Mycoses are a group of diseases caused by fungal pathogens that can infect various tissues and organs, potentially leading to localized or systemic symptoms, depending on the immune status of the host.
Infections caused by bacteria and fungi, general, specified, or unspecified.
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.
Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.
Scaly papule or warty growth, caused by five fungi, that spreads as a result of satellite lesions affecting the foot or leg. The extremity may become swollen and, at its distal portion, covered with various nodular, tumorous, verrucous lesions that resemble cauliflower. In rare instances, the disease may begin on the hand or wrist and involve the entire upper extremity. (Arnold, Odom, and James, Andrew's Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p362)
Infection resulting from inhalation or ingestion of spores of the fungus of the genus HISTOPLASMA, species H. capsulatum. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the midwestern United States. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.
A mycosis affecting the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and internal organs. It is caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. It is also called paracoccidioidal granuloma. Superficial resemblance of P. brasiliensis to Blastomyces brasiliensis (BLASTOMYCES) may cause misdiagnosis.
A family of ascomycetous fungi, order Onygenales, characterized by smooth ascospores. Genera in the family include Arthroderma, Keratinomyces, and Ctenomyces. Several well-known anamorphic forms are parasitic upon the skin.
The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound.
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.
Infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class Zygomycetes. It includes MUCORMYCOSIS and entomophthoramycosis. The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. Phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of Phycomycetes, an obsolete classification.
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Lung infections with the invasive forms of ASPERGILLUS, usually after surgery, transplantation, prolonged NEUTROPENIA or treatment with high-doses of CORTICOSTEROIDS. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis can progress to CHRONIC NECROTIZING PULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS or hematogenous spread to other organs.
An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.
Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
Meningitis caused by fungal agents which may occur as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS or arise in immunocompetent hosts.
Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.
A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.
Infection with a fungus of the species CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS.
A mitosporic fungal genus and an anamorphic form of Arthroderma. Various species attack the skin, nails, and hair.
A genus of yeast-like mitosporic Saccharomycetales fungi characterized by producing yeast cells, mycelia, pseudomycelia, and blastophores. It is commonly part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina, but can cause a variety of infections, including CANDIDIASIS; ONYCHOMYCOSIS; vulvovaginal candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, VULVOVAGINAL), and thrush (see CANDIDIASIS, ORAL). (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.
Esculin is a glucoside of esculetin, a coumarin derivative found in the horse chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum) and some other plants, used in medical research for its anticoagulant properties and as a substrate in susceptibility testing of certain bacteria.
A mitosporic Ophiostomataceae fungal genus, whose species Sporothrix schenckii is a well-known animal pathogen. The conidia of this soil fungus may be inhaled causing a primary lung infection, or may infect independently via skin punctures.
Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.
A mitosporic fungal genus which causes COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS.
A mitosporic fungal genus causing opportunistic infections, endocarditis, fungemia, a hypersensitivity pneumonitis (see TRICHOSPORONOSIS) and white PIEDRA.
A mitosporic fungal genus. P. brasiliensis (previously Blastomyces brasiliensis) is the etiologic agent of PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS.
A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.
Triazoles are a class of antifungal drugs that contain a triazole ring in their chemical structure and work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes, thereby disrupting the integrity and function of the membrane.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to FUNGAL ANTIGENS.
A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae.
Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units.
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing CANDIDIASIS (moniliasis).
Pulmonary diseases caused by fungal infections, usually through hematogenous spread.
The study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of fungi, and MYCOSES.
A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation.
A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.
A mitosporic Onygenales fungal genus causing HISTOPLASMOSIS in humans and animals. Its single species is Histoplasma capsulatum which has two varieties: H. capsulatum var. capsulatum and H. capsulatum var. duboisii. Its teleomorph is AJELLOMYCES capsulatus.
Glucose polymers consisting of a backbone of beta(1->3)-linked beta-D-glucopyranosyl units with beta(1->6) linked side chains of various lengths. They are a major component of the CELL WALL of organisms and of soluble DIETARY FIBER.
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)
The constant presence of diseases or infectious agents within a given geographic area or population group. It may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease with such area or group. It includes holoendemic and hyperendemic diseases. A holoendemic disease is one for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less commonly than do children (malaria in many communities is a holoendemic disease). A hyperendemic disease is one that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all groups equally. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 3d ed, p53, 78, 80)
Cyclic hexapeptides of proline-ornithine-threonine-proline-threonine-serine. The cyclization with a single non-peptide bond can lead them to be incorrectly called DEPSIPEPTIDES, but the echinocandins lack ester links. Antifungal activity is via inhibition of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase production of BETA-GLUCANS.
The intergenic DNA segments that are between the ribosomal RNA genes (internal transcribed spacers) and between the tandemly repeated units of rDNA (external transcribed spacers and nontranscribed spacers).
Postmortem examination of the body.
A species of imperfect fungi from which the antibiotic fumigatin is obtained. Its spores may cause respiratory infection in birds and mammals.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.
A species of the fungus CRYPTOCOCCUS. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella neoformans.
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.
Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Treatment of murine fusariosis with SCH 56592. (1/2265)

Doses of 10 to 100 mg of the azole antifungal agent SCH 5692/kg of body weight/day were studied in immunocompetent mice as therapy for systemic infection by Fusarium solani. Treatment was begun 1 h after intravenous infection and continued daily for 4 or 13 doses. Prolongation of survival and organ clearance were dependent on both the dose and the duration of SCH 56592 therapy, with the best results seen at 50 and 100 mg/kg/day. The results at the highest doses of SCH 56592 used (50 or 100 mg/kg/day) were comparable to those obtained with amphotericin B at 1 mg/kg/day. SCH 56592 has potential for therapy of systemic infections caused by F. solani.  (+info)

In-vitro activity of voriconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B against filamentous fungi. (2/2265)

The in-vitro fungistatic and fungicidal activities of voriconazole were compared with those of itraconazole and amphotericin B. MICs for 110 isolates belonging to 11 species of filamentous fungi were determined by a broth microdilution adaptation of the method recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Minimum lethal concentrations (MLCs) of the three antifungal agents were also determined. The MIC ranges of the three compounds were comparable for Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cladophialophora bantiana and Exophiala dermatitidis. Voriconazole and itraconazole were more active than amphotericin B against Fonsecaea pedrosoi, but the two azole agents were less active against Sporothrix schenckii. Voriconazole was more active than itraconazole or amphotericin B against Scedosporium apiospermum, but less active than the other two agents against two mucoraceous moulds, Absidia corymbifera and Rhizopus arrhizus. Voriconazole and amphotericin B were more active than itraconazole against Fusarium solani. With the exception of S. apiospermum, all the moulds tested had MLC50 values of < or =2 mg/L and MLC90 values of < or =4 mg/L against amphotericin B. Voriconazole and itraconazole showed fungicidal effects against five of the 1 1 moulds tested (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, C. bantiana, E. dermatitidis and F. pedrosoi) with MLC90 values of < or =2 mg/L. In addition, voriconazole was fungicidal for Phialophora parasitica. Our results suggest that voriconazole could be effective against a wide range of mould infections in humans.  (+info)

In-vivo therapeutic efficacy in experimental murine mycoses of a new formulation of deoxycholate-amphotericin B obtained by mild heating. (3/2265)

Heat-induced 'superaggregation' of deoxycholate-amphotericin B (AmB-DOC, Fungizone) was shown previously to reduce the in-vitro toxicity of this antifungal agent. We compared AmB-DOC with the formulation obtained by heating the commercial form (Fungizone, Bristol Myers Squibb, Paris, France) for 20 min at 70 degrees C, in the treatment of murine infections. An improvement of antifungal activity was obtained with heated AmB-DOC formulations due to a lower toxicity which allowed the administration of higher drug doses than those achievable with the commercial preparation. Single intravenous injections of heated AmB-DOC solutions were demonstrated to be two-fold less toxic than unheated ones to healthy mice. For mice infected with Candida albicans, the maximum tolerated dose was higher with heated than with unheated AmB-DOC solutions. In the model of murine candidiasis, following a single dose of heated AmB-DOC 0.5 mg/kg, 85% of mice survived for 3 weeks, whereas at this dose the immediate toxicity of the standard formulation in infected mice restricted the therapeutic efficacy to 25% survival. Both formulations were equally effective in increasing the survival time for murine cryptococcal pneumonia and meningoencephalitis. Injection of heated AmB-DOC solutions at a dose two-fold higher than the maximal tolerated dose observed with the unheated preparation (1.2 mg/kg) increased the survival time by a factor of 1.4 in cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. These results indicate that mild heat treatment of AmB-DOC solutions could provide a simple and economical method to improve the therapeutic index of this antifungal agent by reducing its toxicity on mammalian cells.  (+info)

Itraconazole oral solution as prophylaxis for fungal infections in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. GIMEMA Infection Program. Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell' Adulto. (4/2265)

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of itraconazole oral solution for preventing fungal infections, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial was conducted: 405 neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies were randomly assigned to receive either itraconazole, 2.5 mg/kg every 12 hours (201 patients), or placebo (204 patients). Proven and suspected deep fungal infection occurred in 24% of itraconazole recipients and in 33% of placebo recipients, a difference of 9 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6% to 22.5%; P = .035). Fungemia due to Candida species was documented in 0.5% of itraconazole recipients and in 4% of placebo recipients, a difference of 3.5 percentage points (95% CI, 0.5% to 6%; P = .01). Deaths due to candidemia occurred in none of the itraconazole recipients compared with 4 placebo recipients, a difference of 2 percentage points (95% CI, 0.05% to 4%; P = .06). Aspergillus infection was documented in four itraconazole recipients (one death) and one placebo recipient (one death). Side effects causing drug interruption occurred in 18% of itraconazole recipients and 13% of placebo recipients. Itraconazole oral solution was well-tolerated and effectively prevented proven and suspected deep fungal infection as well as systemic infection and death due to Candida species.  (+info)

Randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluconazole prophylaxis for neutropenic cancer patients: benefit based on purpose and intensity of cytotoxic therapy. The Canadian Fluconazole Prophylaxis Study Group. (5/2265)

A randomized, double-blind trial comparing oral fluconazole (400 mg daily) with placebo as prophylaxis for adult patients receiving intensive cytotoxic therapy for acute leukemia or autologous bone marrow transplantation was conducted in 14 Canadian university-affiliated hospitals. Although fluconazole prophylaxis did not obviate the need for parenteral antifungal therapy compared with placebo (81 [57%] of 141 vs. 67 [50%] of 133, respectively), its use resulted in fewer superficial fungal infections (10 [7%] of 141 vs. 23 [18%] of 131, respectively; P = .02) and fewer definite and probable invasive fungal infections (9 vs. 32, respectively; P = .0001). Fluconazole recipients had fewer deaths attributable to definite invasive fungal infection (1 of 15 vs. 6 of 15, respectively; P = .04) and achieved more frequent success without fungal colonization (52 [37%] of 141 vs. 27 [20%] of 133, respectively; P = .004; relative risk reduction, 85%) than did placebo recipients. Patients benefiting the most from fluconazole prophylaxis included those with acute myeloid leukemia who were undergoing induction therapy with cytarabine plus anthracycline-based regimens and those receiving marrow autografts not supported with hematopoietic growth factors. Fluconazole prophylaxis reduces the incidence of superficial fungal infection and invasive fungal infection and fungal infection-related mortality among patients who are receiving intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy for remission induction.  (+info)

Phycomycotic gastritis in buffalo calves (Bubalis bubalis). (6/2265)

Mycotic gastritis, primarily caused by Rhizopus sp. was seen in six buffalo calves (7-13 days old) at postmortem examination. The predominant lesions were numerous raised ulcers in which were hyphae of Rhizopus. In three calves, Candida organisms were also present superficially in the ulcers. Other changes in the mucosa were severe congestion, haemorrhage, thrombosis, necrosis, and infiltration by lymphocytes and neutrophils. Both Rhizopus and Candida were highly pathogenic to rabbits when inoculated intravenously. The disease could not be reproduced experimentally by feeding of Rhizopus orally to rabbits and calves.  (+info)

Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. (7/2265)

BACKGROUND: In patients with persistent fever and neutropenia, amphotericin B is administered empirically for the early treatment and prevention of clinically occult invasive fungal infections. However, breakthrough fungal infections can develop despite treatment, and amphotericin B has substantial toxicity. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial comparing liposomal amphotericin B with conventional amphotericin B as empirical antifungal therapy. RESULTS: The mean duration of therapy was 10.8 days for liposomal amphotericin B (343 patients) and 10.3 days for conventional amphotericin B (344 patients). The composite rates of successful treatment were similar (50 percent for liposomal amphotericin B and 49 percent for conventional amphotericin B) and were independent of the use of antifungal prophylaxis or colony-stimulating factors. The outcomes were similar with liposomal amphotericin B and conventional amphotericin B with respect to survival (93 percent and 90 percent, respectively), resolution of fever (58 percent and 58 percent), and discontinuation of the study drug because of toxic effects or lack of efficacy (14 percent and 19 percent). There were fewer proved breakthrough fungal infections among patients treated with liposomal amphotericin B (11 patients [3.2 percent]) than among those treated with conventional amphotericin B (27 patients [7.8 percent], P=0.009). With the liposomal preparation significantly fewer patients had infusion-related fever (17 percent vs. 44 percent), chills or rigors (18 percent vs. 54 percent), and other reactions, including hypotension, hypertension, and hypoxia. Nephrotoxic effects (defined by a serum creatinine level two times the upper limit of normal) were significantly less frequent among patients treated with liposomal amphotericin B (19 percent) than among those treated with conventional amphotericin B (34 percent, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Liposomal amphotericin B is as effective as conventional amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with fever and neutropenia, and it is associated with fewer breakthrough fungal infections, less infusion-related toxicity, and less nephrotoxicity.  (+info)

Detection of cell wall mannoprotein Mp1p in culture supernatants of Penicillium marneffei and in sera of penicilliosis patients. (8/2265)

Mannoproteins are important and abundant structural components of fungal cell walls. The MP1 gene encodes a cell wall mannoprotein of the pathogenic fungus Penicillium marneffei. In the present study, we show that Mp1p is secreted into the cell culture supernatant at a level that can be detected by Western blotting. A sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) developed with antibodies against Mp1p was capable of detecting this protein from the cell culture supernatant of P. marneffei at 10(4) cells/ml. The anti-Mp1p antibody is specific since it fails to react with any protein-form lysates of Candida albicans, Histoplasma capsulatum, or Cryptococcus neoformans by Western blotting. In addition, this Mp1p antigen-based ELISA is also specific for P. marneffei since the cell culture supernatants of the other three fungi gave negative results. Finally, a clinical evaluation of sera from penicilliosis patients indicates that 17 of 26 (65%) patients are Mp1p antigen test positive. Furthermore, a Mp1p antibody test was performed with these serum specimens. The combined antibody and antigen tests for P. marneffei carry a sensitive of 88% (23 of 26), with a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 96%. The specificities of the tests are high since none of the 85 control sera was positive by either test.  (+info)

Mycoses are a group of diseases caused by fungal infections. These infections can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, nails, hair, lungs, and internal organs. The severity of mycoses can range from superficial, mild infections to systemic, life-threatening conditions, depending on the type of fungus and the immune status of the infected individual. Some common types of mycoses include candidiasis, dermatophytosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, which can be topical or systemic, depending on the location and severity of the infection.

Bacterial infections are caused by the invasion and multiplication of bacteria within the body. These infections can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary system. Common symptoms of bacterial infections include fever, chills, fatigue, and pain or inflammation at the site of infection.

Mycoses, on the other hand, are fungal infections that can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, nails, hair, and internal organs. Mycoses can be caused by a variety of fungi, including yeasts, molds, and dermatophytes. Common symptoms of mycoses include rashes, itching, and discomfort at the site of infection.

There are many different types of bacterial infections and mycoses, each with their own specific causes, symptoms, and treatments. Some common examples of bacterial infections include pneumonia, meningitis, urinary tract infections, and foodborne illnesses. Common examples of mycoses include athlete's foot, ringworm, thrush, and histoplasmosis.

Treatment for both bacterial infections and mycoses typically involves the use of antimicrobial medications, such as antibiotics or antifungals. The specific medication used will depend on the type of infection and the underlying cause. In some cases, surgery may also be necessary to remove infected tissue or drain abscesses.

Preventing bacterial infections and mycoses involves practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly, avoiding contact with contaminated surfaces or objects, and covering wounds or cuts. It is also important to maintain a healthy immune system through proper nutrition, exercise, and stress management. Additionally, people at higher risk of these infections, such as those with weakened immune systems or chronic medical conditions, may need to take additional precautions, such as avoiding certain foods or activities that can increase their risk of infection.

Dermatomycoses are a group of fungal infections that affect the skin, hair, and nails. These infections are caused by various types of fungi, including dermatophytes, yeasts, and molds. Dermatophyte infections, also known as tinea, are the most common type of dermatomycoses and can affect different areas of the body, such as the scalp (tinea capitis), beard (tinea barbae), body (tinea corporis), feet (tinea pedis or athlete's foot), hands (tinea manuum), and nails (tinea unguium or onychomycosis). Yeast infections, such as those caused by Candida albicans, can lead to conditions like candidal intertrigo, vulvovaginitis, and balanitis. Mold infections are less common but can cause skin disorders like scalded skin syndrome and phaeohyphomycosis. Dermatomycoses are typically treated with topical or oral antifungal medications.

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by the inhalation of spores of the Coccidioides species, mainly C. immitis and C. posadasii. These fungi are commonly found in the soil of dry regions such as the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central and South America.

The infection often begins when a person inhales the microscopic spores, which can lead to respiratory symptoms resembling a common cold or pneumonia. Some people may develop more severe symptoms, especially those with weakened immune systems. The infection can disseminate to other parts of the body, causing skin lesions, bone and joint inflammation, meningitis, or other complications in rare cases.

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests such as fungal cultures, histopathological examination, or serological tests to detect antibodies against Coccidioides antigens. Treatment depends on the severity of the infection and the patient's immune status. Antifungal medications like fluconazole, itraconazole, or amphotericin B are commonly used for treating coccidioidomycosis. Preventive measures include avoiding inhaling dust in endemic areas, especially during excavation or construction activities.

Antifungal agents are a type of medication used to treat and prevent fungal infections. These agents work by targeting and disrupting the growth of fungi, which include yeasts, molds, and other types of fungi that can cause illness in humans.

There are several different classes of antifungal agents, including:

1. Azoles: These agents work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes. Examples of azole antifungals include fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole.
2. Echinocandins: These agents target the fungal cell wall, disrupting its synthesis and leading to fungal cell death. Examples of echinocandins include caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin.
3. Polyenes: These agents bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, creating pores that lead to fungal cell death. Examples of polyene antifungals include amphotericin B and nystatin.
4. Allylamines: These agents inhibit squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in ergosterol synthesis. Examples of allylamine antifungals include terbinafine and naftifine.
5. Griseofulvin: This agent disrupts fungal cell division by binding to tubulin, a protein involved in fungal cell mitosis.

Antifungal agents can be administered topically, orally, or intravenously, depending on the severity and location of the infection. It is important to use antifungal agents only as directed by a healthcare professional, as misuse or overuse can lead to resistance and make treatment more difficult.

Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic, progressive fungal infection of the skin and underlying tissues. It is caused by several species of dematiaceous (melanin-containing) fungi, which are typically found in soil and organic matter. The disease is most commonly acquired through traumatic inoculation of the fungus into the skin, often through minor cuts, scrapes, or puncture wounds.

The infection initially presents as a painless papule or nodule at the site of inoculation, which may gradually enlarge and become verrucous (wart-like) or cauliflower-like in appearance. The lesions can be single or multiple and are typically found on the lower extremities, particularly the feet and legs. Dissemination to other parts of the body is rare but can occur in immunocompromised individuals.

Chromoblastomycosis is characterized by the formation of muriform (medlar) bodies, which are thick-walled, rectangular, or rounded fungal cells with multiple septations. These structures can be found within giant cells and histiocytes in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues and are considered pathognomonic for the disease.

Diagnosis of chromoblastomycosis is typically made through a combination of clinical presentation, histopathological examination, and fungal culture. Treatment usually involves a combination of surgical excision, physical treatments (such as cryotherapy, thermotherapy, or laser therapy), and antifungal medications (such as itraconazole, posaconazole, or terbinafine). The prognosis for chromoblastomycosis is generally good with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment; however, the infection can become chronic and disfiguring if left untreated or inadequately managed.

Histoplasmosis is a pulmonary and systemic disease caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. It is typically acquired through the inhalation of microconidia from contaminated soil, particularly in areas associated with bird or bat droppings. The infection can range from asymptomatic to severe, depending on factors like the individual's immune status and the quantity of inhaled spores.

In acute histoplasmosis, symptoms may include fever, cough, fatigue, chest pain, and headache. Chronic or disseminated forms of the disease can affect various organs, such as the liver, spleen, adrenal glands, and central nervous system, leading to more severe complications. Diagnosis often involves serological tests, cultures, or histopathological examination of tissue samples. Treatment depends on the severity and dissemination of the disease, with antifungal medications like itraconazole or amphotericin B being commonly used for moderate to severe cases.

Blastomycosis is a fungal infection caused by the inhalation of spores of the fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also spread to other parts of the body, such as the skin, bones, and central nervous system. The initial symptoms of blastomycosis may include cough, fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. If left untreated, the infection can become severe and potentially life-threatening. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as itraconazole or amphotericin B.

Paracoccidioidomycosis is a deep fungal infection caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which is endemic in certain regions of Central and South America. The infection primarily affects the lungs but can disseminate to other organs such as the lymph nodes, mucous membranes, skin, and central nervous system.

The disease typically manifests in two clinical forms: acute/subacute (also known as juvenile) and chronic. The acute form tends to occur in younger individuals and is characterized by widespread dissemination of the fungus throughout the body, often leading to severe symptoms and a higher mortality rate. The chronic form, on the other hand, typically affects adult males and presents with pulmonary lesions and slow-growing granulomatous skin or mucosal ulcers.

Diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis is usually made by identifying the characteristic "pilot's wheel" or "Mickey Mouse ear" shaped yeast cells in tissue samples, sputum, or other bodily fluids using direct examination, culture, or histopathological methods. Treatment typically involves antifungal therapy with medications such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, itraconazole, or amphotericin B, depending on the severity and extent of infection.

Arthrodermataceae is a family of fungi that includes several medically important dermatophytes, which are fungi that can cause skin and nail infections known as tinea. Some notable genera within this family include:

1. Trichophyton: This genus contains several species that can cause various types of tinea infections, such as athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (tinea corporis), and jock itch (tinea cruris). Some species can also cause nail infections (tinea unguium or onychomycosis).
2. Microsporum: This genus includes some of the less common causes of tinea infections, such as tinea capitis (scalp ringworm) and tinea corporis.
3. Epidermophyton: This genus contains species that can cause tinea infections of the feet, hands, and nails.

These fungi primarily feed on keratin, a protein found in skin, hair, and nails, and typically invade dead or damaged tissue. Infections caused by Arthrodermataceae are usually treatable with antifungal medications, either topical or oral, depending on the severity and location of the infection.

Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii. It primarily affects the skin and subcutaneous tissues, although it can rarely disseminate to other organs in immunocompromised individuals. The infection often occurs after traumatic inoculation of the fungus through cuts or abrasions in the skin, particularly in people who work with plant materials like sphagnum moss, rose bushes, or hay.

The disease presents in three main clinical forms: cutaneous, lymphocutaneous, and disseminated. The cutaneous form involves a single ulcerating or verrucous lesion at the site of inoculation. The lymphocutaneous form is characterized by the spread of the infection along the lymphatic channels, resulting in a chain of nodular or ulcerative lesions. Disseminated sporotrichosis occurs when the infection spreads hematogenously to various organs, primarily affecting immunocompromised individuals and causing severe, life-threatening manifestations.

Diagnosis typically involves direct examination and culture of clinical specimens, as well as serological tests and molecular techniques like PCR. Treatment usually consists of systemic antifungal therapy with itraconazole or posaconazole, although amphotericin B may be required in severe cases or for disseminated infection.

Aspergillosis is a medical condition that is caused by the infection of the Aspergillus fungi. This fungus is commonly found in decaying organic matter, such as leaf litter and compost piles, and can also be found in some indoor environments like air conditioning systems and old buildings with water damage.

There are several types of aspergillosis, including:

1. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA): This type of aspergillosis occurs when a person's immune system overreacts to the Aspergillus fungi, causing inflammation in the airways and lungs. ABPA is often seen in people with asthma or cystic fibrosis.
2. Invasive aspergillosis: This is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the Aspergillus fungi invade the bloodstream and spread to other organs, such as the brain, heart, or kidneys. Invasive aspergillosis typically affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or organ transplantation.
3. Aspergilloma: Also known as a "fungus ball," an aspergilloma is a growth of the Aspergillus fungi that forms in a preexisting lung cavity, such as one caused by previous lung disease or injury. While an aspergilloma itself is not typically harmful, it can cause symptoms like coughing up blood or chest pain if it grows too large or becomes infected.

Symptoms of aspergillosis can vary depending on the type and severity of the infection. Treatment may include antifungal medications, surgery to remove the fungal growth, or management of underlying conditions that increase the risk of infection.

Zygomycosis is a rare, but serious fungal infection caused by filamentous fungi of the class Zygomycetes. These fungi are commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil and decaying organic matter. The infection primarily affects individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with uncontrolled diabetes, HIV/AIDS, or those receiving immunosuppressive therapy.

Zygomycosis can manifest in various forms depending on the site of infection. The two main types are rhinocerebral zygomycosis (affecting the sinuses and brain) and pulmonary zygomycosis (affecting the lungs). Other forms include cutaneous (skin), gastrointestinal, and disseminated zygomycosis. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include fever, cough, shortness of breath, sinus pain or congestion, skin lesions, and neurological symptoms like headache, altered mental status, or vision changes.

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with antifungal medications and surgical debridement are crucial for managing zygomycosis. The prognosis depends on the patient's underlying health condition and the extent of infection at the time of diagnosis.

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. It can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, mucous membranes (such as the mouth and vagina), and internal organs (like the esophagus, lungs, or blood).

The symptoms of candidiasis depend on the location of the infection:

1. Oral thrush: White patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, or roof of the mouth. These patches may be painful and can bleed slightly when scraped.
2. Vaginal yeast infection: Itching, burning, redness, and swelling of the vagina and vulva; thick, white, odorless discharge from the vagina.
3. Esophageal candidiasis: Difficulty swallowing, pain when swallowing, or feeling like food is "stuck" in the throat.
4. Invasive candidiasis: Fever, chills, and other signs of infection; multiple organ involvement may lead to various symptoms depending on the affected organs.

Risk factors for developing candidiasis include diabetes, HIV/AIDS, use of antibiotics or corticosteroids, pregnancy, poor oral hygiene, and wearing tight-fitting clothing that traps moisture. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as fluconazole, nystatin, or clotrimazole, depending on the severity and location of the infection.

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a severe and often life-threatening fungal infection caused by the mold Aspergillus fumigatus or other Aspergillus species. It primarily affects immunocompromised individuals, such as those with hematologic malignancies, solid organ transplant recipients, or those receiving high-dose corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive therapies.

In IPA, the fungal hyphae invade the pulmonary blood vessels and surrounding lung tissue, leading to the formation of nodular lesions, infarcts, and cavities in the lungs. The infection can also spread to other organs, causing disseminated aspergillosis.

Symptoms of IPA include fever, cough, chest pain, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), and shortness of breath. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of radiologic imaging, such as computed tomography (CT) scans, and microbiological or molecular testing of respiratory specimens, blood, or tissue samples.

Treatment usually includes systemic antifungal therapy with agents such as voriconazole, isavuconazole, or liposomal amphotericin B. The prognosis of IPA is generally poor, with high mortality rates ranging from 30% to 90%, depending on the underlying condition and severity of the infection.

Miconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat various fungal infections, including those affecting the skin, mouth, and vagina. According to the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) database maintained by the National Library of Medicine, miconazole is classified as an imidazole antifungal agent that works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes. By disrupting the structure and function of the fungal cell membrane, miconazole can help to kill or suppress the growth of fungi, providing therapeutic benefits in patients with fungal infections.

Miconazole is available in various formulations, including creams, ointments, powders, tablets, and vaginal suppositories, and is typically applied or administered topically or vaginally, depending on the site of infection. In some cases, miconazole may also be given intravenously for the treatment of severe systemic fungal infections.

As with any medication, miconazole can have side effects and potential drug interactions, so it is important to use it under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Common side effects of miconazole include skin irritation, redness, and itching at the application site, while more serious side effects may include allergic reactions, liver damage, or changes in heart rhythm. Patients should be sure to inform their healthcare provider of any other medications they are taking, as well as any medical conditions they have, before using miconazole.

Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication used to treat serious and often life-threatening fungal infections. It works by binding to the ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, creating pores that lead to the loss of essential cell components and ultimately cell death.

The medical definition of Amphotericin B is:

A polyene antifungal agent derived from Streptomyces nodosus, with a broad spectrum of activity against various fungi, including Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Amphotericin B is used to treat systemic fungal infections, such as histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, candidiasis, and aspergillosis, among others. It may be administered intravenously or topically, depending on the formulation and the site of infection.

Adverse effects associated with Amphotericin B include infusion-related reactions (such as fever, chills, and hypotension), nephrotoxicity, electrolyte imbalances, and anemia. These side effects are often dose-dependent and may be managed through careful monitoring and adjustment of the dosing regimen.

Fungi, in the context of medical definitions, are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. The study of fungi is known as mycology.

Fungi can exist as unicellular organisms or as multicellular filamentous structures called hyphae. They are heterotrophs, which means they obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter or by living as parasites on other organisms. Some fungi can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants, known as mycoses. These infections range from superficial, localized skin infections to systemic, life-threatening invasive diseases.

Examples of fungal infections include athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (dermatophytosis), candidiasis (yeast infection), histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Fungal infections can be challenging to treat due to the limited number of antifungal drugs available and the potential for drug resistance.

Fungal meningitis is a form of meningitis, which is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is specifically caused by the invasion of the meninges by fungi. The most common causative agents are Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum.

Fungal meningitis typically occurs in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplant recipients. It begins gradually, often with symptoms including headache, fever, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light. Other possible symptoms can include confusion, nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status.

Diagnosis of fungal meningitis typically involves a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans), and laboratory tests (such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis). Treatment usually requires long-term antifungal therapy, often administered intravenously in a hospital setting. The prognosis for fungal meningitis depends on several factors, including the underlying immune status of the patient, the specific causative agent, and the timeliness and adequacy of treatment.

Fungal antigens are substances found on or produced by fungi that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. They can be proteins, polysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system. Fungal antigens can be used in diagnostic tests to identify fungal infections, and they can also be targets of immune responses during fungal infections. In some cases, fungal antigens may contribute to the pathogenesis of fungal diseases by inducing inflammatory or allergic reactions. Examples of fungal antigens include the cell wall components of Candida albicans and the extracellular polysaccharide galactomannan produced by Aspergillus fumigatus.

Itraconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat various fungal infections, including blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and candidiasis. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a vital component of fungal cell membranes, thereby disrupting the integrity and function of these membranes. Itraconazole is available in oral and intravenous forms for systemic use and as a topical solution or cream for localized fungal infections.

Medical Definition:
Itraconazole (i-tra-KON-a-zole): A synthetic triazole antifungal agent used to treat various fungal infections, such as blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and candidiasis. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes, leading to disruption of their integrity and function. Itraconazole is available in oral (capsule and solution) and intravenous forms for systemic use and as a topical solution or cream for localized fungal infections.

Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections that occur more frequently or are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems, often due to a underlying condition such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation. These infections are caused by microorganisms that do not normally cause disease in people with healthy immune function, but can take advantage of an opportunity to infect and cause damage when the body's defense mechanisms are compromised. Examples of opportunistic infections include Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis, candidiasis (thrush), and cytomegalovirus infection. Preventive measures, such as antimicrobial medications and vaccinations, play a crucial role in reducing the risk of opportunistic infections in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii. It can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, organ transplants, or long-term steroid use. The infection typically starts in the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body, including the brain (meningitis), causing various symptoms like cough, fever, chest pain, headache, confusion, and vision problems. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications, and the prognosis depends on the patient's immune status and the severity of the infection.

Trichophyton is a genus of fungi that are primarily responsible for causing various superficial and cutaneous infections in humans and animals. These infections, known as dermatophytoses or ringworm, typically involve the skin, hair, and nails. Some common examples of diseases caused by Trichophyton species include athlete's foot (T. rubrum), jock itch (T. mentagrophytes), and scalp ringworm (T. tonsurans).

The fungi in the Trichophyton genus are called keratinophilic, meaning they have a preference for keratin, a protein found in high concentrations in skin, hair, and nails. This characteristic allows them to thrive in these environments and cause infection. The specific species of Trichophyton involved in an infection will determine the clinical presentation and severity of the disease.

In summary, Trichophyton is a medical term referring to a group of fungi that can cause various skin, hair, and nail infections in humans and animals.

'Candida' is a type of fungus (a form of yeast) that is commonly found on the skin and inside the body, including in the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina, in small amounts. It is a part of the normal microbiota and usually does not cause any problems. However, an overgrowth of Candida can lead to infections known as candidiasis or thrush. Common sites for these infections include the skin, mouth, throat, and genital areas. Some factors that can contribute to Candida overgrowth are a weakened immune system, certain medications (such as antibiotics and corticosteroids), diabetes, pregnancy, poor oral hygiene, and wearing damp or tight-fitting clothing. Common symptoms of candidiasis include itching, redness, pain, and discharge. Treatment typically involves antifungal medication, either topical or oral, depending on the site and severity of the infection.

Mycetoma is a chronic granulomatous infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, often characterized by tumefaction, sinus formation, and grains. It's typically caused by certain species of fungi (eumycetoma) or bacteria (actinomycetoma). The infection usually enters the body through traumatic inoculation of the organism into the skin or underlying tissue, often in the foot or hand. The disease is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Africa, Latin America, and Asia.

Esculin is a glucoside derived from the bark of willow trees and other plants. It has been used in scientific research as a substrate to test the activity of certain types of bacteria, particularly those that have the ability to produce an enzyme called beta-glucosidase. When esculin comes into contact with this enzyme, it is broken down and forms a chemical compound called esculetin, which can be detected and measured. This reaction is often used as a way to identify and study bacteria that produce beta-glucosidase.

Esculin is not typically used in medical treatments or therapies, but it may have some potential uses in the development of new drugs or diagnostic tools. As with any chemical compound, esculin should be handled with care and used only under the guidance of a trained professional.

"Sporothrix" is a genus of fungi that includes several species, the most well-known of which is "Sporothrix schenckii." This particular species is an environmental saprophyte, commonly found in soil, plant matter, and decaying organic material. It can cause a disease in humans and animals known as sporotrichosis, which is a subcutaneous infection that typically affects the skin and underlying tissue. The infection usually occurs after traumatic inoculation of the fungus through the skin, often from activities such as gardening or handling contaminated plant material.

The infection initially presents as a painless, nodular lesion at the site of inoculation, which can later ulcerate and spread to other parts of the body through lymphatic channels. Disseminated sporotrichosis is rare but can occur in immunocompromised individuals, affecting various organs such as the lungs, bones, and central nervous system.

Proper diagnosis of sporotrichosis involves direct examination and culture of clinical specimens, as well as serological tests and molecular techniques. Treatment typically includes oral antifungal medications such as itraconazole or posaconazole, although amphotericin B may be required in severe cases or in patients with compromised immune systems.

Fluconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat and prevent various fungal infections, such as candidiasis (yeast infections), cryptococcal meningitis, and other fungal infections that affect the mouth, throat, blood, lungs, genital area, and other parts of the body. It works by inhibiting the growth of fungi that cause these infections. Fluconazole is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and intravenous (IV) solutions, and is typically prescribed to be taken once daily.

The medical definition of Fluconazole can be found in pharmacological or medical dictionaries, which describe it as a triazole antifungal agent that inhibits fungal cytochrome P450-dependent synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of the fungal cell membrane. This results in increased permeability and leakage of cellular contents, ultimately leading to fungal death. Fluconazole has a broad spectrum of activity against various fungi, including Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and others.

It is important to note that while Fluconazole is an effective antifungal medication, it may have side effects and interactions with other medications. Therefore, it should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

'Coccidioides' is a genus of fungi that are commonly found in the soil in certain geographical areas, including the southwestern United States and parts of Mexico and Central and South America. The two species of this genus, C. immitis and C. posadasii, can cause a serious infection known as coccidioidomycosis (also called Valley Fever) in humans and animals who inhale the spores of the fungi.

The infection typically begins in the lungs and can cause symptoms such as cough, fever, chest pain, fatigue, and weight loss. In some cases, the infection can spread to other parts of the body, leading to more severe and potentially life-threatening complications. People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or who are receiving immunosuppressive therapy, are at higher risk for developing severe coccidioidomycosis.

Trichosporon is a genus of fungi that are commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil, water, and air. They are also part of the normal flora of the human skin and mucous membranes. Some species of Trichosporon can cause various types of infections, mainly in people with weakened immune systems. These infections can range from superficial (e.g., skin and nail) to systemic and invasive, affecting internal organs. The most common Trichosporon-related infection is white piedra, a superficial mycosis that affects the hair shafts.

In a medical context, Trichosporon refers specifically to these fungi with potential pathogenic properties. It's essential to distinguish between the general term "trichosporon" (referring to the genus) and "Trichosporon" as a medically relevant entity causing infections.

"Paracoccidioides" is a genus of fungi that includes several species that can cause a human disease known as paracoccidioidomycosis or South American blastomycosis. This disease is acquired by inhaling the spores of the fungus, which are typically found in soil. The most common species associated with the disease is Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.

The fungi in this genus are characterized by their ability to grow as both budding yeast and filamentous forms. In the yeast form, the cells are typically round or oval and have a distinctive "pilot's wheel" or "Mickey Mouse ear" appearance due to the presence of multiple buds radiating from a central point.

Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis that primarily affects the lungs, but can also spread to other organs such as the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and brain. The disease is more commonly found in rural areas of Latin America, particularly in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. It typically occurs in adults who have been exposed to the fungus for many years, often through agricultural or occupational activities.

The diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis is usually made by identifying the characteristic yeast forms of the fungus in clinical specimens such as sputum or tissue biopsies. Treatment typically involves the use of antifungal medications, such as amphotericin B or itraconazole, for several months to a year or more, depending on the severity and extent of the disease.

Onychomycosis is a medical term that refers to a fungal infection in the nails (both fingernails and toenails). This condition occurs when fungi, usually dermatophytes, invade the nail bed and cause damage to the nail plate. It can lead to symptoms such as discoloration, thickening, crumbling, and separation of the nail from the nail bed. Onychomycosis can be challenging to treat and may require long-term antifungal therapy, either topical or oral, or even removal of the infected nail in severe cases.

Triazoles are a class of antifungal medications that have broad-spectrum activity against various fungi, including yeasts, molds, and dermatophytes. They work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes, leading to increased permeability and disruption of fungal growth. Triazoles are commonly used in both systemic and topical formulations for the treatment of various fungal infections, such as candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and dermatophytoses. Some examples of triazole antifungals include fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole.

Fungal antibodies are a type of protein called immunoglobulins that are produced by the immune system in response to the presence of fungi in the body. These antibodies are specifically designed to recognize and bind to antigens on the surface of fungal cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

There are several types of fungal antibodies, including IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgE, each with a specific role in the immune response. For example, IgG antibodies are the most common type of antibody found in the blood and provide long-term immunity to fungi, while IgE antibodies are associated with allergic reactions to fungi.

Fungal antibodies can be measured in the blood or other bodily fluids to help diagnose fungal infections, monitor the effectiveness of treatment, or assess immune function in individuals who are at risk for fungal infections, such as those with weakened immune systems due to HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation.

"Aspergillus" is a genus of filamentous fungi (molds) that are widely distributed in the environment. These molds are commonly found in decaying organic matter such as leaf litter, compost piles, and rotting vegetation. They can also be found in indoor environments like air conditioning systems, dust, and building materials.

The medical relevance of Aspergillus comes from the fact that some species can cause a range of diseases in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying lung conditions. The most common disease caused by Aspergillus is called aspergillosis, which can manifest as allergic reactions, lung infections (like pneumonia), and invasive infections that can spread to other parts of the body.

Aspergillus species produce small, airborne spores called conidia, which can be inhaled into the lungs and cause infection. The severity of aspergillosis depends on various factors, including the individual's immune status, the specific Aspergillus species involved, and the extent of fungal invasion in the body.

Common Aspergillus species that can cause human disease include A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, and A. terreus. Preventing exposure to Aspergillus spores and maintaining a healthy immune system are crucial steps in minimizing the risk of aspergillosis.

Mannans are a type of complex carbohydrate, specifically a heteropolysaccharide, that are found in the cell walls of certain plants, algae, and fungi. They consist of chains of mannose sugars linked together, often with other sugar molecules such as glucose or galactose.

Mannans have various biological functions, including serving as a source of energy for microorganisms that can break them down. In some cases, mannans can also play a role in the immune response and are used as a component of vaccines to stimulate an immune response.

In the context of medicine, mannans may be relevant in certain conditions such as gut dysbiosis or allergic reactions to foods containing mannans. Additionally, some research has explored the potential use of mannans as a delivery vehicle for drugs or other therapeutic agents.

AIDS-related opportunistic infections (AROIs) are infections that occur more frequently or are more severe in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with advanced HIV infection or AIDS. These infections take advantage of a weakened immune system and can affect various organs and systems in the body.

Common examples of AROIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii
2. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection, caused by a type of bacteria called mycobacteria
3. Candidiasis, a fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, including the mouth, esophagus, and genitals
4. Toxoplasmosis, caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii
5. Cryptococcosis, a fungal infection that affects the lungs and central nervous system
6. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, caused by a type of herpes virus
7. Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
8. Cryptosporidiosis, a parasitic infection that affects the intestines
9. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a viral infection that affects the brain

Preventing and treating AROIs is an important part of managing HIV/AIDS, as they can cause significant illness and even death in people with weakened immune systems. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is used to treat HIV infection and prevent the progression of HIV to AIDS, which can help reduce the risk of opportunistic infections. In addition, medications to prevent specific opportunistic infections may be prescribed for people with advanced HIV or AIDS.

'Candida albicans' is a species of yeast that is commonly found in the human body, particularly in warm and moist areas such as the mouth, gut, and genital region. It is a part of the normal microbiota and usually does not cause any harm. However, under certain conditions like a weakened immune system, prolonged use of antibiotics or steroids, poor oral hygiene, or diabetes, it can overgrow and cause infections known as candidiasis. These infections can affect various parts of the body including the skin, nails, mouth (thrush), and genital area (yeast infection).

The medical definition of 'Candida albicans' is:

A species of yeast belonging to the genus Candida, which is commonly found as a commensal organism in humans. It can cause opportunistic infections when there is a disruption in the normal microbiota or when the immune system is compromised. The overgrowth of C. albicans can lead to various forms of candidiasis, such as oral thrush, vaginal yeast infection, and invasive candidiasis.

Fungal lung diseases, also known as fungal pneumonia or mycoses, refer to a group of respiratory disorders caused by the infection of fungi in the lungs. These fungi are commonly found in the environment, such as soil, decaying organic matter, and contaminated materials. People can develop lung diseases from fungi after inhaling spores or particles that contain fungi.

There are several types of fungal lung diseases, including:

1. Aspergillosis: This is caused by the Aspergillus fungus and can affect people with weakened immune systems. It can cause allergic reactions, lung infections, or invasive aspergillosis, which can spread to other organs.
2. Cryptococcosis: This is caused by the Cryptococcus fungus and is usually found in soil contaminated with bird droppings. It can cause pneumonia, meningitis, or skin lesions.
3. Histoplasmosis: This is caused by the Histoplasma capsulatum fungus and is commonly found in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. It can cause flu-like symptoms, lung infections, or disseminated histoplasmosis, which can spread to other organs.
4. Blastomycosis: This is caused by the Blastomyces dermatitidis fungus and is commonly found in the southeastern and south-central United States. It can cause pneumonia, skin lesions, or disseminated blastomycosis, which can spread to other organs.
5. Coccidioidomycosis: This is caused by the Coccidioides immitis fungus and is commonly found in the southwestern United States. It can cause flu-like symptoms, lung infections, or disseminated coccidioidomycosis, which can spread to other organs.

Fungal lung diseases can range from mild to severe, depending on the type of fungus and the person's immune system. Treatment may include antifungal medications, surgery, or supportive care. Prevention measures include avoiding exposure to contaminated soil or dust, wearing protective masks in high-risk areas, and promptly seeking medical attention if symptoms develop.

Mycology is the branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and classification, their role in diseases and decomposition processes, and their potential uses in industry, agriculture, and medicine. It involves the examination and identification of various types of fungi, such as yeasts, molds, and mushrooms, and the investigation of their ecological relationships with other organisms and their environments. Mycologists may also study the medical and veterinary importance of fungi, including the diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections, as well as the development of antifungal drugs and vaccines.

An immunocompromised host refers to an individual who has a weakened or impaired immune system, making them more susceptible to infections and decreased ability to fight off pathogens. This condition can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (developed during one's lifetime).

Acquired immunocompromised states may result from various factors such as medical treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunosuppressive drugs), infections (e.g., HIV/AIDS), chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, malnutrition, liver disease), or aging.

Immunocompromised hosts are at a higher risk for developing severe and life-threatening infections due to their reduced immune response. Therefore, they require special consideration when it comes to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases.

Flucytosine is an antifungal medication used to treat serious and life-threatening fungal infections, such as cryptococcal meningitis and candidiasis. It works by interfering with the production of DNA and RNA in the fungal cells, which inhibits their growth and reproduction.

The medical definition of Flucytosine is:

A synthetic fluorinated pyrimidine nucleoside analogue that is converted to fluorouracil after uptake into susceptible fungal cells. It is used as an antifungal agent in the treatment of serious systemic fungal infections, particularly those caused by Candida and Cryptococcus neoformans. Flucytosine has both fungistatic and fungicidal activity, depending on the concentration achieved at the site of infection and the susceptibility of the organism.

Flucytosine is available in oral form and is often used in combination with other antifungal agents to increase its effectiveness and prevent the development of resistance. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and bone marrow suppression. Regular monitoring of blood counts and liver function tests is necessary during treatment to detect any potential toxicity.

Histoplasma is a genus of dimorphic fungi that can cause the infectious disease histoplasmosis in humans and animals. The two species that are most commonly associated with disease are Histoplasma capsulatum and Histoplasma duboisii. These fungi are found worldwide, but are particularly prevalent in certain regions such as the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys in the United States and parts of Central and South America.

Histoplasma exists in two forms: a mold that grows in soil and other environments, and a yeast form that infects human and animal hosts. The fungi are typically inhaled into the lungs, where they can cause respiratory symptoms such as cough, fever, and shortness of breath. In severe cases, histoplasmosis can disseminate throughout the body and affect other organs, leading to more serious complications.

Histoplasma is often found in soil enriched with bird or bat droppings, and exposure can occur through activities such as digging, gardening, or cleaning chicken coops. While histoplasmosis can be a serious disease, it is usually treatable with antifungal medications. However, some people may develop chronic or severe forms of the disease, particularly those with weakened immune systems.

Beta-glucans are a type of complex carbohydrate known as polysaccharides, which are found in the cell walls of certain cereals, bacteria, and fungi, including baker's yeast, mushrooms, and algae. They consist of long chains of glucose molecules linked together by beta-glycosidic bonds.

Beta-glucans have been studied for their potential health benefits, such as boosting the immune system, reducing cholesterol levels, and improving gut health. They are believed to work by interacting with immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, and enhancing their ability to recognize and destroy foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells.

Beta-glucans are available in supplement form and are also found in various functional foods and beverages, such as baked goods, cereals, and sports drinks. However, it is important to note that the effectiveness of beta-glucans for these health benefits may vary depending on the source, dose, and individual's health status. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any dietary supplements or making significant changes to your diet.

Cryptococcal meningitis is a specific type of meningitis, which is an inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges. This condition is caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii.

In cryptococcal meningitis, the fungal cells enter the bloodstream and cross the blood-brain barrier, causing infection in the central nervous system. The immune system's response to the infection leads to inflammation of the meninges, resulting in symptoms such as headache, fever, neck stiffness, altered mental status, and sometimes seizures or focal neurological deficits.

Cryptococcal meningitis is a serious infection that can be life-threatening if left untreated. It primarily affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients, and individuals receiving immunosuppressive therapy for cancer or autoimmune diseases. Early diagnosis and appropriate antifungal treatment are crucial to improve outcomes in patients with cryptococcal meningitis.

An endemic disease is a type of disease that is regularly found among particular people or in a certain population, and is spread easily from person to person. The rate of infection is consistently high in these populations, but it is relatively stable and does not change dramatically over time. Endemic diseases are contrasted with epidemic diseases, which suddenly increase in incidence and spread rapidly through a large population.

Endemic diseases are often associated with poverty, poor sanitation, and limited access to healthcare. They can also be influenced by environmental factors such as climate, water quality, and exposure to vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Examples of endemic diseases include malaria in some tropical countries, tuberculosis (TB) in many parts of the world, and HIV/AIDS in certain populations.

Effective prevention and control measures for endemic diseases typically involve improving access to healthcare, promoting good hygiene and sanitation practices, providing vaccinations when available, and implementing vector control strategies. By addressing the underlying social and environmental factors that contribute to the spread of these diseases, it is possible to reduce their impact on affected populations and improve overall health outcomes.

Echinocandins are a class of antifungal medications that inhibit the synthesis of 1,3-β-D-glucan, a key component of the fungal cell wall. This results in osmotic instability and ultimately leads to fungal cell death. Echinocandins are commonly used to treat invasive fungal infections caused by Candida species and Aspergillus species. The three drugs in this class that are approved for use in humans are caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin.

Here's a brief overview of each drug:

1. Caspofungin (Cancidas, Cancidas-W): This is the first echinocandin to be approved for use in humans. It is indicated for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, including candidemia, acute disseminated candidiasis, and other forms of Candida infections. Caspofungin is also approved for the prevention of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
2. Micafungin (Mycamine): This echinocandin is approved for the treatment of candidemia, esophageal candidiasis, and other forms of Candida infections. It is also used for the prevention of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
3. Anidulafungin (Eraxis): This echinocandin is approved for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis and candidemia, as well as other forms of Candida infections. It is also used for the prevention of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Echinocandins have a broad spectrum of activity against many fungal species, including those that are resistant to other classes of antifungal medications. They are generally well-tolerated and have a low incidence of drug interactions. However, they should be used with caution in patients with hepatic impairment, as their metabolism may be affected by liver dysfunction.

The ribosomal spacer in DNA refers to the non-coding sequences of DNA that are located between the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These spacer regions are present in the DNA of organisms that have a nuclear genome, including humans and other animals, plants, and fungi.

In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, there are two ribosomal RNA genes, 16S and 23S, separated by a spacer region known as the intergenic spacer (IGS). In eukaryotic cells, there are multiple copies of ribosomal RNA genes arranged in clusters called nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), which are located on the short arms of several acrocentric chromosomes. Each cluster contains hundreds to thousands of copies of the 18S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNA genes, separated by non-transcribed spacer regions known as internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and external transcribed spacers (ETS).

The ribosomal spacer regions in DNA are often used as molecular markers for studying evolutionary relationships among organisms because they evolve more rapidly than the rRNA genes themselves. The sequences of these spacer regions can be compared among different species to infer their phylogenetic relationships and to estimate the time since they diverged from a common ancestor. Additionally, the length and composition of ribosomal spacers can vary between individuals within a species, making them useful for studying genetic diversity and population structure.

An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination or obduction, is a medical procedure in which a qualified professional (usually a pathologist) examines a deceased person's body to determine the cause and manner of death. This process may involve various investigative techniques, such as incisions to study internal organs, tissue sampling, microscopic examination, toxicology testing, and other laboratory analyses. The primary purpose of an autopsy is to gather objective evidence about the medical conditions and factors contributing to the individual's demise, which can be essential for legal, insurance, or public health purposes. Additionally, autopsies can provide valuable insights into disease processes and aid in advancing medical knowledge.

'Aspergillus fumigatus' is a species of fungi that belongs to the genus Aspergillus. It is a ubiquitous mold that is commonly found in decaying organic matter, such as leaf litter, compost, and rotting vegetation. This fungus is also known to be present in indoor environments, including air conditioning systems, dust, and water-damaged buildings.

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic pathogen, which means that it can cause infections in people with weakened immune systems. It can lead to a range of conditions known as aspergillosis, including allergic reactions, lung infections, and invasive infections that can spread to other parts of the body.

The fungus produces small, airborne spores that can be inhaled into the lungs, where they can cause infection. In healthy individuals, the immune system is usually able to eliminate the spores before they can cause harm. However, in people with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or organ transplantation, or those with certain underlying medical conditions like asthma or cystic fibrosis, the fungus can establish an infection.

Infections caused by Aspergillus fumigatus can be difficult to treat, and treatment options may include antifungal medications, surgery, or a combination of both. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes in people with aspergillosis.

Fungal DNA refers to the genetic material present in fungi, which are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as larger organisms like mushrooms. The DNA of fungi, like that of all living organisms, is made up of nucleotides that are arranged in a double helix structure.

Fungal DNA contains the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of fungi. This includes the instructions for making proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of cells, as well as other important molecules such as enzymes and nucleic acids.

Studying fungal DNA can provide valuable insights into the biology and evolution of fungi, as well as their potential uses in medicine, agriculture, and industry. For example, researchers have used genetic engineering techniques to modify the DNA of fungi to produce drugs, biofuels, and other useful products. Additionally, understanding the genetic makeup of pathogenic fungi can help scientists develop new strategies for preventing and treating fungal infections.

'Cryptococcus neoformans' is a species of encapsulated, budding yeast that is an important cause of fungal infections in humans and animals. The capsule surrounding the cell wall is composed of polysaccharides and is a key virulence factor, allowing the organism to evade host immune responses. C. neoformans is found worldwide in soil, particularly in association with bird droppings, and can be inhaled, leading to pulmonary infection. In people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, hematological malignancies, or organ transplants, C. neoformans can disseminate from the lungs to other sites, most commonly the central nervous system (CNS), causing meningitis. The infection can also affect other organs, including the skin, bones, and eyes.

The diagnosis of cryptococcosis typically involves microscopic examination and culture of clinical specimens, such as sputum, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), followed by biochemical and molecular identification of the organism. Treatment usually consists of a combination of antifungal medications, such as amphotericin B and fluconazole, along with management of any underlying immunodeficiency. The prognosis of cryptococcosis depends on various factors, including the patient's immune status, the extent and severity of infection, and the timeliness and adequacy of treatment.

Neutropenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low concentration (less than 1500 cells/mm3) of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in fighting off bacterial and fungal infections. Neutrophils are essential components of the innate immune system, and their main function is to engulf and destroy microorganisms that can cause harm to the body.

Neutropenia can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the severity of the neutrophil count reduction:

* Mild neutropenia: Neutrophil count between 1000-1500 cells/mm3
* Moderate neutropenia: Neutrophil count between 500-1000 cells/mm3
* Severe neutropenia: Neutrophil count below 500 cells/mm3

Severe neutropenia significantly increases the risk of developing infections, as the body's ability to fight off microorganisms is severely compromised. Common causes of neutropenia include viral infections, certain medications (such as chemotherapy or antibiotics), autoimmune disorders, and congenital conditions affecting bone marrow function. Treatment for neutropenia typically involves addressing the underlying cause, administering granulocyte-colony stimulating factors to boost neutrophil production, and providing appropriate antimicrobial therapy to prevent or treat infections.

Hematologic neoplasms, also known as hematological malignancies, are a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and accumulation of abnormal blood cells or bone marrow cells. These disorders can originate from the myeloid or lymphoid cell lines, which give rise to various types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Hematologic neoplasms can be broadly classified into three categories:

1. Leukemias: These are cancers that primarily affect the bone marrow and blood-forming tissues. They result in an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells, which interfere with the normal functioning of the blood and immune system. There are several types of leukemia, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
2. Lymphomas: These are cancers that develop from the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system responsible for fighting infections. Lymphomas can affect lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs. The two main types of lymphoma are Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).
3. Myelomas: These are cancers that arise from the plasma cells, a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies. Multiple myeloma is the most common type of myeloma, characterized by an excessive proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to the production of abnormal amounts of monoclonal immunoglobulins (M proteins) and bone destruction.

Hematologic neoplasms can have various symptoms, such as fatigue, weakness, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, and bone pain. The diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and sometimes bone marrow biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the disease and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these approaches.

Microbial sensitivity tests, also known as antibiotic susceptibility tests (ASTs) or bacterial susceptibility tests, are laboratory procedures used to determine the effectiveness of various antimicrobial agents against specific microorganisms isolated from a patient's infection. These tests help healthcare providers identify which antibiotics will be most effective in treating an infection and which ones should be avoided due to resistance. The results of these tests can guide appropriate antibiotic therapy, minimize the potential for antibiotic resistance, improve clinical outcomes, and reduce unnecessary side effects or toxicity from ineffective antimicrobials.

There are several methods for performing microbial sensitivity tests, including:

1. Disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test): A standardized paper disk containing a predetermined amount of an antibiotic is placed on an agar plate that has been inoculated with the isolated microorganism. After incubation, the zone of inhibition around the disk is measured to determine the susceptibility or resistance of the organism to that particular antibiotic.
2. Broth dilution method: A series of tubes or wells containing decreasing concentrations of an antimicrobial agent are inoculated with a standardized microbial suspension. After incubation, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined by observing the lowest concentration of the antibiotic that prevents visible growth of the organism.
3. Automated systems: These use sophisticated technology to perform both disk diffusion and broth dilution methods automatically, providing rapid and accurate results for a wide range of microorganisms and antimicrobial agents.

The interpretation of microbial sensitivity test results should be done cautiously, considering factors such as the site of infection, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antibiotic, potential toxicity, and local resistance patterns. Regular monitoring of susceptibility patterns and ongoing antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential to ensure optimal use of these tests and to minimize the development of antibiotic resistance.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

... "mycoses"). It was originally published in German, but switched 1988 to English. At that time the title was changed to Mycoses. ... Mycoses: Diagnosis, Therapy and Prophylaxis of Fungal Diseases is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering mycology. It ... "Mycoses". 2018 InCites Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate. 2018. Official website v t e ( ...
... "leukemic mycosis fungoides", "Sézary syndrome preceded by mycosis fungoides", or "secondary mycosis fungoides". Mycosis ... Mycosis fungoides was first described in 1806 by French dermatologist Jean-Louis-Marc Alibert. The name mycosis fungoides is ... Mycosis fungoides is the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), but there are many other types of CTCL that have ... Childhood Mycosis fungoides makes up 0.5% to 7.0% of cases. Although data on childhood MF is limited, a 2021 systematic review ...
... is a cutaneous condition that usually presents as solitary or ...
Mycoses. 45 (9-10): 373-7. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0507.2002.00779.x. PMID 12421284. S2CID 4842988. Gorbushina, A.A.; Kotlova, E.R ...
Mycoses. 57 (8): 507-512. doi:10.1111/myc.12189. PMID 24635009. Kane, Julius; Summerbell, Richard; Sigler, Lynne; Krajden, ...
Yablochnik's postgraduate study in the laboratory of mycology and antibiotics at VIEV led to her work on mycoses (diseases of ... In 1978, she led development of a new laboratory for the control and standardization of preparations against mycoses and she ... Rybnikář, A; Chumela, J; Vrzal, V; Krupka, V (1991). "Immunity in cattle vaccinated against ringworm". Mycoses. 34 (9-10): 433- ... Mycoses. 57 (7): 400-405. doi:10.1111/myc.12174. PMID 24621382. S2CID 25324021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: ...
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Mycoses. 50 (1): 58-63. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2006.01310.x. PMID 17302750. S2CID 25493290. Weedon, D. (2002). Skin pathology ... Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions, Animal fungal diseases, Papulosquamous disorders). ...
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"Epidemiological trends in skin mycoses worldwide". Mycoses. 51: 2-15. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2008.01606.x. PMID 18783559. ... Beneke, E., Rogers, A. (1996). Medical Mycology and Human Mycoses. California: Star. pp. 85-90. ISBN 0-89863-175-0.{{cite book ... Mycoses. 34 (9-10): 433-436. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.1991.tb00809.x. PMID 1820524. S2CID 37335502. Sarkisov, A. K.; Petrovitch ... Mycoses. 54 (6): 870-876. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02015.x. PMID 21615536. S2CID 20736796.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ...
Mycoses and Algal infections". Weedon's Skin Pathology Essentials (2nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 455. ISBN 978-0-7020-6830-0. "ICD-11 ... The dimorphic mycoses". In Spec, Andrej; Escota, Gerome V.; Chrisler, Courtney; Davies, Bethany (eds.). Comprehensive Review of ... Lortholary O, Denning DW, Dupont B (March 1999). "Endemic mycoses: a treatment update". The Journal of Antimicrobial ... Mycoses. 47 (1-2): 62-8. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0507.2003.00953.x. hdl:2027.42/74074. PMID 14998402. S2CID 7319396. Takahashi S, ...
Lee, Soo Chan; Heitman, Joseph (December 2014). "Sex in the Mucoralean Fungi". Mycoses. 57: 18-24. doi:10.1111/myc.12244. PMC ...
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Although the mycosis slowly spreads, it usually remains localized to the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Hematogenous and/or ... Chromoblastomycosis is a long-term fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (a chronic subcutaneous mycosis). It ... Bonifaz A, Carrasco-Gerard E, Saúl A (2001). "Chromoblastomycosis: clinical and mycologic experience of 51 cases". Mycoses. 44 ... Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions, Tropical diseases, Fungal diseases). ...
Vanden Bossche H, Koymans L (1998). "Cytochromes P450 in fungi". Mycoses. 41 Suppl 1: 32-8. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.1998. ...
The name Emergomyces refers to these newly emerging mycoses, only encountered in the last few decades. Jiang Y, Dukik K, Munoz ... They are the causative agents of emergomycosis, a systemic mycosis in immunocompromised patients. ... Mycoses. 60: 296-309. doi:10.1111/myc.12601. PMID 28176377. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches ...
Mycoses. 37 (1-2): 3-10. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.1994.tb00277.x. PMID 7935589. S2CID 24703812. Anaissie, E.; Gokaslan, A.; ...
Mycoses. 50 (6): 507-511. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01402.x. ISSN 0933-7407. PMID 17944715. S2CID 23477272. Carruthers, J. A ...
... "mycoses"). It was originally published in German, but switched 1988 to English. At that time the title was changed to Mycoses. ... Mycoses: Diagnosis, Therapy and Prophylaxis of Fungal Diseases is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering mycology. It ... "Mycoses". 2018 InCites Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate. 2018. Official website v t e ( ...
Mycosis fungoides is the most common form of a type of blood cancer called cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Explore symptoms, ... Mycosis fungoides is the most common form of a type of blood cancer called cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cutaneous T-cell ... The tumors in mycosis fungoides, which are composed of cancerous T cells, are raised nodules that are thicker and deeper than ... For unknown reasons, mycosis fungoides affects males nearly twice as often as females. In the United States, there are an ...
Brain on Rapid Fire: Viruses, Mycoses, Amoeba, and More. Felicia C. Chow, MD, MAS; Karen C. Bloch, MD, MPH ... Cite this: Brain on Rapid Fire: Viruses, Mycoses, Amoeba, and More - Medscape - Sep 12, 2023. ...
The Icd-10 code range for Mycoses B35-B49 is medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... Mycoses ICD-10-CM Code range B35-B49. The ICD-10 code range for Mycoses B35-B49 is medical classification list by the World ... ICD-10 Code range (B35-B49), Mycoses contains ICD-10 codes for Blastomycosis, Acute pulmonary blastomycosis, Chronic pulmonary ...
Mycoses Study Group The Mycoses Study Group (MSG) is a group of experts in medical mycology, focusing their work on ... the main focus of the MSG was the treatment of relatively rare mycoses including cryptococcosis and the endemic mycoses ... Sentinel studies for each of these disorders led to important insights into the treatment of mycoses, and ushered in a new era ... In the decade of the 1990s, the MSG shifted its focus from the endemic mycoses and cryptococcosis to the treatment of ...
The endemic mycoses blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever), and histoplasmosis are environmental fungal diseases that ... Calls/Webinars - Algorithms for Diagnosing the Endemic Mycoses Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Histoplasmosis​, Thursday ... Algorithms for Diagnosing the Endemic Mycoses Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Histoplasmosis. *Preparing for the ... Algorithms for Diagnosing the Endemic Mycoses Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Histoplasmosis​, Thursday, September 21, ...
Mycosis Fungoides. Mycosis fungoides, or as its known medically Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), is not a single disease, but ... Mycosis fungoides evolve over time from malignant white blood cells called T-lymphocytes (T-cells). Their normal function is to ... Causes of Mycosis fungoides. CTCL is sometimes misdiagnosed as the skin discolorations are similar to other less threatening ... There is no definite cause of Mycosis fungoides, but there are theories indicating it may be genetic. What is known is that ...
Researchers interested in Bacterial Infections and Mycoses ...
... opportunistic mycoses). For many mycoses, ICD-9 codes do not differentiate pulmonary from other types of mycoses. For ICD-10 ... In addition, the ICD-9 classification codes for many mycoses do not differentiate pulmonary from other types of mycoses. ... Decedents with pneumoconiosis and mycosis were rare, and most mycoses were pulmonary: 77% in persons with silicosis; 79% ... with and without ICD-9 code for opportunistic mycoses and ICD-10 codes for unspecified mycoses and opportunistic mycoses. ...
Short description: Pneum in oth sys mycoses.. *ICD-9-CM 484.7 is a billable medical code that can be used to indicate a ...
Mycosis fungoides natural history, complications and prognosis ‎ (← links). *Mycosis fungoides history and symptoms ‎ (← links) ... Mycosis fungoides cost-effectiveness of therapy ‎ (← links). *Mycosis fungoides future or investigational therapies ‎ (← links) ... Pages that link to "Mycosis fungoides risk factors". ← Mycosis fungoides risk factors ... Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Special:WhatLinksHere/Mycosis_fungoides_risk_factors" ...
Black and Hispanic patients had higher inpatient care utilization for mycosis fungoides (MF) - and were admitted at a younger ... Why a mycosis fungoides diagnosis takes so long Black and Hispanic patients who were hospitalized for MF were significantly ... Black and Hispanic patients had higher inpatient care utilization for mycosis fungoides (MF) - and were admitted at a younger ...
This is a recording of a webinar which took place on 2 March 2022. This was webinar was sponsored by Recordati Rare Diseases Group.. ...
Author(s): Obijiofor, Chinemelum; Yin, Emily; Shvartsbeyn, Marianna; Latkowski, Jo-Ann; Ahearn, Ian; Gutierrez, Daniel
The endemic mycoses blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever), and histoplasmosis are environmental fungal diseases that ... Calls/Webinars - Algorithms for Diagnosing the Endemic Mycoses Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Histoplasmosis​, Thursday ... Algorithms for Diagnosing the Endemic Mycoses Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Histoplasmosis. *Preparing for the ... Algorithms for Diagnosing the Endemic Mycoses Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Histoplasmosis​, Thursday, September 21, ...
... histologically resembling mycosis fungoides (MF). Immunostaining for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) was positive ... Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and the Expression Pattern of Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Immunostaining in Mycosis ... Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and the Expression Pattern of Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Immunostaining in Mycosis ... leukemia cutis presenting with facial nodules and histological epidermotropism with folliculotropism reminiscent of mycosis ...
Immunocytochemical characterisation of cutaneous lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides. Message subject: (Your Name) has ...
Opportunistic mycosis. Synonyms (terms occurring on more labels are shown first): opportunistic mycoses, Opportunistic mycosis ...
The authors present a rare case of mycosis fungoides with early central nervous system involvement m... ... Mycosis fungoides with early central nervous system involvement.. Filipe PL, Coutinho VS, Canhão P, Gouveia R, Cabeçadas J, ... The authors present a rare case of mycosis fungoides with early central nervous system involvement mimicking an intramedullary ...
The most common diagnosis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma diagnosis in the practice of dermatology is mycosis fungoides (MF), ... Las Vegas - The most common diagnosis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma diagnosis in the practice of dermatology is mycosis ... The most common diagnosis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma diagnosis in the practice of dermatology is mycosis fungoides (MF), ...
MetalTalk is Europes leading independent Heavy Metal news publication. We publish news, concert reviews, album reviews and interviews.. For more details, contact Steve Ritchie at [email protected].. Unless otherwise stated, all content, including photography, is owned and managed by MetalTalk and must not be used elsewhere without written permission.. © MetalTalk 2023. All Rights Reserved. ...
Symptoms of mycosis, Symptoms of skin mycosis, Symptoms of vaginal mycosis, vaginal mycosis ... Symptoms of vaginal mycosis What is mycosis: Causes, symptoms and treatment. October 29, 2017. April 16, 2016. by admin ... Tags causes of mycosis, medical treatment for mycosis, Symptoms of athletes foot, ... The mycosis is basically different diseases caused by microscopic fungi, which tend to multiply on the skin surface ( ...
Rhinocerebral invasive mycosis: occurrence in immunocompetent individuals.. S Hussain, N Salahuddin, I Ahmad, I Salahuddin, R ... The clinical course and radiological features of invasive mycosis simulate malignancy. Certain features that may help to ...
The endemic mycoses blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever), and histoplasmosis are environmental fungal diseases that ... 2023). Algorithms for Diagnosing the Endemic Mycoses Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Histoplasmosis. Toda, Mitsuru and ... Title : Algorithms for Diagnosing the Endemic Mycoses Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Histoplasmosis Personal Author(s ... "Algorithms for Diagnosing the Endemic Mycoses Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Histoplasmosis" , 2023. Export RIS ...
Mycosis fungoides. ... "leukemic mycosis fungoides", "Sézary syndrome preceded by mycosis fungoides", or "secondary mycosis ... MYCOSES = MYCOSES. 1971)‎. MYCOSES = MYCOSES. Weekly Epidemiological Record = Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire, 46 (‎15)‎, ... Mycoses range ... Classification of Mycoses. The clinical nomenclatures used for the mycoses are based on the (1) site of the ... opportunistic mycoses). For many mycoses, ICD-9 codes do not differentiate pulmonary from other types of mycoses. For ICD-10 ...
Dysphagia of infectious origin in a horse with guttural pouch mycosis. An endoscopic photograph of the interior of the guttural ... pouch (medial compartment) in a Standardbred horse with dysphagia secondary to guttural pouch mycosis. Notice the large fungal ...
Copyright © 2023 Mycos.es. Todos los derechos reservados. , Tema: NewStore de ThemeFarmer ...
Mycoses. Latest News. FDA passes on olorofim despite critical need for antifungals Author:. Marcia Frellick Publish date: June ...
But systemic mycoses are widely spread and affect all areas of the body, from the skin of the head and face from top to toe. ... Varieties of skin mycosis. Athletes foot - a large group of diseases. Different subtypes of disease differ in the location and ... Skin Mycosis. Fungal infections of the skin - is fungal diseases that cause infectious microorganisms. They affect the skin and ... Various fungi that cause skin mycosis, affect both humans and animals. They enter the body in different ways. The main ways - ...
Computer fileLanguage: engger Publication details: Berlin : Grosse Verlag. ISSN: 1439-0507Subject(s): Mycoses -- periodicals ... Mycoses [electronic resource] Contributor(s): Deutschsprachige Mykologische GesellschaftMaterial type: ...
  • Mycosis fungoides is the most common form of a type of blood cancer called cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mycosis fungoides usually occurs in adults over age 50, although affected children have been identified. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mycosis fungoides may progress slowly through several stages, although not all people with the condition progress through all stages. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In some affected individuals, patches progress to plaques, the next stage of mycosis fungoides. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The tumors in mycosis fungoides, which are composed of cancerous T cells, are raised nodules that are thicker and deeper than plaques. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mycosis fungoides was so named because the tumors can resemble mushrooms, a type of fungus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Spread to other organs can occur in any stage of mycosis fungoides but is most common in the tumor stage. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mycosis fungoides occurs in about 1 in 100,000 to 350,000 individuals. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For unknown reasons, mycosis fungoides affects males nearly twice as often as females. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The cause of mycosis fungoides is unknown. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is unclear whether these genetic changes play a role in mycosis fungoides, although the tendency to acquire chromosome abnormalities (chromosomal instability) is a feature of many cancers. (medlineplus.gov)
  • are associated with mycosis fungoides. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Certain variations of HLA genes may affect the risk of developing mycosis fungoides or may impact progression of the disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is possible that other factors, such as environmental exposure or certain bacterial or viral infections, are involved in the development of mycosis fungoides. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mycosis fungoides , or as its known medically Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), is not a single disease, but a group of cancers that attack the lymphatic system. (mightyguide.net)
  • Mycosis fungoides evolve over time from malignant white blood cells called T-lymphocytes (T-cells). (mightyguide.net)
  • There is no definite cause of Mycosis fungoides, but there are theories indicating it may be genetic. (mightyguide.net)
  • It is not uncommon for Mycosis fungoides to be misdiagnosed, especially when a patient is outside of the age group. (mightyguide.net)
  • Lesions - At this point the Mycosis fungoides is entrenched. (mightyguide.net)
  • Black and Hispanic patients had higher inpatient care utilization for mycosis fungoides (MF) - and were admitted at a younger age - compared with White patients, according to an analysis of the 2012-2017 National Inpatient Sample (NIS). (the-hospitalist.org)
  • We describe an unusual case of T-ALL presenting with folliculocentric, erythematous papules on the face, histologically resembling mycosis fungoides (MF). (karger.com)
  • Immunocytochemical characterisation of cutaneous lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides. (bmj.com)
  • Mycosis fungoides with early central nervous system involvement. (medicaljournals.se)
  • The authors present a rare case of mycosis fungoides with early central nervous system involvement mimicking an intramedullary tumour in a 38- year-old white male. (medicaljournals.se)
  • Las Vegas - The most common diagnosis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma diagnosis in the practice of dermatology is mycosis fungoides (MF), according to Peter W. Heald, M.D., professor of dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., who spoke here at the 27th Annual Fall Clinical Dermatology Conference. (dermatologytimes.com)
  • Mycosis fungoides is the most common type, accounting for 60% of CTCLs and almost half of all primary cutaneous lymphomas. (medscape.com)
  • Sézary syndrome is, with mycosis fungoides, one of the classic types of CTCL, although it is relatively rare. (medscape.com)
  • In most cases of mycosis fungoides, the diagnosis is reached owing to its clinical features, disease history, and histomorphologic and cytomorphologic findings. (medscape.com)
  • Mycosis fungoides is the most common form of cutaneous T cell lymphoma , a type of blood cancer that involves infection-fighting white blood cells called T cells. (healthline.com)
  • Mycosis fungoides often shows up as an eczema -like rash in areas that typically get little sun exposure. (healthline.com)
  • RATIONALE: Lenalidomide may stop the growth of mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome by blocking blood flow to the cancer. (stanford.edu)
  • PURPOSE: This phase II trial is studying how well lenalidomide works in treating patients with relapsed mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome. (stanford.edu)
  • Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides in Caucasian patients: a clinicopathologic study of 7 cases. (unipv.it)
  • Background: Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides (MF) is a rare variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, it is more frequent in dark-skinned or Asian patients, particularly children. (unipv.it)
  • Histopathological differentiation of early mycosis fungoides (MF) from benign chronic inflammatory dermatoses remains difficult and often impossible, despite the inclusion of all available diagnostic parameters. (dermagnostix.com)
  • C84.08 is a billable diagnosis code used to specify a medical diagnosis of mycosis fungoides, lymph nodes of multiple sites. (icdlist.com)
  • In the first decade of its existence (1978-1988), the main focus of the MSG was the treatment of relatively rare mycoses including cryptococcosis and the endemic mycoses including histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis. (uab.edu)
  • The endemic mycoses blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever), and histoplasmosis are environmental fungal diseases that are frequently misdiagnosed. (cdc.gov)
  • The most common endemic mycoses are blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis and paracoccidioidomycosis. (futurelearn.com)
  • Sarah Gregory] Histoplasmosis has been described as the most common endemic mycosis in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • The mycosis is basically different diseases caused by microscopic fungi, which tend to multiply on the skin surface (superficial mycosis) or do so at own organs. (vitamin-resource.com)
  • Various fungi that cause skin mycosis, affect both humans and animals. (health-and-medical.com)
  • Superficial mycoses are the infections caused by fungi in the outermost layers of the skin, hair or nails. (paramedicsworld.com)
  • Clothes that are too tight can encourage the development of vaginal mycoses by maintaining a moist, warm environment conducive to the proliferation of fungi. (neurosphinx.fr)
  • The fungi responsible for vaginal mycosis thrive particularly well in warm, damp environments. (neurosphinx.fr)
  • Sleeping without underwear allows your skin to breathe and limits the proliferation of fungi responsible for vaginal mycosis. (neurosphinx.fr)
  • But systemic mycoses are widely spread and affect all areas of the body, from the skin of the head and face from top to toe. (health-and-medical.com)
  • Systemic mycoses are fungal infections of the normally sterile tissues and organs of the body. (futurelearn.com)
  • Some systemic mycoses are caused by endemic primary pathogens. (futurelearn.com)
  • In response to inquiries from silica-exposed workers concerned about diagnoses of coccidioidomycosis or cryptococcal meningitis for their co-workers, we examined whether excess risk for mycosis exists among persons with silicosis. (cdc.gov)
  • The severity of these mycoses can vary from a brief, self-limiting disease of the lung (e.g. coccidioidomycosis in an immunocompetent individual) to a life-threatening disseminated disease in an immunocompromised patient. (futurelearn.com)
  • Persons with silicosis were more likely to die with pulmonary mycosis than were those without pneumoconiosis or those with more common pneumoconioses. (cdc.gov)
  • For many mycoses, ICD-9 codes do not differentiate pulmonary from other types of mycoses. (cdc.gov)
  • For ICD-10 codes, we limited data to mycoses coded as pulmonary, opportunistic, and some unspecified type of mycoses (e.g. (cdc.gov)
  • We computed prevalence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to separately compare pulmonary mycosis prevalence at death among persons with silicosis, asbestosis, and CWP with that for persons in the referent group and to compare pulmonary mycosis prevalence at death among persons with silicosis with that for persons in the 2 pneumoconiosis comparison groups. (cdc.gov)
  • Persons with silicosis were 4.5× (95% CI 3.4-6.0×) more likely to have any mycosis at death and 9.5× (95% CI 6.9-13.1×) more likely to have pulmonary mycosis at death than were those without pneumoconiosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Persons with silicosis were 2.9× (95% CI 1.9-4.4×) more likely than those with asbestosis and 6.7× (95% CI 4.3-10.5×) more likely than those with CWP to have pulmonary mycosis at death. (cdc.gov)
  • Among persons who died with pneumoconiosis, aspergillosis was the most common pulmonary mycosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Fortunately, there are many ways to reduce the risk of developing vaginal mycosis. (neurosphinx.fr)
  • Good hygiene is essential to prevent the onset of vaginal mycosis. (neurosphinx.fr)
  • The choice of undergarments is crucial in preventing vaginal mycosis. (neurosphinx.fr)
  • An unbalanced diet rich in sugars can encourage the development of vaginal mycosis. (neurosphinx.fr)
  • Certain contraceptive methods, such as the pill, can influence hormonal balance and encourage the appearance of vaginal mycosis in some women. (neurosphinx.fr)
  • If you experience symptoms suggestive of vaginal mycosis (itching, burning, white discharge), don't hesitate to consult a doctor as soon as possible. (neurosphinx.fr)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Current situation of endemic mycosis in the Americas and the Caribbean: Proceedings of the first international meeting on endemic mycoses of the Americas (IMEMA). (duke.edu)
  • The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. (lookformedical.com)
  • Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis and chromoblastomycosis are subcutaneous mycoses caused by traumatic implantation of the fungus into the skin. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • and 118/B48.7 (opportunistic mycoses). (cdc.gov)
  • We provided results with and without ICD-9 code for opportunistic mycoses and ICD-10 codes for unspecified mycoses and opportunistic mycoses. (cdc.gov)
  • The cutaneous mycosis is an infection caused by the fungus that live on the most superficial part of the skin, the nails and / or the hair. (lopezgil.com)
  • The Mycoses Study Group (MSG) is a group of experts in medical mycology, focusing their work on understanding and treating invasive fungal infections. (uab.edu)
  • AU - Ozkutuk,Aydan, AU - Ergon,Cem, AU - Yulug,Nuran, PY - 2007/2/20/pubmed PY - 2007/5/18/medline PY - 2007/2/20/entrez SP - 125 EP - 9 JF - Mycoses JO - Mycoses VL - 50 IS - 2 N2 - Dermatophyte infections have been considered to be a major public health problem in many parts of the world. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • There are a lot of scientific gaps in the studying coinfections concerning mycosis and other infections. (vestnikdv.ru)
  • In the decade of the 1990s, the MSG shifted its focus from the endemic mycoses and cryptococcosis to the treatment of candidemia, cryptococcosis in the HIV-infected patient, and empiric antifungal therapy in the persistently febrile and neutropenic patient. (uab.edu)
  • Risk Group mycosis - children and the elderly, although people can pick up the infection of any age and gender. (health-and-medical.com)
  • AU - Ginter-Hanselmayer,Gabriele, AU - Weger,Wolfgang, AU - Ilkit,Marcit, AU - Smolle,Josef, PY - 2007/8/8/pubmed PY - 2007/10/24/medline PY - 2007/8/8/entrez SP - 6 EP - 13 JF - Mycoses JO - Mycoses VL - 50 Suppl 2 N2 - Tinea capitis (scalp ringworm) is the most common dermatophyte infection of the scalp affecting mainly children and rarely adults. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Mycoses: Diagnosis, Therapy and Prophylaxis of Fungal Diseases is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering mycology. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mycoses 65, no. 12 (December 2022): 1179-87. (duke.edu)
  • The first randomized and controlled studies of invasive mycoses were performed under the auspices of this group. (uab.edu)
  • Rhinocerebral invasive mycosis: occurrence in immunocompetent individuals. (qxmd.com)
  • The clinical course and radiological features of invasive mycosis simulate malignancy. (qxmd.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS: A consensus emerged among meeting participants, this group concluded that endemic mycoses are neglected diseases, and due to their severity and lack of resources, the improvement of diagnosis, treatment and surveillance is needed. (duke.edu)
  • Available at https://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/events/twelfth_stag/en/ (accessed 7 April 2020). (who.int)
  • Much of the MSG's work is organized as a joint endeavor with The Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium (MSGERC). (uab.edu)
  • Each ratio was computed by dividing the proportion of mycosis deaths in 1 group by the corresponding measure in the comparison group. (cdc.gov)
  • The ICD-10 code range for Mycoses B35-B49 is medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). (aapc.com)
  • To examine risk for mycosis among persons with silicosis, we examined US mortality data for 1979-2004. (cdc.gov)
  • Health professionals should consider enhanced risk for mycosis for silica-exposed patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Although rare, these mycoses should be considered in every patient with relevant travel history. (futurelearn.com)
  • Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: Mycosis Fungoides - Medscape - Aug 01, 2007. (medscape.com)
  • Mycosis fungoides is the most common form of a type of blood cancer called cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mycosis fungoides usually occurs in adults over age 50, although affected children have been identified. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mycosis fungoides may progress slowly through several stages, although not all people with the condition progress through all stages. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In some affected individuals, patches progress to plaques, the next stage of mycosis fungoides. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The tumors in mycosis fungoides, which are composed of cancerous T cells, are raised nodules that are thicker and deeper than plaques. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mycosis fungoides was so named because the tumors can resemble mushrooms, a type of fungus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Spread to other organs can occur in any stage of mycosis fungoides but is most common in the tumor stage. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mycosis fungoides occurs in about 1 in 100,000 to 350,000 individuals. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For unknown reasons, mycosis fungoides affects males nearly twice as often as females. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The cause of mycosis fungoides is unknown. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is unclear whether these genetic changes play a role in mycosis fungoides, although the tendency to acquire chromosome abnormalities (chromosomal instability) is a feature of many cancers. (medlineplus.gov)
  • are associated with mycosis fungoides. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Certain variations of HLA genes may affect the risk of developing mycosis fungoides or may impact progression of the disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is possible that other factors, such as environmental exposure or certain bacterial or viral infections, are involved in the development of mycosis fungoides. (medlineplus.gov)
  • On Aug. 8, 2018, the Food and Drug Administration approved mogamulizumab-kpkc (Poteligeo, Kyowa Kirin, Inc.) for adult patients with relapsed or refractory mycosis fungoides (MF) or Sézary syndrome (SS) after at least one prior systemic therapy. (fda.gov)
  • This photo shows red patches on the back of a person who has mycosis fungoides. (msdmanuals.com)
  • has anyone been diagnosed with MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES? (cancer.org)
  • [ 98 ] , the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) released consensus recommendations for the treatment of mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome (MF/SS) in 2017. (medscape.com)
  • Although the etiology is largely unknown , some lines of evidence indicate that genetic factors and heredity play a role in mycosis fungoides. (medscape.com)
  • Independent studies have reported on a strong linkage disequilibrium between mycosis fungoides and specific HLA class II allotypes in White persons and Ashkenazi Jewish individuals, indicating the existence of a significant genetic predisposition . (medscape.com)
  • Learn more about the mode of transmission of mycosis fungoides. (medscape.com)
  • Fast Five Quiz: Mycosis Fungoides - Medscape - Nov 01, 2021. (medscape.com)
  • An 83-year-old woman developed generalized lymph node hyperplasia together with mycosis fungoides-like skin lesions 11 months after institution of anticonvulsant therapy with phenytoin. (nih.gov)
  • This case had features similar to those associated with the pseudo-mycosis fungoides syndrome except that the cutaneous lesions consisted of two localized erythematous plaques, with no generalized exfoliative erythrodermic dermatitis. (nih.gov)
  • Nonetheless, we believe that the use of the term pseudo-mycosis fungoides for this and similar cases would be appropriate. (nih.gov)
  • Granulomatous mycosis fungoides histologically simulating cutaneous sarcoidosis]. (nih.gov)
  • Phenytoin-induced pseudolymphoma with mycosis fungoides manifestations. (nih.gov)
  • Mycosis fungoides bullosa: report of a case and review of the literature. (nih.gov)
  • Drug-induced mycosis fungoides-like lesions. (nih.gov)
  • The disease progresses through various stages but not all patients with mycosis fungoides go through all stages. (technavio.com)
  • The final stage of mycosis fungoides is known as Sezary syndrome. (technavio.com)
  • If left untreated, mycosis fungoides may spread to other parts of the body such as gastrointestinal system, liver, spleen, or brain. (technavio.com)
  • The most common age group affected by mycosis fungoides is 40 years and above. (technavio.com)
  • The pattern of inheritance of mycosis fungoides is not determined. (technavio.com)
  • Though there have been various cases where multiple members of a family were affected with mycosis fungoides, it most often occurs in people with no history of the disorder in the family. (technavio.com)
  • According to the NIH, the prevalence of mycosis fungoides in men and women is in the ratio 2:1. (technavio.com)
  • The prevalence of mycosis fungoides in the US is about 3.6 people per every 1,000,000 people. (technavio.com)
  • As a result, with rising incidences of the disease, the need for drug development for mycosis fungoides is expected to increase considerably in the forthcoming years. (technavio.com)
  • According to this pipeline analysis report, most of the drug molecules in the pipeline are being developed for mycosis fungoides. (technavio.com)
  • According to this pipeline analysis report, most of the molecules that are currently in the drug development for mycosis fungoides are being developed as monotherapy drugs and most of these molecules are in the pre-clinical stage of development. (technavio.com)
  • What are the drug molecules in the various development stages for mycosis fungoides? (technavio.com)
  • What are the companies that are currently involved in the development of drug molecules for mycosis fungoides? (technavio.com)
  • BACKGROUND: UVA1 phototherapy is a valid therapeutic alternative for skin lymphoproliferative disorders, although there are few studies concerning its role in mycosis fungoides (MF). (minervamedica.it)
  • METHODS: We enrolled 12 patients, 9 males and 3 females (mean age 54.83±9.99, range 36-74) with a histological diagnosis of mycosis fungoides at early stage. (minervamedica.it)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Although in recent years the number of the therapeutic options available for all types of skin lymphoproliferative disorders, in particular mycosis fungoides, has increased considerably, there are few studies concerning UVA1 phototherapy. (minervamedica.it)
  • Trovato E, Pellegrino M, Filippi F, Mancini V, Pimpinelli N, Fimiani M. Clinical and histological evaluation in patients with mycosis fungoides treated with UVA1. (minervamedica.it)
  • Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS) are the most common clinical variants of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. (bmj.com)
  • 1 Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS) are the two major clinical variants of CTCL, both characterised by epidermotropic infiltrates of clonal malignant lymphocytes with cerebriform nuclei. (bmj.com)
  • Vancouver, B.C. - A number of factors make it important that dermatologists recognize and treat a rare form of skin cancer known as mycosis fungoides. (dermatologytimes.com)
  • The use of narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB) phototherapy for mycosis fungoides (MF) has proven to be beneficial to some extent - when treatment is stopped, rapid recurrences are more common and therefore impact the efficacy of the treatment. (daavlin.com)
  • Mycosis fungoides was first described nearly 200 years ago, in a patient with large necrotic 'mushroom-like' tumours on the skin. (dermatologyinpractice.co.uk)
  • Mycosis fungoides is now recognised to be the most common variant of a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas that present in the skin: known as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. (dermatologyinpractice.co.uk)
  • This article will describe the epidemiology, clinical and histological features, staging, treatment and prognosis of mycosis fungoides and of its leukaemic variant, the Sézary syndrome. (dermatologyinpractice.co.uk)
  • Mycosis fungoides might stay just in the skin for many years. (cancer.org)
  • The skin rash of mycosis fungoides may consist of patches, plaques, or tumors, which may have a long natural history. (medscape.com)
  • Early in the course of mycosis fungoides, as well as in erythrodermic cases, the skin lesions may be nonspecific, with a nondiagnostic biopsy result, so that confusion with benign conditions is common (eg, eczema, neurodermatitis, pseudolymphoma syndrome). (medscape.com)
  • In patients who present with pruritus or erythroderma, the diagnosis of mycosis fungoides is often made possible through the examination of a noncutaneous site (eg, blood, lymph nodes). (medscape.com)
  • Classic mycosis fungoides is divided into 3 stages: patch (atrophic or nonatrophic), plaque, and tumor. (medscape.com)
  • Classic mycosis fungoides is usually preceded by a nonspecific, indolent inflammatory process manifesting as atopic dermatitis, nonspecific chronic dermatitis, or parapsoriasis (most commonly large-plaque parapsoriasis), which may progress over years to decades to early plaque-stage mycosis fungoides. (medscape.com)
  • Some regard large-plaque parapsoriasis as patch-stage mycosis fungoides. (medscape.com)
  • Patch-stage mycosis fungoides progressing to plaque stage, with cutaneous cigarette-paper appearance evident. (medscape.com)
  • In many cases, the disease never progresses beyond this stage, and the diagnosis of mycosis fungoides is never confirmed. (medscape.com)
  • While well-developed plaques that are clinically diagnostic for mycosis fungoides are usually intensely pruritic, less characteristic ones typically are not, and the development of pruritus in such lesions is a sign of progression towards mycosis fungoides. (medscape.com)
  • The sudden multifocal development of tumors of apparent mycosis fungoides may rarely occur without preceding patches or plaques. (medscape.com)
  • Mycosis fungoides that is evident as an erythroderma but with too few circulating lymphocytes to warrant a diagnosis of Sézary syndrome is designated erythrodermic mycosis fungoides. (medscape.com)
  • Mycosis fungoides in any stage may suddenly become much more aggressive, progressing rapidly to more advanced stages (see the images below). (medscape.com)
  • RATIONALE: Lenalidomide may stop the growth of mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome by blocking blood flow to the cancer. (stanford.edu)
  • PURPOSE: This phase II trial is studying how well lenalidomide works in treating patients with relapsed mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome. (stanford.edu)
  • A review of the literature failed to reveal the coexistence of a clear-cut case of mycosis fungoides with coccidioidomycosis. (jamanetwork.com)
  • It is our opinion that the illustrations and the histologic descriptions of these cases were compatible with cutaneous coccidioidomycosis clinically resembling mycosis fungoides rather than true mycosis fungoides. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Note 2:** For mycosis fungoides of sites other than those above, use the appropriate site-specific schema. (cancer.gov)
  • Proceedings of the Workshop on Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas (Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome). (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The incidence of clinically apparent coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis in HIV+ individuals in highly endemic areas, although variable, has been found to be as high as 25 percent for each mycosis. (nih.gov)
  • The endemic mycoses blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever), and histoplasmosis are environmental fungal diseases that are frequently misdiagnosed. (cdc.gov)
  • Primary fungal laryngitis is commonly attributable to yeasts such as Candida , and Cryptococcus or fungi are known to cause endemic mycoses like Blastomyces, Paracoccidioides, and Coccidioides . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Blastomycosis , coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever), and histoplasmosis are the most prevalent endemic fungal diseases (mycoses) in North America. (medscape.com)
  • Even in areas where mycoses are known to be endemic, fungal diseases can often be overlooked, says Fariba Donovan, MD, PhD, assistant professor of medicine at the University of Arizona's Valley Fever Center for Excellence (VFCE) , in Tucson. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to the general lack of awareness, the Annals authors point out that endemic mycoses are not included on common laboratory diagnostic panels used for pneumonia patients. (medscape.com)
  • Serum antibody and urine antigen tests for the endemic mycoses are typically available only from certain laboratories, so providers need to be trained to order them. (medscape.com)
  • Endemic mycoses are also not specifically addressed in the professional guidelines for physicians to follow about CAP. (medscape.com)
  • For example, the 2019 joint guideline for community-acquired pneumonia from the American Thoracic Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America does not directly address the issue of when to suspect endemic mycoses. (medscape.com)
  • These endemic mycoses often infect nonhuman animals as well, so the authors recommend increased surveillance and reporting of veterinary infections, arguing that that could help determine current borders for endemicity maps. (medscape.com)
  • Gómez, BL 2014, ' Molecular diagnosis of endemic and invasive mycoses: Advances and challenges ', Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia , vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 35-41. (urosario.edu.co)
  • Mycoses: Diagnosis, Therapy and Prophylaxis of Fungal Diseases is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering mycology. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lack of data means lack of awareness among providers who may fail to consider mycoses in a differential diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • Similar efforts should be implemented for the diagnosis of the other mycoses in order to fully validate the current methods or reinforce the need to design new ones.This manuscript is part of the series of works presented at the "V International Workshop: Molecular genetic approaches to the study of human pathogenic fungi" (Oaxaca, Mexico, 2012). (urosario.edu.co)
  • In the case of mycosis, the disease appears when you suffer from weakness of the body due to another disease or stress. (sovetplus.com)
  • In addition to all this, in the case of mycosis, it is extremely prone to relapse. (sovetplus.com)
  • The most dangerous disease for all species of woody plants is vascular mycosis, caused by fungi which belong to various systematic groups - Ascomycotina and Deuteromycotina, in contemporary conditions of forestry intensification. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Mycoses in the human body are caused by a yeast fungus - a parasitic fungus belonging to the group of yeast fungi. (sovetplus.com)
  • THIS paper presents a compilation and brief discussion of superficial mycoses observed in three widely separated areas of the midwestern United States. (jamanetwork.com)
  • THE ASSOCIATION of lymphoblastomatous diseases with several varieties of superficial and deep mycoses has already been reported. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Mycoses : the black and white yeasts, Bras'ilia, D.F., Brazil, 6-8 June 1977. (who.int)
  • Herbs for mycosis in the treatment of infections will be a salvation for many of us, because this disease is extremely unpleasant, troublesome and affects a huge number of people. (sovetplus.com)
  • Among persons who died with pneumoconiosis, aspergillosis was the most common pulmonary mycosis. (cdc.gov)
  • This kind of underwear will allow your private parts to breathe and will prevent you from having recurrent mycosis. (babes-for-fun.com)
  • Lead author George R. Thompson III, MD, professor of medicine at the University of California, Davis, told Medscape Medical News in an email, "These mycoses are increasingly recognized outside of the traditional regions of endemicity. (medscape.com)
  • Ocular mycoses are being reported more frequently as a consequence of new medical practice and the increased numbers of immuno-compromised patients in the population, e.g., patients receiving radiation treatment or chemotherapy. (aston.ac.uk)
  • Overlooking mycoses leads to treatment delays, multiple unnecessary and potentially harmful courses of antibiotics, not to mention excess healthcare expenses and healthcare utilization. (medscape.com)
  • It is the ideal product for those who want to carry out a shock treatment on skin with psoriasis or mycosis. (erboristeriacomo.it)
  • Below is a list of common treatment options for mycosis. (sesamecare.com)
  • by International Symposium on Mycoses (1970: Washington, D.C. (who.int)
  • Vanbreuseghem, R 1970, Traitement des mycoses par les antibiotiques . (itg.be)
  • MODERN VACCINES FOR MYCOSES Release Date: March 6, 1998 PA NUMBER: PA-98-039 P.T. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases PURPOSE This program announcement (PA), Modern Vaccines for Mycoses, replaces PA-96-061, Modern Vaccines for Mycoses and Measles. (nih.gov)
  • Then candida multiply in it at a dizzying pace, causing numerous consequences - the growth of various forms of mycoses that occur in the body. (sovetplus.com)
  • Now let's move on to a discussion of the most common cases of mycosis and individual herbs that will allow you to deal once and for all with a specific type of mycosis that attacks your body. (sovetplus.com)
  • Each ratio was computed by dividing the proportion of mycosis deaths in 1 group by the corresponding measure in the comparison group. (cdc.gov)
  • At the 2019 meeting, we focused on highlighting the continuing problem of advanced HIV and the contribution of mycoses to AIDS deaths. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • AIDS-Related Mycoses: Updated Progress and Future Priorities (2019). (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Relevant projects for the mycoses could address one or more of the following objectives: o The identification of fungal antigens that generate a protective immune response. (nih.gov)