Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.
Infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (atypical mycobacteria): M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. scrofulaceum, M. flavescens, M. gordonae, M. obuense, M. gilvum, M. duvali, M. szulgai, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX;), M. xenopi (littorale), M. ulcerans, M. buruli, M. terrae, M. fortuitum (minetti, giae), M. chelonae.
A family of gram-positive bacteria found in soil and dairy products and as parasites on animals and man. Several are important pathogens.
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in humans, other primates, CATTLE; DOGS; and some other animals which have contact with humans. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.
A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts.
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria commonly found in soil and occasionally isolated from sputum. It causes postoperative wound infections as well as gluteal abscesses.
A slow-growing, photochromogenic species that is the etiologic agent of a tuberculosis-like disease in humans and is frequently isolated from human pulmonary secretions or tubercles. The incidence of infection is sharply increased among immunocompromised individuals. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other birds. In pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes disseminated disease. The organism occurs occasionally in sheep and cattle. It should be distinguished from the M. avium complex, which infects primarily humans.
A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.
The bovine variety of the tubercle bacillus. It is called also Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis.
A rapid-growing, nonphotochromogenic species of MYCOBACTERIUM originally isolated from human smegma and found also in soil and water. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
So-called atypical species of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM that do not cause tuberculosis. They are also called tuberculoid bacilli, i.e.: M. buruli, M. chelonae, M. duvalii, M. flavescens, M. fortuitum, M. gilvum, M. gordonae, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX;), M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. obuense, M. scrofulaceum, M. szulgai, M. terrae, M. ulcerans, M. xenopi.
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that causes LEPROSY in man. Its organisms are generally arranged in clumps, rounded masses, or in groups of bacilli side by side.
A complex that includes several strains of M. avium. M. intracellulare is not easily distinguished from M. avium and therefore is included in the complex. These organisms are most frequently found in pulmonary secretions from persons with a tuberculous-like mycobacteriosis. Strains of this complex have also been associated with childhood lymphadenitis and AIDS; M. avium alone causes tuberculosis in a variety of birds and other animals, including pigs.
A rapid-growing, nonphotochromogenic species that is potentially pathogenic, producing lesions of lung, bone, or soft tissue following trauma. It has been found in soil and in injection sites of humans, cattle, and cold-blooded animals. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A moderate-growing, photochromogenic species found in aquariums, diseased fish, and swimming pools. It is the cause of cutaneous lesions and granulomas (swimming pool granuloma) in humans. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A subspecies of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. It is the etiologic agent of Johne's disease (PARATUBERCULOSIS), a chronic GASTROENTERITIS in RUMINANTS.
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM.
A slow-growing mycobacterium that infects the skin and subcutaneous tissues, giving rise to indolent BURULI ULCER.
A saprophytic bacterium widely distributed in soil and dust and on plants.
Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. They are divided into two main classes: "first-line" agents, those with the greatest efficacy and acceptable degrees of toxicity used successfully in the great majority of cases; and "second-line" drugs used in drug-resistant cases or those in which some other patient-related condition has compromised the effectiveness of primary therapy.
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Mycolic acids are complex, long-chain fatty acids that are a major component of the cell wall of Mycobacterium species, including the causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy, providing them with unique characteristics such as resistance to acid-alkali stability, pigmentation, and protection against host immune responses.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis.
The etiologic agent of rat leprosy, also known as murine leprosy.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
A non-tuberculous mycobacterium causing cervical lymphadenitis in children. It very rarely causes pulmonary disease, and is believed to be non-pathogenic in animals.
An active immunizing agent and a viable avirulent attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis, which confers immunity to mycobacterial infections. It is used also in immunotherapy of neoplasms due to its stimulation of antibodies and non-specific immunity.
A slow-growing, scotochromogenic species occurring usually harmlessly in human secretions but occasionally associated with chronic pulmonary disease. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A chronic GASTROENTERITIS in RUMINANTS caused by MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSPECIES PARATUBERCULOSIS.
An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863)
A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.
Viruses whose host is one or more Mycobacterium species. They include both temperate and virulent types.
An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.
Techniques used in studying bacteria.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that causes granulomatous or ulcerating skin lesions in immunosuppressed persons. This organism owes its name to its requirement for growth of high levels of iron, conveniently supplied as blood, heme, or ferric ammonium citrate.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat TUBERCULOSIS.
Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
Material coughed up from the lungs and expectorated via the mouth. It contains MUCUS, cellular debris, and microorganisms. It may also contain blood or pus.
Burrowing, chiefly nocturnal mammals of the family Dasypodidae having bodies and heads encased in small bony plates. They are widely distributed in the warmer parts of the Americas.
Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.
The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)
A pyrazine that is used therapeutically as an antitubercular agent.
A family of multisubunit protein complexes that form into large cylindrical structures which bind to and encapsulate non-native proteins. Chaperonins utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis to enhance the efficiency of PROTEIN FOLDING reactions and thereby help proteins reach their functional conformation. The family of chaperonins is split into GROUP I CHAPERONINS, and GROUP II CHAPERONINS, with each group having its own repertoire of protein subunits and subcellular preferences.
Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.
Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
A group I chaperonin protein that forms the barrel-like structure of the chaperonin complex. It is an oligomeric protein with a distinctive structure of fourteen subunits, arranged in two rings of seven subunits each. The protein was originally studied in BACTERIA where it is commonly referred to as GroEL protein.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Toxic glycolipids composed of trehalose dimycolate derivatives. They are produced by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and other species of MYCOBACTERIUM. They induce cellular dysfunction in animals.
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.
A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
A protein extracted from boiled culture of tubercle bacilli (MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS). It is used in the tuberculin skin test (TUBERCULIN TEST) for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in asymptomatic persons.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis.
One of several skin tests to determine past or present tuberculosis infection. A purified protein derivative of the tubercle bacilli, called tuberculin, is introduced into the skin by scratch, puncture, or interdermal injection.
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.
A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.
The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619)
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.
Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Cyclic peptide antibiotic similar to VIOMYCIN. It is produced by Streptomyces capreolus.
Membrane-bound cytoplasmic vesicles formed by invagination of phagocytized material. They fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes in which the hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome digest the phagocytized material.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
Tandem arrays of moderately repetitive, short (10-60 bases) DNA sequences which are found dispersed throughout the GENOME, at the ends of chromosomes (TELOMERES), and clustered near telomeres. Their degree of repetition is two to several hundred at each locus. Loci number in the thousands but each locus shows a distinctive repeat unit.
Substances that suppress Mycobacterium leprae, ameliorate the clinical manifestations of leprosy, and/or reduce the incidence and severity of leprous reactions.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
Ability of a microbe to survive under given conditions. This can also be related to a colony's ability to replicate.
The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
A broad-spectrum antibiotic that is being used as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in HIV-positive patients.

Safety of long-term therapy with ciprofloxacin: data analysis of controlled clinical trials and review. (1/1137)

We reviewed the literature and the manufacturer's U.S. clinical data pool for safety data on long-term administration of ciprofloxacin (Bayer, West Haven, CT). Only controlled clinical trials including patients treated for >30 days were selected. We identified 636 patients by literature search and 413 patients in the Bayer U.S. database who fulfilled our search criteria; the average treatment duration for these patients was 130 and 80 days, respectively. Main indications for long-term therapy were osteomyelitis, skin and soft-tissue infection, prophylaxis for urinary tract infection, mycobacterial infections, and inflammatory bowel disease. Adverse events, premature discontinuation of therapy, and deaths occurred at a similar frequency in both treatment arms. Most adverse events occurred early during therapy with little increase in frequency over time. As with short-term therapy, gastrointestinal events were more frequent than central nervous system or skin reactions, but pseudomembranous colitis was not observed. No previously unknown adverse events were noted. We conclude that ciprofloxacin is tolerated as well as other antibiotics when extended courses of therapy are required.  (+info)

Central line sepsis in a child due to a previously unidentified mycobacterium. (2/1137)

A rapidly growing mycobacterium similar to strains in the present Mycobacterium fortuitum complex (M. fortuitum, M. peregrinum, and M. fortuitum third biovariant complex [sorbitol positive and sorbitol negative]) was isolated from a surgically placed central venous catheter tip and three cultures of blood from a 2-year-old child diagnosed with metastatic hepatoblastoma. The organism's unique phenotypic profile and ribotype patterns differed from those of the type and reference strains of the M. fortuitum complex and indicate that this organism may represent a new pathogenic taxon.  (+info)

Differential avian and human tuberculin skin testing in non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection. (3/1137)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the sensitivity of differential avian and human delayed-type hypersensitivity skin testing in the diagnosis of non-tuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis. METHOD: Retrospective review of all patients with culture proved non-tuberculous mycobacterial lymph node infections who also had differential avian and human skin testing performed over a 10 year period from 1986 to 1996. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty four patients had non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolated from lymph nodes over this period, 59 of whom had differential skin testing performed. The sensitivity of a response of >/= 10 mm to the avian precipitin was 58 of 59. No patient had both a negative human and avian Mantoux. The sensitivity of the human Mantoux alone for diagnosing non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection was 81% for a response of >/= 5 mm and 66% for >/= 10 mm. Ten patients had a 0 human response. Fifty five of the 59 patients had an avian response at least 2 mm greater than the human response. CONCLUSION: The avian Mantoux is a very sensitive method of diagnosing non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection in children. The human Mantoux is not sensitive enough to be used alone as a surrogate to diagnose non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection.  (+info)

Macrophages are a significant source of type 1 cytokines during mycobacterial infection. (4/1137)

T-helper 1 (Th1) cells are believed to be the major producer of the type 1 cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in cell-mediated immunity against intracellular infection. We have investigated the ability of macrophages to release type 1 cytokines and their regulatory mechanisms using both in vivo and in vitro models of pulmonary mycobacterial infection. During pulmonary infection by live Mycobacterium bovis bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in wild-type mice, lung macrophages released interleukin-12 (IL-12), IFN-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and expressed surface activation markers. However, macrophages in infected IL-12(-/-) mice released TNF-alpha but not IFN-gamma and lacked surface activation makers. In freshly isolated lung macrophages from naive IL-2(-/-) mice, mycobacteria alone released TNF-alpha but not IFN-gamma, whereas exogenously added IL-12 alone released a minimum of IFN-gamma. However, these macrophages released large quantities of IFN-gamma upon stimulation with both mycobacteria and IL-12. In contrast, mycobacteria and exogenous IFN-gamma released only a minimum of endogenous IFN-gamma. Endogenous IL-18 (IFN-gamma-inducing factor) played little role in IFN-gamma responses by macrophages stimulated by mycobacteria and IL-12. Our data reveal that macrophages are a significant source of type 1 cytokines during mycobacterial infection and that both IL-12 and intracellular pathogens are required for the release of IFN-gamma but not TNF-alpha. These findings suggest that macrophages regulate cell-mediated immunity by releasing not only IL-12 and TNF-alpha but also IFN-gamma and that full activation of IFN-gamma response in macrophages is tightly regulated.  (+info)

Adjuvant-guided type-1 and type-2 immunity: infectious/noninfectious dichotomy defines the class of response. (5/1137)

Traditionally, protein Ags have been injected in CFA (oil with inactivated mycobacteria) to induce immunity and with IFA (oil alone) to induce tolerance. We report here that injection of hen eggwhite lysozyme, a prototypic Ag, in CFA-induced and IFA-induced pools of hen eggwhite lysozyme-specific memory T cells of comparable fine specificity, clonal size, and avidity spectrum, but with type-1 and type-2 cytokine signatures, respectively. This adjuvant-guided induction of virtually unipolar type-1 and type-2 immunity was observed with seven protein Ags and in a total of six mouse strains. Highly polarized type-1 and type-2 immunity are thus readily achievable through the choice of adjuvant, irrespective of the genetic bias of the host and of the nature of the protein Ag. This finding should have far-reaching implications for the development of vaccines against infectious and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, our demonstration that Ag injected with IFA is as strongly immunogenic for T cells as it is with CFA shows that the presence of the mycobacteria determines not the priming of naive T cells through the second-signal link but the path of downstream differentiation toward CD4 memory cells that express either type-1 or type-2 cytokines.  (+info)

Pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in subjects seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus: a phase I study. (6/1137)

Rifapentine is undergoing development for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. This study was conducted to characterize the single-dose pharmacokinetics of rifapentine and its 25-desacetyl metabolite and to assess the effect of food on the rate and extent of absorption in participants infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Twelve men and four women, mean age, 38.6 +/- 6.9 years, received a single 600-mg oral dose of rifapentine in an open-label, randomized two-way, complete crossover study. Each volunteer received rifapentine following a high-fat breakfast or during a fasting period. Serial blood samples were collected for 72 h and both rifapentine and its metabolite were assayed by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. Pharmacokinetics of rifapentine and 25-desacetylrifapentine were determined by noncompartmental methods. Mean (+/- the standard deviation) maximum concentrations of rifapentine in serum and areas under the curve from time zero to infinity following a high-fat breakfast were 14.09 +/- 2.81 and 373.63 +/- 78.19 micrograms/ml, respectively, and following a fasting period they were 9.42 +/- 2.67 and 256.10 +/- 86.39 micrograms. h/ml, respectively. Pharmacokinetic data from a previously published healthy volunteer study were used for comparison. Administration of rifapentine with a high-fat breakfast resulted in a 51% increase in rifapentine bioavailability, an effect also observed in healthy volunteers. Although food increased the exposure of these patients to rifapentine, the infrequent dosing schedule for the treatment of tuberculosis (e.g., once- or twice-weekly dosing) would be unlikely to lead to accumulation. Additionally, autoinduction has been previously studied and has not been demonstrated with this compound, unlike with rifabutin and rifampin. Rifapentine was well tolerated by HIV-infected study participants. The results of our study suggest that no dosage adjustments may be required for rifapentine in HIV-infected patients (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classification A1, A2, B1, or B2) undergoing treatment for tuberculosis.  (+info)

Role of interleukin-18 (IL-18) in mycobacterial infection in IL-18-gene-disrupted mice. (7/1137)

Immunity to mycobacterial infection is closely linked to the emergence of T cells that secrete cytokines, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), resulting in macrophage activation and recruitment of circulating monocytes to initiate chronic granuloma formation. The cytokine that mediates macrophage activation is IFN-gamma, and, like IL-12, IL-18 was shown to activate Th1 cells and induce IFN-gamma production by these cells. In order to investigate the role of IL-18 in mycobacterial infection, IL-18-deficient mice were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG Pasteur, and their capacities to control bacterial growth, granuloma formation, cytokine secretion, and NO production were examined. These mice developed marked granulomatous, but not necrotic, lesions in their lungs and spleens. Compared with the levels in wild-type mice, the splenic IFN-gamma levels were low but the IL-12 levels were normal in IL-18-deficient mice. The reduced IFN-gamma production was not secondary to reduced induction of IL-12 production. The levels of NO production by peritoneal macrophages of IL-18-deficient and wild-type mice did not differ significantly. Granulomatous lesion development by IL-18-deficient mice was inhibited significantly by treatment with exogenous recombinant IL-18. Therefore, IL-18 is important for the generation of protective immunity to mycobacteria, and its main function is the induction of IFN-gamma expression.  (+info)

Identification of mycobacterial species by comparative sequence analysis of the RNA polymerase gene (rpoB). (8/1137)

For the differentiation and identification of mycobacterial species, the rpoB gene, encoding the beta subunit of RNA polymerase, was investigated. rpoB DNAs (342 bp) were amplified from 44 reference strains of mycobacteria and clinical isolates (107 strains) by PCR. The nucleotide sequences were directly determined (306 bp) and aligned by using the multiple alignment algorithm in the MegAlign package (DNASTAR) and the MEGA program. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method. Comparative sequence analysis of rpoB DNAs provided the basis for species differentiation within the genus Mycobacterium. Slowly and rapidly growing groups of mycobacteria were clearly separated, and each mycobacterial species was differentiated as a distinct entity in the phylogenetic tree. Pathogenic Mycobacterium kansasii was easily differentiated from nonpathogenic M. gastri; this differentiation cannot be achieved by using 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) sequences. By being grouped into species-specific clusters with low-level sequence divergence among strains of the same species, all of the clinical isolates could be easily identified. These results suggest that comparative sequence analysis of amplified rpoB DNAs can be used efficiently to identify clinical isolates of mycobacteria in parallel with traditional culture methods and as a supplement to 16S rDNA gene analysis. Furthermore, in the case of M. tuberculosis, rifampin resistance can be simultaneously determined.  (+info)

Mycobacterium infections are a group of infectious diseases caused by various species of the Mycobacterium genus, including but not limited to M. tuberculosis (which causes tuberculosis), M. avium complex (which causes pulmonary and disseminated disease, particularly in immunocompromised individuals), M. leprae (which causes leprosy), and M. ulcerans (which causes Buruli ulcer). These bacteria are known for their ability to resist destruction by normal immune responses and many disinfectants due to the presence of a waxy mycolic acid layer in their cell walls.

Infection typically occurs through inhalation, ingestion, or direct contact with contaminated materials. The severity and manifestations of the disease can vary widely depending on the specific Mycobacterium species involved, the route of infection, and the host's immune status. Symptoms may include cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, skin lesions, or lymphadenitis. Diagnosis often requires specialized laboratory tests, such as culture or PCR-based methods, to identify the specific Mycobacterium species involved. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and may require long-term therapy.

Nontuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) infections refer to illnesses caused by a group of bacteria called mycobacteria that do not cause tuberculosis or leprosy. These bacteria are commonly found in the environment, such as in water, soil, and dust. They can be spread through inhalation, ingestion, or contact with contaminated materials.

NTM infections can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, skin, and soft tissues. Lung infections are the most common form of NTM infection and often occur in people with underlying lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or bronchiectasis. Symptoms of NTM lung infection may include cough, fatigue, weight loss, fever, and night sweats.

Skin and soft tissue infections caused by NTM can occur through direct contact with contaminated water or soil, or through medical procedures such as contaminated injections or catheters. Symptoms of NTM skin and soft tissue infections may include redness, swelling, pain, and drainage.

Diagnosis of NTM infections typically involves a combination of clinical symptoms, imaging studies, and laboratory tests to identify the specific type of mycobacteria causing the infection. Treatment may involve multiple antibiotics for an extended period of time, depending on the severity and location of the infection.

Mycobacteriaceae is a family of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that are characterized by their high content of mycolic acids in the cell wall. This family includes several medically important genera, most notably Mycobacterium and Mycobacteroides. Many species within this family are environmental organisms, found in soil and water, but some are significant human pathogens. They are known for their ability to resist decolorization by acid after being stained with a basic fuchsin stain, known as acid-fast bacilli (AFB). This property is due to the unique structure of their cell walls, which contain mycolic acids and other lipids that make them resistant to many chemical and physical agents.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is the most well-known pathogen within this family. Other important human pathogens include Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy), Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) species that can cause pulmonary and disseminated infections, and Mycobacterium abscessus, which can cause various types of skin and soft tissue infections.

Mycobacteriaceae are typically slow-growing organisms, with some species taking weeks to grow in culture. Diagnosis of mycobacterial infections often involves microbiological culture, histopathology, and sometimes molecular techniques such as PCR and gene sequencing. Treatment usually requires a combination of antibiotics that target different components of the bacterial cell wall due to their inherent resistance to many conventional antibiotics.

'Mycobacterium tuberculosis' is a species of slow-growing, aerobic, gram-positive bacteria that demonstrates acid-fastness. It is the primary causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) in humans. This bacterium has a complex cell wall rich in lipids, including mycolic acids, which provides a hydrophobic barrier and makes it resistant to many conventional antibiotics. The ability of M. tuberculosis to survive within host macrophages and resist the immune response contributes to its pathogenicity and the difficulty in treating TB infections.

M. tuberculosis is typically transmitted through inhalation of infectious droplets containing the bacteria, which primarily targets the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body (extrapulmonary TB). The infection may result in a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from latent TB infection (LTBI) to active disease. LTBI represents a dormant state where individuals are infected with M. tuberculosis but do not show symptoms and cannot transmit the bacteria. However, they remain at risk of developing active TB throughout their lifetime, especially if their immune system becomes compromised.

Effective prevention and control strategies for TB rely on early detection, treatment, and public health interventions to limit transmission. The current first-line treatments for drug-susceptible TB include a combination of isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for at least six months. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of M. tuberculosis present significant challenges in TB control and require more complex treatment regimens.

"Mycobacterium" is a genus of gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are characterized by their complex cell walls containing large amounts of lipids. This genus includes several species that are significant in human and animal health, most notably Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, and Mycobacterium leprae, which causes leprosy. Other species of Mycobacterium can cause various diseases in humans, including skin and soft tissue infections, lung infections, and disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals. These bacteria are often resistant to common disinfectants and antibiotics, making them difficult to treat.

"Mycobacterium chelonae" is a rapidly growing, gram-positive bacterium that belongs to the group of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). It is widely distributed in the environment, particularly in water and soil. This organism can cause various types of infections in humans, ranging from localized skin and soft tissue infections to disseminated disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Infections are typically acquired through contaminated wounds, medical procedures, or inhalation of aerosolized particles. Common clinical manifestations include cutaneous abscesses, lung infections, catheter-related bloodstream infections, and ocular infections. Proper identification and targeted antimicrobial therapy are essential for the management of "Mycobacterium chelonae" infections.

"Mycobacterium kansasii" is a slow-growing, gram-positive bacterium that belongs to the group of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). It is named after the state of Kansas where it was first isolated. This bacterium can cause pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections in humans, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems or underlying lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchiectasis.

The symptoms of M. kansasii infection are similar to those of tuberculosis and can include cough, fever, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss, and chest pain. The diagnosis of M. kansasii infection is usually made by culturing the bacterium from clinical specimens such as sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics such as rifampin, ethambutol, and isoniazid for an extended period of time, often up to 12-24 months.

"Mycobacterium avium is a species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that belongs to the family Mycobacteriaceae. It is a slow-growing mycobacterium that is widely distributed in the environment, particularly in soil and water. M. avium is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis, and disseminated infection in individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. It is also known to cause pulmonary disease in elderly people with structural lung damage. The bacteria are resistant to many common disinfectants and can survive in hostile environments for extended periods."

Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (M. avium-intracellulare) infection is a type of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung disease caused by the environmental pathogens Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare, which are commonly found in water, soil, and dust. These bacteria can cause pulmonary infection, especially in individuals with underlying lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis, or prior tuberculosis infection.

M. avium-intracellulare infection typically presents with symptoms like cough, fatigue, weight loss, fever, night sweats, and sputum production. Diagnosis is established through a combination of clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and microbiological culture of respiratory samples. Treatment usually involves a multidrug regimen consisting of macrolides (such as clarithromycin or azithromycin), ethambutol, and rifamycins (such as rifampin or rifabutin) for an extended period, often 12-24 months. Eradication of the infection can be challenging due to the bacteria's inherent resistance to many antibiotics and its ability to survive within host cells.

"Mycobacterium bovis" is a species of slow-growing, aerobic, gram-positive bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae. It is the causative agent of tuberculosis in cattle and other animals, and can also cause tuberculosis in humans, particularly in those who come into contact with infected animals or consume unpasteurized dairy products from infected cows. The bacteria are resistant to many common disinfectants and survive for long periods in a dormant state, making them difficult to eradicate from the environment. "Mycobacterium bovis" is closely related to "Mycobacterium tuberculosis," the bacterium that causes tuberculosis in humans, and both species share many genetic and biochemical characteristics.

"Mycobacterium smegmatis" is a species of fast-growing, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). It is commonly found in the environment, including soil and water. This bacterium is known for its ability to form resistant colonies called biofilms. While it does not typically cause disease in humans, it can contaminate medical equipment and samples, potentially leading to misdiagnosis or infection. In rare cases, it has been associated with skin and soft tissue infections. It is often used in research as a model organism for studying mycobacterial biology and drug resistance due to its relatively harmless nature and rapid growth rate.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a group of environmental mycobacteria that do not cause tuberculosis or leprosy. They can be found in water, soil, and other natural environments. Some people may become infected with NTM, leading to various diseases depending on the site of infection, such as lung disease (most common), skin and soft tissue infections, lymphadenitis, and disseminated disease.

The clinical significance of NTM isolation is not always clear, as colonization without active infection can occur. Diagnosis typically requires a combination of clinical, radiological, microbiological, and sometimes molecular evidence to confirm the presence of active infection. Treatment usually involves multiple antibiotics for an extended period, depending on the species involved and the severity of disease.

"Mycobacterium leprae" is a slow-growing, rod-shaped, gram-positive bacterium that is the causative agent of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract. The bacterium was discovered in 1873 by Gerhard Armauer Hansen, a Norwegian physician, and is named after him as "Hansen's bacillus."

"Mycobacterium leprae" has a unique cell wall that contains high amounts of lipids, which makes it resistant to many common disinfectants and antibiotics. It can survive and multiply within host macrophages, allowing it to evade the immune system and establish a chronic infection.

Leprosy is a treatable disease with multidrug therapy (MDT), which combines several antibiotics such as dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent the progression of the disease and reduce its transmission to others.

Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) is a group of slow-growing mycobacteria that includes Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. These bacteria are commonly found in water, soil, and dust, and can cause pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis, and disseminated infection, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. The infection caused by MAC is often chronic and difficult to eradicate, requiring long-term antibiotic therapy.

"Mycobacterium fortuitum" is a rapidly growing mycobacterium (RGM) species that is commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil and water. It is a gram-positive, aerobic, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that can cause a variety of infections in humans, including skin and soft tissue infections, lung infections, and disseminated disease.

M. fortuitum is known for its ability to form colonies on solid media within one week, which distinguishes it from other slow-growing mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is also resistant to many common antibiotics, making treatment challenging. Infections caused by M. fortuitum are often associated with exposure to contaminated medical devices or procedures, such as contaminated tattoos, wound care, or invasive medical procedures.

It's important to note that while M. fortuitum can cause infections, it is not considered a highly virulent pathogen and most people who are exposed to it do not develop symptoms. However, individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or receiving immunosuppressive therapy, may be at higher risk for severe disease.

"Mycobacterium marinum" is a slow-growing, gram-positive bacterium that belongs to the group of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). It is commonly found in fresh and saltwater environments, including aquariums and swimming pools. This pathogen can cause skin infections, known as swimmer's granuloma or fish tank granuloma, in individuals who have exposure to contaminated water. The infection typically occurs through minor cuts or abrasions on the skin, leading to a localized, chronic, and slowly progressive lesion. In some cases, disseminated infection can occur in people with weakened immune systems.

References:
1. Chan, R. C., & Cohen, S. M. (2017). Nontuberculous mycobacterial skin infections. Clinics in dermatology, 35(4), 416-423.
2. Kohler, P., Bloch, A., & Pfyffer, G. E. (2002). Nontuberculous mycobacteria: an overview. Swiss medical weekly, 132(35-36), 548-557.
3. Sanguinetti, M., & Bloch, S. A. (2019). Mycobacterium marinum skin infection. American journal of clinical dermatology, 20(2), 219-226.

Medical Definition:

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis) is a type of mycobacteria that causes a chronic infectious disease known as paratuberculosis or Johne's disease in domestic and wild animals, particularly ruminants such as cattle, sheep, goats, and deer. The infection primarily affects the intestines, leading to chronic diarrhea, weight loss, and decreased milk production in affected animals.

M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is a slow-growing mycobacteria, which makes it difficult to culture and identify. It is resistant to many common disinfectants and can survive in the environment for long periods, facilitating its transmission between animals through contaminated feces, water, food, or milk.

Human infection with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is rare, but it has been implicated as a possible cause of Crohn's disease, a chronic inflammatory bowel condition in humans. However, the evidence for this association is still controversial and requires further research.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also involve other organs and tissues in the body. The infection is usually spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.

The symptoms of pulmonary TB include persistent cough, chest pain, coughing up blood, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, chest X-ray, and microbiological tests such as sputum smear microscopy and culture. In some cases, molecular tests like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be used for rapid diagnosis.

Treatment usually consists of a standard six-month course of multiple antibiotics, including isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. In some cases, longer treatment durations or different drug regimens might be necessary due to drug resistance or other factors. Preventive measures include vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine and early detection and treatment of infected individuals to prevent transmission.

"Mycobacterium ulcerans" is a slow-growing mycobacterium that is the causative agent of a chronic infection known as Buruli ulcer. This bacterium is naturally found in aquatic environments and can infect humans through minor traumas or wounds on the skin. The infection typically begins as a painless nodule or papule, which may progress to form necrotic ulcers if left untreated. The bacteria produce a unique toxin called mycolactone, which is responsible for the extensive tissue damage and destruction observed in Buruli ulcers.

"Mycobacterium phlei" is not a recognized medical condition or disease. Mycobacterium phlei is actually a species of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that is commonly found in the environment, such as in soil and water. It is often used in laboratory settings as a reference strain for mycobacterial identification and research. This bacterium is not known to cause disease in humans and is generally considered to be non-pathogenic.

Antitubercular agents, also known as anti-tuberculosis drugs or simply TB drugs, are a category of medications specifically used for the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis (TB), a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These drugs target various stages of the bacteria's growth and replication process to eradicate it from the body or prevent its spread.

There are several first-line antitubercular agents, including:

1. Isoniazid (INH): This is a bactericidal drug that inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids, essential components of the mycobacterial cell wall. It is primarily active against actively growing bacilli.
2. Rifampin (RIF) or Rifampicin: A bactericidal drug that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, preventing the transcription of genetic information into mRNA. This results in the interruption of protein synthesis and ultimately leads to the death of the bacteria.
3. Ethambutol (EMB): A bacteriostatic drug that inhibits the arabinosyl transferase enzyme, which is responsible for the synthesis of arabinan, a crucial component of the mycobacterial cell wall. It is primarily active against actively growing bacilli.
4. Pyrazinamide (PZA): A bactericidal drug that inhibits the synthesis of fatty acids and mycolic acids in the mycobacterial cell wall, particularly under acidic conditions. PZA is most effective during the initial phase of treatment when the bacteria are in a dormant or slow-growing state.

These first-line antitubercular agents are often used together in a combination therapy to ensure complete eradication of the bacteria and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains. Treatment duration typically lasts for at least six months, with the initial phase consisting of daily doses of INH, RIF, EMB, and PZA for two months, followed by a continuation phase of INH and RIF for four months.

Second-line antitubercular agents are used when patients have drug-resistant TB or cannot tolerate first-line drugs. These include drugs like aminoglycosides (e.g., streptomycin, amikacin), fluoroquinolones (e.g., ofloxacin, moxifloxacin), and injectable bacteriostatic agents (e.g., capreomycin, ethionamide).

It is essential to closely monitor patients undergoing antitubercular therapy for potential side effects and ensure adherence to the treatment regimen to achieve optimal outcomes and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The infection typically enters the body when a person inhales droplets containing the bacteria, which are released into the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.

The symptoms of pulmonary TB can vary but often include:

* Persistent cough that lasts for more than three weeks and may produce phlegm or blood-tinged sputum
* Chest pain or discomfort, particularly when breathing deeply or coughing
* Fatigue and weakness
* Unexplained weight loss
* Fever and night sweats
* Loss of appetite

Pulmonary TB can cause serious complications if left untreated, including damage to the lungs, respiratory failure, and spread of the infection to other parts of the body. Treatment typically involves a course of antibiotics that can last several months, and it is essential for patients to complete the full treatment regimen to ensure that the infection is fully eradicated.

Preventive measures include vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which can provide some protection against severe forms of TB in children, and measures to prevent the spread of the disease, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, wearing a mask in public places, and avoiding close contact with people who have active TB.

Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.

Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:

1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

Mycolic acids are complex, long-chain fatty acids that are a major component of the cell wall in mycobacteria, including the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis and leprosy. These acids contribute to the impermeability and resistance to chemical agents of the mycobacterial cell wall, making these organisms difficult to eradicate. Mycolic acids are unique to mycobacteria and some related actinomycetes, and their analysis can be useful in the identification and classification of these bacteria.

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

Isoniazid is an antimicrobial medication used for the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis (TB). It is a first-line medication, often used in combination with other TB drugs, to kill the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria that cause TB. Isoniazid works by inhibiting the synthesis of mycolic acids, which are essential components of the bacterial cell wall. This leads to bacterial death and helps to control the spread of TB.

Isoniazid is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid solutions. It can be taken orally or given by injection. The medication is generally well-tolerated, but it can cause side effects such as peripheral neuropathy, hepatitis, and skin rashes. Regular monitoring of liver function tests and supplementation with pyridoxine (vitamin B6) may be necessary to prevent or manage these side effects.

It is important to note that Isoniazid is not effective against drug-resistant strains of TB, and its use should be guided by the results of drug susceptibility testing. Additionally, it is essential to complete the full course of treatment as prescribed to ensure the successful eradication of the bacteria and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

'Mycobacterium lepraemurium' is not typically associated with human leprosy or any medical conditions affecting humans. It is a species of mycobacteria that primarily infects rodents, particularly mice and rats. This bacterium is the causative agent of a form of leprosy-like disease in these animals, known as murine leprosy.

Human infections with 'Mycobacterium lepraemurium' are extremely rare and have only been reported in a handful of cases worldwide. When they do occur, they usually result from close contact with infected rodents or their excrement. The disease caused by this bacterium in humans is typically milder than human leprosy and often resolves on its own without specific treatment.

Therefore, 'Mycobacterium lepraemurium' should not be confused with the mycobacterial species that cause leprosy in humans, such as 'Mycobacterium leprae' or 'Mycobacterium lepromatosis'.

Bacterial antigens are substances found on the surface or produced by bacteria that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system.

When a bacterial antigen is encountered by the host's immune system, it triggers a series of responses aimed at eliminating the bacteria and preventing infection. The host's immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign through the use of specialized receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.

Once a bacterial antigen is recognized by the host's immune system, it can stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response involves the activation of inflammatory pathways, the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and the production of antimicrobial peptides.

The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which are specific to the bacterial antigen. These cells can recognize and remember the antigen, allowing for a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposures.

Bacterial antigens are important in the development of vaccines, as they can be used to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. By identifying specific bacterial antigens that are associated with virulence or pathogenicity, researchers can develop vaccines that target these antigens and provide protection against infection.

Mycobacterium scrofulaceum is a species of mycobacteria that was previously known to cause a type of infection called scrofula, which is a form of tuberculosis affecting the lymph nodes in the neck. However, it's important to note that this organism has rarely been implicated in human disease in recent years, and its clinical significance is currently unclear.

Mycobacterium scrofulaceum is an environmental mycobacteria, which means it can be found in soil and water, and it is not typically transmitted from person to person. Infections caused by this organism are usually acquired through the ingestion of contaminated food or water or through inhalation of aerosolized particles.

The symptoms of infection with Mycobacterium scrofulaceum depend on the site of infection and can include swollen lymph nodes, cough, fever, and weight loss. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics, but the optimal treatment regimen has not been well-studied due to the rarity of infections caused by this organism.

BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine is a type of immunization used primarily to prevent tuberculosis (TB). It contains a live but weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis, which is related to the bacterium that causes TB in humans (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).

The BCG vaccine works by stimulating an immune response in the body, enabling it to better resist infection with TB bacteria if exposed in the future. It is often given to infants and children in countries where TB is common, and its use varies depending on the national immunization policies. The protection offered by the BCG vaccine is moderate and may not last for a very long time.

In addition to its use against TB, the BCG vaccine has also been investigated for its potential therapeutic role in treating bladder cancer and some other types of cancer. The mechanism of action in these cases is thought to be related to the vaccine's ability to stimulate an immune response against abnormal cells.

"Mycobacterium xenopi" is a slow-growing, non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) species that is commonly found in the environment, particularly in water sources such as tap water and natural waterways. It is named after the South African frog (Xenopus laevis) from which it was first isolated.

"Mycobacterium xenopi" can cause pulmonary infections, especially in individuals with pre-existing lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis, or prior tuberculosis infection. The symptoms of "M. xenopi" infection are similar to those of tuberculosis and can include cough, fever, night sweats, fatigue, and weight loss.

Diagnosis of "M. xenopi" infection typically requires the isolation and identification of the organism from clinical specimens such as sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics such as macrolides, rifamycins, and aminoglycosides, and may require prolonged therapy for several months to a year or more.

Paratuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). It primarily affects ruminants, such as cattle, sheep, and goats, although other animal species, including humans, can also be infected. The disease is characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestines, leading to diarrhea, weight loss, and decreased milk production in affected animals.

Infection typically occurs through ingestion of contaminated feed or water, and the incubation period can range from several months to years. The bacteria are resistant to environmental degradation and can survive in soil, water, and feces for long periods, making control and eradication challenging.

While paratuberculosis is not considered a significant zoonotic disease, there is ongoing research into the potential link between MAP infection and Crohn's disease in humans, although this association remains controversial and unproven.

Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial medication used for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). It works by inhibiting the synthesis of mycobacterial cell walls, which leads to the death of the bacteria. Ethambutol is often used in combination with other TB drugs, such as isoniazid and rifampin, to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains of the bacteria.

The most common side effect of ethambutol is optic neuritis, which can cause visual disturbances such as decreased vision, color blindness, or blurred vision. This side effect is usually reversible if the medication is stopped promptly. Other potential side effects include skin rashes, joint pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.

Ethambutol is available in oral tablet and solution forms, and is typically taken once or twice daily. The dosage of ethambutol is based on the patient's weight, and it is important to follow the healthcare provider's instructions carefully to avoid toxicity. Regular monitoring of visual acuity and liver function is recommended during treatment with ethambutol.

Rifampin is an antibiotic medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as rifamycins. It works by inhibiting bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thereby preventing bacterial growth and multiplication. Rifampin is used to treat a variety of infections caused by bacteria, including tuberculosis, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Legionella pneumophila. It is also used to prevent meningococcal disease in people who have been exposed to the bacteria.

Rifampin is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and injectable solutions. The medication is usually taken two to four times a day, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated. Rifampin may be given alone or in combination with other antibiotics.

It is important to note that rifampin can interact with several other medications, including oral contraceptives, anticoagulants, and anti-seizure drugs, among others. Therefore, it is essential to inform your healthcare provider about all the medications you are taking before starting treatment with rifampin.

Rifampin may cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, and changes in the color of urine, tears, sweat, and saliva to a reddish-orange color. These side effects are usually mild and go away on their own. However, if they persist or become bothersome, it is important to consult your healthcare provider.

In summary, rifampin is an antibiotic medication used to treat various bacterial infections and prevent meningococcal disease. It works by inhibiting bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, preventing bacterial growth and multiplication. Rifampin may interact with several other medications, and it can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, and changes in the color of body fluids.

Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract, and the eyes. The disease mainly spreads through droplets from the nose and mouth of infected people.

Leprosy is characterized by granulomatous inflammation, which leads to the formation of distinctive skin lesions and nerve damage. If left untreated, it can cause progressive and permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs, and eyes. However, with early diagnosis and multidrug therapy (MDT), the disease can be cured, and disability can be prevented or limited.

The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies leprosy into two types based on the number of skin lesions and bacteriological index: paucibacillary (one to five lesions) and multibacillary (more than five lesions). This classification helps determine the appropriate treatment regimen.

Although leprosy is curable, it remains a public health concern in many developing countries due to its stigmatizing nature and potential for social exclusion of affected individuals.

Mycobacteriophages are viruses that infect and replicate within mycobacteria, which include species such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis. These viruses are important tools in the study of mycobacterial biology, genetics, and evolution. They have also been explored for their potential therapeutic use in treating mycobacterial infections, including tuberculosis.

Mycobacteriophages typically have double-stranded DNA genomes that range in size from around 50 to 170 kilobases. They can be classified into different groups or "clusters" based on genetic similarities and differences. Some mycobacteriophages are temperate, meaning they can either replicate lytically (killing the host cell) or establish a persistent relationship with the host by integrating their genome into the host's chromosome as a prophage. Others are strictly lytic and always kill the host cell upon infection.

Understanding the biology of mycobacteriophages can provide insights into the basic mechanisms of virus-host interactions, DNA replication, gene regulation, and other fundamental processes. Additionally, studying the diversity of mycobacteriophages can shed light on evolutionary relationships among different mycobacterial species and strains.

Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis. It primarily affects cattle but can also spread to other mammals including humans, causing a similar disease known as zoonotic tuberculosis. The infection in animals typically occurs through inhalation of infectious droplets or ingestion of contaminated feed and water.

In cattle, the disease often affects the respiratory system, leading to symptoms such as chronic coughing, weight loss, and difficulty breathing. However, it can also affect other organs, including the intestines, lymph nodes, and mammary glands. Diagnosis of BTB typically involves a combination of clinical signs, laboratory tests, and epidemiological data.

Control measures for BTB include regular testing and culling of infected animals, movement restrictions, and vaccination of susceptible populations. In many countries, BTB is a notifiable disease, meaning that cases must be reported to the authorities. Proper cooking and pasteurization of dairy products can help prevent transmission to humans.

Bacteriological techniques refer to the various methods and procedures used in the laboratory for the cultivation, identification, and study of bacteria. These techniques are essential in fields such as medicine, biotechnology, and research. Here are some common bacteriological techniques:

1. **Sterilization**: This is a process that eliminates or kills all forms of life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. Common sterilization methods include autoclaving (using steam under pressure), dry heat (in an oven), chemical sterilants, and radiation.

2. **Aseptic Technique**: This refers to practices used to prevent contamination of sterile materials or environments with microorganisms. It includes the use of sterile equipment, gloves, and lab coats, as well as techniques such as flaming, alcohol swabbing, and using aseptic transfer devices.

3. **Media Preparation**: This involves the preparation of nutrient-rich substances that support bacterial growth. There are various types of media, including solid (agar), liquid (broth), and semi-solid (e.g., stab agar). The choice of medium depends on the type of bacteria being cultured and the purpose of the investigation.

4. **Inoculation**: This is the process of introducing a bacterial culture into a medium. It can be done using a loop, swab, or needle. The inoculum should be taken from a pure culture to avoid contamination.

5. **Incubation**: After inoculation, the bacteria are allowed to grow under controlled conditions of temperature, humidity, and atmospheric composition. This process is called incubation.

6. **Staining and Microscopy**: Bacteria are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Therefore, they need to be stained and observed under a microscope. Gram staining is a common method used to differentiate between two major groups of bacteria based on their cell wall composition.

7. **Biochemical Tests**: These are tests used to identify specific bacterial species based on their biochemical characteristics, such as their ability to ferment certain sugars, produce particular enzymes, or resist certain antibiotics.

8. **Molecular Techniques**: Advanced techniques like PCR and DNA sequencing can provide more precise identification of bacteria. They can also be used for genetic analysis and epidemiological studies.

Remember, handling microorganisms requires careful attention to biosafety procedures to prevent accidental infection or environmental contamination.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

"Mycobacterium haemophilum" is a slow-growing, gram-positive, acid-fast bacterium that is a member of the Mycobacteriaceae family. It is an opportunistic pathogen that primarily causes skin and soft tissue infections in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or organ transplant recipients. The bacterium requires enriched media containing hemoglobin or hemin for growth, which is why it is named "haemophilum." Infections caused by this bacterium can be difficult to diagnose and treat due to its slow growth rate and resistance to many first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs.

A tuberculosis vaccine, also known as the BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine, is a type of immunization used to prevent tuberculosis (TB), a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The BCG vaccine contains a weakened strain of the bacteria that causes TB in cattle.

The BCG vaccine works by stimulating an immune response in the body, which helps to protect against severe forms of TB, such as TB meningitis and TB in children. However, it is not very effective at preventing pulmonary TB (TB that affects the lungs) in adults.

The BCG vaccine is not routinely recommended for use in the United States due to the low risk of TB infection in the general population. However, it may be given to people who are at high risk of exposure to TB, such as healthcare workers, laboratory personnel, and people traveling to countries with high rates of TB.

It is important to note that the BCG vaccine does not provide complete protection against TB and that other measures, such as testing and treatment for latent TB infection, are also important for controlling the spread of this disease.

Microbial sensitivity tests, also known as antibiotic susceptibility tests (ASTs) or bacterial susceptibility tests, are laboratory procedures used to determine the effectiveness of various antimicrobial agents against specific microorganisms isolated from a patient's infection. These tests help healthcare providers identify which antibiotics will be most effective in treating an infection and which ones should be avoided due to resistance. The results of these tests can guide appropriate antibiotic therapy, minimize the potential for antibiotic resistance, improve clinical outcomes, and reduce unnecessary side effects or toxicity from ineffective antimicrobials.

There are several methods for performing microbial sensitivity tests, including:

1. Disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test): A standardized paper disk containing a predetermined amount of an antibiotic is placed on an agar plate that has been inoculated with the isolated microorganism. After incubation, the zone of inhibition around the disk is measured to determine the susceptibility or resistance of the organism to that particular antibiotic.
2. Broth dilution method: A series of tubes or wells containing decreasing concentrations of an antimicrobial agent are inoculated with a standardized microbial suspension. After incubation, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined by observing the lowest concentration of the antibiotic that prevents visible growth of the organism.
3. Automated systems: These use sophisticated technology to perform both disk diffusion and broth dilution methods automatically, providing rapid and accurate results for a wide range of microorganisms and antimicrobial agents.

The interpretation of microbial sensitivity test results should be done cautiously, considering factors such as the site of infection, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antibiotic, potential toxicity, and local resistance patterns. Regular monitoring of susceptibility patterns and ongoing antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential to ensure optimal use of these tests and to minimize the development of antibiotic resistance.

Sputum is defined as a mixture of saliva and phlegm that is expelled from the respiratory tract during coughing, sneezing or deep breathing. It can be clear, mucoid, or purulent (containing pus) depending on the underlying cause of the respiratory issue. Examination of sputum can help diagnose various respiratory conditions such as infections, inflammation, or other lung diseases.

An armadillo is not a medical condition or term. It is a type of mammal that is native to the Americas, known for its distinctive armor-like shell. If you have any questions about a specific medical condition or topic, I would be happy to help if you could provide more information.

Bacterial typing techniques are methods used to identify and differentiate bacterial strains or isolates based on their unique characteristics. These techniques are essential in epidemiological studies, infection control, and research to understand the transmission dynamics, virulence, and antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial pathogens.

There are various bacterial typing techniques available, including:

1. **Bacteriophage Typing:** This method involves using bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to identify specific bacterial strains based on their susceptibility or resistance to particular phages.
2. **Serotyping:** It is a technique that differentiates bacterial strains based on the antigenic properties of their cell surface components, such as capsules, flagella, and somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens.
3. **Biochemical Testing:** This method uses biochemical reactions to identify specific metabolic pathways or enzymes present in bacterial strains, which can be used for differentiation. Commonly used tests include the catalase test, oxidase test, and various sugar fermentation tests.
4. **Molecular Typing Techniques:** These methods use genetic markers to identify and differentiate bacterial strains at the DNA level. Examples of molecular typing techniques include:
* **Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE):** This method uses restriction enzymes to digest bacterial DNA, followed by electrophoresis in an agarose gel under pulsed electrical fields. The resulting banding patterns are analyzed and compared to identify related strains.
* **Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST):** It involves sequencing specific housekeeping genes to generate unique sequence types that can be used for strain identification and phylogenetic analysis.
* **Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS):** This method sequences the entire genome of a bacterial strain, providing the most detailed information on genetic variation and relatedness between strains. WGS data can be analyzed using various bioinformatics tools to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), gene deletions or insertions, and other genetic changes that can be used for strain differentiation.

These molecular typing techniques provide higher resolution than traditional methods, allowing for more accurate identification and comparison of bacterial strains. They are particularly useful in epidemiological investigations to track the spread of pathogens and identify outbreaks.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis (TB) infection caused by bacteria that are resistant to at least two of the first-line anti-TB drugs, isoniazid and rifampin. This makes MDR-TB more difficult and expensive to treat, requiring longer treatment durations and the use of second-line medications, which can have more severe side effects.

MDR-TB can occur when there are errors in prescribing or taking anti-TB drugs, or when people with TB do not complete their full course of treatment. It is a significant global health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where TB is more prevalent and resources for diagnosis and treatment may be limited.

MDR-TB can spread from person to person through the air when someone with the infection coughs, speaks, or sneezes. People at higher risk of contracting MDR-TB include those who have been in close contact with someone with MDR-TB, people with weakened immune systems, and healthcare workers who treat TB patients.

Preventing the spread of MDR-TB involves early detection and prompt treatment, as well as infection control measures such as wearing masks, improving ventilation, and separating infected individuals from others. It is also important to ensure that anti-TB drugs are used correctly and that patients complete their full course of treatment to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that are an essential part of the immune system. They are large, specialized cells that engulf and destroy foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, as well as damaged or dead cells. Macrophages are found throughout the body, including in the bloodstream, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs, and connective tissues. They play a critical role in inflammation, immune response, and tissue repair and remodeling.

Macrophages originate from monocytes, which are a type of white blood cell produced in the bone marrow. When monocytes enter the tissues, they differentiate into macrophages, which have a larger size and more specialized functions than monocytes. Macrophages can change their shape and move through tissues to reach sites of infection or injury. They also produce cytokines, chemokines, and other signaling molecules that help coordinate the immune response and recruit other immune cells to the site of infection or injury.

Macrophages have a variety of surface receptors that allow them to recognize and respond to different types of foreign substances and signals from other cells. They can engulf and digest foreign particles, bacteria, and viruses through a process called phagocytosis. Macrophages also play a role in presenting antigens to T cells, which are another type of immune cell that helps coordinate the immune response.

Overall, macrophages are crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis, defending against infection, and promoting wound healing and tissue repair. Dysregulation of macrophage function has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and chronic inflammatory conditions.

Pyrazinamide is an antituberculosis agent, a type of medication used to treat tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is an antimicrobial drug that works by inhibiting the growth of the bacterium. Pyrazinamide is often used in combination with other TB drugs such as isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol.

The medical definition of Pyrazinamide is: a synthetic antituberculosis agent, C6H5N3O (a pyridine derivative), used in the treatment of tuberculosis, especially in combination with isoniazid and rifampin. It is converted in the body to its active form, pyrazinoic acid, which inhibits the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis.

It's important to note that Pyrazinamide should be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional and is usually prescribed for several months to ensure complete eradication of the TB bacteria. As with any medication, it can cause side effects, and individuals should report any unusual symptoms to their healthcare provider.

Chaperonins are a type of molecular chaperone found in cells that assist in the proper folding of other proteins. They are large, complex protein assemblies that form a protective cage-like structure around unfolded polypeptides, providing a protected environment for them to fold into their correct three-dimensional shape.

Chaperonins are classified into two groups: Group I chaperonins, which are found in bacteria and archaea, and Group II chaperonins, which are found in eukaryotes (including humans). Both types of chaperonins share a similar overall structure, consisting of two rings stacked on top of each other, with each ring containing multiple subunits.

Group I chaperonins, such as GroEL in bacteria, function by binding to unfolded proteins and encapsulating them within their central cavity. The chaperonin then undergoes a series of conformational changes that help to facilitate the folding of the encapsulated protein. Once folding is complete, the chaperonin releases the now-folded protein.

Group II chaperonins, such as TCP-1 ring complex (TRiC) in humans, function similarly but have a more complex mechanism of action. They not only assist in protein folding but also help to prevent protein aggregation and misfolding. Group II chaperonins are involved in various cellular processes, including protein quality control, protein trafficking, and the regulation of cell signaling pathways.

Defects in chaperonin function have been linked to several human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.

Glycolipids are a type of lipid (fat) molecule that contain one or more sugar molecules attached to them. They are important components of cell membranes, where they play a role in cell recognition and signaling. Glycolipids are also found on the surface of some viruses and bacteria, where they can be recognized by the immune system as foreign invaders.

There are several different types of glycolipids, including cerebrosides, gangliosides, and globosides. These molecules differ in the number and type of sugar molecules they contain, as well as the structure of their lipid tails. Glycolipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of cells, and they are transported to the cell membrane through vesicles.

Abnormalities in glycolipid metabolism or structure have been implicated in a number of diseases, including certain types of cancer, neurological disorders, and autoimmune diseases. For example, mutations in genes involved in the synthesis of glycolipids can lead to conditions such as Tay-Sachs disease and Gaucher's disease, which are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal glycolipids in cells.

A granuloma is a small, nodular inflammatory lesion that occurs in various tissues in response to chronic infection, foreign body reaction, or autoimmune conditions. Histologically, it is characterized by the presence of epithelioid macrophages, which are specialized immune cells with enlarged nuclei and abundant cytoplasm, often arranged in a palisading pattern around a central area containing necrotic debris, microorganisms, or foreign material.

Granulomas can be found in various medical conditions such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, fungal infections, and certain autoimmune disorders like Crohn's disease. The formation of granulomas is a complex process involving both innate and adaptive immune responses, which aim to contain and eliminate the offending agent while minimizing tissue damage.

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) is a term used in molecular biology and genetics. It refers to the presence of variations in DNA sequences among individuals, which can be detected by restriction enzymes. These enzymes cut DNA at specific sites, creating fragments of different lengths.

In RFLP analysis, DNA is isolated from an individual and treated with a specific restriction enzyme that cuts the DNA at particular recognition sites. The resulting fragments are then separated by size using gel electrophoresis, creating a pattern unique to that individual's DNA. If there are variations in the DNA sequence between individuals, the restriction enzyme may cut the DNA at different sites, leading to differences in the length of the fragments and thus, a different pattern on the gel.

These variations can be used for various purposes, such as identifying individuals, diagnosing genetic diseases, or studying evolutionary relationships between species. However, RFLP analysis has largely been replaced by more modern techniques like polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods and DNA sequencing, which offer higher resolution and throughput.

A bacterial gene is a segment of DNA (or RNA in some viruses) that contains the genetic information necessary for the synthesis of a functional bacterial protein or RNA molecule. These genes are responsible for encoding various characteristics and functions of bacteria such as metabolism, reproduction, and resistance to antibiotics. They can be transmitted between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms like conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Bacterial genes are often organized into operons, which are clusters of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule.

It's important to note that the term "bacterial gene" is used to describe genetic elements found in bacteria, but not all genetic elements in bacteria are considered genes. For example, some DNA sequences may not encode functional products and are therefore not considered genes. Additionally, some bacterial genes may be plasmid-borne or phage-borne, rather than being located on the bacterial chromosome.

Culture media is a substance that is used to support the growth of microorganisms or cells in an artificial environment, such as a petri dish or test tube. It typically contains nutrients and other factors that are necessary for the growth and survival of the organisms being cultured. There are many different types of culture media, each with its own specific formulation and intended use. Some common examples include blood agar, which is used to culture bacteria; Sabouraud dextrose agar, which is used to culture fungi; and Eagle's minimum essential medium, which is used to culture animal cells.

Bacterial drug resistance is a type of antimicrobial resistance that occurs when bacteria evolve the ability to survive and reproduce in the presence of drugs (such as antibiotics) that would normally kill them or inhibit their growth. This can happen due to various mechanisms, including genetic mutations or the acquisition of resistance genes from other bacteria.

As a result, bacterial infections may become more difficult to treat, requiring higher doses of medication, alternative drugs, or longer treatment courses. In some cases, drug-resistant infections can lead to serious health complications, increased healthcare costs, and higher mortality rates.

Examples of bacterial drug resistance include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Preventing the spread of bacterial drug resistance is crucial for maintaining effective treatments for infectious diseases.

Chaperonin 60, also known as CPN60 or HSP60 (heat shock protein 60), is a type of molecular chaperone found in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Molecular chaperones are proteins that assist in the proper folding and assembly of other proteins. Chaperonin 60 is a member of the HSP (heat shock protein) family, which are proteins that are upregulated in response to stressful conditions such as heat shock or oxidative stress.

Chaperonin 60 forms a large complex with a barrel-shaped structure that provides a protected environment for unfolded or misfolded proteins to fold properly. The protein substrate is bound inside the central cavity of the chaperonin complex, and then undergoes a series of conformational changes that facilitate its folding. Chaperonin 60 has been shown to play important roles in mitochondrial protein import, folding, and assembly, as well as in the regulation of apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Defects in chaperonin 60 have been linked to a variety of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.

For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.

Cord factors are a group of glycolipids that are found on the surface of mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. These cord factors are called "cord factors" because they help to form characteristic "cords" or cable-like structures when mycobacteria grow in clumps.

Cord factors contribute to the virulence of mycobacteria by inhibiting the ability of certain immune cells, such as macrophages, to destroy the bacteria. They do this by preventing the fusion of lysosomes (which contain enzymes that can break down and kill the bacteria) with phagosomes (the compartments in which the bacteria are contained within the macrophage). This allows the mycobacteria to survive and replicate inside the host cells, leading to the development of tuberculosis.

Cord factors have also been shown to induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can contribute to tissue damage and the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Therefore, cord factors are an important target for the development of new therapies and vaccines against tuberculosis.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a soluble cytokine that is primarily produced by the activation of natural killer (NK) cells and T lymphocytes, especially CD4+ Th1 cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of the immune response against viral and intracellular bacterial infections, as well as tumor cells. IFN-γ has several functions, including activating macrophages to enhance their microbicidal activity, increasing the presentation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules on antigen-presenting cells, stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of T cells and NK cells, and inducing the production of other cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, IFN-γ has direct antiproliferative effects on certain types of tumor cells and can enhance the cytotoxic activity of immune cells against infected or malignant cells.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

DNA transposable elements, also known as transposons or jumping genes, are mobile genetic elements that can change their position within a genome. They are composed of DNA sequences that include genes encoding the enzymes required for their own movement (transposase) and regulatory elements. When activated, the transposase recognizes specific sequences at the ends of the element and catalyzes the excision and reintegration of the transposable element into a new location in the genome. This process can lead to genetic variation, as the insertion of a transposable element can disrupt the function of nearby genes or create new combinations of gene regulatory elements. Transposable elements are widespread in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes and are thought to play a significant role in genome evolution.

DNA fingerprinting, also known as DNA profiling or genetic fingerprinting, is a laboratory technique used to identify and compare the unique genetic makeup of individuals by analyzing specific regions of their DNA. This method is based on the variation in the length of repetitive sequences of DNA called variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) or short tandem repeats (STRs), which are located at specific locations in the human genome and differ significantly among individuals, except in the case of identical twins.

The process of DNA fingerprinting involves extracting DNA from a sample, amplifying targeted regions using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then separating and visualizing the resulting DNA fragments through electrophoresis. The fragment patterns are then compared to determine the likelihood of a match between two samples.

DNA fingerprinting has numerous applications in forensic science, paternity testing, identity verification, and genealogical research. It is considered an essential tool for providing strong evidence in criminal investigations and resolving disputes related to parentage and inheritance.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Tuberculin is not a medical condition but a diagnostic tool used in the form of a purified protein derivative (PPD) to detect tuberculosis infection. It is prepared from the culture filtrate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes TB. The PPD tuberculin is injected intradermally, and the resulting skin reaction is measured after 48-72 hours to determine if a person has developed an immune response to the bacteria, indicating a past or present infection with TB. It's important to note that a positive tuberculin test does not necessarily mean that active disease is present, but it does indicate that further evaluation is needed.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Streptomycin is an antibiotic drug derived from the actinobacterium Streptomyces griseus. It belongs to the class of aminoglycosides and works by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and leading to bacterial death.

Streptomycin is primarily used to treat a variety of infections caused by gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, including tuberculosis, brucellosis, plague, tularemia, and certain types of bacterial endocarditis. It is also used as part of combination therapy for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).

Like other aminoglycosides, streptomycin has a narrow therapeutic index and can cause ototoxicity (hearing loss) and nephrotoxicity (kidney damage) with prolonged use or high doses. Therefore, its use is typically limited to cases where other antibiotics are ineffective or contraindicated.

It's important to note that the use of streptomycin requires careful monitoring of drug levels and kidney function, as well as regular audiometric testing to detect any potential hearing loss.

A tuberculin test is a medical procedure used to determine if someone has developed an immune response to the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The test involves injecting a small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) from the TB bacteria under the skin, usually on the forearm. After 48-72 hours, the area is examined for signs of a reaction, such as swelling, redness, or hardness. A positive result suggests that the person has been infected with TB at some point in the past, although it does not necessarily mean that they have active TB disease. However, individuals who have a positive tuberculin test should be evaluated further to determine if they need treatment for latent TB infection or active TB disease.

Gene expression regulation in bacteria refers to the complex cellular processes that control the production of proteins from specific genes. This regulation allows bacteria to adapt to changing environmental conditions and ensure the appropriate amount of protein is produced at the right time.

Bacteria have a variety of mechanisms for regulating gene expression, including:

1. Operon structure: Many bacterial genes are organized into operons, which are clusters of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule. The expression of these genes can be coordinately regulated by controlling the transcription of the entire operon.
2. Promoter regulation: Transcription is initiated at promoter regions upstream of the gene or operon. Bacteria have regulatory proteins called sigma factors that bind to the promoter and recruit RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA. The binding of sigma factors can be influenced by environmental signals, allowing for regulation of transcription.
3. Attenuation: Some operons have regulatory regions called attenuators that control transcription termination. These regions contain hairpin structures that can form in the mRNA and cause transcription to stop prematurely. The formation of these hairpins is influenced by the concentration of specific metabolites, allowing for regulation of gene expression based on the availability of those metabolites.
4. Riboswitches: Some bacterial mRNAs contain regulatory elements called riboswitches that bind small molecules directly. When a small molecule binds to the riboswitch, it changes conformation and affects transcription or translation of the associated gene.
5. CRISPR-Cas systems: Bacteria use CRISPR-Cas systems for adaptive immunity against viruses and plasmids. These systems incorporate short sequences from foreign DNA into their own genome, which can then be used to recognize and cleave similar sequences in invading genetic elements.

Overall, gene expression regulation in bacteria is a complex process that allows them to respond quickly and efficiently to changing environmental conditions. Understanding these regulatory mechanisms can provide insights into bacterial physiology and help inform strategies for controlling bacterial growth and behavior.

Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.

A "colony count" is a method used to estimate the number of viable microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, in a sample. In this technique, a known volume of the sample is spread onto the surface of a solid nutrient medium in a petri dish and then incubated under conditions that allow the microorganisms to grow and form visible colonies. Each colony that grows on the plate represents an individual cell (or small cluster of cells) from the original sample that was able to divide and grow under the given conditions. By counting the number of colonies that form, researchers can make a rough estimate of the concentration of microorganisms in the original sample.

The term "microbial" simply refers to microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Therefore, a "colony count, microbial" is a general term that encompasses the use of colony counting techniques to estimate the number of any type of microorganism in a sample.

Colony counts are used in various fields, including medical research, food safety testing, and environmental monitoring, to assess the levels of contamination or the effectiveness of disinfection procedures. However, it is important to note that colony counts may not always provide an accurate measure of the total number of microorganisms present in a sample, as some cells may be injured or unable to grow under the conditions used for counting. Additionally, some microorganisms may form clusters or chains that can appear as single colonies, leading to an overestimation of the true cell count.

Ethionamide is an antimicrobial medication used to treat tuberculosis (TB) caused by drug-resistant strains of the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It belongs to a class of drugs called thioamides, which work by inhibiting the bacteria's ability to synthesize its cell wall.

Ethionamide is often used in combination with other TB medications to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains and improve treatment outcomes. Common side effects of ethionamide include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite, as well as neurological symptoms such as dizziness, headache, and peripheral neuropathy.

It is important to note that the use of ethionamide should be under the close supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can cause serious side effects and its effectiveness may be affected by drug interactions or individual patient factors.

A bacterial genome is the complete set of genetic material, including both DNA and RNA, found within a single bacterium. It contains all the hereditary information necessary for the bacterium to grow, reproduce, and survive in its environment. The bacterial genome typically includes circular chromosomes, as well as plasmids, which are smaller, circular DNA molecules that can carry additional genes. These genes encode various functional elements such as enzymes, structural proteins, and regulatory sequences that determine the bacterium's characteristics and behavior.

Bacterial genomes vary widely in size, ranging from around 130 kilobases (kb) in Mycoplasma genitalium to over 14 megabases (Mb) in Sorangium cellulosum. The complete sequencing and analysis of bacterial genomes have provided valuable insights into the biology, evolution, and pathogenicity of bacteria, enabling researchers to better understand their roles in various diseases and potential applications in biotechnology.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Clofazimine is an antimycobacterial medication used mainly in the treatment of leprosy (Hansen's disease) and also has some activity against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections. It is an oral riminophenazine dye that accumulates in macrophages and bacterial cells, where it inhibits mycobacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Its side effects include skin discoloration, gastrointestinal symptoms, and potential eye toxicity.

A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.

A cell wall is a rigid layer found surrounding the plasma membrane of plant cells, fungi, and many types of bacteria. It provides structural support and protection to the cell, maintains cell shape, and acts as a barrier against external factors such as chemicals and mechanical stress. The composition of the cell wall varies among different species; for example, in plants, it is primarily made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, while in bacteria, it is composed of peptidoglycan.

Bacterial RNA refers to the genetic material present in bacteria that is composed of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Unlike higher organisms, bacteria contain a single circular chromosome made up of DNA, along with smaller circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These bacterial genetic materials contain the information necessary for the growth and reproduction of the organism.

Bacterial RNA can be divided into three main categories: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). mRNA carries genetic information copied from DNA, which is then translated into proteins by the rRNA and tRNA molecules. rRNA is a structural component of the ribosome, where protein synthesis occurs, while tRNA acts as an adapter that brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

Bacterial RNA plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including gene expression, protein synthesis, and regulation of metabolic pathways. Understanding the structure and function of bacterial RNA is essential for developing new antibiotics and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

Capreomycin is an antibiotic drug that is primarily used to treat tuberculosis (TB) that is resistant to other first-line medications. It belongs to a class of drugs called cyclic polypeptides, which work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Capreomycin is administered via intramuscular injection and is typically used in combination with other anti-TB drugs as part of a multidrug regimen.

The medical definition of 'Capreomycin' is:

A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic derived from Streptomyces capreolus, used in the treatment of tuberculosis, particularly drug-resistant strains. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and is administered intramuscularly.

A phagosome is a type of membrane-bound organelle that forms around a particle or microorganism following its engulfment by a cell, through the process of phagocytosis. This results in the formation of a vesicle containing the ingested material, which then fuses with another organelle called a lysosome to form a phago-lysosome. The lysosome contains enzymes that digest and break down the contents of the phagosome, allowing the cell to neutralize and dispose of potentially harmful substances or pathogens.

In summary, phagosomes are important organelles involved in the immune response, helping to protect the body against infection and disease.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Virulence, in the context of medicine and microbiology, refers to the degree or severity of damage or harm that a pathogen (like a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can cause to its host. It is often associated with the ability of the pathogen to invade and damage host tissues, evade or suppress the host's immune response, replicate within the host, and spread between hosts.

Virulence factors are the specific components or mechanisms that contribute to a pathogen's virulence, such as toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and capsules. These factors enable the pathogen to establish an infection, cause tissue damage, and facilitate its transmission between hosts. The overall virulence of a pathogen can be influenced by various factors, including host susceptibility, environmental conditions, and the specific strain or species of the pathogen.

Minisatellites, also known as VNTRs (Variable Number Tandem Repeats), are repetitive DNA sequences that consist of a core repeat unit of 10-60 base pairs, arranged in a head-to-tail fashion. They are often found in non-coding regions of the genome and can vary in the number of times the repeat unit is present in an individual's DNA. This variation in repeat number can occur both within and between individuals, making minisatellites useful as genetic markers for identification and forensic applications. They are also associated with certain genetic disorders and play a role in genome instability.

Leprosstatic agents are substances or drugs that have a specific effect on the bacterium that causes leprosy, also known as Mycobacterium leprae. These agents are used in the treatment and prevention of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract.

The most common leprostatic agents are antibiotics, which target the bacterial cells and inhibit their growth or kill them. The two main antibiotics used to treat leprosy are dapsone and rifampicin, which are often given in combination with other drugs such as clofazimine to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains of the bacteria.

Leprosstatic agents are usually administered orally or by injection, and the duration of treatment can vary depending on the severity of the disease and the patient's response to therapy. It is important to note that early detection and treatment of leprosy can help prevent the progression of the disease and reduce the risk of transmission to others.

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

Microbial viability is the ability of a microorganism to grow, reproduce and maintain its essential life functions. It can be determined through various methods such as cell growth in culture media, staining techniques that detect metabolic activity, or direct observation of active movement. In contrast, non-viable microorganisms are those that have been killed or inactivated and cannot replicate or cause further harm. The measurement of microbial viability is important in various fields such as medicine, food safety, water quality, and environmental monitoring to assess the effectiveness of disinfection and sterilization procedures, and to determine the presence and concentration of harmful bacteria in different environments.

Microbial drug resistance is a significant medical issue that refers to the ability of microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) to withstand or survive exposure to drugs or medications designed to kill them or limit their growth. This phenomenon has become a major global health concern, particularly in the context of bacterial infections, where it is also known as antibiotic resistance.

Drug resistance arises due to genetic changes in microorganisms that enable them to modify or bypass the effects of antimicrobial agents. These genetic alterations can be caused by mutations or the acquisition of resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer. The resistant microbes then replicate and multiply, forming populations that are increasingly difficult to eradicate with conventional treatments.

The consequences of drug-resistant infections include increased morbidity, mortality, healthcare costs, and the potential for widespread outbreaks. Factors contributing to the emergence and spread of microbial drug resistance include the overuse or misuse of antimicrobials, poor infection control practices, and inadequate surveillance systems.

To address this challenge, it is crucial to promote prudent antibiotic use, strengthen infection prevention and control measures, develop new antimicrobial agents, and invest in research to better understand the mechanisms underlying drug resistance.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

Rifabutin is an antibiotic drug that belongs to the class of rifamycins. According to the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) database of the National Library of Medicine, Rifabutin is defined as: "A semi-synthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei and related to rifamycin B. It has iron-binding properties and is used, usually in combination with other antibiotics, to treat tuberculosis. Its antibacterial action is due to inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity."

Rifabutin is primarily used to prevent and treat Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It may also be used off-label for other bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis, atypical mycobacteria, and Legionella pneumophila.

Rifabutin has a unique chemical structure compared to other rifamycin antibiotics like rifampin and rifapentine. This structural difference results in a longer half-life and better tissue distribution, allowing for once-daily dosing and improved penetration into the central nervous system (CNS).

As with any medication, Rifabutin can have side effects, including gastrointestinal disturbances, rashes, and elevated liver enzymes. Additionally, it is known to interact with several other medications, such as oral contraceptives, anticoagulants, and some anti-seizure drugs, which may require dose adjustments or monitoring for potential interactions.

Media related to Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection at Wikimedia Commons Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection ... Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection (MAI) is an atypical mycobacterial infection, i.e. one with nontuberculous ... The more commonly used term is nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection, or non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection (NMI). ... Disseminated MAC Infection in Patients with AIDS". 20 July 2021. "Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) (Mycobacterium Avium- ...
The development of Leprosy is caused by infection with either Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis, two closely ... Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium caprae, Mycobacterium microti and Mycobacterium pinnipedii are later heterotypic synonyms of ... Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infections PRASITE: Identification of Mycobacteria TB Structural Genomics Consortium (All ... Mycobacterium tuberculosis can remain latent in human hosts for decades after an initial infection, allowing it to continue ...
... pulmonary infections are most commonly due to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), Mycobacterium kansasii, and Mycobacterium ... Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), also known as environmental mycobacteria, atypical mycobacteria and mycobacteria other than ... Infection. 44(4):513-20. pmid= 26861246. Meng-Rui Lee et al., (2015). Mycobacterium abscessus Complex Infections in Humans. ... De Groote, M. A.; Huitt, G. (2006-06-15). "Infections Due to Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 42 ( ...
van Soolingen, D (Jul 1998). "Diagnosis of Mycobacterium microti infections among humans by using novel genetic markers". J ... July 1998). "Diagnosis of Mycobacterium microti infections among humans by using novel genetic markers". J. Clin. Microbiol. 36 ... Emmanuel, FX (Dec 2007). "Human and animal infections with Mycobacterium microti, Scotland". Emerg Infect Dis. 13 (12): 1924- ... Mycobacterium microti Member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) Also known as the 'Vole bacillus' Etymology: ...
... is caused by infection of the skin with the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans. M. ulcerans is a mycobacterium, ... "Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection)". World Health Organization. 21 May 2019. Archived from the original on 17 ... "Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection) - Treatment". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 6 June ... Couppié P, Blaizot R, Velvin CJ, Douine M, Combe M, Nacher M, Gozlan RE (April 2019). "Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in ...
1-2. ISBN 978-3-030-11114-4. "Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection)". World Health Organization. 21 May 2019. ... Mycobacterium Ulcerans Disease. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. ...
Extrapulmonary infections, such as cervical lymphadenitis in children, cutaneous and soft tissues infections, and ... Mycobacterium innocens (former subtype V) Mycobacterium attenuatum (former subtype VI) and Mycobacterium gastri Mycobacterium ... Description of Mycobacterium pseudokansasii sp. nov., Mycobacterium innocens sp. nov. and Mycobacterium attenuatum sp. nov". ... Mycobacterium persicum (former subtype II) Mycobacterium pseudokansasii (former subtype III) Mycobacterium ostraviense (former ...
Children who developed infections from the outbreak of Mycobacterium abscessus underwent surgeries and months of antibiotic ... "Mycobacterium abscessus Complex Infections in Humans". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 21 (9): 1638-1646. doi:10.3201/2109.141634 ... "7-year-old girl loses some teeth, part of jaw bone, after dental infection outbreak". Orange County Register. 2016-09-29. ... "Anaheim dental clinic where children contracted serious infections to reopen Monday". Orange County Register. 2017-04-19. ...
... (LTB), also called latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is when a person is infected with Mycobacterium ... "HIV infection is the greatest known risk factor for the progression of latent M. tuberculosis infection to active TB. In many ... Behr, Marcel A.; Edelstein, Paul H.; Ramakrishnan, Lalita (2019-10-24). "Is Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection life long?". ... "Guidelines for using the QuantiFERON-TB test for diagnosing latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection". Morbidity and ...
Hong SK, Sung JY, Lee HJ, Oh M-D, Park SS, Kim E-C. (2013). "First case of Mycobacterium longobardum infection" (PDF). Ann Lab ... Lekic N, Rosenberg AE, Askari M. (2018). "Mycobacterium longobardum Infection in the Hand". J Hand Surg Am. 43 (5): 491.e1-491. ... nov., Mycobacterium heraklionense sp. nov. and Mycobacterium longobardum sp. nov". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 63: 401-411. doi: ... Nontuberculous mycobacteria, Bacteria described in 2013, All stub articles, Mycobacteria stubs). ...
"Phage Therapy Win: Mycobacterium Infection Halted". 8 May 2019. Nick JA, Dedrick RM, Gray AL, Vladar EK, Smith BE, Freeman KG, ... May 2022). "Host and pathogen response to bacteriophage engineered against Mycobacterium abscessus lung infection". Cell. 185 ( ... May 2022). "Bacteriophage treatment of disseminated cutaneous Mycobacterium chelonae infection". Nature Communications. 13 (1 ... As has been known for at least thirty years, mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis have specific bacteriophages. No ...
Working with Stanley Falkow at Stanford, she developed the strategy of using Mycobacterium marinum infection as a model for ... Behr, Marcel A.; Edelstein, Paul H.; Ramakrishnan, Lalita (24 October 2019). "Is Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection life long ... where she developed the strategy of using Mycobacterium marinum infection in zebrafish as a model for tuberculosis. In 2001, ... usually within months after infection, and very rarely more than 2 years after infection. They also show that more than 90% of ...
... is a rare skin condition caused by a non-tubercular mycobacterium known as Mycobacterium marinum. Skin infections with M. ... Mycobacterium marinum infection is not contagious; it is not spreading from person to person. It is also not transmitted in ... Cutaneous Mycobacterium marinum infection (fish tank granuloma) in a renal transplant recipient: case report and literature ... and fungal or parasitic infections, are often explored first. Overall, diagnosis and treatment of this rare skin infection is ...
... infection in immunocompetent patient. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 Jan. Springer et al. 1996. Isolation and ... closely related to Mycobacterium simiae and Mycobacterium genavense. In young children with cervical lymphadenitis and in ... description of Mycobacterium lentiflavum sp. nov. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34, 1100-1107. Type strain of Mycobacterium lentiflavum ... Nontuberculous mycobacteria, Bacteria described in 1996, All stub articles, Mycobacteria stubs). ...
"LAG3 expression in active Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections". The American Journal of Pathology. 185 (3): 820-33. doi: ... helps maintain CD8 exhaustion during chronic viral infection. LAG3 is known to be involved in the maturation and activation of ... "On the role of the inhibitory receptor LAG-3 in acute and chronic LCMV infection". International Immunology. 22 (1): 13-23. doi ... "Therapeutic blockade of PD-L1 and LAG-3 rapidly clears established blood-stage Plasmodium infection". Nature Immunology. 13 (2 ...
Sohail MR, Smilack JD (June 2004). "Hernia repair mesh-associated Mycobacterium goodii infection". Journal of Clinical ... Surgical complications may include pain that lasts more than three months, surgical site infections, nerve and blood vessel ... prosthetic mesh usage seems to have a higher incidence of chronic pain and can also cause infections. The frequency of surgical ...
... other common infections are Streptococcus, Mycobacterium, and Brucella.: p. 359 It is highly unusual for septic bursitis to be ... though it is also possible for the infection to be caused by bacteria traveling through the blood from a pre-existing infection ... The area may be red (erythema), warm to the touch, or surrounded by cellulitis, particularly if infection is present, often ... In approximately 80% of septic cases, the infection is caused by Staphylococcus aureus; ...
If effective treatment is not given, the death rate for active TB cases is up to 66%. TB infection begins when the mycobacteria ... Acton QA (2011). Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional. ScholarlyEditions. p. 1968. ISBN 978-1 ... Rothel JS, Andersen P (December 2005). "Diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: is the demise of the Mantoux ... Steroids add-on therapy has not shown any benefits for active pulmonary tuberculosis infection. Mycobacteria infect many ...
"Mycobacterium iranicum Infection in HIV-infected Patient, Iran". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 19 (10): 1696-1697. doi:10.3201/ ... Type strain of Mycobacterium iranicum at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short description ... "Mycobacterium iranicum". www.uniprot.org. "DSM 45541 Strain Passport - StrainInfo". www.straininfo.net. "Details: DSM-45541". ... Mycoobacterium iranicum is a bacterium from the genus Mycobacterium which has been isolated from a patient from Isfahan in Iran ...
Catheter-related bloodstream infection caused by Mycobacterium brumae. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Nov;42(11):5429-31. Type strain ... Mycobacterium brumae sp. nov., a rapidly growing, nonphotochromogenic mycobacterium. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1993, 43, 405- ... Aside from one 2004 report of a catheter related bloodstream infection no other infections by this organism have been reported ... Nontuberculous mycobacteria, Bacteria described in 1993, All stub articles, Mycobacteria stubs). ...
Rarely, Mycobacterium species can also cause the infection. Some mastoiditis is caused by cholesteatoma, which is a sac of ... If ear infections are treated in a reasonable amount of time, the antibiotics will usually cure the infection and prevent its ... Most ear infections occur in infants as the eustachian tubes are not fully developed and don't drain readily.[citation needed] ... The infection may also spread to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), causing facial-nerve palsy, producing weakness or ...
Phillips, C.J.C.; Foster, C.R.W.; Morris, P.A.; Teverson, R. (2001). "The transmission of Mycobacterium bovis infection to ... Mycobacterium bovis in African wildlife Mycobacterium bovis in African wildlife Tuberculosis - Mycobacterium bovis - Health ... August 1995). "The epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infections in animals and man: a review". Tuber Lung Dis. 76 (Suppl 1): ... "The status of Mycobacterium bovis infection in UK wild mammals: A review". The Veterinary Journal. 164 (2): 90-105. doi:10.1053 ...
2011). "Mycobacterium salmoniphilum infection in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L". J Fish Dis. 34 (10): 769-81. doi: ... 2011). "Mycobacterium salmoniphilum infection in burbot Lota lota". Dis Aquat Organ. 95 (1): 57-64. doi:10.3354/dao02347. PMID ... Righetti M, Favaro L, Antuofermo E, Caffara N, Nuvoli S, Scanzio T, Prearo M. (2014). "Mycobacterium salmoniphilum infection in ... 2019). "Extended insight into the Mycobacterium chelonae-abscessus complex through whole genome sequencing of Mycobacterium ...
"Mycobacterium caprae Infection in Livestock and Wildlife, Spain". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 17 (3): 532-535. doi:10.3201/ ... Mycobacterium caprae is a species of bacteria in the genus Mycobacterium and a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex ... "Mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp. caprae subsp. nov.: A taxonomic study of a new member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ... Mycobacteria, Tuberculosis, Bacteria described in 2003, All stub articles, Mycobacteria stubs). ...
Petrini B (October 2006). "Mycobacterium marinum: ubiquitous agent of waterborne granulomatous skin infections". European ... Many infections may be transmitted by microbes or parasites that accidentally, possibly as a result of exceptional ... However, the fact that there might be an occasional infection need not mean that it is useful to categorize the resulting ... Westblade LF, Ranganath S, Dunne WM, Burnham CA, Fader R, Ford BA (March 2015). "Infection with a chlorophyllic eukaryote after ...
"Infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes human alveolar macrophage apoptosis". Infection and Immunity. 65 (1): 298-304 ... Mycobacteria growth indicator tubes can contain a gel that emits fluorescent light if mycobacteria are grown. It is ... In 2019, M. tuberculosis was found in a genetically related complex group of Mycobacterium species called Mycobacterium ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Scholia has a topic profile for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ...
It is the most common Mycobacterium tuberculosis skin infection. The lesions may ultimately develop into disfiguring skin ... Basal-cell carcinoma Sarcoidosis Discoid lupus erythomatosus Leprosy Deep fungal infection A dermatologist or general physician ...
Eight of these patients developed infections caused by Mycobacterium chelonae. The injector was stored in a container of water ... 1999). "Risk of cross-patient infection with clinical use of a needleless injector device". American Journal of Infection ... "Outbreak of Mycobacterium chelonae Infection Associated With Use of Jet Injectors". JAMA. 264 (3): 373-6. doi:10.1001/jama. ... Hoffman, P.N; R.A Abuknesha; N.J Andrews; D Samuel; J.S Lloyd (2001-07-16). "A model to assess the infection potential of jet ...
... is most commonly used to treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth has been ... In 1979, capreomycin was used in the area of antituberculosis by inhibiting the growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis.[citation ...
Mycobacterium species are common causes of pulmonary infections in both humans and animals. Mohamed AM, Iwen PC, Tarantolo S, ... Mycobacterium nebraskense is a slow growing, yellow, pigmented mycobacterium that was first isolated from human sputum at the ... Nontuberculous mycobacteria, Bacteria described in 2004, All stub articles, Mycobacteria stubs). ... Type strain of Mycobacterium nebraskense at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short ...
... can cause infections in healthcare settings. Although anyone can get an NTM infection, some people are at increased risk. ... Device associated infections (e.g., central line associated bloodstream infection, exit site infections, pacemaker pocket site ... Types of Infectionsplus icon *Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infectionsplus icon *Resources for Patients & Providers ... NTM are also referred to as atypical mycobacteria, mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT), or environmental mycobacteria. ...
... and pulmonary infections in immunocompromised persons and lymphadenitis in children. M haemophilum was first isolated from ... Mycobacterium haemophilum is a nontuberculous mycobacterium that causes skin, joint, bone, ... encoded search term (Mycobacterium haemophilum Infection) and Mycobacterium haemophilum Infection What to Read Next on Medscape ... Mycobacterium haemophilum Infection * 2003/viewarticle/what-extent-does-exposure-affect-risk-covid-19-infection- ...
Media related to Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection at Wikimedia Commons Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection ... Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection (MAI) is an atypical mycobacterial infection, i.e. one with nontuberculous ... The more commonly used term is nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection, or non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection (NMI). ... Disseminated MAC Infection in Patients with AIDS". 20 July 2021. "Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) (Mycobacterium Avium- ...
... infection. Although the prevalence of MAI infection has increased following the epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ... AIDS), MAI infection remains a rare cause of skin disease. ... Mycobacterium avium Complex Cutaneous Infections in Non-HIV ... This article reviews the dermatologic manifestations of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI, or MAC) ... infection treated?. What is the prognosis of dermatologic manifestations of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) infection? ...
... N Engl J Med ... Exogenous reinfection with multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis can occur either during therapy for the original infection or ... clinical information on 17 patients seen at a New York City hospital who had repeatedly positive cultures for Mycobacterium ...
Here, we report the case of a 22-year-old woman with renal and lymph node Mycobacterium xenopi infection. This patient ... infection has been increasing globally. Further, it has been reported that early NTM infection diagnosis and treatment can ... Therefore, mNGS may be a powerful tool for diagnosing NTM infections. The combination therapy used showed efficacy and thus ... this case showed that the clinical symptoms of NTM infection are atypical and highly occult, especially for extrapulmonary NTM ...
Here, we assessed an experimental prime-boost vaccine in a low-dose murine tail infection model. We used the enoyl reductase ( ... Mycobacterium ulcerans,/i, There is no effective vaccine. ... is an infection of subcutaneous tissue with ,i, ... Vaccine-Specific Immune Responses against Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection in a Low-Dose Murine Challenge Model Infect Immun. ... The neglected tropical disease Buruli ulcer (BU) is an infection of subcutaneous tissue with Mycobacterium ulcerans There is no ...
Host-pathogen Interactions During Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection (LTBI). Even though LTBI is estimated to affect ...
Mycobacterium marinum is a nontuberculous mycobacterium capable of causing skin and soft tissue infections. Most infections are ... We report a patient with cutaneous Mycobacterium marinum infection with a non-pruritic erythematous plaque on his right wrist ... Mycobacterium marinum is a nontuberculous mycobacterium capable of causing skin and soft tissue infections. Most infections are ... We report a patient with cutaneous Mycobacterium marinum infection with a non-pruritic erythematous plaque on his right wrist ...
Mycobacterium marinum infections in transplant recipients: case report and review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis. 2008; ... Mycobacterium marinum infection: a case report and review of theliterature [published correction appears in Cutis. 2007;79:235 ... 3. Rallis E, Koumantaki-Mathioudaki E. Treatment of Mycobacterium marinum cutaneous infections. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007; ... Incubation period and sources of exposure for cutaneous Mycobacterium marinum infection: case report and review of the ...
Latent mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Olanisun Olufemi Adewole, O. Kayode, O. ... Latent mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Olanisun Olufemi Adewole, O. Kayode, O. ... Latent mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Olanisun Olufemi Adewole, O. Kayode, O. ... Latent mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a ...
... in Mtb during infection. For the first time we reveal the EMSH of virulent and avirulent mycobacterial strains, including drug- ... which protects Mtb from oxidative stress encountered during infection. The majority of research into redox signaling in Mtb has ... which creates oxidation artifacts and prohibits dynamic imaging of MSH redox state during infection. We have successfully ... of the global population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Persistence of Mtb in host phagocytes depends on ...
Population survey to determine risk factors for Mycobacterium leprae transmission and infection. Publication ... Download Population survey to determine risk factors for Mycobacterium leprae transmission and infection. ... Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and is endemic in many developing countries. The World Health ... An Approach to Understanding the Transmissionof Mycobacterium leprae Using Molecular and Immunological Methods: Results from ...
Mycobacterium Avium Infection in Portugal Title. Mycobacterium Avium Infection in Portugal. Publication Type. Articles in ...
Philip Hill and colleagues report that both ELISPOT conversion and reversion occur afterM. tuberculosis exposure in an endemic country and that the ELISPOT results agree poorly with results from the tuberculin skin test.
Clinical infections occurred in five male German cases over 50 years of age (range 53-80). Cases had been exposed to HCUs from ... Our investigation suggests that at least some of the M. chimaera infections may have been caused by contamination of HCUs at ... Invasive infections with Mycobacterium chimaera were reported in patients with previous open chest surgery and exposure to ... Prolonged Outbreak of Mycobacterium chimaera Infection After Open-Chest Heart Surgery. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(1):67-75. https ...
Thermostability of IFN-γ and IP-10 release assays for latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A TBnet study. ... interpreted as markers for latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Incubation at higher temperatures could affect IFN ...
Q Laboratories can screen for Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) infections associated with heater-cooler devices ... In the last few years, the FDA has focused on increasing awareness of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) infections associated ... The FDA reports that there were 32 reports of infections associated with heater-cooler devices or bacterial heater-cooler ...
... Journal of ... Mycobacterium marinum Infection in Caviar Fishes and Fisherman`s in a Caspian Sea Province in North of Iran table, th, td { ... Determination of the fish tank granuloma in Fishermen and Mycobacterium marinum infection in Caviar fishes in Ashorade, in ... Incubation period and sources of exposure for cutaneous Mycobacterium marinum infection: Case report and review of the ...
Sporotrichoid Cutaneous Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection in a Child. Éva Remenyik, Béla Nagy, Mária Kiss, Imre Veres, ...
... for the Detection of Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus) ... infected tapir was a 20-yr-old female wild caught animal that died in 1995 with culture confirmed Mycobacterium bovis infection ... These results suggest that MAPIA and RT tests have potential utility for rapid detection of M. bovis infection in Malayan tapir ... Tuberculosis in elephants: antibody responses to defined antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, potential for early diagnosis ...
Isoniazid Therapy for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection in HIV Clinics, Los Angeles, California. The International Journal ...
... and Antibody Reactivity During the Early Protective Immune Response in Humans to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection ... and Antibody Reactivity During the Early Protective Immune Response in Humans to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. ...
Different Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection phase-dependent antigens may be differentially recognized in infected and ... In this study, we assessed the diagnostic potential of 118 different M.tb infection phase-dependent antigens in TB patients and ... to TB rpfs show promise as TB diagnostic candidates and should be evaluated further for discrimination between M.tb infection ... diseased individuals and therefore useful as diagnostic tools for differentiating between M.tb infection states. ...
A novel treatment method for primary cutaneous Mycobacterium intracellulare infection ...
... has demonstrated that the macrophage phenotype switch from M0 to M1 is critical in the clearance of intracellular mycobacteria ... during Mycobacterium bovis infection. In this study, the entire gene expression profiles of M1 bone marrow-derived macrophages ... Mycobacterium bovis belongs to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and is the main pathogen causing bovine tuberculosis. In ... Guanylate binding protein 2b contributes to M1 macrophage polarization during Mycobacterium bovis infection ...
title = "Complement C4 Deficiency - A Plausible Risk Factor for Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infection in Apparently ... T1 - Complement C4 Deficiency - A Plausible Risk Factor for Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infection in Apparently ... Complement C4 Deficiency - A Plausible Risk Factor for Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infection in Apparently ... Complement C4 Deficiency - A Plausible Risk Factor for Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infection in Apparently ...
... 14(12). Tadayon, Keyvan et al. "Mycobacterium bovis Infection ... "Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Holstein Friesian Cattle, Iran" vol. 14, no. 12, 2008. Export RIS Citation Information.. ... Title : Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Holstein Friesian Cattle, Iran Personal Author(s) : Tadayon, Keyvan;Mosavari, Nader; ... Mycobacterium bovis Strains Causing Smear-Positive Human Tuberculosis, Southwest Ireland Cite CITE. Title : Mycobacterium bovis ...
CD4 T cell help prevents CD8 T cell exhaustion and promotes control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. ... An anthranilate-like compound, 6-FABA, was beforehand proven to synergize with the host immune response to Mtb an infection in ... The 38 kDa protein is a serious antigen of mycobacterium tuberculosis and has been broadly utilized in TB serodiagnosis, on ... Whether or not CD4 T cells act as "helper" cells to advertise optimum CD8 T cell responses throughout Mycobacterium ...
  • Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) refer to all mycobacteria, excluding Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and Mycobacterium leprae . (degruyter.com)
  • Mycobacterium bovis belongs to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and is the main pathogen causing bovine tuberculosis. (researchsquare.com)
  • The aim of this study was to characterize of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgYs) specific as immunotherapy to Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) infection. (unair.ac.id)
  • There are currently 71 recognized or proposed species of Mycobacterium [1], all of which, except M. tuberculosis complex and M. leprae, are considered as environmental mycobacteria and can usually be isolated from environmental samples including water, soil and dust [2]. (who.int)
  • Of the 120 isolates analysed, 118 (98.3%) were identified as M. tuberculosis complex and 2 (1.7%) were identified as mycobacteria other than M. tuberculosis. (who.int)
  • The results showed that those 2 isolates were multi-drug resistant and the DNA sequencing analysis showed that the alignment of nucleic acid of DNA in isolates of mycobacteria other than M. tuberculosis was different from that of M. tuberculosis complex. (who.int)
  • Mycobacterial species isolated from sputum and grown in culture were examined to distinguish between NTM and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). (who.int)
  • Apart from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), the genus Mycobacterium includes over 120 species of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). (who.int)
  • NTM are also referred to as atypical mycobacteria, mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT), or environmental mycobacteria. (cdc.gov)
  • Hamsch C, Hartschuh W, Enk A, Flux K. A Chinese tattoo paint as a vector of atypical mycobacteria-outbreak in 7 patients in Germany. (medscape.com)
  • Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection (MAI) is an atypical mycobacterial infection, i.e. one with nontuberculous mycobacteria or NTM, caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), which is made of two Mycobacterium species, M. avium and M. intracellulare. (wikipedia.org)
  • Further, this case showed that the clinical symptoms of NTM infection are atypical and highly occult, especially for extrapulmonary NTM infections, which are difficult to diagnose. (degruyter.com)
  • To exclude atypical infection, we performed skin biopsy for pathology exam, as well as fungal and mycobacterial culture. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The literature is complicated by the fact that the term "atypical acid-fast organisms" covers a considerable variety of mycobacteria. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Adult pulmonary infection with atypical acid-fast organisms has been described with increasing frequency. (jamanetwork.com)
  • The atypical mycobacterium Mycobacterium chelonae grows rapidly and is a normal commensal organism in water and soil. (medscirev.com)
  • Mycobacterium marinum is an atypical Mycobacterium species found in cold or warm, fresh or salted water. (medscape.com)
  • M marinum is water-borne atypical Mycobacterium species that commonly infects fish and amphibians. (medscape.com)
  • The infected tapir was a 20-yr-old female wild caught animal that died in 1995 with culture confirmed Mycobacterium bovis infection. (vin.com)
  • These results suggest that MAPIA and RT tests have potential utility for rapid detection of M. bovis infection in Malayan tapir. (vin.com)
  • Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the macrophage phenotype switch from M0 to M1 is critical in the clearance of intracellular mycobacteria during Mycobacterium bovis infection. (researchsquare.com)
  • Forty-eight candidate genes associated with M. bovis infection and involved in M1 polarized macrophages were screened. (researchsquare.com)
  • Cellular experimental studies confirm that GBP2b was a novel regulatory molecule that promotes M1 macrophage polarization during M. bovis infection and was also an antimicrobial protein that promotes intracellular bacterial clearance. (researchsquare.com)
  • Therefore, elucidating the different mechanisms of host defense against M. bovis infection is important. (researchsquare.com)
  • The molecular mechanisms involved in macrophage polarization in M. bovis infection remain unclear. (researchsquare.com)
  • The effects of a Mycobacterium bovis infection on the metabolic and reproductive systems of African lions (Panthera leo) in the Kruger National Park. (sun.ac.za)
  • A preliminary cheetah specific cutoff value (11 pg/ml) for detecting M. bovis infection using the Mabtech Cat IFN-γ release assay was calculated using a M. bovis uninfected cheetah cohort. (bioone.org)
  • Mycobacterium marinum is a nontuberculous mycobacterium capable of causing skin and soft tissue infections. (cdlib.org)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are investigating reports that a device used to heat and cool the blood during surgery has been linked to a rare bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium chimaera , a type of bacteria known as nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM). (cooperhealth.org)
  • ENGLISH ABSTRACT: SCCHg en SCCmec elemente is, maar verdere filogenetiese ondersoeke moet uitgevoer word, om insig te gee oor die oorsprong en verspreiding van hierdie nuwe element. (sun.ac.za)
  • abstract = "A patient presenting with recurrent ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection was found to have Mycobacterium abscessus growing from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which remained persistently positive. (northwestern.edu)
  • ABSTRACT This research compared the numbers and types of different Mycobacterium species in soil samples taken from 2 areas of Golestan province, Islamic Republic of Iran, 1 with a high prevalence of tuberculosis and 1 with a low prevalence. (who.int)
  • ABSTRACT This study was done to characterize at the species level Mycobacterium spp. (who.int)
  • Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are mycobacteria other than M. tuberculosis (the cause of tuberculosis) and M. leprae (the cause of leprosy). (cdc.gov)
  • Its preference for lower temperatures, similar to that of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium marinum, has been associated with a predilection for clinical infections to be located over the extremities. (medscape.com)
  • Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and is endemic in many developing countries. (kit.nl)
  • Mycobacterium leprae Infection in Ticks and Tick-Derived Cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • The majority of patients presenting with zoonotic strains of Mycobacterium leprae note extensive outdoor activity but only rarely report any history of direct contact with wild armadillos . (bvsalud.org)
  • Mycobacterium leprae DNA was detected in multiple tick life cycle stages . (bvsalud.org)
  • Tick -derived cells were able to maintain viable M. leprae over the 49-day course of infection and M. leprae remained infectious within tick cells for at least 300 days. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), also called Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, is a microbial complex of three Mycobacterium species (i.e. (wikipedia.org)
  • Results suggest infection is widespread in Spain, affecting 6 domestic and wild animal species. (cdc.gov)
  • 1.800-1.999 for species level for mycobacteria). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Treatment of pulmonary infections caused by M. abscessus remains extremely difficult, as this species is resistant to most classes of antibiotics, including macrolides, aminoglycosides, rifamycins, tetracyclines, and β-lactams. (torvergata.it)
  • The most common species isolated were Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. flavescens and M. chelonae. (who.int)
  • Contact with different species of environmental Mycobacterium can cause acquired immunity to M. tuberculosis or increase the efficacy of BCG vaccine protection (M. vaccae, M. microti), although some species of these bacteria reduce the efficacy of BCG vaccine (M. scrofulaceum) [8,10-13]. (who.int)
  • Many species of mycobacteria exist. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The other mycobacteria species that cause disease are discussed here. (msdmanuals.com)
  • At least 150 fish and frog species, aquatic mammals (eg, dolphins), eels, oysters, African toads, and royal pythons are known to acquire natural M marinum infection. (medscape.com)
  • Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS. (bvsalud.org)
  • There is dearth of data on the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among patients with type 2 diabetes. (ersjournals.com)
  • Latent tuberculosis infection in DM patients was associated with degree of glyceamic control and smoking, p value was less than 0.05 each.Predictors of a positive test on QuantiFERON on linear regression include levels of glycosylated hemoglobin and total cholesterol, p value was less than 0.05 each. (ersjournals.com)
  • The prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection is high among type 2 diabetic patients. (ersjournals.com)
  • INTRODUCTION: Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) inducible protein 10kD (IP-10) and IFN-γ release assays (IGRAs) are immunodiagnostic tests aiming to identify the presence of specific cellular immune responses, interpreted as markers for latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (ku.dk)
  • In 2017, the Korean authorities launched an unprecedentedly large-scaled latent tuberculosis an infection (LTBI) screening venture which lined greater than one million people in congregate settings. (tbdb.org)
  • According to the World Health Organization (WHO), TB is responsible for about 1.6 million TB deaths and 10 million (5.8 million men, 3.2 million women, and 1.0 million children) new cases have been detected in 2017 and more than a third of the world population is hosting Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the causative pathogen of TB, in its latent form ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In HIV-infected persons, the virus promotes progression of active TB if there is latent or recently-acquired Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. (who.int)
  • Fifteen-year clinical experience with Mycobacterium haemophilum at the Mayo Clinic: A case series. (medscape.com)
  • M. avium and M. haemophilum infections in children form a distinct clinical entity, not associated with abnormalities of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • One case report described primary MAI infection resulting in a clinical picture resembling lupus vulgaris. (medscape.com)
  • We collected clinical information on 17 patients seen at a New York City hospital who had repeatedly positive cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (nih.gov)
  • Clinical infections occurred in five male German cases over 50 years of age (range 53-80). (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Sixty-three cases of Mycobacterium marinum infection: Clinical features, treatment and antibiotic susceptibility of causative isolates. (scialert.net)
  • Clinical presentation and therapy of Mycobacterium marinum infection as seen in 12 cases. (scialert.net)
  • Clinical use of engineered bacteriophages for the treatment of disseminated mycobacterial infection. (nature.com)
  • In a real-world scenario, using a dataset of 50 paired clinical isolates from a study of patients with either reinfections or relapses, we found that QuantTB could detect mixed infections and reinfections at rates concordant with a manually curated approach. (9lib.org)
  • This article reviews the dermatologic manifestations of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI, or MAC) infection. (medscape.com)
  • See also Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare . (medscape.com)
  • In the United States, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI, or MAC) infection is considered a nonreportable infectious disease. (medscape.com)
  • It is important to consider cutaneous infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI, or MAC) in patients with antibiotic-resistant cellulitis, nonhealing nodules, and ulcers, as well as in patients who are immunosuppressed with evidence of disseminated MAI (DMAI) infection. (medscape.com)
  • The lungs are most commonly infected, and most lung infections are caused by a group known as Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), which includes Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare . (msdmanuals.com)
  • The M. avium complex (including M. avium and M. intracellulare ) is most often associated with pulmonary infection. (who.int)
  • 1,3 Be sure to ask for histopathological and microbiological analysis of the biopsy specimen, and make the pathologist aware that mycobacterial infection is in the differential diagnosis. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
  • Our study provides evidence that, similar to the effect in solid tumors, vascular normalization during mycobacterial infection increases the T cell:neutrophil ratio in lesions which may be correlates of protective immunity. (duke.edu)
  • We observed the proteins internalization within macrophages and their capacity to eradicate the intracellular mycobacterial infection at a low micro-molar range. (frontiersin.org)
  • It is important to keep in mind that other outbreaks of nontuberculous mycobacteria have been associated with tattoo parlors, and in follow-up to this investigation, other outbreaks in other tattoo parlors in other states identified a variety of nontuberculous mycobacteria, including M fortuitum, M chelonae , and M abscessus . (medscape.com)
  • Les espèces les plus couramment isolées étaient Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. flavescens et M. chelonae. (who.int)
  • M. fortuitum has been associated with pulmonary infection but more often affects the skin, soft tissue or bones. (who.int)
  • The epidemiology is driven by infections in caprids, although the organism has emerged in cattle. (cdc.gov)
  • This report describes the molecular epidemiology of M. caprae infection in Spain compared with other countries. (cdc.gov)
  • 6 Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory Epidemiology Unit at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. (nih.gov)
  • Received research grant from: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. (medscape.com)
  • Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. (medscape.com)
  • Effect of Mycobacterium avium infection on the influx, accumulation, and efflux of KRM-1648 by human macrophages. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Environmental mycobacteria of soil in mazenderan provience. (scialert.net)
  • Environmental mycobacteria in area of high and low tuberculosis prevalence in the Islamic Republic of Iran. (scialert.net)
  • The different environmental mycobacteria are very similar and for many years were mistakenly assumed to be M. tuberculosis in patients [1,2]. (who.int)
  • Through my experience on Mycobacterium chelonae cutaneous infection in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis who was undergoing etanercept treatment, a literature review of the Mycobacterium chelonae infection association with TNFα blockade is included. (medscirev.com)
  • Mycobacterium marinum infections in man. (scialert.net)
  • Invasive Mycobacterium marinum infections. (scialert.net)
  • M marinum infections are rare but well described in the literature. (medscape.com)
  • In this context, there is an urgent need for the development of an alternative therapeutic strategy that aims at improving the current management of patients affected by chronic M. abscessus infections. (torvergata.it)
  • For additional information on cutaneous M marinum infection, see the Medscape Reference article Dermatologic Manifestations of Mycobacterium Marinum Infection of the Skin. (medscape.com)
  • Mycobacterium caprae is a pathogen that can infect animals and humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Data on skin and soft-tissue infection caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria in Taiwan (1997-2008) suggest that MAI is an important pathogen. (medscape.com)
  • Mycobacterium farcinogenes - senegalense group infection should be considered as a potential pathogen of skin infection in immunocompetent patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These results offer the conceptual basis for a novel therapeutic regimen based on antibiotic and bioactive liposomes, used as a combined host- and pathogen-directed therapeutic strategy, aimed at the control of M. abscessus infection, and of related immunopathogenic responses, for which therapeutic options are still limited. (torvergata.it)
  • IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium abscessus is an opportunistic pathogen intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics, frequently linked to chronic pulmonary infections, and representing a relevant cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised patients, such as those affected by cystic fibrosis. (torvergata.it)
  • This may be related to the higher incidence of HIV infection in males. (medscape.com)
  • CDC data also suggest that the incidence of MAI infection may be decreasing as a result of highly active antiretroviral therapy and antimicrobial prophylaxis. (medscape.com)
  • The incidence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection has been increasing globally. (degruyter.com)
  • Multicenter study of incidence of Mycobacterium marium in humans in Spain. (scialert.net)
  • However, the relative incidence of the environmental Mycobacterium spp. (who.int)
  • The international incidence and prevalence of M marinum infection are unknown owing to a lack of surveillance. (medscape.com)
  • One French study found the incidence of M marinum infection to be 0.04 per 100,000 inhabitants per year. (medscape.com)
  • Little data are available on the prevalence of NTM infections in TB high-burden countries, but the incidence can nevertheless be substantial. (who.int)
  • Invasive infections with Mycobacterium chimaera were reported in patients with previous open chest surgery and exposure to contaminated heater-cooler units (HCUs). (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Disseminated M marinum infection and more invasive skin infections have been reported in significantly immunosuppressed individuals. (medscape.com)
  • No fish tank granuloma was proved in human, but 11 (9.73%) strains of Mycobacteria were isolated from Caviar fishes, that only 2 strains (1.76%) belong to M. marinum . (scialert.net)
  • Infections caused by Mycobacterium abscessus group strains are usually resistant to multiple antimicrobials and challenging to treat worldwide. (montclair.edu)
  • citation needed] Since the six patients in their retrospective case series were older females, Reich and Johnson proposed that patients without a vigorous cough may develop right middle lobe or left lingular infection with MAC. (wikipedia.org)
  • Retrospective study of Mycobacterium marinum skin infection. (scialert.net)
  • Primary cutaneous MAI infection generally occurs in hosts who are immunocompetent after traumatic introduction into the soft tissue. (medscape.com)
  • Includes ultrasound and MRI images of patient with skin and soft tissue NTM infection (Supplementary Figure 1), antimicrobial susceptibility testing of NTM isolated and included in this study (Supplementary Table 1), photos of patient with skin and soft tissue NTM infection and the wound healing process of this typical patient's three lesions. (mendeley.com)
  • M marinum infection occurs following skin and soft-tissue injuries that are exposed to an aquatic environment or marine animals. (medscape.com)
  • M marinum infection commonly develops as a complication of skin and soft-tissue injuries exposed to aquatic equipment such as fish lines and fishhooks, among others. (medscape.com)
  • Sputum culture grew Mycobacterium avium complex. (medscape.com)
  • KRM-1648 is a new benzoxazinorifamycin with activity in vitro and in vivo against organisms of the Mycobacterium avium complex. (oregonstate.edu)
  • 11 While the regimen includes Rifampicin and Ethambutol, two of the standard first-line anti-TB drugs, the length of the TB regimen is not sufficient to address M. avium complex infections. (who.int)
  • In this outbreak, a patient became infected with Mycobacterium chelonae . (medscape.com)
  • Very few cutaneous infections involving Mycobacterium chelonae associated with an anti-TNFα blockade have been reported. (medscirev.com)
  • One chart review series of 47 children with cervical adenitis revealed a median age of 3 years at the time of MAI infection diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • Further, it has been reported that early NTM infection diagnosis and treatment can considerably improve patient prognosis. (degruyter.com)
  • A thorough history with an emphasis on possible routes of exposure is key to the diagnosis of M marinum infection. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
  • Tuberculosis in elephants: antibody responses to defined antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis , potential for early diagnosis, and monitoring of treatment. (vin.com)
  • This study showed that the available diagnostic tests are in many instances lacking the necessary specificity for proper diagnosis of M. bovis infections in captive lions. (sun.ac.za)
  • As a result, diagnosis of these infections can be missed or delayed, sometimes for years, making these infections more difficult to treat. (cooperhealth.org)
  • Background: Mixed infections ofMycobacterium tuberculosis and antibiotic heteroresistance continue to complicate tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment. (9lib.org)
  • To diagnosis widespread MAC infection, doctors usually try to grow (culture) the bacteria from a sample of blood or from tissue taken from the bone marrow, the liver, or an infected lymph node. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Mixed infections as well as false-positive TB diagnosis cannot be ruled out. (who.int)
  • This infection causes respiratory illness in birds, pigs, and humans, especially in immunocompromised people. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1 NTM can be found in the environment, including water and soil, which is the suspected source of occasional infection of humans. (who.int)
  • Distinct from most other nontuberculous mycobacteria, M haemophilum in vitro growth requires a lower incubation temperature and iron supplementation. (medscape.com)
  • M marinum infection often presents within several weeks of inoculation, yet incubation periods as long as 9 months have been reported. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
  • Incubation period and sources of exposure for cutaneous Mycobacterium marinum infection: Case report and review of the literature. (scialert.net)
  • This study pertains to development of a suitable in vitro model using murine macrophages and Mycobacterium bovis BCG to study proteins expressed during macrophage-myco bacterium interactions. (scirp.org)
  • Peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice were infected with M. bovis BCG and intracellular replication was assessed by { 3 H} thymidine uptake assay which was maximal when macrophage to mycobacterium ratio was 1:10. (scirp.org)
  • Seven proteins found to be upregulated during macrophage-mycobacterium interaction were identified by MALDI-TOF. (scirp.org)
  • It has been well documented that intraphagosomal survival and growth of mycobacteria in macrophage is associated with changes in their gene expression and protein composition upon engulfment [2-4]. (scirp.org)
  • In this work, we have tested the human canonical members of the RNase family using a spot-culture growth inhibition assay based mycobacteria-infected macrophage model for evaluating their anti-tubercular properties. (frontiersin.org)
  • Primary cutaneous MAI infection is rare, with 12 cases reported in the literature prior to 1997. (medscape.com)
  • although most case reports of primary cutaneous MAI infection have been in individuals aged 2-10 years, adult cases have also been described. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Although the prevalence of MAI infection has increased following the epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), MAI infection remains a rare cause of skin disease. (medscape.com)
  • The results suggest that risk-based culling can reduce prevalence compared with no control, but cannot eliminate the infection. (uu.nl)
  • The frequencies of environmental Mycobacterium in the low-prevalence area were much higher than in the high-prevalence area, perhaps due to different environmental factors. (who.int)
  • The neglected tropical disease Buruli ulcer (BU) is an infection of subcutaneous tissue with Mycobacterium ulcerans There is no effective vaccine. (nih.gov)
  • M haemophilum can cause localized or disseminated infection, usually in individuals with an underlying immunomodulatory condition such as HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients, and patients with autoimmune disorders undergoing immunomodulation. (medscape.com)
  • However, Jerome Reich and Richard Johnson describe a series of six patients with MAC infection of the right middle lobe or lingula who did not have any predisposing lung disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the last few years, the FDA has focused on increasing awareness of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) infections associated with heater-cooler devices and the subsequent risks to patients in health care facilities. (qlaboratories.com)
  • In this study, we assessed the diagnostic potential of 118 different M.tb infection phase-dependent antigens in TB patients and household contacts (HHCs) in a high-burden setting. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, the dependence of most of these tests on sputum implies that they are not suitable for patients with difficulties in providing good quality sputum samples such as children, extrapulmonary TB cases, or in cases where the sputum itself is negative (for example, many patients with HIV- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) co-infections). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cooper University Health Care is notifying patients who have had open-heart surgery about a potential infection risk related to this surgery. (cooperhealth.org)
  • For patients who have had one of these surgeries, the chances of getting this infection are very low. (cooperhealth.org)
  • Of the more than 3000 patients who have had open heart surgery during the relevant time period at Cooper, we are not aware of any patients who have developed this infection. (cooperhealth.org)
  • In hospitals where at least one infection has been identified, the risk of infection was between about 1 in 100 and 1 in 1,000 patients. (cooperhealth.org)
  • The risk that patients will develop an infection following exposure to a contaminated heater-cooler unit is very low. (cooperhealth.org)
  • Antibiotics put patients at risk for allergic reactions and a potentially deadly diarrheal infection caused by the bacteria Clostridium difficile. (cooperhealth.org)
  • Antibiotic use is also a key driver of antibiotic resistance, which can put patients at risk for antibiotic-resistant infections later. (cooperhealth.org)
  • Mycobacterium abscessus is the etiological agent of severe pulmonary infections in vulnerable patients, such as those with cystic fibrosis (CF), where it represents a relevant cause of morbidity and mortality. (torvergata.it)
  • Conclusion: QuantTB can determine infection multiplicity, identify hetero-resistance patterns, enable differentiation between relapse and re-infection, and clarify transmission events across seemingly unrelated patients- even in low-coverage (1×) samples. (9lib.org)
  • These facultative pathogens can cause infection, especially among immunosuppressed or immunodeficient patients [4]. (who.int)
  • Lindeboom JA, Kuijper CF, van Furth M. Inguinal lymphadenitis caused by mycobacterium haemophilum in an immunocompetent child. (medscape.com)
  • We reported one case of cutaneous Mycobacterium farcinogenes - senegalense group infection in an immunocompetent victim. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We report a human skin infection by Mycobacterium farcinogenes-senegalense , which usually causes bovine farcy, in an immunocompetent woman after traumatic injury by rusty springs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mycobacterium marinum skin infection successfully treated with levofloxacin. (qxmd.com)
  • In the central United States this is usually due to Mycobacterium kansasii 2,3 and along the southern Atlantic coast it is usually due to the "Battey" organism. (jamanetwork.com)
  • A 15-year-old patient with cystic fibrosis with a disseminated Mycobacterium abscessus infection was treated with a three-phage cocktail following bilateral lung transplantation. (nature.com)
  • M marinum infection, often called swimming pool granuloma, is rarely associated with exposure to swimming pools because of advances in chlorination. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
  • Mycobacterium marinum is the etiologic agent of fish tank granuloma in human. (scialert.net)
  • Determination of the fish tank granuloma in Fishermen and Mycobacterium marinum infection in Caviar fishes in Ashorade, in south east Caspian Sea were our objectives. (scialert.net)
  • Using the zebrafish-Mycobacterium marinum infection model, we demonstrate that vascular normalization by inhibition of vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) decreases granuloma hypoxia, the opposite effect of hypoxia-inducing antiangiogenic therapy. (duke.edu)
  • The infection usually presents as a localized granuloma but can evolve into an ascending lymphangitis that resembles sporotrichosis or can spread to deeper tissues. (medscape.com)
  • M marinum infection was once called swimming pool granuloma, but that term is now rather obsolete because of the widespread use of chlorination in swimming pools. (medscape.com)
  • Sputum stain for mycobacteria is a test to check for a type of bacteria that cause tuberculosis and other infections. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Water reservoirs may be the source of M haemophilum infections. (medscape.com)
  • Some sources also include Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, CD4 T cell assist performs a vital function in producing protecting CD8 T cell responses towards M. tuberculosis an infection in vitro and in vivo. (tbdb.org)
  • The results indicate that the present in vitro infection model was able to support the growth of M. bovis BCG in murine macrophages and is an ideal model to determine the pattern of functions of gene expression during the interaction of mycobacterium with macrophages. (scirp.org)
  • Resurgence of mycobacterial diseases particularly tuberculosis has caused a renewed interest to unravel the strategies employed by mycobacteria for intracellular survival. (scirp.org)
  • Several reports have demonstrated that the use of different cell lines and culture conditions can significantly influence the protein patterns and intracellular survival of mycobacteria [9,10]. (scirp.org)
  • Infection and Immunity , 73 (10), 6299-6310. (itg.be)
  • Nowadays these bacteria are believed to have an important role in infections, allergies, immunity to other pulmonary infections and the efficacy of bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination [3]. (who.int)
  • Tuberculosis and nontuberculosis mycobacterial infections / David Schlossberg. (who.int)
  • Sommerstein R , Rüegg C , Kohler P , Bloemberg G , Kuster SP , Sax H . Transmission of Mycobacterium chimaera from heater-cooler units during cardiac surgery despite an ultraclean air ventilation system. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The FDA reports that there were 32 reports of infections associated with heater-cooler devices or bacterial heater-cooler device contamination between 2010 and 2015, but 25 of those cases came in 2015, so the occurrence is steeply increasing. (qlaboratories.com)
  • There is also no evidence that giving antibiotics just prior or during surgery with a potentially contaminated heater-cooler device will prevent infection. (cooperhealth.org)
  • Overall, our data anticipate a biological role for human antimicrobial RNases in host response to mycobacterial infections and set the basis for the design of novel anti-tubercular drugs. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although anyone can get an NTM infection, NTM are opportunistic pathogens placing some groups at increased risk, including those with underlying lung disease or depressed immune systems. (cdc.gov)
  • Pulmonary infection is much less common and may follow skin disease. (medscape.com)
  • This coincidence concords with the fact that DMAI infection often occurs in association with HIV disease. (medscape.com)
  • A review of 8 cases of cutaneous MAI infection occurring secondary to disseminated disease found a median patient age of 22.2 years, with a range of 2-28 years. (medscape.com)
  • This, combined with underlying health problems such as heart disease can make these infections difficult to treat. (cooperhealth.org)
  • Mycobacteria and human disease / John M. Grange. (who.int)
  • Johne's disease (JD) is a chronic enteric disease in cattle caused by Mycobacterium avian subsp. (uu.nl)
  • I'm interested in how bacteria cause disease and look to technology to produce novel tools to study and ultimately prevent infection. (nature.com)
  • However, most exposures do not cause infection, and many infections do not cause disease. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Immunocompromised cases (e.g. human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] positive cases) are susceptible to NTM infection, particularly disseminated M. avium disease. (who.int)
  • Although antibiotics can be life-saving drugs, there is no antibiotic treatment available to ward off this specific infection and antibiotics are also not without risk themselves. (cooperhealth.org)
  • M marinum infection responds slowly to appropriate antibiotic therapy. (medscape.com)
  • This study suggests that an effective BU vaccine must induce localized, tissue-specific immune profiles with controlled inflammatory responses at the site of infection. (nih.gov)
  • IFN-γ responses to TB rpfs show promise as TB diagnostic candidates and should be evaluated further for discrimination between M.tb infection states. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Whether or not CD4 T cells act as "helper" cells to advertise optimum CD8 T cell responses throughout Mycobacterium tuberculosis is unknown. (tbdb.org)
  • The role of HIF s in the regulation of CD4 T cell responses during infection with M. tuberculosis isn't well understood. (immunopaedia.org.za)
  • HIF-1 is required for tuberculosis infection and the poor responses of Vhl-deficient T cells. (immunopaedia.org.za)
  • Tuberculosis (TB) an infectious illness brought on by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), infects the lungs' alveolar surfaces by the aerosol droplets. (tbdb.org)
  • The authors show that mice lacking VHL in T cells (Vhl cKO) are highly susceptible to infection with M. tuberculosis, which is associated with a low accumulation of mycobacteria-specific T cells in the lungs that display reduced proliferation, altered differentiation and enhanced expression of inhibitory receptors. (immunopaedia.org.za)
  • MAC infections of the lungs usually develop slowly. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Mycobacterium caprae Infection, Spain patterns were obtained from the Mycobacterium bovis outbreak. (cdc.gov)
  • Prolonged Outbreak of Mycobacterium chimaera Infection After Open-Chest Heart Surgery. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • This is an important outbreak that raises our concern about the potential for such nontuberculous mycobacteria infections associated with tattooing. (medscape.com)
  • Feng et al described an outbreak of a cutaneous M marinum infection in China in 2008. (medscape.com)
  • However, traditional methods for detecting pathogenic microorganisms are associated with several limitations, and optimal treatment regimens for several NTM infections have not yet been established. (degruyter.com)
  • Multiplication of the mycobacteria inside the macrophages was ascertained using thymidine uptake assay. (scirp.org)
  • The aim of this study was to identify and develop a cell-mediated immunological cytokine-release assay that could distinguish between Mycobacterium bovis -infected and uninfected cheetahs using commercially available feline cytokine ELISA and domestic cat ( Felis catus ) recombinant proteins. (bioone.org)
  • Different Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection phase-dependent antigens may be differentially recognized in infected and diseased individuals and therefore useful as diagnostic tools for differentiating between M.tb infection states. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In fact, Mycobacterium farcinogenes-senegalense group rarely affects human beings. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we report the case of a 22-year-old woman with renal and lymph node Mycobacterium xenopi infection. (degruyter.com)
  • The combination therapy used showed efficacy and thus could serve as a reference treatment for kidney and lymph node M. xenopi infection. (degruyter.com)
  • MAC infection of the lymph nodes may develop in children, typically those aged 1 to 5 years. (msdmanuals.com)
  • To diagnose the infection, doctors remove and test an affected lymph node. (msdmanuals.com)
  • While most reported cases do not have a clearly identified source, infection in adults has been associated with tattoo parlors and acupuncture needles. (medscape.com)
  • To determine the proportion of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in samples of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases from Papua New Guinea who were diagnosed using acid-fast microscopy. (who.int)