Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.
PUROMYCIN derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring. It is an antibiotic with antineoplastic properties and can cause nephrosis.
A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.
A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.
The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.
A cinnamamido ADENOSINE found in STREPTOMYCES alboniger. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to RNA. It is an antineoplastic and antitrypanosomal agent and is used in research as an inhibitor of protein synthesis.
Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.
A nonsteroidal abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of PREGNANCY.
Highly differentiated epithelial cells of the visceral layer of BOWMAN CAPSULE of the KIDNEY. They are composed of a cell body with major CELL SURFACE EXTENSIONS and secondary fingerlike extensions called pedicels. They enwrap the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS capillaries with their cell surface extensions forming a filtration structure. The pedicels of neighboring podocytes interdigitate with each other leaving between them filtration slits that are bridged by an extracellular structure impermeable to large macromolecules called the slit diaphragm, and provide the last barrier to protein loss in the KIDNEY.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Detailed account or statement or formal record of data resulting from empirical inquiry.
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with administering those agencies and offices having programs pertaining to health and human services.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
Healthy People Programs are a set of health objectives to be used by governments, communities, professional organizations, and others to help develop programs to improve health. It builds on initiatives pursued over the past two decades beginning with the 1979 Surgeon General's Report, Healthy People, Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives, and Healthy People 2010. These established national health objectives and served as the basis for the development of state and community plans. These are administered by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP). Similar programs are conducted by other national governments.
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
All deaths reported in a given population.

Puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis results in a marked increase in fractional clearance of albumin. (1/199)

Puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis (PAN) results in a marked increase in the fractional clearance of albumin. The increase in the fractional clearance of [(3)H]albumin to approximately 0.045, as measured both in vivo and in the isolated perfused rat kidney (IPK) with PAN, occurs without an accompanying equivalent increase in glomerular capillary wall size selectivity as previously measured with dextrans. This is very similar to the marked increase in albuminuria seen with kidneys treated with inhibitors of endocytosis by the tubular epithelium, particularly lysine (T. M. Osicka, L. M. Pratt, and W. D. Comper. Nephrology 2: 199-212, 1996). The similarity is further established that, like in the presence of lysine, [(3)H]albumin excreted in urine from rats with PAN is essentially intact whereas, in both in vivo and IPK control experiments, excreted [(3)H]albumin is heavily degraded. The same observations have also been made for (3)H-labeled anionic horseradish peroxidase. These observations suggest that the significant albuminuria that occurs in PAN is primarily post-glomerular basement membrane in origin.  (+info)

Inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activation reduces cortical tubulointerstitial injury in proteinuric rats. (2/199)

BACKGROUND: Protein-induced chemokine expression in proximal tubular cells is mediated by the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB). We hypothesized that in vivo inhibition of renal NF-kappaB activation would reduce interstitial monocyte infiltration in a rat model of nonimmune proteinuric tubulointerstitial inflammation. METHODS: Male Wistar rats received a single intravenous injection of doxorubicin hydrochloride [adriamycin (ADR), 7.5 mg/kg] and were studied 7, 14, 21, and 28 days later. In a second study, inhibitors of NF-kappaB [N-acetylcysteine (NAC; 150 mg/kg, b.i.d., i.p.), pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 50 mg/kg, b. i.d., i.p.)] or vehicle were commenced on day 14 after the onset of proteinuria and were continued until day 30. RESULTS: Rats injected with ADR had increased proteinuria (UpV, day 28, 474 +/- 57; control, 18 +/- 2 mg/day; P < 0.01) and cortical tubulointerstitial injury [tubule cell atrophy, interstitial volume, and monocyte/macrophage (ED-1) infiltration]. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay of nuclear extracts from whole cortex of ADR rats demonstrated that NF-kappaB activation (p50/65, p50/c-Rel) increased from day 7 (4.7 +/- 0.2 fold-increase above control; P < 0.01) was maximal at day 28 (6.2 +/- 0.7; P < 0.01) and correlated with UpV (r = 0.63; P < 0.05) and interstitial ED-1 infiltration (r = 0.67; P < 0.01). Chronic treatment of ADR rats with PDTC suppressed NF-kappaB activation (by 73%; P < 0.05) without any effect on UpV. NF-kappaB inhibition with PDTC was accompanied by a reduction in tubule cell atrophy (59%; P < 0.01), interstitial volume (49%; P < 0.05) and ED-1 infiltration (48%; P < 0.01), and cortical lipid peroxidation (41%; P < 0.05) compared with vehicle-treated ADR rats. In contrast NAC had no effect on NF-kappaB activation, tubulointerstitial injury, or UpV in ADR rats. CONCLUSION: The activation of NF-kappaB may have an important role in mediating cortical interstitial monocyte infiltration and tubular injury in nonimmune proteinuric tubulointerstitial inflammation.  (+info)

Mortality from nephritis and nephrosis in the fibreglass manufacturing industry. (3/199)

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the question of whether there is an association between exposure to silica or respirable glass fibre and mortality from nephritis or nephrosis among workers in fibrous glass wool manufacturing facilities. METHODS: A case-control study with cases and controls derived from the Owens Corning mortality surveillance system. Two case-control analyses were carried out, one where the cases are defined with nephritis or nephrosis as the underlying cause of death and one where cases are defined as those where nephritis or nephrosis is either the underlying or a contributing cause of death. RESULTS: There is no consistent relation between respirable fibres or respirable silica and nephritis or nephrosis when the analysis is based either on underlying cause only or on underlying plus contributing cause of death. None of the sociodemographic variables considered suggests an increased risk when considering both underlying and contributing cause of death. CONCLUSIONS: These data would seem to support the contention that the most accurate picture of renal disease will be gained from the use of all information on the death certificate and not only the underlying cause. For these data, all odds ratios (ORs) for respirable fibres and silica based on both underlying and contributing cause of death are < 1 with the exception of the highest exposure to silica which is slightly > 1 (OR = 1.04). Although these results do not prove that there is no association between nephritis and nephrosis and exposure to fibreglass or silica in the fibreglass manufacturing environment, they do not support the assertion that such an association exists.  (+info)

Cloning and expression of the rat nephrin homolog. (4/199)

Despite of the increased availability of genetically modified mouse strains, the experimental models in the rat have provided the most widely employed and versatile models for the study of renal pathophysiology and functional genetics. The identification of the human gene mutated in the congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (NPHS1) has recently been reported, and its protein product has been termed nephrin. Here we report the molecular cloning and characterization of rat nephrin cDNA. Rat nephrin cDNA has an open reading frame of 3705 bp, shows 82% sequence identity with human nephrin cDNA, and shows characteristic rat-specific splicing variants. The translated nucleotide sequence has 89% sequence identity at the amino acid level. The signal sequence, glycosylation, and cysteine localization patterns are nearly identical to those of human nephrin. As in the human, the rat nephrin transcript is expressed in a tissue-restricted pattern. Antipeptide antibodies raised to the intracellular nephrin-specific domain identified immunoreactivity exclusively within the rat kidney glomerulus by indirect immunofluorescence. Initial results with semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed a remarkable down-regulation of nephrin-specific mRNA in the puromycin nephrosis of the rat.  (+info)

Stress-induced gastric lesion formation is prevented in rats with daunomycin-induced nephrosis. (5/199)

In the present study, we investigated the susceptibility to restraint plus water-immersion stress (RWIS) in rats with daunomycin-induced nephrosis in comparison to that in normal rats. The severity of RWIS-induced gastric lesions was significantly less in nephrotic rats on the 20th and 40th days after a single i.v. injection of daunomycin (12 mg/kg) than in the respective control rats. Acid secretion in pylorus-ligated rats significantly decreased under the 3-h stress. On the 20th day after treatment with daunomycin, acid secretion was significantly less in nephrotic rats than in control rats under both stress and unstressed conditions. Pretreatment of normal rats with methylene blue, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, or phenylephrine, a vasoconstrictor, significantly prevented the stress-induced gastric lesions and decreased acid secretion. N(omega)-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, prevented the stress-induced gastric lesion formation only. These results indicate that nephrotic rats are more resistant to RWIS-induced gastric lesions than normal rats. In addition, these results suggest that the decrease in acid secretion related to the decrease in the release of NO from endothelial cells may contribute, at least in part, to the prevention of the stress-induced gastric lesion formation in nephrotic rats.  (+info)

Reproductive function in male rats with chronic nephrosis. (6/199)

Endocrine dysfunction has been associated with renal diseases. The present study was conducted to explore reproductive function in male rats with chronic nephrosis. Experimental chronic nephrosis was induced by the administration of 7.5, 5.0 and 5.0 mg per 100 g body weight of puromycin aminonucleoside on days 0, 21 and 35, respectively. Reproductive function was evaluated on the basis of hormonal concentrations, mass of accessory sex organs and fertility during an 84 day period. Circulating LH, FSH, testosterone and oestradiol concentrations were measured by specific radioimmunoassays, while fertility was estimated by the rate of pregnancy induction. Samples were collected on days 7, 14, 28, 56 and 84. The results showed an important endocrine dysfunction characterized by low concentrations of LH and FSH during the first month, after which concentrations were similar to control values or even increased on days 56 and 84. Testosterone and oestradiol decreased significantly at all time points evaluated. The mass of the testes did not alter. However, the mass of the prostate and seminal vesicle decreased only during the first 2 weeks, and became essentially normal thereafter. The reproductive capacity of nephrotic males was eliminated on day 7, whereas on day 14, 16% of the group was able to mate successfully and subsequently most animals recovered their normal reproductive function. This study demonstrates for the first time that rats with experimental chronic nephrosis develop an important endocrine dysfunction, characterized mainly by persistent reduction in testosterone concentrations, which impairs reproductive capacity only transiently.  (+info)

Mercury induces regional and cell-specific stress protein expression in rat kidney. (7/199)

Cells respond to physiologic stress by enhancing the expression of specific stress proteins. Heat-shock proteins (hsps) and glucose-regulated proteins (grps) are members of a large superfamily of proteins collectively referred to as stress proteins. This particular stress-protein response has evolved as a cellular strategy to protect, repair, and chaperone other essential cellular proteins. The objective of this study was to evaluate the differential expression of four hsps in the renal cortex and medulla during experimental nephrotoxic injury using HgCl2. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received single injections of HgCl2 (0.25, 0.5, or 1 mg Hg/kg, i.v.). At 4, 8, 16, or 24 h after exposure, kidneys were removed and processed for histopathologic, immunoblot, and immunohistochemical analyses. Nephrosis was characterized as minimal or mild (cytoplasmic condensation, tubular epithelial degeneration, single cell necrosis) at the lower exposures, and progressed to moderate or severe (nuclear pyknosis, necrotic foci, sloughing of the epithelial casts into tubular lumens) at the highest exposures. Western blots of renal proteins were probed with monoclonal antibodies specific for 4 hsps. In whole kidney, Hg(II) induced a time- and dose-related accumulation of hsp72 and grp94. Accumulation of hsp72 was predominantly localized in the cortex and not medulla, while grp94 accumulated primarily in the medulla but not cortex. The high, constitutive expression of hsp73 did not change as a result of Hg(II) exposure, and it was equally localized in cortex and medulla. Hsp90 was not detected in kidneys of control or Hg-treated rats. Since hsp72 has been shown involved in cellular repair and recovery, and since Hg(II) damage occurs primarily in cortex, we investigated the cell-specific expression of this hsp. Hsp72 accumulated primarily in undamaged distal convoluted tubule epithelia, with less accumulation in undamaged proximal convoluted-tubule epithelia. These results demonstrate that expression of specific stress proteins in rat kidney exhibits regional heterogeneity in response to Hg(II) exposure, and a positive correlation exists between accumulation of some stress proteins and acute renal cell injury. While the role of accumulation of hsps and other stress proteins in vivo prior to or concurrent with nephrotoxicity remains to be completely understood, these stress proteins may be part of a cellular defense response to nephrotoxicants. Conversely, renal tubular epithelial cells that do not or are unable to express stress proteins, such as hsp72, may be more susceptible to nephrotoxicity.  (+info)

Chronic angiotensin II infusion but not bradykinin blockade abolishes the antiproteinuric response to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in established adriamycin nephrosis. (8/199)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition reduces proteinuria in established adriamycin nephrosis. To investigate whether the reduction in proteinuria is due to decreased generation of angiotensin II (AngII) or to decreased degradation of bradykinin, four series of experiments in established adriamycin nephrosis were performed. In the first series, 2 mg/kg lisinopril reduced BP from 117 +/- 4 to 67 +/- 2 mmHg and proteinuria from 335 +/- 66 to 57 +/- 10 mg/24 h after 2 wk of treatment. Subsequent continuous intraperitoneal infusion of AngII (250 ng/kg per min) for 2 wk partially restored proteinuria to 180 +/- 42 mg/24 h, whereas BP increased to 97 +/- 3 mmHg. Subsequent withdrawal of AngII restored the antiproteinuric effects of lisinopril, whereas subsequent withdrawal of lisinopril restored proteinuria to pretreatment values. In the second series, AT1 receptor blockade induced a fall in BP and proteinuria similar to that by lisinopril. In the third series, lisinopril reduced BP from 121 +/- 5 to 68 +/- 2 mmHg and proteinuria from 355 +/- 90 to 101 +/- 10 mg/24 h. Subsequent intraperitoneal infusion of bradykinin antagonist (HOE 140; 1 mg/kg per 24 h) for 2 wk did not affect BP (72 +/- 2 mmHg) or proteinuria (92 +/- 15 mg/24 h). In the fourth series, bradykinin (3 mg/kg per 24 h) was infused for 2 wk to mimic decreased bradykinin breakdown. This did not affect proteinuria, but induced a fall in BP from 114 +/- 3 to 93 +/- 4 mmHg. The BP-lowering effect of exogenous bradykinin was completely reversed by 1 wk infusion of HOE 140 (93 +/- 4 to 113 +/- 4 mmHg), while proteinuria remained unchanged. In conclusion, the antiproteinuric effect of ACE inhibition appears to be independent of bradykinin in this model, supporting a main role for reduction of AngII in the antiproteinuric action of ACE inhibition.  (+info)

Nephrosis is an older term that was used to describe a group of kidney diseases, primarily characterized by the damage and loss of function in the glomeruli - the tiny filtering units within the kidneys. This results in the leakage of large amounts of protein (primarily albumin) into the urine, a condition known as proteinuria.

The term "nephrosis" was often used interchangeably with "minimal change nephropathy," which is a specific type of kidney disorder that demonstrates little to no changes in the glomeruli under a microscope, despite significant protein leakage. However, current medical terminology and classifications prefer the use of more precise terms to describe various kidney diseases, such as minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, or membranous nephropathy, among others.

It is important to consult with a healthcare professional or refer to updated medical resources for accurate and current information regarding kidney diseases and their specific diagnoses.

Puromycin aminonucleoside is not a medical condition, but rather a laboratory reagent used in research. It is a synthetic antibiotic and analogue of the amino acid tyrosine, which specifically inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells by interacting with the peptidyl transferase center of the 60S ribosomal subunit. This compound has been widely used as a tool to study various cellular processes, including programmed cell death (apoptosis), autophagy, and lysosome biogenesis. Prolonged exposure to puromycin aminonucleoside can induce cytopathic effects, such as vacuolization and detachment of cells, which are often used as markers for its effectiveness in inhibiting protein synthesis.

Lipoid nephrosis is a historical term for a kidney disorder now more commonly referred to as minimal change disease (MCD). It is a type of glomerulonephritis which is characterized by the loss of proteins in the urine (proteinuria) due to damage to the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units within the kidneys.

The term "lipoid" refers to the presence of lipids or fats in the glomeruli, which can be observed under a microscope. However, it's worth noting that not all cases of MCD involve lipid accumulation in the glomeruli.

MCD is typically idiopathic, meaning its cause is unknown, but it can also occur as a secondary condition related to other medical disorders such as allergies, infections, or medications. It primarily affects children, but can also occur in adults. Treatment usually involves corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive therapies to control proteinuria and prevent kidney damage.

Nephrotic syndrome is a group of symptoms that indicate kidney damage, specifically damage to the glomeruli—the tiny blood vessel clusters in the kidneys that filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. The main features of nephrotic syndrome are:

1. Proteinuria (excess protein in urine): Large amounts of a protein called albumin leak into the urine due to damaged glomeruli, which can't properly filter proteins. This leads to low levels of albumin in the blood, causing fluid buildup and swelling.
2. Hypoalbuminemia (low blood albumin levels): As albumin leaks into the urine, the concentration of albumin in the blood decreases, leading to hypoalbuminemia. This can cause edema (swelling), particularly in the legs, ankles, and feet.
3. Edema (fluid retention and swelling): With low levels of albumin in the blood, fluids move into the surrounding tissues, causing swelling or puffiness. The swelling is most noticeable around the eyes, face, hands, feet, and abdomen.
4. Hyperlipidemia (high lipid/cholesterol levels): The kidneys play a role in regulating lipid metabolism. Damage to the glomeruli can lead to increased lipid production and high cholesterol levels in the blood.

Nephrotic syndrome can result from various underlying kidney diseases, such as minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to control inflammation, manage high blood pressure, and reduce proteinuria. In some cases, dietary modifications and lifestyle changes are also recommended.

A kidney glomerulus is a functional unit in the nephron of the kidney. It is a tuft of capillaries enclosed within a structure called Bowman's capsule, which filters waste and excess fluids from the blood. The glomerulus receives blood from an afferent arteriole and drains into an efferent arteriole.

The process of filtration in the glomerulus is called ultrafiltration, where the pressure within the glomerular capillaries drives plasma fluid and small molecules (such as ions, glucose, amino acids, and waste products) through the filtration membrane into the Bowman's space. Larger molecules, like proteins and blood cells, are retained in the blood due to their larger size. The filtrate then continues down the nephron for further processing, eventually forming urine.

Proteinuria is a medical term that refers to the presence of excess proteins, particularly albumin, in the urine. Under normal circumstances, only small amounts of proteins should be found in the urine because the majority of proteins are too large to pass through the glomeruli, which are the filtering units of the kidneys.

However, when the glomeruli become damaged or diseased, they may allow larger molecules such as proteins to leak into the urine. Persistent proteinuria is often a sign of kidney disease and can indicate damage to the glomeruli. It is usually detected through a routine urinalysis and may be confirmed with further testing.

The severity of proteinuria can vary, and it can be a symptom of various underlying conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and other kidney diseases. Treatment for proteinuria depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to control blood pressure, manage diabetes, or reduce protein loss in the urine.

Hemoglobinuria is a medical condition characterized by the presence of hemoglobin in the urine. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Normally, when red blood cells die, they are broken down and their hemoglobin is recycled. However, in certain conditions such as intravascular hemolysis (the destruction of red blood cells inside blood vessels), hemoglobin can be released into the bloodstream and then filtered by the kidneys into the urine.

Hemoglobinuria can be a symptom of various underlying medical conditions, including hemolytic anemias, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), severe infections, snake bites, and exposure to certain toxins or medications. It is important to identify the underlying cause of hemoglobinuria, as treatment will depend on the specific condition.

In some cases, hemoglobinuria can lead to kidney damage due to the toxic effects of free hemoglobin on the renal tubules. This can result in acute or chronic kidney injury, and in severe cases, it may require dialysis or transplantation.

Puromycin is an antibiotic and antiviral protein synthesis inhibitor. It works by being incorporated into the growing peptide chain during translation, causing premature termination and release of the incomplete polypeptide. This results in the inhibition of protein synthesis and ultimately leads to cell death. In research, puromycin is often used as a selective agent in cell culture to kill cells that have not been transfected with a plasmid containing a resistance gene for puromycin.

Citrinin is a mycotoxin, which is a toxic compound produced by certain types of fungi. It is commonly produced by Penicillium citrinum and Aspergillus terreus. Citrinin has been found to contaminate various food and feed commodities, including cereals, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.

Clinically, citrinin exposure can cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals, including nephrotoxicity (kidney damage), hepatotoxicity (liver damage), genotoxicity (damage to DNA), and immunotoxicity (suppression of the immune system). Symptoms of citrinin poisoning may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, increased urination, and kidney failure.

It is important to note that citrinin contamination in food and feed can be minimized through proper storage, handling, and processing practices. Additionally, regulatory limits have been established in many countries to control the levels of citrinin in food and feed.

Carboprost is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2α, which is a naturally occurring hormone-like substance in the body. It is primarily used as a medical treatment to induce labor or to manage postpartum hemorrhage (severe bleeding after childbirth) due to uterine atony (failure of the uterus to contract).

Carboprost works by causing strong contractions of the uterus, which can help to promote labor or reduce excessive bleeding. It is administered intramuscularly (injected into a muscle) and its effects are usually seen within a few minutes after injection. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever.

It's important to note that Carboprost should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can have serious side effects if not used properly.

Podocytes are specialized cells that make up the visceral epithelial layer of the glomerular basement membrane in the kidney. They have long, interdigitating foot processes that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus and play a crucial role in maintaining the filtration barrier of the kidney. The slit diaphragms between the foot processes allow for the passage of small molecules while retaining larger proteins in the bloodstream. Podocytes also contribute to the maintenance and regulation of the glomerular filtration rate, making them essential for normal renal function. Damage or loss of podocytes can lead to proteinuria and kidney disease.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

A "Research Report" in the medical context is a comprehensive and systematic documentation of the entire process, findings, and conclusions of a scientific research study. It typically includes an abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections. The report may also contain information about the funding sources, potential conflicts of interest, and ethical considerations related to the research. The purpose of a research report is to allow other researchers to critically evaluate the study, replicate its findings, and build upon its knowledge. It should adhere to strict standards of scientific reporting and be written in a clear, concise, and objective manner.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is not a medical term per se, but it is a government organization that oversees and provides funding for many public health initiatives, services, and institutions in the United States. Here's a brief definition:

The HHS is a cabinet-level department in the US federal government responsible for protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services. It achieves this by promoting effective and efficient delivery of high-quality healthcare, conducting critical medical research through its agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and enforcing public health laws and regulations, including those related to food safety, through its agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Additionally, HHS oversees the Medicare and Medicaid programs, which provide healthcare coverage for millions of elderly, disabled, and low-income Americans.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

The "Healthy People" programs are a set of initiatives and objectives established by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP), which is part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). These programs aim to improve the health of all Americans over the course of a decade by setting evidence-based national goals and objectives for promoting physical, mental, and social well-being, as well as preventing disease, injury, and premature death.

The "Healthy People" programs are not a medical definition per se, but rather a set of public health initiatives that provide a framework for improving the health of the population. The program's goals and objectives cover a wide range of topics, including:

* Physical activity
* Nutrition
* Tobacco use
* Alcohol and drug abuse
* Mental health
* Sexual health
* Injury prevention
* Environmental health
* Access to healthcare

The "Healthy People" programs are updated every 10 years, with the most recent iteration being Healthy People 2030. These programs serve as a roadmap for policymakers, healthcare providers, and communities to work together to improve the health of the nation.

Neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells or tissues in the body that serve no physiological function. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slow growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms are aggressive, invasive, and can metastasize to distant sites.

Neoplasms occur when there is a dysregulation in the normal process of cell division and differentiation, leading to uncontrolled growth and accumulation of cells. This can result from genetic mutations or other factors such as viral infections, environmental exposures, or hormonal imbalances.

Neoplasms can develop in any organ or tissue of the body and can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and type. Treatment options for neoplasms include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, among others.

Mortality, in medical terms, refers to the state or condition of being mortal; the quality or fact of being subject to death. It is often used in reference to the mortality rate, which is the number of deaths in a specific population, divided by the size of that population, per a given time period. This can be used as a measure of the risk of death among a population.

Types of nephrosis include amyloid nephrosis and osmotic nephrosis.[citation needed] Elsevier, Dorland's Illustrated Medical ... Nephrosis is characterized by a set of signs called the nephrotic syndrome. Nephrosis can be a primary disorder or can be ... Nephrosis is any of various forms of kidney disease (nephropathy). In an old and broad sense of the term, it is any nephropathy ... Nephrosis at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) "WHO Disease and injury country estimates". ...
... refers to structural changes that occur at the cellular level in the human kidney. Cells, primarily of the ... Osmotic nephrosis is usually reversible but can lead to chronic kidney failure.[citation needed] Dickenmann M, Oettl T, & ... 2008) Osmotic nephrosis: Acute kidney injury with accumulation of proximal tubular lysosomes due to administration of exogenous ... Image of osmotic nephrosis histopathologic finding (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, All ...
According to the CDC, nephritis/nephrosis/nephritic syndrome was the 9th leading cause of death in the United States in 2017. ... "Acute Nephritis; Nephrosis; Nephritic syndrome information. Patient , Patient". Patient. Retrieved 2015-10-27. Ferri, Fred F. ( ...
Keto Acids - Advances in Research and Application 2013 Edition p.220e "Acute Nephritis; Nephrosis; Nephritic syndrome ...
"Nephrosis (Nephrotic Syndrome)". Cancer Therapy Advisor. 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2020-12-17. Gansevoort RT, Navis GJ, Wapstra FH ... Glomerulonephrosis is a non-inflammatory disease of the kidney (nephrosis) presenting primarily in the glomerulus (a ...
Here, phalloidin causes nephrosis. The properties of phalloidin make it a useful tool for investigating the distribution of F- ...
"Protein metabolism in nephrosis." Master's thesis, University of Cincinnati, 1933. "Area Students Awarded Degrees". The Winona ... "Protein Metabolism in Nephrosis" (1933). In 1976, she was awarded a doctor of science degree by Drexel University. Hogden ...
Fajers, Carl-Mabtin (2009). "Experimental Studies in Cholemic Nephrosis". Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica. 41 ( ...
"Forty Years of Nephrosis in Childhood". Archives of Disease in Childhood. BMJ Publishing Group. 35 (180): 115-126. doi:10.1136/ ...
Barakat AY, D'Albora JB, Martin MM, Jose PA (July 1977). "Familial nephrosis, nerve deafness, and hypoparathyroidism". J. ...
1955 Addis Medal, National Nephrosis Foundation. 1955 John Phillips Memorial Award, American College of Physicians. 1956 ...
Nephrosis is non-inflammatory kidney disease. Nephritis and nephrosis can give rise to nephritic syndrome and nephrotic ...
Nephrosis is non-inflammatory kidney disease. Nephritis and nephrosis can give rise to nephritic syndrome and nephrotic ...
In 1977, Barakat and co-authors J.B. D'Albora, M.M. Martin, and P.A. Jose described four siblings with familial nephrosis, ... Barakat, A.Y.; D'Albora, J.B.; Martin, M.M.; Jose, P.A. (1 July 1977). "Familial nephrosis, nerve deafness, and ...
CD151 Nephrosis, congenital, with or without ocular abnormalities; 609049; LAMB2 Nephrotic syndrome, type 1; 256300; NPHS1 ...
"Entrez Gene: NPHS1 nephrosis 1, congenital, Finnish type (nephrin)". Wagner N, Morrison H, Pagnotta S, Michiels JF, Schwab Y, ...
"Entrez Gene: NPHS2 Nephrosis 2, idiopathic, steroid-resistant (podocin)". Schwarz K, Simons M, Reiser J, Saleem MA, Faul C, ... to chromosome 1q25-q31 in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome confirms a distinct entity of autosomal recessive nephrosis". Hum Mol ...
Opitz, J.M. (1962). Trans XII Nephrosis Conf (Conf on the Kidney): Hereditary hematuria. Chicago: University of Chicago press. ...
The symptoms of poisoning in animals include blood urine and nephrosis. The plant has been used as an herbal medicine for ...
The patient should restrict salt intake to improve the hypertension and nephrosis. Protein restriction may reduce the ...
November 5. Wishart, John (1890). "Abdominal nephrectomy for hydro-nephrosis, with a report of two operations" (PDF). Montreal ...
2004). "Altered expression of NDST-1 messenger RNA in puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis". J. Lab. Clin. Med. 143 (2): 106-14 ...
... is also known as "Hydrocephalus blue sclera nephropathy" and "Familial nephrosis, hydrocephalus ... "Familial nephrosis, hydrocephalus, thin skin, blue sclerae syndrome: clinical, structural and biochemical studies". Birth ...
Lalich, Joseph (1950). "The role of aciduria in the development of hemoglobinuric nephrosis in dehydrated rabbits". The Journal ...
In this mycotoxicoses we see suppression of hemopoiesis, acute nephrosis, hepatic necrosis and enteritis. The mechanisms by ...
"Human laminin beta2 deficiency causes congenital nephrosis with mesangial sclerosis and distinct eye abnormalities". Human ...
Baillière-Tyndall, London 5: 539-575 (1997), Steroid-resistant idiopathic childhood nephrosis: overdiagnosed and undertreated. ...
... nephrosis or nephritis, liver disease with impaired bilirubin excretion, and heart failure. High dosages may also be considered ...
... nephrosis, epilepsy, etc.; Major organ transplant within the past ten years; Schizophrenia; On medication for more than two ...
Clinical signs are more severe in immunosuppressed, under-nourished or stressed chicks, with infection causing nephrosis, ...
Types of nephrosis include amyloid nephrosis and osmotic nephrosis.[citation needed] Elsevier, Dorlands Illustrated Medical ... Nephrosis is characterized by a set of signs called the nephrotic syndrome. Nephrosis can be a primary disorder or can be ... Nephrosis is any of various forms of kidney disease (nephropathy). In an old and broad sense of the term, it is any nephropathy ... Nephrosis at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) "WHO Disease and injury country estimates". ...
... Am J Med Genet A. 2007 Feb 15;143(4):311-9. ...
Aminonucleoside Nephrosis in PRO/Re Mice. / Kanwar, Yashpal S.; Manaligod, Jose R.; Krakower, Cecil A. In: Proceedings of the ... Aminonucleoside Nephrosis in PRO/Re Mice. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1977 Jul;155(3):339 ... Kanwar, Y. S., Manaligod, J. R., & Krakower, C. A. (1977). Aminonucleoside Nephrosis in PRO/Re Mice. Proceedings of the Society ... Kanwar, Yashpal S. ; Manaligod, Jose R. ; Krakower, Cecil A. / Aminonucleoside Nephrosis in PRO/Re Mice. In: Proceedings of the ...
Nephrotic syndrome is a group of symptoms and abnormal test results that include protein in the urine, low blood protein levels in the blood, high cholesterol levels, high triglyceride levels, increased
Our team of excellent writers are here for you Purpose of the Nephrostomy Tube for Treatment of Hydro nephrosis Essay Paper ... Purpose of the Nephrostomy Tube for Treatment of Hydro nephrosis Essay Paper. Question. Mrs. Diaz, 35 years old, has had a ... Purpose of the Nephrostomy Tube for Treatment of Hydro nephrosis Essay Paper. ... Purpose of the Nephrostomy Tube for Treatment of Hydro nephrosis Essay Paper ...
"NEPHROSIS? STILL HAVE IT?" N2AH0903 = "HOW MANY YEARS AGO DID NEPHRITIS BEGIN?" N2AH0905 = "DID A DOCTOR EVER TELL YOU THAT YOU ...
Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis. Perinatal Conditions. Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period. ...
Urogenital System: urogenital neoplasm; urine abnormality; ovarian carcinoma; nephrosis; kidney failure; breast carcinoma; ...
Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis. Perinatal Conditions. Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period. ...
Nephrosis in Nigerian children. Role of Plasmodium malariae, and effect of antimalarial treatment. BMJ. 1963;2:27-31. DOIPubMed ...
May also be called: NS: Nephrosis. Nephrotic (neh-FROT-ik) syndrome is a condition in which a person loses large amounts of ...
lipoid nephrosis DOID:10966. ICD10CM:N04. ICD9CM_2006:581.3. MESH:D009402. NCI:C34844. UMLS_CUI:C0027721. ...
... chronic nephrosis (P = 1.00), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P = 0.09). There is also no difference in any grade of ...
207673_at Nephrosis 1, congenital, Finnish type (nephrin) 0.0027. 209759_s_at Enoyl-CoA delta isomerase 1 0.003 ...
Genitourinary: osmotic nephrosis, urinary retention. Central Nervous System: headache, convulsions, dizziness. Special Senses: ...
Children with nephrosis or systemic lupus erythematosus who have ascites have a high risk of developing spontaneous bacterial ... Rates are lower in children with nephrosis. Patients with concurrent renal insufficiency are at higher risk for mortality from ...
Renal manifestations include nephrosis and recurrent urinary tract infections. Children with HIV often manifest short stature ...
Similar words for Differential Diagnosis. Definition: noun. [ˌdɪfɝˈɛnʃəl] the result of mathematical differentiation; the instantaneous change of one quantity relative to another; df(x)/dx.
Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis: 47,112. *Intentional self-harm (suicide): 41,149. resources. *Archaic medical ...
Nephritis and nephrosis are common following CCl4 exposure. A number of derangements might appear within hours to days after ...
... or nephrosis. Compared with those who did not meet the physical activity guidelines (n=268 193), those who engaged in ... or nephrosis. Our study confirmed that meeting the physical activity guidelines is associated not only with all cause mortality ... or nephrosis. In the fully adjusted model (model 3), compared with participants not meeting the physical activity guidelines, ... or nephrosis). See box 1 for the ICD-10 codes. ... Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, or nephrosis-N00-N07, N17-N19, ...
Nephritis & Nephrosis 304. Septicemia 283. Alzheimers Disease 231. HIV 122. Aortic Aneurysm & Dissection 89. ...
Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis. 50,046. Intentional self-harm (suicide). 44, 965. ...
In 2017, doctors blamed 50,633 deaths on nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis. These disorders involve inflammation of ...
Nephrosis, kidney failure. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a health issue men should never ignore. For earlier risk diagnosis, ...
Pathogenesis of lipoid nephrosis: a disorder of T-cell function.. J Shalhoub (1974) ... Clinical observations suggest that lipoid nephrosis is produced by a systemic abnormality of T-cell function resulting in the ...
Production of Experimental Autoimmune Nephrosis in Rats by Heterologous Tissues Nephron (November,2008) ...
UROGENITAL SYSTEM: Kidney function abnormal, albuminuria, pyuria, hematuria, and nephrosis. Quinapril monotherapy has been ...
The Islamic Republic of Iran has implemented an ambitious strategy to tackle the countrys alarming rates of road traffic injuries. In line with the Decade of Action on Road Safety 2011-2020, the National Road Safety Commission (NRSC) developed the Iran Road Safety Strategic Plan 2011-2020 with a target of reducing the countrys overall road traffic crash index from 30 in 2008 to 9 by 2020.. Road traffic crashes have been a leading cause of death and injury in the Islamic Republic of Iran for decades. The WHO Global status report on road safety 2018 estimated the countrys road traffic fatality rate as 20.5 per 100 000, higher than the global average. According to the Global Burden of Disease, road traffic crashes rose from the sixth to the third cause of death in the Islamic Republic of Iran between 1990 and 2019.. In the absence of a shared road safety vision among different sectors, the NRSC played a key role in formulating multisectoral action and multidisciplinary approaches to road safety. ...
  • Kidney disorders including nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis were responsible for 47,112 deaths in 2013. (livescience.com)
  • In other words, nephrosis and nephritis can be pathophysiologically contradistinguished, but that does not mean that they cannot occur simultaneously. (wikipedia.org)
  • Main outcome measures All cause mortality and cause specific mortality (cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory tract diseases, accidents and injuries, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes mellitus, influenza and pneumonia, and nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, or nephrosis) obtained from the National Death Index records. (bmj.com)
  • We studied a model of experimental tubulointerstitial nephritis associated with puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephrosis. (nih.gov)
  • Pathogenesis of lipoid nephrosis: a disorder of T-cell function. (scienceopen.com)
  • Clinical observations suggest that lipoid nephrosis is produced by a systemic abnormality of T-cell function resulting in the secretion of a circulating chemical mediator toxic to an immunologically innocent glomerular basement membrane. (scienceopen.com)
  • Mutations in sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase cause nephrosis with ichthyosis and adrenal insufficiency. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • There was a twofold increase in renal cortical alpha 1 (III) mRNA expression coincident with the onset of tubulointerstitial myofibroblasts infiltration in rats with PAN nephrosis beginning on day 6, which increased to a fivefold difference by day 10. (nih.gov)
  • There were 60.8 +/- 40.3 myofibroblast/mm2 within the renal tubulointerstitium of rats with PAN nephrosis on day 6 that peaked at 240.2 +/- 11.1 myofibroblast/mm2 on day 14, which then declined to 43.7 +/- 9.8 myofibroblast/mm2 by day 21. (nih.gov)
  • Renal dysfunction, acute renal failure, osmotic nephrosis, and death may occur in predisposed patients who receive immune globulin IV (IGIV) products. (drugs.com)
  • citation needed] Types of nephrosis include amyloid nephrosis and osmotic nephrosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nephrosis is any of various forms of kidney disease (nephropathy). (wikipedia.org)
  • Whilst Nephrosis is noninflammatory kidney disease. (bioeden.com)
  • At 20 weeks I was diagnosed with hydro nephrosis, the swelling of the kidneys. (bliss.org.uk)
  • Children with nephrosis or systemic lupus erythematosus who have ascites have a high risk of developing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. (medscape.com)
  • Nephrosis is damage to the kidneys that can be caused by pain medication, or chronic conditions such as diabetes, lupus or high blood pressure. (livescience.com)
  • Nephrosis is characterized by a set of signs called the nephrotic syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nephrosis can be a primary disorder or can be secondary to another disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Types of nephrosis include amyloid nephrosis and osmotic nephrosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Empagliflozin-induced severe osmotic nephrosis and acute renal injury in advanced chronic kidney disease. (nuh.com.sg)
  • JH is a 12-year-old boy diagnosed several months ago with nephrosis following postinfectious glomerulonephritis secondary to an episode of pneumococcal pneumonia. (medihealthwriter.com)
  • How can glomerulonephritis result in nephrosis? (medihealthwriter.com)
  • 5. Prenatal screening for congenital nephrosis in east Finland: results and impact on the birth prevalence of the disease. (nih.gov)
  • For an average of fifty pores, the long dimension was 40.4 ± 10.7 Å and the short dimension 13.8 ± 3.6 Å in nephrosis whereas the long dimension was 12.3 ± 2.5 Å and the short dimension 8.4 ± 1.0 Å in normal rats. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Nephrosis was dose related in rats. (nih.gov)
  • Minimal-to-mild nephrosis occurred in the two highest dose groups of male and female rats. (nih.gov)
  • Use JH's laboratory values to determine if he is still experiencing nephrosis or if his condition is progressing to renal failure. (medihealthwriter.com)
  • Nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis), with protein in your pee, often leading to foamy pee and swelling in your body. (clevelandclinic.org)