooms for Food in MI. Save $-5 ... At least 50 of the larger species of wild mushrooms that grow in Michigan are known to be poisonous. There may be more. ...
Poisoning - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... See also Overview of Poisoning Overview of Poisoning Poisoning is the harmful effect that occurs when a toxic substance is ... Early symptoms caused by muscarine-containing mushrooms In poisoning caused by many species of Inocybe and some species of ... Amanita phalloides causes 95% of mushroom poisoning deaths. Vomiting and diarrhea start in 6 to 12 hours. Sometimes the blood ...
To reach Poison Control, call 1-800-222-1222 24 hours per day. You can text POISON to 797979 to save contact info for Poison ... Along with poison ivy you might mention Toxicodendron diversilobum, commonly named Pacific poison oak or western poison oak, is ... Unfortunately, some mistake this mushroom for a magic mushroom containing psilocybin and suffer the consequences. This mushroom ... 3 Responses to "Identifying Poisonous Plants and Mushrooms In America & Treating Poisoning". * Glenn A Holmquist says: ...
Food Poisoning , Mushroom Poisoning Know the type of mushrooms you are eating to avoid getting sick and even death. ...
Farm grown mushrooms are usually safe. More than 90% of the reported cases of mushroom poisoning are due to A. phalloides, and ... pure white mush-rooms, little brown mushrooms, large brown mushrooms, and red or pink-pored boletes.. ... Mushroom poisoning has always been rare in this counry, but there are indications of rising incidence with increasing ... About 2 to 3 mushrooms (A. phalloides).. · Concentrations of 5 to 15 mg of amatoxins per gram of dried mushroom have been found ...
Yes, cats can eat maitake mushrooms.. Yes, cats can eat enoki mushrooms. Sometimes these mushrooms even have respiratory ... Mushroom Poisoning in Cats. By jeanneheisler8844. Posted on September 23, 2023. Looking for the most effective and purest ... I will gladly drop every little thing to try to ID any mushrooms footage you send to me. Can cats eat store-bought mushrooms? ... Can cats eat mushroom soup? Ochoa recommends exercising warning for any form of mushroom, as many substances affect cats ...
Marlo and the Mushroom. They say dogs explore the world with their nose… but it sure seems like their mouth! At just three ...
Food Poisoning News Daves Sushi: Deadly Mushrooms?. By Emily DeMoe. May 15, 2023. Updated:. May 22, 2023. 1 Comment3 Mins Read ... Home»Food Poisoning News»Daves Sushi: Deadly Mushrooms?. ... Can I sue for Food Poisoning?. *E. coli Lawyer *E. coli Lawsuit ... food poisoning outbreaks and outbreak prevention, and food poisoning litigation. ... These morel mushrooms had only been introduced in the days before William Lewis died. It has also been reported that the health ...
Baptist Pastor critically ill after suspected Mushroom poisoning, and locals offers to donate their organs if he needs a ... Since the lunch, Gail, Don, and Heather have all died from what is believed to be mushroom poisoning, while Lan is still in the ... Pastor critically ill after suspected mushroom poisoning. Korumburra Baptist Church pastor Ian Wilkinson who is the only ...
Adult Aged, 80 And Over Amanita Female Full Report Humans Infant Male Middle Aged Mushroom Poisoning Young Adult ... "Amanita phalloides Mushroom Poisonings - Northern California, December 2016" 66, no. 21 (2017). Vo, Kathy T. et al. "Amanita ... In the past few years before this outbreak, CPCS received reports of only a few mushroom Poisoning cases per year. A summary of ... 2017). Amanita phalloides Mushroom Poisonings - Northern California, December 2016. 66(21). Vo, Kathy T. et al. " ...
MUSHROOM POISONING: THE ROLE OF CARELESS IDENTIFICATIONS. From: Michael W. Beug, Chair, NAMA Toxicology Committee BeugM@ ... You see, I collect and report on mushroom poisoning cases from throughout North America as chair of the North American ... By the way, the Destroying Angel mushrooms are exceptionally tasty and thus poison several careless people each year. And there ... There is no reliable rule that will tell you that a mushroom is edible. Poisonous mushrooms are no more likely to turn a silver ...
... and prevention methods for mushroom poisoning. Focus keyword: mushroom poisoning. ... Understanding Mushroom Poisoning: Explore types, symptoms, treatment options, ... 4. Store Mushrooms Properly:. Proper storage of mushrooms is essential in preventing mushroom poisoning. Store mushrooms in a ... Q3: How is mushroom poisoning treated?. A3: The treatment for mushroom poisoning depends on the specific toxin and severity of ...
Made of soft, bamboo/cotton/spandex in sunny goldenrod yellow with little ivory mushrooms hand screenprinted all over. high ... Trapeze Dress - Yellow Mushroom Regular price $95.00 Sale price $76.00 Free shipping on CAN/US orders over $150 ... Made of soft, bamboo/cotton/spandex in sunny goldenrod yellow with little ivory mushrooms hand screenprinted all over. high ... ":"Trapeze Dress - Yellow Mushroom - S","public_title":"S","options":["S"],"price":7600,"weight":205,"compare_at_price":9500," ...
  • Mushroom toxins are secondary metabolites produced by the fungus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some toxins, such as amatoxins, are thermostable and mushrooms containing such toxins will not be rendered safe to eat by cooking. (wikipedia.org)
  • Poisonous mushrooms contain a variety of different toxins that can differ markedly in toxicity. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, there are a number of recognized mushroom toxins with specific, and sometimes deadly, effects: The period between ingestion and the onset of symptoms varies dramatically between toxins, some taking days to show symptoms identifiable as mushroom poisoning. (wikipedia.org)
  • People having eaten mushrooms containing orellanine may experience early symptoms as well, because the mushrooms often contain other toxins in addition to orellanine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other mushrooms with deadly toxins found in the UK are the Panther Cap - which is of the same family as the Death Cap - Funeral Bell, Destroying Angel and Fools Funnel. (yahoo.com)
  • Mushrooms that contain hydrazine toxins are extremely dangerous. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
  • However, since most mushroom species are rarely eaten, many toxins are poorly documented and syndromes not yet observed in North America may turn up as more and more people experiment with eating wild mushrooms. (namyco.org)
  • Different species of mushrooms produce different toxins with different effects. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Some mushrooms might trigger muscarine toxins which present with heart fee and respiratory decreases, along with a decrease in bowel movements or diarrhea. (nandsweets.com)
  • Activated charcoal is a substance that, when it reaches your cat's stomach, can collect and bind to itself among the toxins from the mushroom. (nandsweets.com)
  • Some mushrooms could cause liver failure, which is especially harmful for cats because they're unable to provide the enzyme that breaks down toxins. (nandsweets.com)
  • Mushroom poisoning can manifest in various ways depending on the type of toxic mushroom and the individual's sensitivity to the toxins. (poisoningsymptoms.com)
  • The treatment for mushroom poisoning depends on the specific toxins involved and the severity of the symptoms. (poisoningsymptoms.com)
  • These mushrooms contain toxins that can cause gastrointestinal symptoms and, in severe cases, liver damage. (poisoningsymptoms.com)
  • Even though mushrooms from the grocery store often don't contain these kinds of toxins. (petcosset.com)
  • If you feed your rabbit with mushrooms containing toxins like these, there is a big possibility that they can be poisoned. (petcosset.com)
  • U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition Mushroom Toxins. (umk.pl)
  • No, cooking cannot neutralize the toxins present in hemlock mushrooms. (kevinsraingardens.com)
  • Certain types of mushrooms contain toxins that can be absorbed through the skin, leading to poisoning. (healingpicks.com)
  • 2. Gyromitra Mushrooms: Gyromitra species, including the False Morel , contain toxins that can cause severe symptoms of poisoning. (healingpicks.com)
  • 3. Galerina Mushrooms: Galerina species, commonly known as the Autumn Galerina or Deadly Galerina , are potent in toxins and may cause liver damage. (healingpicks.com)
  • Ciguatera fish poisoning due to consumption of tropical marine finfish which have bioaccumulated naturally occurring ciguatera toxins through their diet. (cdc.gov)
  • The rapid response team of Daraa has suggested poisoning is consequence of contamination with some kind of toxins, rather than related to the type of mushroom, as it is usually consumed by the local households with no previous poisoning history. (who.int)
  • For example, the inhalation of ricin or abrin would be expected to lead to a quicker onset of poisoning and to cause a more rapid progression of poisoning compared with the ingestion of either of these toxins, given the same exposure amount. (cdc.gov)
  • Mushroom poisoning is poisoning resulting from the ingestion of mushrooms that contain toxic substances. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mushroom poisoning is usually the result of ingestion of wild mushrooms after misidentification of a toxic mushroom as an edible species. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the case of ingestion of psychedelic mushrooms, your veterinarian might have to sedate your dog till the effects of the hallucinogens wear off. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
  • If the gastrointestinal distress begins 6 to 24 hours after ingestion of the mushrooms, there is a possibility of a very serious toxicity from Amatoxins (see Amanitin). (namyco.org)
  • Generally, mushrooms that cause symptoms early (within 2 hours) of ingestion are less dangerous than those that cause symptoms only later (usually after 6 hours). (msdmanuals.com)
  • While mushroom ingestion is dangerous, there are steps you'll be able to take to stop your cat from consuming them. (nandsweets.com)
  • The timing of symptom onset is important for distinguishing life-threatening or severe mushroom poisonings from less serious poisonings (eg, those involving hallucinogenic mushrooms), which typically have an onset of symptoms well within 5 hours of ingestion. (medscape.com)
  • If symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain begin 5 hours or more after ingestion, mushrooms that can cause potentially life-threatening or severe toxicity (eg, A phalloides or Cortinarius spp) should be considered (see Presentation). (medscape.com)
  • Allowing On-Premises Restaurant Dining with mushroom ingestion. (cdc.gov)
  • Mushroom poisoning occurs every year all over the world due to accidental ingestion, and has become a global problem threatening human health. (chinacdc.cn)
  • 1. Ingestion of Poisonous Mushrooms: The most common route of mushroom poisoning is through ingestion. (healingpicks.com)
  • 2. Mushroom poisoning can occur through ingestion or contact: Ingesting poisonous mushrooms is a common cause of poisoning, but coming into contact with toxic mushrooms can also be dangerous. (healingpicks.com)
  • The toxin in death cap mushrooms is not destroyed by peeling, cooking or drying. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • All of the mushrooms that contain ibotenic acid and muscimol also sometimes contain muscarine (a toxin that got the name muscarine because it was first isolated from Amanita muscaria in the late 1800s). (namyco.org)
  • Depending on the nature of toxin present, mushrooms can be classified into several groups, of which the cyclopeptide-containing mushrooms are the most important, and will be discussed here. (brainkart.com)
  • This fashion, the veterinarian can appropriately identify what sort symptoms of cat being poisoned toxin or poison they're dealing with. (nandsweets.com)
  • These mushrooms can be particularly dangerous as they contain a toxin called orellanine, which can cause kidney damage. (poisoningsymptoms.com)
  • Gyromitra mushrooms contain a toxin called Gyromitrin (original, right? (mushroomanna.com)
  • This kind of toxin is present in magic mushrooms. (petcosset.com)
  • Chemical identification of the Amanita toxin in mushrooms. (umk.pl)
  • The symptoms of mushroom poisoning vary depending on the type of toxin and the individual's sensitivity. (healingpicks.com)
  • People born overseas, especially in Asian countries, should be aware that these deadly mushrooms can look like edible mushrooms that they may have gathered in their home countries. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • But to the untrained eye, the unassuming white cap and stalk of the death cap can be confused with tasty edible mushrooms such as the paddy straw. (kunr.org)
  • Many edible mushrooms have toxic "look-a-likes. (posteaglenewspaper.com)
  • I pass up other edible mushrooms that require a good spore print or microscopic analysis to be sure of the identification. (ou.edu)
  • The most common is the misidentification of inedible species as edible mushrooms. (umk.pl)
  • Mushrooms are fungi that grow in several different environments, from gardens to forest floors. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
  • Of these deadly fungi, Death Cap mushrooms are the number one cause of fatal mushroom poisoning worldwide. (tamu.edu)
  • About 9 out of 10 fungi-related deaths are attributable to the Death Cap mushroom," according to the Victorian government , which says symptoms normally begin six to 24 hours after the mushroom is eaten. (kclu.org)
  • When it comes to mushrooms, most people think of delicious and nutritious fungi that can be savored in a variety of culinary dishes. (poisoningsymptoms.com)
  • Hallucinogenic mushroom toxicity is not a new phenomenon: Hallucinogenic fungi have been used in divinatory or religious contexts for at least 3000 years. (medscape.com)
  • If you estimate the total amount of mushrooms worldwide, there would be over one and a half million mushrooms, including fungi. (petcosset.com)
  • Mushrooms are also known as macro fungi, which refers to fungi visible to the naked eye and collectible by hand. (chinacdc.cn)
  • Ancient Chinese called those growing on trees mushrooms and those growing on the ground fungi. (chinacdc.cn)
  • An extensive order of basidiomycetous fungi whose fruiting bodies are commonly called mushrooms. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nine out of ten deaths from mushroom poisoning in Australia result from death caps said Moir. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • There have been no reported human deaths from BC death cap mushrooms since 2016 when a child passed away," the release adds, "however two dogs have died due to possible death cap poisoning this year. (straight.com)
  • Mushroom poisonings are tough to track reliably, but some scientists estimate that they cause about 10,000 illnesses and 100 deaths a year globally . (kunr.org)
  • So far, the drug has only been shown to be effective in mice, but it's a discovery that could help prevent deaths from poisoning by death caps and by many other poisonous mushroom species found around the world. (kunr.org)
  • Chea Mon, commander of Division 4, said the men cooked and ate unknown mushrooms in a soup a few days prior to the deaths. (voacambodia.com)
  • While the deaths have not directly been linked to the restaurant and the toxicology reports have not yet come back, it is suspected that the common ingredient that was ingested by the customers are the FDA approved cultured morel mushrooms that were used in the restaurant's April 17th special rolls. (foodpoisoningnews.com)
  • An Australian lady has been arrested on suspicion of mushroom poisoning after three deaths occurred. (news-en.com)
  • The tragic incident occurred when an Australian woman named Erin Patterson was arrested on suspicion of mushroom poisoning, which resulted in the deaths of three people. (news-en.com)
  • In this tragic case of mushroom poisoning, an Australian woman has been arrested on suspicion of causing the deaths of three people. (news-en.com)
  • Statistics show that 576 toxic mushroom poisoning incidents were reported from 2004 to 2014 in China, resulting in 3,701 poisonings and 786 deaths, a fatality rate of 21.24 percent, ranking first among public health emergencies. (chinacdc.cn)
  • Inspector Thomas said that while the two couples' symptoms were consistent with poisoning by death cap mushrooms, the police had yet to confirm that that had caused the deaths, or that such mushrooms had been served at the lunch. (accesstvpro.live)
  • Death cap mushrooms are responsible for more than 90 percent of deaths in mushroom poisonings worldwide. (accesstvpro.live)
  • On 3 December Daraa DoH reported 47 clustered cases of mushroom poisoning, and three children deaths. (who.int)
  • There are thousands of mushroom species and up to 100 toxic mushrooms in North America. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
  • Of 14 distinctive types of mushroom poisoning found worldwide, so far about 10 distinctive patterns of reactions to mycotoxins have been observed in North America. (namyco.org)
  • You see, I collect and report on mushroom poisoning cases from throughout North America as chair of the North American Mycological Association Toxicology Committee. (ou.edu)
  • Gyromitra is the name of a genus of mushrooms that are common in the spring and summer around North America, and the non-Latin names associated with the different species of Gyromitra are telling as to their appearance and habitat: the snowbank false morel and the brain fungus are the common monikers for two of the most common Gyromitra mushrooms, Gyromitra gigas and Gyromitra esculenta, respectively. (mushroomanna.com)
  • Symptoms can range from mild to severe and are dependent on the type of mushroom and quantity consumed. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
  • Most animals and humans will not survive if they consumed this type of mushroom. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
  • You should immediately get your dog to the vet clinic after they ingested any type of mushroom. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
  • Another recommends saving at least one example of every type of mushroom one picks and consumes. (straight.com)
  • Many species of mushroom are poisonous and can cause different symptoms depending on the type of mushroom. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It will depend on the type of mushroom, as some are safe for cats to eat, whereas others may be toxic and even doubtlessly deadly, so it is best to keep away from feeding mushrooms to your cat. (nandsweets.com)
  • Does the UK have deadly mushrooms? (yahoo.com)
  • According to James Wood, a foraging expert at Totally Wild UK , there are over 12,000 types of mushrooms growing in the UK and five main types of deadly mushrooms that can be found across Britain. (yahoo.com)
  • In the UK we've got about five deadly toxic mushrooms that can kill you" Mr Wood said. (yahoo.com)
  • Deadly mushrooms such as the Death Cap and Funeral Bell grow all over the UK, so it is important for foragers to know how to identify them and other mushrooms correctly in-order-to forage safely and sustainably. (yahoo.com)
  • Mr Wood advises people to put "just as much effort" into learning about deadly mushrooms as edible ones. (yahoo.com)
  • So, are these mushrooms just as deadly to dogs as they are to us? (petpoisonhelpline.com)
  • The death cap mushroom, Amanita phalloides , is perhaps the most infamous of the deadly mushrooms. (kunr.org)
  • Dave's Sushi: Deadly Mushrooms? (foodpoisoningnews.com)
  • Home » Food Poisoning News » Dave's Sushi: Deadly Mushrooms? (foodpoisoningnews.com)
  • Some of the most common toxic mushrooms include Amanita phalloides (Death Cap), Gyromitra esculenta (False Morel), and Cortinarius rubellus (Deadly Webcap). (poisoningsymptoms.com)
  • Long and short of the matter, however, is that Gyromitra esculenta is a potentially deadly mushroom. (mushroomanna.com)
  • Are wild mushrooms deadly for rabbits? (petcosset.com)
  • The woman allegedly served deadly mushrooms during a family lunch. (news-en.com)
  • Patterson had invited two couples to her home and served the deadly mushrooms, unaware of their poisonous nature. (news-en.com)
  • Police have identified Patterson as the person responsible for serving the deadly mushrooms. (news-en.com)
  • Hemlock poisoning is caused by the consumption of hemlock mushrooms, also known as the deadly hemlocks. (kevinsraingardens.com)
  • It is also important to be aware of the poisonous look-alikes, as some deadly mushrooms can be mistaken for edible ones. (kevinsraingardens.com)
  • According to Heinz, all mushrooms vary in toxicity. (tamu.edu)
  • While 99% of mushrooms have little or no toxicity, the 1% that are highly toxic can cause life-threatening problems in pets. (namyco.org)
  • Reports of toxicity associated with this group of mushrooms have increased as a consequence of their growing popularity as hallucinogens. (medscape.com)
  • My friend's pet, for instance, died due to mushroom toxicity. (petcosset.com)
  • The toxicity of mushrooms isn't yet fully studied when it comes to rabbits. (petcosset.com)
  • Schenk-Jaeger K.M., Rauber-Lüthy C., Bodmer M., Kupferschmidt H., Kullak-Ublick G.A., Ceschi A. Mushroom poisoning: A study on circumstances of exposure and patterns of toxicity. (umk.pl)
  • Ukwuru M.U., Muritala A., Eze L.U. Edible and non-edible wild mushrooms: Nutrition, toxicity and strategies for recognition. (umk.pl)
  • If you suspect that you have consumed a poisonous mushroom, contact a physician, or your local poison control center . (namyco.org)
  • If anyone suspects they've consumed a poisonous mushroom, they're asked to call the Drug and Poison Information Centre at: 1.800.567.8911 and also to immediately seek medical attention. (straight.com)
  • If you suspect that your pet has consumed a poisonous mushroom, contact your veterinarian, pet emergency hospital, or the animal poison control center (note: there is a fee for using this service). (namyco.org)
  • In Hong Kong, The Centre for Health Protection (CHP) is investigating a food poisoning outbreak related to the consumption of wild mushrooms. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • From early on, police said the stricken people showed symptoms consistent with consumption of death cap mushrooms, which are known to grow in Victoria. (kclu.org)
  • I have always considered the consumption of edible wild mushrooms a safe and enjoyable, indeed healthful, pastime. (ou.edu)
  • Gathering mushrooms for consumption should only be done by those with extensive knowledge and experience in mycology. (poisoningsymptoms.com)
  • Consumption of hallucinogenic mushrooms continues to be popular today in some settings. (medscape.com)
  • Accidental consumption of poisonous mushrooms can the analysis was performed, 2016 was the most recent year of result in serious illness and death ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • HCUP data were accessed through HCUPnet, a sonings from consumption of foraged mushrooms for food free, web-based platform ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The growing popularity of wild mushroom foraging comes with potential risks such as hemlock poisoning caused by the consumption of hemlock mushrooms. (kevinsraingardens.com)
  • Scombroid fish poisoning due to consumption of fish containing elevated levels of histamine. (cdc.gov)
  • Mushroom poisoning due to consumption of toxic mushrooms. (cdc.gov)
  • Of the numerous species of mushrooms, less than 5% are poisonous, while many are edible and are very popular in Western and Chinese cuisine. (brainkart.com)
  • There are numerous species of mushrooms that are poisonous and can cause severe health issues when ingested. (poisoningsymptoms.com)
  • Two toxic mushrooms are the Death Cap fungus, Amanita phalloides and the Yellow Staining mushroom, Agaricus xanthodermus. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • The term "mushroom" actually refers to the reproductive portion of a fungus which grows up from an underground myce-lium, i.e. mass of filaments or hyphae constituting the vegetativeportion of the fungus. (brainkart.com)
  • Although it can be difficult to tell the difference between a toxic and non-toxic mushroom, a common identifier of a Death Cap is a yellowish-green cap that grows large and flat as the mushroom ages. (tamu.edu)
  • One type of toxic mushroom is the Amanita phalloides, commonly known as the Death Cap. (poisoningsymptoms.com)
  • Another toxic mushroom is the Gyromitra esculenta, also known as the False Morel. (poisoningsymptoms.com)
  • There are still three months left in 2019 but already, the agency has counted the same number of mushroom poisonings as it did during all of 2018. (straight.com)
  • January 1, 2018-October 6, 2020 about the potential dangers of mushroom poisoning is needed. (cdc.gov)
  • Some symptoms of mushroom poisoning include intense vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration, damage to vital organs like the liver and even death. (posteaglenewspaper.com)
  • While this latest spate of wild mushroom poisonings weren't from death cap mushrooms be aware that the poison in one death cap mushroom if eaten, is enough to kill a healthy adult. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • If you think you have eaten a death cap mushroom, seek urgent medical attention at a hospital emergency department and take any remaining mushroom to the hospital for identification," she said. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • If your dog has eaten an unknown mushroom, immediately call your veterinarian and Pet Poison Helpline®, at (855) 764-7661, to get the help your dog needs. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
  • A young man had eaten 6-8 whole mushrooms in an apparent effort to get high and an hour had elapsed yet nothing was happening. (ou.edu)
  • In addition, as it has been reported that other customers disclose that they too had gotten food poisoning after eating at Dave's Sushi restaurant. (foodpoisoningnews.com)
  • According to the Bozeman Daily Chronicle story about Dave's Sushi , who spoke to food poisoning lawyer Anthony Coveny of Ron Simon and Associates about liability, "Coveny said that he's also gotten several calls from customers of Dave's' and noted 'wrongful death cases often get up to seven figures, and the claims against the restaurant will likely exceed their insurance policy, Coveny said. (foodpoisoningnews.com)
  • 005.0 Staphylococcal food poisoning Staphylococcal toxaemia specified as due to food 005.1 Botulism Food poisoning due to Clostridium botulinum 005.2 Food poisoning due to Clostridium perfringens [Cl. (cdc.gov)
  • welchii] Enteritis necroticans 005.3 Food poisoning due to other Clostridia 005.4 Food poisoning due to Vibrio parahaemolyticus 005.8 Other bacterial food poisoning Food poisoning due to Bacillus cereus Excludes: salmonella food poisoning (003. (cdc.gov)
  • with mention of the responsible organisms Excludes: food poisoning by these organisms (005. (cdc.gov)
  • The poisonous amanita phalloides is also known as the death cap mushroom. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Death cap mushrooms, or Amanita phalloides , commonly grow under oak trees and "are extremely poisonous," even after drying or cooking, the health agency said. (kclu.org)
  • One factor that the BCCDC associates with the increase in poisonings is the increasing prevalence of the Amanita phalloides species of mushroom. (straight.com)
  • Also known by its frightening nickname, the death cap mushroom, amanita phalloides has been observed sprouting in Metro Vancouver, the Fraser Valley, regions of south Vancouver Island including Victoria, and on B.C.'s Gulf Islands. (straight.com)
  • These include the yellow stainer which resembles a field mushroom and is the most commonly ingested poisonous mushroom in Victoria. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Dr. Brett Sutton, Victoria's chief health officer, issued a warning this month for people to avoid gathering wild mushrooms around Melbourne and in rural Victoria. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Autumn conditions create ideal growing conditions for poisonous mushrooms, and recent rains have seen them start to sprout in Victoria. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • The mushrooms are suspected to have been used to poison several members of a family in Victoria. (kclu.org)
  • Months before Patterson had her relatives over for lunch, the Victoria Department of Health issued an advisory warning that death cap mushrooms were growing in the state. (kclu.org)
  • Along with being highly resilient, mushrooms could provide detoxifying results and improve the liver operate of your pets. (nandsweets.com)
  • These mushrooms contain toxic compounds such as amatoxins, gyromitrin, and orellanine, which can lead to liver failure, kidney damage, and even death. (poisoningsymptoms.com)
  • Silymarin has clinical applications in alcoholic liver diseases, liver cirrhosis, Amanita mushroom poisoning, viral hepatitis, toxic and drug induced liver diseases and in diabetic patients. (nih.gov)
  • These databases produce national or hallucinogenic purposes increased during 1999-2016 ( 2 ), estimates of patient health care use and charges by insurance and approximately 7,500 poisonous mushroom ingestions payer status, U.S. Census region, and urban-rural status of were reported annually to poison control centers across the United States ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The safety of eating wild mushrooms may depend on methods of preparation for cooking. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Food Safety Information Council has warned people in Australia not to pick or eat wild mushrooms following a number of poisoning cases. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Eight people were recently hospitalized in New South Wales due to wild mushroom poisoning. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Australian poisons information centers received almost 900 calls about possible wild mushroom poisoning in 12 months and a third were referred to a hospital or for medical treatment. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Cathy Moir, FSIC council chair, said that foraging for wild food is becoming popular but gathering wild mushrooms can be a life-threatening risk. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Death cap mushrooms are difficult to distinguish from other wild mushrooms so we recommend you play it safe and only eat mushrooms that you have purchased from the supermarket, greengrocer or other reputable sources. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Last month, Dr. Kerryn Coleman, acting Australian Capital Territory chief health officer, warned people not to eat or pick wild mushrooms. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • However there are other wild mushrooms in Australia that, while not fatal, can make you ill with abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • While commercially-sold mushrooms are safe, poisonings can occur when people gathering wild mushrooms inadvertently include toxic species. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • The BCCDC's release includes a number of tips for people who are going to pick wild mushrooms. (straight.com)
  • NJ Poison Center - August 3, 2017 Warning: Never eat wild mushrooms whether growing in your garden, on your lawn or in the wild! (posteaglenewspaper.com)
  • No matter the scenario, picking wild mushrooms is dangerous and risky. (posteaglenewspaper.com)
  • Picking and eating wild mushrooms can be a dangerous game", says Dr. Diane Calello, Medical Director of the NJ Poison Center, Rutgers NJ Medical School. (posteaglenewspaper.com)
  • Parents must teach their children to never put wild plants, berries, nuts, or mushrooms into their mouths. (posteaglenewspaper.com)
  • At least 50 of the larger species of wild mushrooms that grow in Michigan are known to be poisonous. (msu.edu)
  • The ultimate decision whether to eat a wild mushroom is yours. (msu.edu)
  • Many mushrooms that grow wild are poisonous to cats. (nandsweets.com)
  • just ensure that your cat is not consuming the wild mushrooms. (nandsweets.com)
  • One should never consume wild mushrooms unless they are identified with absolute certainty. (poisoningsymptoms.com)
  • Gyromitra mushrooms are interesting to me, however, because they are extraordinarily beautiful in a weird sort of way, and they are also an excellent indicator species for morel mushrooms, which is one of the finest edibles in the world of wild mushrooms. (mushroomanna.com)
  • Gyromitra esculenta is listed as poisonous in most current wild mushroom field guides, and its relative Gyromitra gigas (and G. montana and G. korfii, which are likely the same species that reside in different regions) is usually referred to as suspect. (mushroomanna.com)
  • Yes, there may be some mushrooms that you can buy at shops that are not dangerous to your rabbit, but various wild mushrooms are extremely dangerous to rabbits. (petcosset.com)
  • What should you do if rabbits ate wild mushrooms by chance? (petcosset.com)
  • The incident serves as a stark reminder of the dangers posed by consuming wild mushrooms without proper knowledge. (news-en.com)
  • Because of the various forms of wild mushrooms, it is very difficult for non-professionals to identify them only by experience and relying on the characteristics of their form, smell, color and so on. (chinacdc.cn)
  • Therefore, not picking and eating wild mushrooms is the key to prevention and control of mushroom poisoning. (chinacdc.cn)
  • Wild mushroom foraging has gained immense popularity in recent years. (kevinsraingardens.com)
  • Q. Can foraging for wild mushrooms be done safely? (kevinsraingardens.com)
  • Yes, foraging for wild mushrooms can be done safely if the forager is knowledgeable about the edible and poisonous varieties and takes preventive measures to avoid poisoning. (kevinsraingardens.com)
  • A few months ago, Victoria's health department cautioned residents against foraging for wild mushrooms. (accesstvpro.live)
  • 2. Collect Mushrooms from Trusted Sources: If you plan to consume wild mushrooms, obtain them from reputable suppliers or experienced foragers who possess the necessary expertise. (healingpicks.com)
  • 3. Avoid Touching or Eating Wild Mushrooms: Unless you are certain of their safety, it is best to refrain from touching or consuming wild mushrooms to minimize the risk of accidental poisoning. (healingpicks.com)
  • 4. Prevention is key: Educating oneself about mushrooms, sourcing them from reliable suppliers, and avoiding touching or consuming wild mushrooms can help prevent poisoning incidents. (healingpicks.com)
  • It is important to be cautious and avoid touching wild mushrooms unless you are certain of their safety. (healingpicks.com)
  • N.J.'s wild mushrooms are poisoning people at a staggering rate. (rutgers.edu)
  • Wild plant and mushroom poisoning. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Death cap mushrooms can be lethal if ingested. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Though cats rarely consume mushrooms they are particularly attracted to dried Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherinoides , sometimes with lethal results. (namyco.org)
  • Along with destroying angels and a few other species, they form the group known as lethal amanitas, which are responsible for 90% of fatalities by mushroom poisoning around the world. (kunr.org)
  • Some Siberian tribes report that 3 fresh A muscaria mushrooms can be lethal, whereas others claim that eating as many as 21 of these mushrooms is safe. (medscape.com)
  • But then, several varieties of mushrooms aren't that lethal enough to kill rabbits if fed just an average amount. (petcosset.com)
  • All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Local and regional poison centers can provide information and medical guidance in cases of suspected poisoning or other toxic exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • The World Health Organization offers a comprehensive list of poison centers and important contact information for many countries. (cdc.gov)
  • An Australian woman, Erin Patterson, has been arrested on suspicion of killing three people in a case of mushroom poisoning. (news-en.com)
  • Those most susceptible to mushroom poisoning are often immigrants, says Anne Pringle , a mycologist and expert on death cap mushrooms at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. (kunr.org)
  • Remember, your family pets are highly susceptible to mushroom poisoning as well. (posteaglenewspaper.com)
  • Symptoms of poisoning generally occur six to 24 hours or more after eating mushrooms and include pains, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • The symptoms usually appear within 20 minutes to 4 hours of ingesting the mushrooms, and include nausea, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea, which normally pass after the irritant had been expelled. (namyco.org)
  • All poisonous mushrooms cause vomiting and abdominal pain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The most frequent form of mushroom poisoning is caused by a wide variety of gastrointestinal irritants. (namyco.org)
  • Ochoa recommends exercising warning for any form of mushroom, as many substances affect cats differently from individuals, and there isn't much research on this topic. (nandsweets.com)
  • It's best to treat all mushrooms as toxic and not to wait for identification. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
  • Unlike some poisonous plants, most mushrooms present an initial identification issue for pet parents. (tamu.edu)
  • Identification of some of these mushrooms may actually require a mycologist," he said. (tamu.edu)
  • NAMA provides a list of volunteers who are able to assist with identification in poisoning cases. (namyco.org)
  • It is best to get help if you are not familiar with mushroom identification. (namyco.org)
  • Online mushroom identification sites can be falsely reassuring. (posteaglenewspaper.com)
  • The poison center will arrange for an expert to identify the mushroom and the center can then provide advice on management depending on the mushroom's identification. (posteaglenewspaper.com)
  • The important parts of a poisonous mushroom (careful examination of which can help in identification) include the pileus (cap), stipe (stem or stalk), lamellae (gills), volva, veil, annulus (ring), and spores ( Fig 33.1 ). (brainkart.com)
  • Identification of the mushroom by a mycologist is desirable (see Workup). (medscape.com)
  • Another important aspect to consider is the identification of the victims of mushroom poisoning. (news-en.com)
  • Only forage mushrooms that are known to be safe and avoid consuming any mushroom with uncertain identification. (kevinsraingardens.com)
  • 3. Preserve Mushroom Samples: If possible, safely collect a sample of the mushroom for identification, as this information is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. (healingpicks.com)
  • Consult experts, reference books, or join mushroom identification workshops. (healingpicks.com)
  • Various hallucinogenic mushrooms containing ibotenic acid and muscimol or psilocybin are found in the New World. (medscape.com)
  • The central effects of these hallucinogenic mushrooms are thought to be attributable to these actions. (medscape.com)
  • Recovery is complete, though a bout with severe gastro-intestinal distress may put one off ever eating mushrooms again! (namyco.org)
  • Eating even a few bites of certain mushrooms can cause severe illness. (posteaglenewspaper.com)
  • Without treatment, death can occur in a few hours with severe poisoning. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The most common mushroom poisoning in the UK comes from a Yellow Stainer mushroom that looks similar to mushrooms sold in supermarkets. (yahoo.com)
  • To prevent mushroom poisoning, mushroom gatherers familiarize themselves with the mushrooms they intend to collect, as well as with any similar-looking toxic species. (wikipedia.org)
  • The third victim of a suspected mushroom poisoning incident which claimed the lives of a trio of family members has been farewelled at a memorial service. (abc.net.au)
  • After the incident, help document mushroom poisonings by submitting an online report to the NAMA Poison Case Registry. (namyco.org)
  • After the incident, help document mushroom poisonings by submitting an online report or mail-in report to the NAMA Poison Case Registry. (namyco.org)
  • Remove any remaining parts of the mushroom from the victim's mouth and place those fragments and all mushrooms that are in the immediate vicinity of the incident into one or more paper bags (NOT plastic! (posteaglenewspaper.com)
  • It is also found in A. muscaria, although it is now known that the main effect of this mushroom is caused by ibotenic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Atropine is NOT indicated in cases of poisoning by ibotenic acid or muscimol. (namyco.org)
  • Thus, patients sometimes also suffer muscarinic symptoms as well as symptoms of ibotenic acid and muscimol poisoning. (namyco.org)
  • See the NAMA Mushroom Poisoning Syndromes page for more specific information. (namyco.org)
  • It is worth noting that gastrointestinal syndromes can also result from eating raw or inadequately cooked mushrooms, and by eating them excessively or too often. (umk.pl)
  • 1. Touching poisonous mushrooms can lead to poisoning: Certain types of mushrooms, such as Amanita, Gyromitra, and Galerina, are toxic and can cause harm if touched. (healingpicks.com)
  • Prevention is key when it comes to avoiding mushroom poisoning. (poisoningsymptoms.com)
  • You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. (medlineplus.gov)
  • NAMA maintains a case registry where you may report instances of mushroom poisoning. (namyco.org)
  • NAMA tracks ALL mushroom poisonings. (namyco.org)
  • It is crucial for people to understand that all parts of the mushroom are poisonous and cooking them does not make them safe to eat. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • If possible, bring a sample of the mushroom that your dog ate to the clinic, because i dentification of the mushroom will need to be done by a professional. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
  • To be safe, you should keep your dog away from any mushrooms, and if they do ingest one, it's important to act quickly. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
  • For this reason, I recommend keeping pets away from any mushrooms in the yard or on walks. (tamu.edu)
  • Symptoms of mushroom poisoning may vary from gastric upset to organ failure resulting in death. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heather Wilkinson, her sister Gail Patterson and Gail's husband Don died after consuming a family meal in late July which is believed to have contained death cap mushrooms. (abc.net.au)
  • Police have been tight-lipped on the investigation into the suspected poisonings, earlier declining to confirm reports that toxicology reports had confirmed death cap mushrooms as the causes of death. (abc.net.au)
  • Since 2002, four people have died after eating death cap mushrooms found in the Australian Capital Territory. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Death cap mushrooms can appear at any time of year but are more common during autumn after a period of rain. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • The similar marbled death cap mushrooms have also been recently found in Western Australia, although they may not be as toxic," said Moir. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Dr. Coleman said it was the first time death cap mushrooms had been seen in Canberra this year, marking the start of the cooler weather season. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • While toxicology reports have not conclusively proved what the three relatives died from, police have said the symptoms are consistent with death cap mushrooms - which also grown in the UK. (yahoo.com)
  • Death Cap mushrooms are an invasive species that favor oak and pine trees. (tamu.edu)
  • While they can be found across Texas, Death Cap mushrooms tend to thrive in cool,damp climates and are usually seen during rainy seasons. (tamu.edu)
  • Another important characteristic of the Death Cap mushroom is the fish-like odor it emits while decaying. (tamu.edu)
  • But for months, a real murder case has been playing out in a small Australian town where three people died after eating a family meal that was suspected to contain poisonous death cap mushrooms. (kclu.org)
  • Tom May, a mycologist at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Melbourne, inspects a death cap mushroom in 2021. (kclu.org)
  • The death cap is the most poisonous mushroom in the world, most often found in urban areas here rather than the natural forest," the release reads. (straight.com)
  • They don't call it the "death cap" mushroom without good reason. (kunr.org)
  • Until now, effective treatments for death cap poisonings were few and far between with no proven antidote available. (kunr.org)
  • But in new research published this week in Nature Communications , a team of Chinese and Australian scientists reports that they may have found an antidote for death cap mushroom poisoning - and it's a widely available drug that already has FDA approval. (kunr.org)
  • Few effective treatments exist for death cap poisonings. (kunr.org)
  • The discovery of a potential antidote for death cap poisoning came seemingly out of nowhere. (kunr.org)
  • Know the type of mushrooms you are eating to avoid getting sick and even death. (familydoctor.org)
  • First, I am very surprised this is not garnering more attention, because if it really was the mushrooms one would think they would have immediately been recalled as soon as a death was reported. (foodpoisoningnews.com)
  • Therefore, we would cite some poisonings regarding animals, as there are cases of death or illnesses due to mushrooms that include dogs. (petcosset.com)
  • The police have charged Erin Patterson with murder in connection with the suspected death cap mushroom poisonings. (news-en.com)
  • The victims had reportedly consumed death cap mushrooms during a lunch gathering at Patterson's rural home. (news-en.com)
  • Death cap mushrooms are known for their toxic properties and can be found in various locations such as lawns, parks, roadsides, and forests. (news-en.com)
  • The investigation revealed that the mushrooms were death cap mushrooms, which are highly poisonous and can be found in lawns, parks, roadsides, and forests. (news-en.com)
  • Where Is The Death Cap Mushroom Found? (news-en.com)
  • The death cap mushroom can be found on lawns, in parks, along roadsides, or in the forest. (news-en.com)
  • The effects of mushroom poisoning can range from mild disorders, mainly gastrointestinal to organ failure and even death. (umk.pl)
  • Hemlock mushrooms are identifiable by their large, white, umbrella-shaped caps and tall, slender stems, and can cause respiratory failure and paralysis, leading to death. (kevinsraingardens.com)
  • These mushrooms contain a highly toxic neurotoxin that causes respiratory failure and paralysis, leading to death. (kevinsraingardens.com)
  • Poisonous mushrooms, including death caps, grow in the state during the March-to-June autumn period, the department warned, adding that there are no at-home tests that can distinguish between safe mushrooms and poisonous ones. (accesstvpro.live)
  • 1. Amanita Mushrooms: Amanita species, such as the Death Cap and Destroying Angel , are highly toxic and can be fatal if ingested. (healingpicks.com)
  • Husband and wife Don and Gail Patterson and their sister Heather Wilkinson died of symptoms suggestive of death cap poisoning after eating lunch in the small Australian town of Leongatha, a two-hour drive south-east of Melbourne. (pechip.com)
  • ABSTRACT In Morocco, acute Atractylis gummifera L. poisoning represents the leading cause of death by plant poisoning especially for children. (who.int)
  • A logistic regression was performed incidents with fatal outcome in many L. poisoning are rare and limited to a few with death versus living as the depend- cases, and constitutes a public health clinical cases. (who.int)
  • The commonly found Yellow Staining mushroom turns yellow when the cap or stem is bruised by a thumbnail. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Although commonly underestimated, mushroom intoxication ranks near the top of the list of pet poisonings each year. (tamu.edu)
  • About 300 people have gathered for a memorial service for one of the victims of a suspected mushroom poisoning, Heather Wilkinson. (abc.net.au)
  • Do the Victims have recourse against the restaurant or mushroom supplier? (foodpoisoningnews.com)
  • Muscarine is found in mushrooms of the genus Omphalotus, notably the jack o' Lantern mushrooms. (wikipedia.org)
  • In poisoning caused by many species of Inocybe and some species of Clitocybe , the toxic substance is muscarine. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A public memorial service might be held subsequent week for a pair who died from suspected mushroom poisoning in Victoria's east final month. (puzzleshub.com)
  • This paper presents a case report of toadstool poisoning by a 62-year-old female patient. (umk.pl)
  • The purpose of this paper is to present the management and treatment of a case of toadstool poisoning. (umk.pl)
  • The prognosis is better if patients with toadstool poisoning are admitted to the hospital early. (umk.pl)
  • These morel mushrooms had only been introduced in the days before William Lewis died. (foodpoisoningnews.com)
  • Don and Gail Patterson, together with Gail's sister Heather Wilkinson, died after consuming a meal which is believed to have included toxic mushrooms. (puzzleshub.com)
  • Most "poisonous" mushrooms contain gastrointestinal irritants that cause vomiting and diarrhea (sometimes requiring hospitalization), but usually no long-term damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some mushrooms can cause mild symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach upset. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
  • Mushrooms that cause early gastrointestinal symptoms (such as Chlorophyllum molybdites and the little brown mushrooms that often grow on lawns) cause vomiting and diarrhea, typically within 1 to 6 hours. (msdmanuals.com)
  • There are also several other types of toxic mushrooms, such as the Inocybe species, which have a small and often fibrous cap, and the Lepiota species, which have a white cap with brown scales. (poisoningsymptoms.com)
  • It is found in mushrooms of the genus Gyromitra. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gyromitra mushrooms are poisonous (with qualifications), and Gyromitra esculenta is quite capable of killing you. (mushroomanna.com)
  • The signature of Gyromitra mushrooms is their warped, folded caps, which are smooth and rubbery and often look like malformed brains or a piece of putty that's been in the hands of an anxious toddler for a little too long. (mushroomanna.com)
  • In addition, the unusual chemical profile of Gyromitra mushrooms and its interaction with the human digestive system is fascinating to me, even if it's a little creepy. (mushroomanna.com)
  • For this reason, most folks don't eat Gyromitra mushrooms, even though the process of cooking can burn off the Gyromitrin, ultimately rendering the mushrooms edible. (mushroomanna.com)
  • before the Gyromitrin/MMH (rocket fuel) poisoning connection was made, Gyromitra esculenta was widely appreciated for its delightful taste. (mushroomanna.com)
  • Schmutz M., Carron P.N., Yersin B., Trueb L. Mushroom poisoning: A retrospective study concerning 11-years of admissions in a Swiss Emergency Department. (umk.pl)
  • 2013). 'A 4 year retrospective analysis of our patients with mushroom poisoning', Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine, 20(2), 105-110. (uludag.edu.tr)
  • Police could be closing in on a crucial piece of evidence to find out what really happened at a fatal mushroom lunch. (yahoo.com)
  • Overview of Poisoning Poisoning is the harmful effect that occurs when a toxic substance is swallowed, is inhaled, or comes in contact with the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, such as those of the mouth or nose. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Mushroom poisoning is a serious medical condition that occurs when individuals consume toxic mushrooms. (poisoningsymptoms.com)
  • How Mushroom Poisoning Occurs? (healingpicks.com)