Nerve Tissue
Sciatic Nerve
Peripheral Nerves
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue
Optic Nerve
Organic Chemistry Phenomena
Propane
Optical Imaging
Nanofibers
Schwann Cells
Nerve Tissue Proteins
Tissue Scaffolds
Nerve Fibers
Spinal Cord
Immunohistochemistry
Nerve Block
Nerve Endings
Sural Nerve
Median Nerve
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Facial Nerve
Tibial Nerve
Ulnar Nerve
Neoplasms
Femoral Nerve
Spinal Nerves
Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous
Nerve Growth Factor
Trigeminal Nerve
Nerve Growth Factors
Neurons
Cells, Cultured
Phrenic Nerve
Radial Nerve
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerve Roots
Nerve Compression Syndromes
Ophthalmic Nerve
Mandibular Nerve
Neoplasms, Multiple Primary
Cochlear Nerve
Splanchnic Nerves
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Neoplasms, Second Primary
Neural Conduction
Optic Nerve Injuries
Cranial Nerve Neoplasms
Optic Nerve Diseases
Thoracic Nerves
Nerve Fibers, Myelinated
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous
Accessory Nerve
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Nerve Sheath Neoplasms
Facial Nerve Injuries
Abducens Nerve
Oculomotor Nerve
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms
Sympathetic Nervous System
Facial Nerve Diseases
Tumor spectrum in ARF-deficient mice. (1/41)
The p19ARF product of the INK4a/ARF locus is induced in response to potentially oncogenic hyperproliferative signals and activates p53 by interfering with its negative regulator, Mdm2. Mice lacking ARF are highly prone to tumor development, and in this study, 80% of these animals spontaneously developed tumors and died within their first year of life. Mice that were heterozygous for ARF also developed tumors after a longer latency, whereas their wild-type littermates did not. In heterozygotes, tumor formation was accompanied by loss of the residual ARF allele and/or lack of ARF mRNA expression, implying that ARF can act as a canonical "two-hit" tumor suppressor gene. Tumors occurred earlier in life in ARF-null animals that were neonatally irradiated or given dimethylbenzanthrene, and several animals treated with carcinogen simultaneously developed multiple forms of malignancy arising from distinct cell lineages. Although p53-null mice primarily develop lymphomas and fibrosarcomas, the frequency of these two tumor types was inverted in ARF-null animals, with undifferentiated sarcomas predominating in a 3:2 ratio; 28% of ARF-null animals developed carcinomas and tumors of the nervous system, which have been rarely observed in untreated p53-null mice. The longer latency of tumor formation in ARF-null versus p53-null mice, therefore, appears to enable a broader spectrum of tumors to emerge. (+info)Extramedullary plasmacytoma in a horse with ptyalism and dysphagia. (2/41)
A Clydesdale mare was examined for weight loss, inappetence, ptyalism, and dysphagia. The main abnormality revealed by serum biochemistry was a marked hyperglobulinemia, and protein electrophoresis revealed a monoclonal gammopathy in the gamma region. The urine was positive for Bence Jones proteins. These findings suggested a plasma cell tumor. The neoplasm could not be located with extensive antemortem examination. At postmortem, neoplastic cells morphologically compatible with plasma cells and positive for equine IgG with imunoperoxidase staining infiltrated the pericardium, mediastinal stromal tissues, adrenal glands, meninges, atrioventricular valves, aorta, abdominal and thoracic fat, and nerves, including the trigeminal nerve. The neoplastic cells invading the cranial nerves were responsible for many of the presenting signs. (+info)DeltaN-p73alpha accumulates in human neuroblastic tumors. (3/41)
Neuroblastic tumors (NTs), occurring in early childhood, display a wide spectrum of differentiation. Recurrent deletions involving the p73 locus are frequently observed in undifferentiated NTs. To address the question of the possible implication of p73 in neuroblastic differentiation, we investigated the status of the expression of this gene in a panel of differentiated and undifferentiated tumors. Although mutations were not found, p73 transcript profiles differed between undifferentiated and differentiated tumors. The frequency of the transcripts lacking exon 2 (species 1-3) appeared to be higher in undifferentiated than in differentiating and differentiated NTs. In contrast, products from using an alternate promoter (DeltaN-p73) were present in all NTs. In addition, only DeltaN-p73, but not full-length proteins, were detected by immunoblotting, suggesting a greater stability of N-truncated isoforms. Importantly, as in the adrenal medulla, most NTs showed p73-positive immunohistological staining with a cellular distribution and intensity varying according to the neuronal differentiation. Surprisingly, we observed redistribution of p73 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during neuroblastic differentiation. Our data suggest that, in undifferentiated NTs, a link may exist between the accumulation of DeltaN-p73alpha variants and the "nuclear exclusion" of p53. (+info)Id proteins at the cross-road of development and cancer. (4/41)
A large body of evidence has been accumulated that demonstrates dominant effects of Id proteins on different aspects of cellular growth. Generally, constitutive expression of Id not only blocks cell differentiation but also drives proliferation. In some settings, it is sufficient to render cells immortal or induce oncogenic transformation. The participation of Id proteins in advanced human malignancy, where they are frequently deregulated, has been dramatically bolstered by the recent discovery that Id exert pivotal contributions to many of the essential alterations that collectively dictate malignant growth. Relentless proliferation associated with self-sufficiency in growth signals and insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals, sustained neoangiogenesis, tissue invasiveness and migration capabilities of tumor cells all share dependency on the unlimited availability of Id proteins. It is remarkable that many of these features recapitulate those physiologically propelled by Id proteins to support normal development. We propose that the participation of Id in multiple fundamental traits of cancer may be the basis for unprecedented therapeutic opportunities. (+info)BRAF as a melanoma susceptibility candidate gene? (5/41)
A high frequency of activating BRAF somatic mutations have been identified recently in malignant melanoma and nevi indicating that BRAF activation could be an early and critical step in the initiation of melanocytic neoplasia. To determine whether BRAF mutations could be an earlier event occurring at the germline level, we screened the entire BRAF coding region for germline mutations in 80 independent melanoma-prone families or patients with multiple primary melanoma without a familial history. We identified 13 BRAF variants, 4 of which were silent mutations in coding regions and 9 nucleotide substitutions in introns. None of these BRAF variants segregated with melanoma in the 11 melanoma families studied. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the frequency of heterozygotes for BRAF variants between melanoma cases and controls when they were compared. Our data suggest that BRAF is unlikely to be a melanoma susceptibility gene. (+info)Induction and spontaneous regression of intense pulmonary neuroendocrine cell differentiation in a model of preneoplastic lung injury. (6/41)
Pulmonary neuroendocrine cell (PNEC) hyperplasia is associated with chronic lung diseases in humans, where it is thought to play a role in reparative responses to lung injury. To investigate the kinetics of strongly induced PNEC hyperplasia in an animal model, we exposed hamsters to a combination of hyperoxia (60% O2) and diethylnitrosamine (DEN) for up to 20 weeks. We thus demonstrate not only the induction but also spontaneous regression of intense PNEC differentiation and growth, which are much more intense than those observed with DEN alone. Lung tissues were immunostained for serotonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), calcitonin (CT), and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) (mammalian bombesin). Between 9 and 12 weeks of treatment, the number of CGRP- and serotonin-positive neuroepithelial bodies per cm airway epithelium increased over 10-fold, and CT became detectable. The number of neuroepithelial bodies immunostained for CGRP, serotonin, and CT peaked at 12-14 weeks of treatment, thereafter regressing to near-control levels by 20 weeks, in spite of continued DEN/O2 treatment. Simultaneously, by 6-7 weeks of treatment, there was a significant increase in the mean number of CGRP-positive cells per neuroepithelial body, which continued to rise up to double control levels, with a plateau at 13-20 weeks. GRP and pro-GRP immunostaining were not detectable at any time point. Polymerase chain reaction analyses of neuroendocrine-specific mRNAs demonstrated that CGRP, CT, and GRP mRNAs (normalized for beta-actin) peaked in lung tissues from most animals at 9-14 weeks after the beginning of DEN/O2 treatment, with decreased expression at 16-20 weeks. These data suggest that regulation of levels of these neuropeptides may be primarily transcriptional. This model may be a valuable system for analyzing mechanisms of induction and regression of normal PNEC differentiation and growth. (+info)Nitrosamine-induced lung carcinogenesis and Ca2+/calmodulin antagonists. (7/41)
This review summarizes recent data which implicate cell membrane receptors and their associated signal transduction pathways as molecular targets of tobacco-related lung carcinogenesis as well as therapy of such cancers. It is shown that the two nitrosamines N-nitrosodiethylamine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors in hamster lung. Binding of the nitrosamines as well as nicotine to this receptor stimulates proliferation of human lung carcinoid cells in vitro. These data suggest chronic stimulation of nicotinic receptors by nicotine and nitrosamines in smokers as one of the molecular events responsible for stimulation of neuroendocrine cell proliferation and ultimately the development of lung tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation. On the other hand, a selective antiproliferative effect of the dihydropyridine derivative B859-35 on neuroendocrine lung tumor cells in vivo and in vitro suggests the potential use of such agents as cancer therapeutics. The demonstrated inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin and protein kinase C by B859-35 as reported in other in vitro systems suggests interference with such elements of signal transduction pathways as the molecular mechanism of the observed antiproliferative effects. (+info)Intracranial tumors in children. An analysis of 2000 cases. (8/41)
Two thousand patients aged 15 years and below, who underwent surgical treatment for intracranial tumors in Beijing Tiantan Hospital from 1955 to 1989, were studied. All of the tumors in this series have been verified by operative findings and histological studies. This series accounts for 15.1% of all cases of intracranial tumors treated within the same period. The characteristics of the histological classifications, locations and clinical manifestations of the intracranial tumors in children are presented. Stresses are placed on the importance of making correct diagnoses in the early stage. Misdiagnoses had been made in 1/4 of the cases in this series before they came to our hospital, thus causing much delayed treatment in many of them. Malignant tumors make up a majority of intracranial tumors in children, and so the prognoses of intracranial tumors are poorer in children than in adults. The authors are of the opinion that adequate radiotherapy is needed after surgical intervention for many of the intracranial tumors. (+info)Nerve tissue, also known as neural tissue, is a type of specialized tissue that is responsible for the transmission of electrical signals and the processing of information in the body. It is a key component of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Nerve tissue is composed of two main types of cells: neurons and glial cells.
Neurons are the primary functional units of nerve tissue. They are specialized cells that are capable of generating and transmitting electrical signals, known as action potentials. Neurons have a unique structure, with a cell body (also called the soma) that contains the nucleus and other organelles, and processes (dendrites and axons) that extend from the cell body and are used to receive and transmit signals.
Glial cells, also known as neuroglia or glia, are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection for neurons. There are several different types of glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and Schwann cells. These cells play a variety of roles in the nervous system, such as providing structural support, maintaining the proper environment for neurons, and helping to repair and regenerate nerve tissue after injury.
Nerve tissue is found throughout the body, but it is most highly concentrated in the brain and spinal cord, which make up the central nervous system (CNS). The peripheral nerves, which are the nerves that extend from the CNS to the rest of the body, also contain nerve tissue. Nerve tissue is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain, controlling muscle movements, and regulating various bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration.
The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, running from the lower back through the buttocks and down the legs to the feet. It is formed by the union of the ventral rami (branches) of the L4 to S3 spinal nerves. The sciatic nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and skin areas in the lower limbs, including the hamstrings, calf muscles, and the sole of the foot. Sciatic nerve disorders or injuries can result in symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the lower back, hips, legs, and feet, known as sciatica.
Peripheral nerves are nerve fibers that transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS, consisting of the brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body. These nerves convey motor, sensory, and autonomic information, enabling us to move, feel, and respond to changes in our environment. They form a complex network that extends from the CNS to muscles, glands, skin, and internal organs, allowing for coordinated responses and functions throughout the body. Damage or injury to peripheral nerves can result in various neurological symptoms, such as numbness, weakness, or pain, depending on the type and severity of the damage.
Neoplasms of nerve tissue are abnormal growths or tumors that originate in the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant (cancerous) and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their location and size.
Benign nerve tissue neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. Examples include schwannomas, neurofibromas, and meningiomas. These tumors arise from the supporting cells of the nervous system, such as Schwann cells, which produce the myelin sheath that insulates nerve fibers.
Malignant nerve tissue neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. These tumors are less common than benign neoplasms and can be difficult to treat. Examples include glioblastoma multiforme, a highly aggressive brain cancer, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, which arise from the cells that surround peripheral nerves.
Symptoms of nerve tissue neoplasms can vary widely depending on their location and size. Some common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the limbs, difficulty with coordination or balance, and changes in vision, hearing, or speech. Treatment options for nerve tissue neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.
"Portulaca" is a botanical term that refers to a genus of plants commonly known as "purslanes." These are mostly annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs, often with succulent leaves and stems. They belong to the family Portulacaceae.
However, in a medical context, 'Portulaca' is not typically used as a medical term or diagnosis. If you're referring to a specific medical use or component of a purslane plant, please provide more context so I can give a more accurate response.
Nerve regeneration is the process of regrowth and restoration of functional nerve connections following damage or injury to the nervous system. This complex process involves various cellular and molecular events, such as the activation of support cells called glia, the sprouting of surviving nerve fibers (axons), and the reformation of neural circuits. The goal of nerve regeneration is to enable the restoration of normal sensory, motor, and autonomic functions impaired due to nerve damage or injury.
The optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, is the nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. It is composed of approximately one million nerve fibers that carry signals related to vision, such as light intensity and color, from the eye's photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) to the visual cortex in the brain. The optic nerve is responsible for carrying this visual information so that it can be processed and interpreted by the brain, allowing us to see and perceive our surroundings. Damage to the optic nerve can result in vision loss or impairment.
I believe there may be some confusion in your question as "Organic chemistry phenomena" is a broad term and not a medical definition. However, I can provide you with an explanation of organic chemistry phenomena in a general context.
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds, their synthesis, reactions, properties, and structures. The term "organic" was originally used to describe biological materials, but now it refers to any compound that contains carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms, except for some simple oxides, sulfides, and halides.
Organic chemistry phenomena encompass a wide range of processes and events related to organic compounds. These can include:
1. Structural properties: Understanding the arrangement of atoms in organic molecules and how they influence chemical behavior and reactivity.
2. Stereochemistry: The study of three-dimensional spatial arrangements of atoms in organic molecules, which can significantly impact their properties and biological activity.
3. Functional groups: Recognizing and understanding the behavior of specific groupings of atoms within organic molecules that determine their chemical reactivity.
4. Reaction mechanisms: Investigating and describing the step-by-step processes by which organic reactions occur, including the movement of electrons, formation and breaking of bonds, and energy changes.
5. Synthetic methodologies: Developing strategies and techniques for creating complex organic molecules from simpler precursors, often involving multiple steps and protecting group strategies.
6. Physical properties: Examining how factors such as molecular weight, polarity, solubility, and melting/boiling points affect the behavior of organic compounds in various conditions.
7. Spectroscopic analysis: Utilizing techniques like NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), IR (Infrared) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry to analyze the structure and composition of organic molecules.
8. Biochemistry and medicinal chemistry: Exploring how organic compounds interact with biological systems, including drug design, development, and delivery.
While not a medical definition per se, understanding organic chemistry phenomena is crucial for many areas within medicine, such as pharmaceutical research, toxicology, and biochemistry.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Propane" is not a medical term. It is a chemical compound commonly used as a fuel for heating, cooking, and engines. Propane is a gas at room temperature and pressure, but it can be liquefied under moderate pressure and stored in cylinders or tanks.
If you have any questions about a medical term or concept, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!
Optical imaging is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that uses light to capture images of internal structures and processes within the body. This method often involves the use of endoscopes, microscopes, or specialized cameras to visualize targeted areas, such as organs, tissues, or cells. Optical imaging can be used for various diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including monitoring disease progression, guiding surgical procedures, and studying biological functions at the cellular level. Different optical imaging techniques include reflectance imaging, fluorescence imaging, bioluminescence imaging, and optical coherence tomography (OCT).
In summary, optical imaging is a versatile and non-ionizing medical imaging technique that utilizes light to visualize internal body structures and processes for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Nanofibers are defined in the medical field as fibrous structures with extremely small diameters, typically measuring between 100 nanometers to 1 micrometer. They can be made from various materials such as polymers, ceramics, or composites and have a high surface area-to-volume ratio, which makes them useful in a variety of biomedical applications. These include tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing, and filtration. Nanofibers can be produced using different techniques such as electrospinning, self-assembly, and phase separation.
Schwann cells, also known as neurolemmocytes, are a type of glial cell that form the myelin sheath around peripheral nervous system (PNS) axons, allowing for the rapid and efficient transmission of nerve impulses. These cells play a crucial role in the maintenance and function of the PNS.
Schwann cells originate from the neural crest during embryonic development and migrate to the developing nerves. They wrap around the axons in a spiral fashion, forming multiple layers of myelin, which insulates the nerve fibers and increases the speed of electrical impulse transmission. Each Schwann cell is responsible for myelinating a single segment of an axon, with the gaps between these segments called nodes of Ranvier.
Schwann cells also provide structural support to the neurons and contribute to the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves by helping to guide the regrowth of axons to their targets. Additionally, Schwann cells can participate in immune responses within the PNS, such as releasing cytokines and chemokines to recruit immune cells during injury or infection.
Nerve tissue proteins are specialized proteins found in the nervous system that provide structural and functional support to nerve cells, also known as neurons. These proteins include:
1. Neurofilaments: These are type IV intermediate filaments that provide structural support to neurons and help maintain their shape and size. They are composed of three subunits - NFL (light), NFM (medium), and NFH (heavy).
2. Neuronal Cytoskeletal Proteins: These include tubulins, actins, and spectrins that provide structural support to the neuronal cytoskeleton and help maintain its integrity.
3. Neurotransmitter Receptors: These are specialized proteins located on the postsynaptic membrane of neurons that bind neurotransmitters released by presynaptic neurons, triggering a response in the target cell.
4. Ion Channels: These are transmembrane proteins that regulate the flow of ions across the neuronal membrane and play a crucial role in generating and transmitting electrical signals in neurons.
5. Signaling Proteins: These include enzymes, receptors, and adaptor proteins that mediate intracellular signaling pathways involved in neuronal development, differentiation, survival, and death.
6. Adhesion Proteins: These are cell surface proteins that mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, playing a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of neural circuits.
7. Extracellular Matrix Proteins: These include proteoglycans, laminins, and collagens that provide structural support to nerve tissue and regulate neuronal migration, differentiation, and survival.
Tissue scaffolds, also known as bioactive scaffolds or synthetic extracellular matrices, refer to three-dimensional structures that serve as templates for the growth and organization of cells in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. These scaffolds are designed to mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) found in biological tissues, providing a supportive environment for cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and migration.
Tissue scaffolds can be made from various materials, including naturally derived biopolymers (e.g., collagen, alginate, chitosan, hyaluronic acid), synthetic polymers (e.g., polycaprolactone, polylactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)), or a combination of both. The choice of material depends on the specific application and desired properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical strength, and porosity.
The primary functions of tissue scaffolds include:
1. Cell attachment: Providing surfaces for cells to adhere, spread, and form stable focal adhesions.
2. Mechanical support: Offering a structural framework that maintains the desired shape and mechanical properties of the engineered tissue.
3. Nutrient diffusion: Ensuring adequate transport of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the scaffold to support cell survival and function.
4. Guided tissue growth: Directing the organization and differentiation of cells through spatial cues and biochemical signals.
5. Biodegradation: Gradually degrading at a rate that matches tissue regeneration, allowing for the replacement of the scaffold with native ECM produced by the cells.
Tissue scaffolds have been used in various applications, such as wound healing, bone and cartilage repair, cardiovascular tissue engineering, and neural tissue regeneration. The design and fabrication of tissue scaffolds are critical aspects of tissue engineering, aiming to create functional substitutes for damaged or diseased tissues and organs.
Nerve fibers are specialized structures that constitute the long, slender processes (axons) of neurons (nerve cells). They are responsible for conducting electrical impulses, known as action potentials, away from the cell body and transmitting them to other neurons or effector organs such as muscles and glands. Nerve fibers are often surrounded by supportive cells called glial cells and are grouped together to form nerve bundles or nerves. These fibers can be myelinated (covered with a fatty insulating sheath called myelin) or unmyelinated, which influences the speed of impulse transmission.
An axon is a long, slender extension of a neuron (a type of nerve cell) that conducts electrical impulses (nerve impulses) away from the cell body to target cells, such as other neurons or muscle cells. Axons can vary in length from a few micrometers to over a meter long and are typically surrounded by a myelin sheath, which helps to insulate and protect the axon and allows for faster transmission of nerve impulses.
Axons play a critical role in the functioning of the nervous system, as they provide the means by which neurons communicate with one another and with other cells in the body. Damage to axons can result in serious neurological problems, such as those seen in spinal cord injuries or neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis.
The spinal cord is a major part of the nervous system, extending from the brainstem and continuing down to the lower back. It is a slender, tubular bundle of nerve fibers (axons) and support cells (glial cells) that carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord primarily serves as a conduit for motor information, which travels from the brain to the muscles, and sensory information, which travels from the body to the brain. It also contains neurons that can independently process and respond to information within the spinal cord without direct input from the brain.
The spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column (spine) and is divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each segment corresponds to a specific region of the body and gives rise to pairs of spinal nerves that exit through the intervertebral foramina at each level.
The spinal cord is responsible for several vital functions, including:
1. Reflexes: Simple reflex actions, such as the withdrawal reflex when touching a hot surface, are mediated by the spinal cord without involving the brain.
2. Muscle control: The spinal cord carries motor signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement and muscle tone regulation.
3. Sensory perception: The spinal cord transmits sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, and vibration, from the body to the brain for processing and awareness.
4. Autonomic functions: The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system originate in the thoracolumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord, respectively, controlling involuntary physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.
Damage to the spinal cord can result in various degrees of paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury, depending on the severity and location of the damage.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.
A nerve block is a medical procedure in which an anesthetic or neurolytic agent is injected near a specific nerve or bundle of nerves to block the transmission of pain signals from that area to the brain. This technique can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, such as identifying the source of pain, providing temporary or prolonged relief, or facilitating surgical procedures in the affected region.
The injection typically contains a local anesthetic like lidocaine or bupivacaine, which numbs the nerve, preventing it from transmitting pain signals. In some cases, steroids may also be added to reduce inflammation and provide longer-lasting relief. Depending on the type of nerve block and its intended use, the injection might be administered close to the spine (neuraxial blocks), at peripheral nerves (peripheral nerve blocks), or around the sympathetic nervous system (sympathetic nerve blocks).
While nerve blocks are generally safe, they can have side effects such as infection, bleeding, nerve damage, or in rare cases, systemic toxicity from the anesthetic agent. It is essential to consult with a qualified medical professional before undergoing this procedure to ensure proper evaluation, technique, and post-procedure care.
Nerve endings, also known as terminal branches or sensory receptors, are the specialized structures present at the termination point of nerve fibers (axons) that transmit electrical signals to and from the central nervous system (CNS). They primarily function in detecting changes in the external environment or internal body conditions and converting them into electrical impulses.
There are several types of nerve endings, including:
1. Free Nerve Endings: These are unencapsulated nerve endings that respond to various stimuli like temperature, pain, and touch. They are widely distributed throughout the body, especially in the skin, mucous membranes, and visceral organs.
2. Encapsulated Nerve Endings: These are wrapped by specialized connective tissue sheaths, which can modify their sensitivity to specific stimuli. Examples include Pacinian corpuscles (responsible for detecting deep pressure and vibration), Meissner's corpuscles (for light touch), Ruffini endings (for stretch and pressure), and Merkel cells (for sustained touch).
3. Specialised Nerve Endings: These are nerve endings that respond to specific stimuli, such as auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, and vestibular information. They include hair cells in the inner ear, photoreceptors in the retina, taste buds in the tongue, and olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity.
Nerve endings play a crucial role in relaying sensory information to the CNS for processing and initiating appropriate responses, such as reflex actions or conscious perception of the environment.
The sural nerve is a purely sensory peripheral nerve in the lower leg and foot. It provides sensation to the outer ( lateral) aspect of the little toe and the adjacent side of the fourth toe, as well as a small portion of the skin on the back of the leg between the ankle and knee joints.
The sural nerve is formed by the union of branches from the tibial and common fibular nerves (branches of the sciatic nerve) in the lower leg. It runs down the calf, behind the lateral malleolus (the bony prominence on the outside of the ankle), and into the foot.
The sural nerve is often used as a donor nerve during nerve grafting procedures due to its consistent anatomy and relatively low risk for morbidity at the donor site.
The median nerve is one of the major nerves in the human body, providing sensation and motor function to parts of the arm and hand. It originates from the brachial plexus, a network of nerves that arise from the spinal cord in the neck. The median nerve travels down the arm, passing through the cubital tunnel at the elbow, and continues into the forearm and hand.
In the hand, the median nerve supplies sensation to the palm side of the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and half of the ring finger. It also provides motor function to some of the muscles that control finger movements, allowing for flexion of the fingers and opposition of the thumb.
Damage to the median nerve can result in a condition called carpal tunnel syndrome, which is characterized by numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and fingers.
Pancreatic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the pancreas that can be benign or malignant. The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach that produces hormones and digestive enzymes. Pancreatic neoplasms can interfere with the normal functioning of the pancreas, leading to various health complications.
Benign pancreatic neoplasms are non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other parts of the body. They are usually removed through surgery to prevent any potential complications, such as blocking the bile duct or causing pain.
Malignant pancreatic neoplasms, also known as pancreatic cancer, are cancerous growths that can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and organs. They can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the liver, lungs, or bones. Pancreatic cancer is often aggressive and difficult to treat, with a poor prognosis.
There are several types of pancreatic neoplasms, including adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, and cystic neoplasms. The specific type of neoplasm is determined through various diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies, biopsies, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.
The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. Its functions include controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and secretomotor function to the lacrimal and salivary glands.
The facial nerve originates from the brainstem and exits the skull through the internal acoustic meatus. It then passes through the facial canal in the temporal bone before branching out to innervate various structures of the face. The main branches of the facial nerve include:
1. Temporal branch: Innervates the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi muscles responsible for eyebrow movements and eyelid closure.
2. Zygomatic branch: Supplies the muscles that elevate the upper lip and wrinkle the nose.
3. Buccal branch: Innervates the muscles of the cheek and lips, allowing for facial expressions such as smiling and puckering.
4. Mandibular branch: Controls the muscles responsible for lower lip movement and depressing the angle of the mouth.
5. Cervical branch: Innervates the platysma muscle in the neck, which helps to depress the lower jaw and wrinkle the skin of the neck.
Damage to the facial nerve can result in various symptoms, such as facial weakness or paralysis, loss of taste sensation, and dry eyes or mouth due to impaired secretion.
A nerve crush injury is a type of peripheral nerve injury that occurs when there is excessive pressure or compression applied to a nerve, causing it to become damaged or dysfunctional. This can happen due to various reasons such as trauma from accidents, surgical errors, or prolonged pressure on the nerve from tight casts, clothing, or positions.
The compression disrupts the normal functioning of the nerve, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or pain in the affected area. In severe cases, a nerve crush injury can cause permanent damage to the nerve, leading to long-term disability or loss of function. Treatment for nerve crush injuries typically involves relieving the pressure on the nerve, providing supportive care, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair the damaged nerve.
Peripheral nerve injuries refer to damage or trauma to the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves transmit information between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, including sensory, motor, and autonomic functions. Peripheral nerve injuries can result in various symptoms, depending on the type and severity of the injury, such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or paralysis in the affected area.
Peripheral nerve injuries are classified into three main categories based on the degree of damage:
1. Neuropraxia: This is the mildest form of nerve injury, where the nerve remains intact but its function is disrupted due to a local conduction block. The nerve fiber is damaged, but the supporting structures remain intact. Recovery usually occurs within 6-12 weeks without any residual deficits.
2. Axonotmesis: In this type of injury, there is damage to both the axons and the supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium). The nerve fibers are disrupted, but the connective tissue sheaths remain intact. Recovery can take several months or even up to a year, and it may be incomplete, with some residual deficits possible.
3. Neurotmesis: This is the most severe form of nerve injury, where there is complete disruption of the nerve fibers and supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium). Recovery is unlikely without surgical intervention, which may involve nerve grafting or repair.
Peripheral nerve injuries can be caused by various factors, including trauma, compression, stretching, lacerations, or chemical exposure. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the injury and may include conservative management, such as physical therapy and pain management, or surgical intervention for more severe cases.
The Tibial nerve is a major branch of the sciatic nerve that originates in the lower back and runs through the buttock and leg. It provides motor (nerve impulses that control muscle movement) and sensory (nerve impulses that convey information about touch, temperature, and pain) innervation to several muscles and skin regions in the lower limb.
More specifically, the Tibial nerve supplies the following structures:
1. Motor Innervation: The Tibial nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles in the back of the leg (posterior compartment), including the calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) and the small muscles in the foot (intrinsic muscles). These muscles are responsible for plantarflexion (pointing the foot downward) and inversion (turning the foot inward) of the foot.
2. Sensory Innervation: The Tibial nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin on the sole of the foot, as well as the heel and some parts of the lower leg.
The Tibial nerve travels down the leg, passing behind the knee and through the calf, where it eventually joins with the common fibular (peroneal) nerve to form the tibial-fibular trunk. This trunk then divides into several smaller nerves that innervate the foot's intrinsic muscles and skin.
Damage or injury to the Tibial nerve can result in various symptoms, such as weakness or paralysis of the calf and foot muscles, numbness or tingling sensations in the sole of the foot, and difficulty walking or standing on tiptoes.
The Ulnar nerve is one of the major nerves in the forearm and hand, which provides motor function to the majority of the intrinsic muscles of the hand (except for those innervated by the median nerve) and sensory innervation to the little finger and half of the ring finger. It originates from the brachial plexus, passes through the cubital tunnel at the elbow, and continues down the forearm, where it runs close to the ulna bone. The ulnar nerve then passes through the Guyon's canal in the wrist before branching out to innervate the hand muscles and provide sensation to the skin on the little finger and half of the ring finger.
Neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells or tissues in the body that serve no physiological function. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slow growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms are aggressive, invasive, and can metastasize to distant sites.
Neoplasms occur when there is a dysregulation in the normal process of cell division and differentiation, leading to uncontrolled growth and accumulation of cells. This can result from genetic mutations or other factors such as viral infections, environmental exposures, or hormonal imbalances.
Neoplasms can develop in any organ or tissue of the body and can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and type. Treatment options for neoplasms include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, among others.
The femoral nerve is a major nerve in the thigh region of the human body. It originates from the lumbar plexus, specifically from the ventral rami (anterior divisions) of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves (L2-L4). The femoral nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and areas in the lower limb.
Motor Innervation:
The femoral nerve is responsible for providing motor innervation to several muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh, including:
1. Iliacus muscle
2. Psoas major muscle
3. Quadriceps femoris muscle (consisting of four heads: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius)
These muscles are involved in hip flexion, knee extension, and stabilization of the hip joint.
Sensory Innervation:
The sensory distribution of the femoral nerve includes:
1. Anterior and medial aspects of the thigh
2. Skin over the anterior aspect of the knee and lower leg (via the saphenous nerve, a branch of the femoral nerve)
The saphenous nerve provides sensation to the skin on the inner side of the leg and foot, as well as the medial malleolus (the bony bump on the inside of the ankle).
In summary, the femoral nerve is a crucial component of the lumbar plexus that controls motor functions in the anterior thigh muscles and provides sensory innervation to the anterior and medial aspects of the thigh and lower leg.
Spinal nerves are the bundles of nerve fibers that transmit signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the human body, which can be divided into five regions: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each spinal nerve carries both sensory information (such as touch, temperature, and pain) from the periphery to the spinal cord, and motor information (such as muscle control) from the spinal cord to the muscles and other structures in the body. Spinal nerves also contain autonomic fibers that regulate involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure.
Neoplasms: Neoplasms refer to abnormal growths of tissue that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They occur when the normal control mechanisms that regulate cell growth and division are disrupted, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation.
Cystic Neoplasms: Cystic neoplasms are tumors that contain fluid-filled sacs or cysts. These tumors can be benign or malignant and can occur in various organs of the body, including the pancreas, ovary, and liver.
Mucinous Neoplasms: Mucinous neoplasms are a type of cystic neoplasm that is characterized by the production of mucin, a gel-like substance produced by certain types of cells. These tumors can occur in various organs, including the ovary, pancreas, and colon. Mucinous neoplasms can be benign or malignant, and malignant forms are often aggressive and have a poor prognosis.
Serous Neoplasms: Serous neoplasms are another type of cystic neoplasm that is characterized by the production of serous fluid, which is a thin, watery fluid. These tumors commonly occur in the ovary and can be benign or malignant. Malignant serous neoplasms are often aggressive and have a poor prognosis.
In summary, neoplasms refer to abnormal tissue growths that can be benign or malignant. Cystic neoplasms contain fluid-filled sacs and can occur in various organs of the body. Mucinous neoplasms produce a gel-like substance called mucin and can also occur in various organs, while serous neoplasms produce thin, watery fluid and commonly occur in the ovary. Both mucinous and serous neoplasms can be benign or malignant, with malignant forms often being aggressive and having a poor prognosis.
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) is a small secreted protein that is involved in the growth, maintenance, and survival of certain neurons (nerve cells). It was the first neurotrophin to be discovered and is essential for the development and function of the nervous system. NGF binds to specific receptors on the surface of nerve cells and helps to promote their differentiation, axonal growth, and synaptic plasticity. Additionally, NGF has been implicated in various physiological processes such as inflammation, immune response, and wound healing. Deficiencies or excesses of NGF have been linked to several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and pain conditions.
The trigeminal nerve, also known as the fifth cranial nerve or CNV, is a paired nerve that carries both sensory and motor information. It has three major branches: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3). The ophthalmic branch provides sensation to the forehead, eyes, and upper portion of the nose; the maxillary branch supplies sensation to the lower eyelid, cheek, nasal cavity, and upper lip; and the mandibular branch is responsible for sensation in the lower lip, chin, and parts of the oral cavity, as well as motor function to the muscles involved in chewing. The trigeminal nerve plays a crucial role in sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and pressure in the face and mouth, and it also contributes to biting, chewing, and swallowing functions.
Nerve Growth Factors (NGFs) are a family of proteins that play an essential role in the growth, maintenance, and survival of certain neurons (nerve cells). They were first discovered by Rita Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen in 1956. NGF is particularly crucial for the development and function of the peripheral nervous system, which connects the central nervous system to various organs and tissues throughout the body.
NGF supports the differentiation and survival of sympathetic and sensory neurons during embryonic development. In adults, NGF continues to regulate the maintenance and repair of these neurons, contributing to neuroplasticity – the brain's ability to adapt and change over time. Additionally, NGF has been implicated in pain transmission and modulation, as well as inflammatory responses.
Abnormal levels or dysfunctional NGF signaling have been associated with various medical conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's and Parkinson's), chronic pain disorders, and certain cancers (e.g., small cell lung cancer). Therefore, understanding the role of NGF in physiological and pathological processes may provide valuable insights into developing novel therapeutic strategies for these conditions.
Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.
"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.
Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.
It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.
The phrenic nerve is a motor nerve that originates from the cervical spine (C3-C5) and descends through the neck to reach the diaphragm, which is the primary muscle used for breathing. The main function of the phrenic nerve is to innervate the diaphragm and control its contraction and relaxation, thereby enabling respiration.
Damage or injury to the phrenic nerve can result in paralysis of the diaphragm, leading to difficulty breathing and potentially causing respiratory failure. Certain medical conditions, such as neuromuscular disorders, spinal cord injuries, and tumors, can affect the phrenic nerve and impair its function.
The Radial nerve is a major peripheral nerve in the human body that originates from the brachial plexus, which is a network of nerves formed by the union of the ventral rami (anterior divisions) of spinal nerves C5-T1. The radial nerve provides motor function to extensor muscles of the upper limb and sensation to parts of the skin on the back of the arm, forearm, and hand.
More specifically, the radial nerve supplies motor innervation to:
* Extensor muscles of the shoulder (e.g., teres minor, infraspinatus)
* Rotator cuff muscles
* Elbow joint stabilizers (e.g., lateral head of the triceps)
* Extensors of the wrist, fingers, and thumb
The radial nerve also provides sensory innervation to:
* Posterior aspect of the upper arm (from the lower third of the humerus to the elbow)
* Lateral forearm (from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the wrist)
* Dorsum of the hand (skin over the radial side of the dorsum, including the first web space)
Damage or injury to the radial nerve may result in various symptoms, such as weakness or paralysis of the extensor muscles, numbness or tingling sensations in the affected areas, and difficulty with extension movements of the wrist, fingers, and thumb. Common causes of radial nerve injuries include fractures of the humerus bone, compression during sleep or prolonged pressure on the nerve (e.g., from crutches), and entrapment syndromes like radial tunnel syndrome.
Cranial nerves are a set of twelve pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and skull, rather than the spinal cord. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory information (such as sight, smell, hearing, and taste) to the brain, as well as controlling various muscles in the head and neck (including those involved in chewing, swallowing, and eye movement). Each cranial nerve has a specific function and is named accordingly. For example, the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) transmits visual information from the eyes to the brain, while the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) controls parasympathetic functions in the body such as heart rate and digestion.
Spinal nerve roots are the initial parts of spinal nerves that emerge from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramen, which are small openings between each vertebra in the spine. These nerve roots carry motor, sensory, and autonomic fibers to and from specific regions of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerve roots in total, with 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal pair. Each root has a dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) ramus that branch off to form the peripheral nervous system. Irritation or compression of these nerve roots can result in pain, numbness, weakness, or loss of reflexes in the affected area.
Nerve compression syndromes refer to a group of conditions characterized by the pressure or irritation of a peripheral nerve, causing various symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the affected area. This compression can occur due to several reasons, including injury, repetitive motion, bone spurs, tumors, or swelling. Common examples of nerve compression syndromes include carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, radial nerve compression, and ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist or elbow. Treatment options may include physical therapy, splinting, medications, injections, or surgery, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.
The ophthalmic nerve, also known as the first cranial nerve or CN I, is a sensory nerve that primarily transmits information about vision, including light intensity and color, and sensation in the eye and surrounding areas. It is responsible for the sensory innervation of the upper eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea, iris, ciliary body, and nasal cavity. The ophthalmic nerve has three major branches: the lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, and nasociliary nerve. Damage to this nerve can result in various visual disturbances and loss of sensation in the affected areas.
Skin neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the skin that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They result from uncontrolled multiplication of skin cells, which can form various types of lesions. These growths may appear as lumps, bumps, sores, patches, or discolored areas on the skin.
Benign skin neoplasms include conditions such as moles, warts, and seborrheic keratoses, while malignant skin neoplasms are primarily classified into melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. These three types of cancerous skin growths are collectively known as non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer, while NMSCs tend to be less invasive but more common.
It's essential to monitor any changes in existing skin lesions or the appearance of new growths and consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment if needed.
The mandibular nerve is a branch of the trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve), which is responsible for sensations in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing. The mandibular nerve provides both sensory and motor innervation to the lower third of the face, below the eye and nose down to the chin.
More specifically, it carries sensory information from the lower teeth, lower lip, and parts of the oral cavity, as well as the skin over the jaw and chin. It also provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication (chewing), which include the masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles.
Damage to the mandibular nerve can result in numbness or loss of sensation in the lower face and mouth, as well as weakness or difficulty with chewing and biting.
Multiple primary neoplasms refer to the occurrence of more than one primary malignant tumor in an individual, where each tumor is unrelated to the other and originates from separate cells or organs. This differs from metastatic cancer, where a single malignancy spreads to multiple sites in the body. Multiple primary neoplasms can be synchronous (occurring at the same time) or metachronous (occurring at different times). The risk of developing multiple primary neoplasms increases with age and is associated with certain genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption.
The cochlear nerve, also known as the auditory nerve, is the sensory nerve that transmits sound signals from the inner ear to the brain. It consists of two parts: the outer spiral ganglion and the inner vestibular portion. The spiral ganglion contains the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons that receive input from hair cells in the cochlea, which is the snail-shaped organ in the inner ear responsible for hearing. These neurons then send their axons to form the cochlear nerve, which travels through the internal auditory meatus and synapses with neurons in the cochlear nuclei located in the brainstem.
Damage to the cochlear nerve can result in hearing loss or deafness, depending on the severity of the injury. Common causes of cochlear nerve damage include acoustic trauma, such as exposure to loud noises, viral infections, meningitis, and tumors affecting the nerve or surrounding structures. In some cases, cochlear nerve damage may be treated with hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive devices to help restore or improve hearing function.
The splanchnic nerves are a set of nerve fibers that originate from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and innervate various internal organs. They are responsible for carrying both sensory information, such as pain and temperature, from the organs to the brain, and motor signals, which control the function of the organs, from the brain to the organs.
There are several splanchnic nerves, including the greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves, as well as the lumbar splanchnic nerves. These nerves primarily innervate the autonomic nervous system, which controls the involuntary functions of the body, such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration.
The greater splanchnic nerve arises from the fifth to the ninth thoracic ganglia and passes through the diaphragm to reach the abdomen. It innervates the stomach, esophagus, liver, pancreas, and adrenal glands.
The lesser splanchnic nerve arises from the tenth and eleventh thoracic ganglia and innervates the upper part of the small intestine, the pancreas, and the adrenal glands.
The least splanchnic nerve arises from the twelfth thoracic ganglion and innervates the lower part of the small intestine and the colon.
The lumbar splanchnic nerves arise from the first three or four lumbar ganglia and innervate the lower parts of the colon, the rectum, and the reproductive organs.
Kidney neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the kidney tissues that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can originate from various types of kidney cells, including the renal tubules, glomeruli, and the renal pelvis.
Malignant kidney neoplasms are also known as kidney cancers, with renal cell carcinoma being the most common type. Benign kidney neoplasms include renal adenomas, oncocytomas, and angiomyolipomas. While benign neoplasms are generally not life-threatening, they can still cause problems if they grow large enough to compromise kidney function or if they undergo malignant transformation.
Early detection and appropriate management of kidney neoplasms are crucial for improving patient outcomes and overall prognosis. Regular medical check-ups, imaging studies, and urinalysis can help in the early identification of these growths, allowing for timely intervention and treatment.
The glossopharyngeal nerve, also known as the ninth cranial nerve (IX), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. It originates from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem and has several functions:
1. Sensory function: The glossopharyngeal nerve provides general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue, the tonsils, the back of the throat (pharynx), and the middle ear. It also carries taste sensations from the back one-third of the tongue.
2. Special visceral afferent function: The nerve transmits information about the stretch of the carotid artery and blood pressure to the brainstem.
3. Motor function: The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle, which helps elevate the pharynx during swallowing. It also provides parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland, stimulating saliva production.
4. Visceral afferent function: The glossopharyngeal nerve carries information about the condition of the internal organs in the thorax and abdomen to the brainstem.
Overall, the glossopharyngeal nerve plays a crucial role in swallowing, taste, saliva production, and monitoring blood pressure and heart rate.
A "second primary neoplasm" is a distinct, new cancer or malignancy that develops in a person who has already had a previous cancer. It is not a recurrence or metastasis of the original tumor, but rather an independent cancer that arises in a different location or organ system. The development of second primary neoplasms can be influenced by various factors such as genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, and previous treatments like chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
It is important to note that the definition of "second primary neoplasm" may vary slightly depending on the specific source or context. In general medical usage, it refers to a new, separate cancer; however, in some research or clinical settings, there might be more precise criteria for defining and diagnosing second primary neoplasms.
Neural conduction is the process by which electrical signals, known as action potentials, are transmitted along the axon of a neuron (nerve cell) to transmit information between different parts of the nervous system. This electrical impulse is generated by the movement of ions across the neuronal membrane, and it propagates down the length of the axon until it reaches the synapse, where it can then stimulate the release of neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons or target cells. The speed of neural conduction can vary depending on factors such as the diameter of the axon, the presence of myelin sheaths (which act as insulation and allow for faster conduction), and the temperature of the environment.
Optic nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma inflicted on the optic nerve, which is a crucial component of the visual system. The optic nerve transmits visual information from the retina to the brain, enabling us to see. Injuries to the optic nerve can result in various visual impairments, including partial or complete vision loss, decreased visual acuity, changes in color perception, and reduced field of view.
These injuries may occur due to several reasons, such as:
1. Direct trauma to the eye or head
2. Increased pressure inside the eye (glaucoma)
3. Optic neuritis, an inflammation of the optic nerve
4. Ischemia, or insufficient blood supply to the optic nerve
5. Compression from tumors or other space-occupying lesions
6. Intrinsic degenerative conditions affecting the optic nerve
7. Toxic exposure to certain chemicals or medications
Optic nerve injuries are diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, slit-lamp examination, dilated fundus exam, and additional diagnostic tests like optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual field testing. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and severity of the injury but may include medications, surgery, or vision rehabilitation.
Cranial nerve neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop within or near the cranial nerves. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory and motor information between the brain and various parts of the head, neck, and trunk. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, each with a specific function and location in the skull.
Cranial nerve neoplasms can be benign or malignant and may arise from the nerve itself (schwannoma, neurofibroma) or from surrounding tissues that invade the nerve (meningioma, epidermoid cyst). The growth of these tumors can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include:
* Facial weakness or numbness
* Double vision or other visual disturbances
* Hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Loss of smell or taste
* Uncontrollable eye movements or drooping eyelids
Treatment for cranial nerve neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and extent of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or complications.
Optic nerve diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as vision loss, decreased visual acuity, changes in color vision, and visual field defects. Examples of optic nerve diseases include optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve), glaucoma (damage to the optic nerve due to high eye pressure), optic nerve damage from trauma or injury, ischemic optic neuropathy (lack of blood flow to the optic nerve), and optic nerve tumors. Treatment for optic nerve diseases varies depending on the specific condition and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.
Thoracic nerves are the 12 paired nerves that originate from the thoracic segment (T1-T12) of the spinal cord. These nerves provide motor and sensory innervation to the trunk and abdomen, specifically to the muscles of the chest wall, the skin over the back and chest, and some parts of the abdomen. They also contribute to the formation of the sympathetic trunk, which is a part of the autonomic nervous system that regulates unconscious bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion. Each thoracic nerve emerges from the intervertebral foramen, a small opening between each vertebra, and splits into anterior and posterior branches to innervate the corresponding dermatomes and myotomes.
Myelinated nerve fibers are neuronal processes that are surrounded by a myelin sheath, a fatty insulating substance that is produced by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. This myelin sheath helps to increase the speed of electrical impulse transmission, also known as action potentials, along the nerve fiber. The myelin sheath has gaps called nodes of Ranvier where the electrical impulses can jump from one node to the next, which also contributes to the rapid conduction of signals. Myelinated nerve fibers are typically found in the peripheral nerves and the optic nerve, but not in the central nervous system (CNS) tracts that are located within the brain and spinal cord.
Thyroid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the thyroid gland, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can vary in size and may cause a noticeable lump or nodule in the neck. Thyroid neoplasms can also affect the function of the thyroid gland, leading to hormonal imbalances and related symptoms. The exact causes of thyroid neoplasms are not fully understood, but risk factors include radiation exposure, family history, and certain genetic conditions. It is important to note that most thyroid nodules are benign, but a proper medical evaluation is necessary to determine the nature of the growth and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
Adenocarcinoma, mucinous is a type of cancer that begins in the glandular cells that line certain organs and produce mucin, a substance that lubricates and protects tissues. This type of cancer is characterized by the presence of abundant pools of mucin within the tumor. It typically develops in organs such as the colon, rectum, lungs, pancreas, and ovaries.
Mucinous adenocarcinomas tend to have a distinct appearance under the microscope, with large pools of mucin pushing aside the cancer cells. They may also have a different clinical behavior compared to other types of adenocarcinomas, such as being more aggressive or having a worse prognosis in some cases.
It is important to note that while a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, mucinous can be serious, the prognosis and treatment options may vary depending on several factors, including the location of the cancer, the stage at which it was diagnosed, and the individual's overall health.
The accessory nerve, also known as the eleventh cranial nerve (XI), has both a cranial and spinal component. It primarily controls the function of certain muscles in the back of the neck and shoulder.
The cranial part arises from nuclei in the brainstem and innervates some of the muscles that help with head rotation, including the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The spinal root originates from nerve roots in the upper spinal cord (C1-C5), exits the spine, and joins the cranial part to form a single trunk. This trunk then innervates the trapezius muscle, which helps with shoulder movement and stability.
Damage to the accessory nerve can result in weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles, causing symptoms such as difficulty turning the head, weak shoulder shrugging, or winged scapula (a condition where the shoulder blade protrudes from the back).
Myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) are a group of rare, chronic blood cancers that originate from the abnormal proliferation or growth of one or more types of blood-forming cells in the bone marrow. These disorders result in an overproduction of mature but dysfunctional blood cells, which can lead to serious complications such as blood clots, bleeding, and organ damage.
There are several subtypes of MPDs, including:
1. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of mature granulocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow, leading to an increased number of these cells in the blood. CML is caused by a genetic mutation that results in the formation of the BCR-ABL fusion protein, which drives uncontrolled cell growth and division.
2. Polycythemia Vera (PV): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of all three types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets - in the bone marrow. This can lead to an increased risk of blood clots, bleeding, and enlargement of the spleen.
3. Essential Thrombocythemia (ET): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of platelets in the bone marrow, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and bleeding.
4. Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF): A disorder characterized by the replacement of normal bone marrow tissue with scar tissue, leading to impaired blood cell production and anemia, enlargement of the spleen, and increased risk of infections and bleeding.
5. Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia (CNL): A rare disorder characterized by the overproduction of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow, leading to an increased number of these cells in the blood. CNL can lead to an increased risk of infections and organ damage.
MPDs are typically treated with a combination of therapies, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation. The choice of treatment depends on several factors, including the subtype of MPD, the patient's age and overall health, and the presence of any comorbidities.
Nerve sheath neoplasms are a group of tumors that arise from the cells surrounding and supporting the nerves. These tumors can be benign or malignant and include schwannomas, neurofibromas, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). Schwannomas develop from the Schwann cells that produce the myelin sheath of the nerve, while neurofibromas arise from the nerve's supporting cells called fibroblasts. MPNSTs are cancerous tumors that can grow rapidly and invade surrounding tissues. Nerve sheath neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their location and size, including pain, numbness, weakness, or paralysis in the affected area.
Facial nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma inflicted on the facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII). This nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, eyelid movement, and taste sensation in the front two-thirds of the tongue.
There are two main types of facial nerve injuries:
1. Peripheral facial nerve injury: This type of injury occurs when damage affects the facial nerve outside the skull base, usually due to trauma from cuts, blunt force, or surgical procedures in the parotid gland or neck region. The injury may result in weakness or paralysis on one side of the face, known as Bell's palsy, and may also impact taste sensation and salivary function.
2. Central facial nerve injury: This type of injury occurs when damage affects the facial nerve within the skull base, often due to stroke, brain tumors, or traumatic brain injuries. Central facial nerve injuries typically result in weakness or paralysis only on the lower half of the face, as the upper motor neurons responsible for controlling the upper face receive innervation from both sides of the brain.
Treatment for facial nerve injuries depends on the severity and location of the damage. For mild to moderate injuries, physical therapy, protective eyewear, and medications like corticosteroids and antivirals may be prescribed. Severe cases might require surgical intervention, such as nerve grafts or muscle transfers, to restore function. In some instances, facial nerve injuries may heal on their own over time, particularly when the injury is mild and there is no ongoing compression or tension on the nerve.
Parotid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the parotid gland, which is the largest of the salivary glands and is located in front of the ear and extends down the neck. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Benign parotid neoplasms are typically slow-growing, painless masses that may cause facial asymmetry or difficulty in chewing or swallowing if they become large enough to compress surrounding structures. The most common type of benign parotid tumor is a pleomorphic adenoma.
Malignant parotid neoplasms, on the other hand, are more aggressive and can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. They may present as rapidly growing masses that are firm or fixed to surrounding structures. Common types of malignant parotid tumors include mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.
The diagnosis of parotid neoplasms typically involves a thorough clinical evaluation, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) to determine the nature of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the neoplasm but may include surgical excision, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
The abducens nerve, also known as the sixth cranial nerve (CN VI), is a motor nerve that controls the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. This muscle is responsible for moving the eye away from the midline (towards the temple) and enables the eyes to look towards the side while keeping them aligned. Any damage or dysfunction of the abducens nerve can result in strabismus, where the eyes are misaligned and point in different directions, specifically an adduction deficit, also known as abducens palsy or sixth nerve palsy.
The oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve (CN III), is a motor nerve that originates from the midbrain. It controls the majority of the eye muscles, including the levator palpebrae superioris muscle that raises the upper eyelid, and the extraocular muscles that enable various movements of the eye such as looking upward, downward, inward, and outward. Additionally, it carries parasympathetic fibers responsible for pupillary constriction and accommodation (focusing on near objects). Damage to this nerve can result in various ocular motor disorders, including strabismus, ptosis, and pupillary abnormalities.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) neoplasms refer to tumors that originate in the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These tumors can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors, such as schwannomas and neurofibromas, grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors, such as malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), can invade nearby tissues and may metastasize (spread) to other organs.
PNS neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their location and size. Common symptoms include pain, weakness, numbness, or tingling in the affected area. In some cases, PNS neoplasms may not cause any symptoms until they become quite large. Treatment options for PNS neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a part of the autonomic nervous system that operates largely below the level of consciousness, and it functions to produce appropriate physiological responses to perceived danger. It's often associated with the "fight or flight" response. The SNS uses nerve impulses to stimulate target organs, causing them to speed up (e.g., increased heart rate), prepare for action, or otherwise respond to stressful situations.
The sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stressful emotional or physical situations and it prepares the body for immediate actions. It dilates the pupils, increases heart rate and blood pressure, accelerates breathing, and slows down digestion. The primary neurotransmitter involved in this system is norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline).
Facial nerve diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the function of the facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve. This nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression, and it also carries sensory information from the taste buds in the front two-thirds of the tongue, and regulates saliva flow and tear production.
Facial nerve diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the specific location and extent of the nerve damage. Common symptoms include:
* Facial weakness or paralysis on one or both sides of the face
* Drooping of the eyelid and corner of the mouth
* Difficulty closing the eye or keeping it closed
* Changes in taste sensation or dryness of the mouth and eyes
* Abnormal sensitivity to sound (hyperacusis)
* Twitching or spasms of the facial muscles
Facial nerve diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
* Infections such as Bell's palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, and Lyme disease
* Trauma or injury to the face or skull
* Tumors that compress or invade the facial nerve
* Neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis or Guillain-Barre syndrome
* Genetic disorders such as Moebius syndrome or hemifacial microsomia
Treatment for facial nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the symptoms. In some cases, medication, physical therapy, or surgery may be necessary to restore function and relieve symptoms.
Neuroma
Nervous tissue
Victor Gomoiu
Eye neoplasm
Extramedullary hematopoiesis
Nerve sheath tumor
Oral mucosa
Adrenal medulla
Connective tissue
Index of biochemistry articles
Facial nerve paralysis
Lingual tonsils
Gemistocyte
Brain tumor
Parotidectomy
Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma
Benign tumor
Idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease
Granular cell tumor
Alveolar soft part sarcoma
Johanson-Blizzard syndrome
Radiation therapy
Thyroid cancer
Fibroma
Myxoid tumor
Schwannoma
Rhabdomyoblast
Human skin
Hoarse voice
Nodular fasciitis
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
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Tumors26
- As such, patients who present with glomus jugulare or carotid body tumors will be eligible for enrollment on study based on the clinical/scintigraphic presentation without tissue confirmation. (nih.gov)
- Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for tumors originating from nerve sheath tissue. (medscape.com)
- Peripheral neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs), otherwise known as Askin tumors are generally treated with en-bloc resection. (medscape.com)
- Numerous biologic markers have been identified for many tumors and will play a vital role in better identifying individual neoplasms so that treatment can be optimized. (medscape.com)
- 5. Lipoblastic nerve sheath tumors: report of a distinctive variant of neural soft tissue neoplasm with adipocytic differentiation. (nih.gov)
- many nerve tumors, including those that are commonly malignant, are nowadays referred to by other terms. (wikipedia.org)
- Although researchers have learned much from the study of this diverse group of tumors over the years, the diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland neoplasms remain complex and challenging problems for the head and neck surgeon. (medscape.com)
- Salivary gland neoplasms make up 6% of all head and neck tumors. (medscape.com)
- [ 4 , 5 ] ) Benign neoplasms occur more frequently in women than in men, but malignant tumors are distributed equally between the sexes. (medscape.com)
- Almost half of all submandibular gland neoplasms and most sublingual and minor salivary gland tumors are malignant. (medscape.com)
- Facial nerve dysfunction is a debilitating phenomenon that can occur in skullbase tumors and Bell's pals. (biomedcentral.com)
- Recovery of the facial nerve dysfunction after surgery for skullbase tumors can be disappointing, but is usually favorable in Bell's palsy. (biomedcentral.com)
- Tumors arising in this area can compress this nerve. (biomedcentral.com)
- Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are a group of rare and heterogeneous solid tumors of mesenchymal cell origin with distinct clinical and pathologic features [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
- There are more than 50 subtypes of STS, including leiomyosarcoma, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, liposarcomas, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) and liposarcomas (LPS) are chemoresistant and have few effective treatment options. (oncotarget.com)
- Using a comprehensive tissue microarray (TMA) of both benign and malignant tumors in primary, recurrent, and metastatic samples, we examined NY-ESO-1 expression in peripheral nerve sheath tumor (PNST) and adipocytic tumors. (oncotarget.com)
- Diagnostic Pathology of Tumors of Peripheral Nerve. (nih.gov)
- As they lose activity due to mutations, increased risk of development of osteosarcomas and many other tumors usually manifest as osteosarcomas and soft tissue sarcomas due to abnormalities in the p53 and MDM2 genes. (journalmeddbu.com)
- B. The TNM staging system classifies solid tumors by size and tissue involvement. (testbank.llc)
- The most common soft tissue diseases of the hand include ganglia, Dupuytren's disease, tumors, infections, and rheumatoid arthritis. (mclinic.de)
- Intracranial tumors, in particular meningiomas, in teenagers/young adults treated with radiation to the head as children for a first neoplasm and somatropin. (justtheinserts.com)
- Neoplasms, also known as tumors, are abnormal masses of tissue that form when cells divide uncontrollably. (ssjournals.com)
- Compression of the spinal cord and nerve roots by tumors of the cauda equina and the conus medullaris produces pain and progressive deterioration of neurologic function, including motor weakness, sensory deficits, and bowel and bladder dysfunction. (medscape.com)
- Tumors of the cauda equina and the conus medullaris are generally classified according to the tissue compartment in which the tumors are located. (medscape.com)
- Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. (edu.au)
Germ Cell and Embryonal3
- Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (sdsu.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal" by people in this website by year, and whether "Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (sdsu.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal" by people in Profiles. (sdsu.edu)
Tumor19
- plural: neuromata or neuromas) is a growth or tumor of nerve tissue. (wikipedia.org)
- Acoustic neuroma - a slow-growing, benign tumor of the acoustic nerve. (wikipedia.org)
- Ganglioneuroma - a tumor of the sympathetic nerve fibers arising from neural crest cells. (wikipedia.org)
- The word was originally used to refer to any nerve tumor, but its meaning has evolved. (wikipedia.org)
- Until recently, however, this method had limited utility because not enough volume of tissue or tumor could be safely heated. (nih.gov)
- A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. (musc.edu)
- We report a case of ES in the forearm presenting median nerve palsy as carpal tunnel syndrome clinically, and being treated by initial surgery in a form of radical resection of the bulk of tumor with finger flexors and median nerve as well. (hindawi.com)
- We describe the results of successful restoration of the finger flexors and median nerve function with multiple tendon transfers and nerve transfer from radial superficial cutaneous nerve branch after the radical resection of the tumor located in the forearm. (hindawi.com)
- The physical examination revealed an elastic hard tumor palpable in middle portion of his right forearm with remarkable Tinel's sign to the median nerve area. (hindawi.com)
- The most common tumor of the parotid gland is the pleomorphic adenoma , which represents about 60% of all parotid neoplasms, as seen in the table below. (medscape.com)
- Advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allow to visualize the facial nerve and its course in the cerebellopontine angle, also when a large tumor is present and compresses the nerve. (biomedcentral.com)
- The nerve is stretched around the tumor and cannot be discriminated easily from tumor tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
- A skullbase tumor can cause partial or complete facial nerve dysfunction. (biomedcentral.com)
- The dura was then incised and the intradural component of the tumor was also excised en bloc [ Figure 4 ]. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
- Studying the tissue will also help identify if the tumor is malignant. (usiad.org.tr)
- A brain tumor or intracranial neoplasm occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain. (biacolorado.org)
- Tumor mutation profile determined locally via a Sponsor-approved testing methodology, using tumor tissue (ideally from a progressing lesion) and/or ctDNA in plasma. (uci.edu)
- however, such complete resection is limited by a number of factors such as the tumor location with the central nervous system, invasion of underlying vital brain tissue, involvement of cranial nerves and invasion of dural sinuses. (clinicalschizophrenia.net)
- When papilledema occurs in one eye, it is due to the development of a tumor, known as an optic nerve glioma . (myvision.org)
Connective tissue2
- OBJECTIVES: To test whether soft tissue volume augmentation using a collagen matrix (VCMX) leads to noninferior results in terms of gain of mucosal thickness at single implant sites, compared to connective tissue grafts (SCTG). (bvsalud.org)
- They are not true neoplasms but hyperplastic proliferations of neuronal and connective tissue that occur in response to nerve injury [ 1 ]. (e-ultrasonography.org)
Intracranial5
- It is usually located in the intracranial nerves, however intrathoracic presentation is possible, leadings to compression of adjacent structures and symptoms. (journalcra.com)
- The subarachnoid space of the optic nerve is continuous with that of the intracranial contents. (clinicalgate.com)
- An elevation of intracranial pressure, therefore, is directly transmitted to the subarachnoid space surrounding the optic nerve and contained within its dural sheath. (clinicalgate.com)
- When the optic disc (part of the optic nerve within the eye) becomes swollen, it's due to increased pressure around and inside the brain or from intracranial hypertension (IH). (myvision.org)
- Therefore, increased pressure in and around the brain, known as increased intracranial pressure , leads to swelling of the optic discs, or the optical nerves inside the eyes. (myvision.org)
Tendon3
- Epithelioid sarcoma (ES) is a rare distinctive soft tissue neoplasm with a predilection for the distal part of extremities, more often in upper than lower extremities, involving the subcutaneous tissue, tendon and fascia, and more often occurring in young adults and in the male than female [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The top tendon on the muscle tissues. (osvilt.com)
- histopathological examination revealed infiltration of adipose tissue cells within the muscle belly and tendon sheath of the deep digital flexor muscle. (thieme-connect.com)
Soft tissues2
- Metastatic lesions may occur in the bones of the jaw, in soft tissues of the oral cavity, or in both osseous and soft tissues. (hasekidergisi.com)
- A perineurioma not associated with a nerve, arising from the soft tissues. (nih.gov)
Autonomic1
- A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. (edu.au)
Nervous System3
- This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves. (bvsalud.org)
- Mediala pterygoideus (bitmuskel, höjer mandibula, skjuter fram underkäken - som laterala) Rectus capitis posterior major (extension, ipsilat rotation, ipsilat lat.flex) Pectoralis minor (protraktion av scapula tillsammans med serratus anterior och ankare "Pain, the Tissues and the Nervous System: A conceptual model. (netlify.app)
- The optic nerve is continuous at one end with the retina and at the other end with the brain, making it vulnerable to a variety of both ocular and central nervous system (CNS) diseases. (clinicalgate.com)
Abnormal3
- The term is also used to refer to any swelling of a nerve, even in the absence of abnormal cell growth. (wikipedia.org)
- Alternatively, the optic nerve aplasia may result from abnormal invagination of the ventral fissure. (clinicalgate.com)
- Gynecomastia (abnormal non-cancerous enlargement of one or both breasts in males due to the growth of breast tissue as a result of a hormone imbalance between estrogens and androgens). (justtheinserts.com)
Salivary glands2
- Neoplasms that arise in the salivary glands are relatively rare, yet they represent a wide variety of both benign and malignant histologic subtypes as seen in the image below. (medscape.com)
- Among salivary gland neoplasms, 80% arise in the parotid glands, 10-15% arise in the submandibular glands, and the remainder arise in the sublingual and minor salivary glands. (medscape.com)
Subcutaneous tissue1
- Lipomas are common benign neoplasms originating from subcutaneous tissue adipocytes, with no tendency to metastasize. (thieme-connect.com)
Immunohistochemistry2
- Fine-needle aspiration of soft tissue perineurioma: A comparative analysis of cytomorphology and immunohistochemistry with benign and malignant mimics. (nih.gov)
- NLGN3 expression in glioma tissue was semi-quantitatively assessed by immunohistochemistry. (amsterdamumc.org)
Neurilemmoma1
- Method: Articles were selected by searching the Scopus, Scielo, PubMed and Web of Science databases using the Key words: schwannoma, neurinoma, neurilemmoma, nerve tissue neoplasm, thoracotomy, thoracoscopy and mediastinal neoplasms. (journalcra.com)
Neural1
- CALCIUM CHANNELS that are concentrated in neural tissue. (lookformedical.com)
Originate3
- C. Adenomas originate from glandular tissue. (testbank.llc)
- Carcinomas originate in epithelial tissue that lines internal and external body surfaces. (ssjournals.com)
- The conus medullaris forms the last portion of the spinal cord from which the axons of the distal nerve roots originate and where the spinal bowel and bladder centers are located. (medscape.com)
Distal2
- These are lesions that contain pancreatic tissue and may be found in the distal stomach, jejunum, and duodenum. (gastro.com)
- The cauda equina is the conglomeration of nerve roots of the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves distal to the conus area. (medscape.com)
Arise5
- Neuromas can arise from different types of nervous tissue, including the nerve fibers and their myelin sheath, as in the case of genuine neoplasms (growths) like ganglioneuromas and neurinomas. (wikipedia.org)
- neuromas generally arise from non-neuronal nerve tissues. (wikipedia.org)
- They arise from endocrine and nerve tissue. (gastro.com)
- Neoplasms arise when genetic mutations allow cells to evade normal regulatory signals that control cell growth and division. (ssjournals.com)
- However, because the spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column, nerves that arise from the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions of the spinal cord do not leave the vertebral column at the same level they exit the spinal cord. (otarbo.com)
Neuronal2
- The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. (lookformedical.com)
- LRRN1 (leucine-rich repeat neuronal protein-1) is a type I transmembrane protein that plays an important role in the process of nerve development and regeneration. (cancerindex.org)
Pathology1
- Infection, pathology, neoplasms. (osvilt.com)
Adipose1
- C3262 Neoplasm C118464 Adverse Events Terminology C C9306 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcoma A malignant neoplasm arising from muscle tissue, adipose tissue, blood vessels, fibrous tissue, or other supportive tissues excluding the bones. (nih.gov)
Schwannoma1
- Background: Schwannoma is a benign neoplasm derived from Schwann cells. (journalcra.com)
Carcinoma1
- Here, Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that TPX2 at both mRNA and protein levels was up-regulated in bladder carcinoma tissues compared to their paired adjacent normal tissues. (cancerindex.org)
Bone5
- Leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) has been showing to potentially promote bone and tissue regeneration during wound healing. (bvsalud.org)
- The amount of bone tissue in the problem region is increased, deteriorating the mobility of the joints, there is pain. (osvilt.com)
- Cervicogenic headache occurs on the basis of injury of the spine bone tissues or joints. (osvilt.com)
- For instance, cancer cells can build up in the bone marrow (the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made) and form a mass. (lls.org)
- Ewing's sarcoma - Rare cancer of bone and soft tissue in children and young adults. (ssjournals.com)
Surgical resection2
- Prognostic wise, the problem with grade II and grade III neoplasms is the high recurrence rate following surgical resection. (clinicalschizophrenia.net)
- In 1905, Cushing reported the first attempted surgical resection of an intramedullary spinal neoplasm. (medscape.com)
Fibers4
- Facial nerve, the 7th cranial nerve, is a mixed nerve composed of sensory and motor fibers, and its main branch is situated in the cerebellopontine angle. (biomedcentral.com)
- The facial nerve fibers are mixed with sensory, motor, and parasympathetic nerves (see Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
- This nucleus sends out the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nerve into the glossopharyngeal nerve, through its branch petrosal nerve to the auricular ganglion for cell replacement postganglionic fibers manage the secretion of the parotid gland. (biomedcentral.com)
- Nerve fibers descend from and ascend to the brain via the peripheral nerves. (medscape.com)
Lesion2
- Other presentations of facial nerve palsy, often unrelated to a mass lesion, can be infectious (Bell's palsy), myokymia, dyskinesia, and hemifacial spasm. (biomedcentral.com)
- Computed tomography revealed a contrast-enhanced soft tissue lesion in the posteromedial aspect of the left eyeball protruding into the retrobulbar region, and the optic nerve was suspected to be involved. (e-jvc.org)
Tendons3
- They are found in all nerve endings in joints, muscles and tendons, the Låt oss veta nedan om du vill få ett erbjudande om flygfrakt. (netlify.app)
- We use diagnostic suprascapular nerve block and/or very low doses of triamcinolone acetonide, sisted of a deltopectoral approach, stretching of the tendons of the pectoralis. (netlify.app)
- It also plays a role ▪️Discomfort and pain as the cyst presses on nearby tendons, nerves and joints. (netlify.app)
Epithelial1
- D. Neoplasms occurring in the epithelial cells are called carcinomas. (testbank.llc)
Optic nerve17
- Fundoscopy revealed a prominent black mass in the OS covering the optic nerve. (e-jvc.org)
- Ocular ultrasonography showed a 0.74 × 0.67 cm echogenic posterior segment mass around the optic nerve protruding into the retrobulbar space. (e-jvc.org)
- Histopathological examination revealed a central choroidal melanocytoma extending into the optic nerve. (e-jvc.org)
- This report presents a case involving a choroidal melanocytoma with optic nerve involvement that was diagnosed after enucleation and histopathological examinations. (e-jvc.org)
- I. The optic nerve is made up of a number of components ( Figs. 13.1 and 13.2 ). (clinicalgate.com)
- The myelinated orbital portion of the optic nerve can be considered more a tract of the brain than a true cranial nerve. (clinicalgate.com)
- All the CNS meningeal sheaths (dura, arachnoid, and pia) are present and surround the orbital portion of the optic nerve. (clinicalgate.com)
- the other minor source is the perineural plexus in the most anterior portions of the subarachnoid space surrounding the optic nerve. (clinicalgate.com)
- Normal optic nerve. (clinicalgate.com)
- A and B, Longitudinal sections (gross and microscopic, respectively) of the optic nerve (ON) show the intraocular (in the scleral canal) and retrobulbar portions of the ON. (clinicalgate.com)
- The optic nerve is approximately 30 mm long, longer than the distance from the back of the eye to the optic canal, and so takes a somewhat sinuous course through the posterior orbit. (clinicalgate.com)
- I. Aplasia of the optic nerve ( Fig. 13.3 ) is rare, especially in eyes without multiple congenital anomalies. (clinicalgate.com)
- Papilledema (Swelling of the Optic Nerve): Is It Dangerous? (myvision.org)
- To define papilledema, you first have to understand how it develops and affects the optic nerve. (myvision.org)
- The optic nerve represents the second cranial nerve (CN II). (myvision.org)
- Also called pseudopapilledema , optic disc edema happens when the optic nerve is damaged. (myvision.org)
- These are neoplasms that cause unilateral papilledema, and they affect the optic nerve sheath as well. (myvision.org)
MeSH1
- Deltagande i (#8 and (Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue[MeSH. (netlify.app)
Adipocytic1
- The LPS TMA included 48 well-differentiated/dedifferentiated (WD/DD) LPS, 13 myxoid/round cell LPS, 3 pleomorphic LPS, 8 lipomas, 1 myelolipoma, and 3 normal adipocytic tissue samples. (oncotarget.com)
DISEASES1
- The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Vascular1
- A benign, vascular neoplasm characterized by the formation of capillary-sized vascular channels. (nih.gov)
Occur1
- Traumatic neuromas are rare benign lesions that occur at the proximal end of a severed nerve [ 1 ]. (e-ultrasonography.org)
Peripheral nerve1
- a promising immunotherapy target in malignant peripheral nerve. (oncotarget.com)
Experimental1
- They have been used primarily in experimental studies in cell and tissue culture. (lookformedical.com)
Cancer2
- This study extended our findings in UC-associated colorectal cancer to include low-grade dysplasia (LGD) patients, testing whether our biomarker panel detects any UC-associated neoplasm. (nih.gov)
- Leiomyosarcoma - Cancer of smooth muscle tissue found in walls of organs like the stomach. (ssjournals.com)
Traumatic2
- In particular, traumatic neuroma results from trauma to a nerve, often during a surgical procedure. (wikipedia.org)
- Traumatic neuroma follows different forms of nerve injury (often as a result of surgery). (wikipedia.org)
Disorders2
- Therefore, tissue-selective calcium agonists have the potential to combat cardiac failure and endocrinological disorders. (lookformedical.com)
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is one of a group of disorders that cause damage to the peripheral nerves-the nerves that transmit information and signals from the brain and spinal cord to and from the rest of the body, as well as sensory information such as touch back to the spinal cord and brain. (iphoneart.com)
Cauda equina3
- The nerves at the end of the spinal cord (approximately just above the waist) are called cauda equina. (otarbo.com)
- When the Cauda Equina nerves become compressed or squashed they can stop functioning. (otarbo.com)
- The cauda equina contains a bundle of nerves which project distally within the enclosed cavity of the lumbar cistern from the spinal cord and conus medullaris toward the coccyx. (otarbo.com)
Cranial nerve2
- Facial nerve, the 7th cranial nerve (CN), is mainly situated in the cerebellopontine angle. (biomedcentral.com)
- The facial nerve nucleus is one of the cranial nerve nuclei. (biomedcentral.com)
Cancerous1
- Benign neoplasms are not cancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body. (ssjournals.com)
Brain5
- MRI can visualize facial nerve originating from the brain stem and during its course in the cerebellopontine cistern, towards the internal auditory canal. (biomedcentral.com)
- The bulging aneurysm can put pressure on a nerve or surrounding brain tissue. (biacolorado.org)
- This nerve relays visual details from the eyes to the brain. (myvision.org)
- If you have an infection that swells brain tissues or a neoplasm in the brain, it may develop into bilateral papilledema. (myvision.org)
- The spinal cord transmits information between the spinal cord and brain to the nerves and muscles. (medscape.com)
Carpal tunnel s2
- We report here a case of epithelioid sarcoma in the forearm of a 33-year-old male presenting with symptoms and signs of carpal tunnel syndrome originating from the direct involvement of the median nerve. (hindawi.com)
- Fluid retention manifested by edema, arthralgia, myalgia, nerve compression syndromes including carpal tunnel syndrome/paraesthesias. (justtheinserts.com)