A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.
A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.
A characteristic symptom complex.
A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.
PUROMYCIN derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring. It is an antibiotic with antineoplastic properties and can cause nephrosis.
A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.
A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.
Highly differentiated epithelial cells of the visceral layer of BOWMAN CAPSULE of the KIDNEY. They are composed of a cell body with major CELL SURFACE EXTENSIONS and secondary fingerlike extensions called pedicels. They enwrap the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS capillaries with their cell surface extensions forming a filtration structure. The pedicels of neighboring podocytes interdigitate with each other leaving between them filtration slits that are bridged by an extracellular structure impermeable to large macromolecules called the slit diaphragm, and provide the last barrier to protein loss in the KIDNEY.
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)
A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).
A cluster of metabolic risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome X include excess ABDOMINAL FAT; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. (from AHA/NHLBI/ADA Conference Proceedings, Circulation 2004; 109:551-556)
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.
Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
Adrenal cortex hormones are steroid hormones produced by the outer portion of the adrenal gland, consisting of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens, which play crucial roles in various physiological processes such as metabolism regulation, stress response, electrolyte balance, and sexual development and function.
A major protein in the BLOOD. It is important in maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic molecules.
A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.
A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.
Therapeutic act or process that initiates a response to a complete or partial remission level.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.
Administration of high doses of pharmaceuticals over short periods of time.
'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term referring to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual, which may be genetic or environmental in origin, and can affect various systems and organs of the body.
A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed)
Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.
Water-soluble proteins found in egg whites, blood, lymph, and other tissues and fluids. They coagulate upon heating.
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.
Short thick veins which return blood from the kidneys to the vena cava.
An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6)
The layer of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX that lies between the ENDOTHELIUM of the glomerular capillaries and the PODOCYTES of the inner or visceral layer of the BOWMAN CAPSULE. It is the product of these two cell types. It acts as a physical barrier and an ion-selective filter.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
A specialized barrier in the kidney, consisting of the fenestrated CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIUM; GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE; and glomerular epithelium (PODOCYTES). The barrier prevents the filtration of PLASMA PROTEINS.
Laboratory tests used to evaluate how well the kidneys are working through examination of blood and urine.
Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use.
A syndrome characterized by CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE and GONADAL DYSGENESIS in phenotypic females with karyotype of 46,XY or female individual with a normal 46,XX karyotype. It is caused by donor splice-site mutations of Wilms tumor suppressor gene (GENES, WILMS TUMOR) on chromosome 11.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.
Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Fitzgerald factor (high molecular weight kininogen) clotting activity in human plasma in health and disease in various animal plasmas. (1/1128)

Fitzgerald factor (high molecular weight kininogen) is an agent in normal human plasma that corrects the impaired in vitro surface-mediated plasma reactions of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and kinin generation observed in Fitzgerald trait plasma. To assess the possible pathophysiologic role of Fitzgerald factor, its titer was measured by a functional clot-promoting assay. Mean +/- SD in 42 normal adults was 0.99+/-0.25 units/ml, one unit being the activity in 1 ml of normal pooled plasma. No difference in titer was noted between normal men and women, during pregnancy, or after physical exercise. Fitzgerald factor activity was significantly reduced in the plasmas of eight patients with advanced hepatic cirrhosis (0.40+/-0.09 units/ml) and of ten patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (0.60+/-0.30 units/ml), but was normal in plasmas of patients with other congenital clotting factor deficiencies, nephrotic syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or sarcoidosis, or under treatment with warfarin. The plasmas of 21 mammalian species tested appeared to contain Fitzgerald factor activity, but those of two avian, two repitilian, and one amphibian species did not correct the coagulant defect in Fitzgerald trait plasmas.  (+info)

Hypoalbuminemia increases lysophosphatidylcholine in low-density lipoprotein of normocholesterolemic subjects. (2/1128)

BACKGROUND: A phospholipid, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), is the major determinant of the atherosclerotic properties of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Under normal circumstances most LPC is bound to albumin. We hypothesized that lipoprotein LPC concentrations are increased in hypoalbuminemic patients with the nephrotic syndrome, irrespective of their lipid levels. To test this hypothesis, we selected nephrotic and control subjects with matched LDL cholesterol levels. METHODS: Lipoproteins and the albumin-rich lipoprotein-deficient fractions were separated by ultracentrifugation and their phospholipid composition was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. RESULTS: Nephrotic subjects (albumin 23 +/- 2 g/liter and LDL cholesterol 3.1 +/- 0.2 mmol/liter) had a LDL LPC concentration that was increased (P < 0.05) to 66 +/- 7 vs. 35 +/- 6 micromol/liter in matched controls (albumin 42 +/- 5 g/liter and LDL cholesterol 3.1 +/- 0.2 mmol/liter). LPC in very low-density lipoprotein plus intermediate-density lipoprotein (VLDL + IDL) in these subjects was also increased to 33 +/- 7 vs. 9 +/- 2 micromol/liter in controls (P < 0.05). Conversely, LPC was decreased to 19 +/- 4 micromol/liter in the albumin-containing fraction of these hypoalbuminemic patients, as compared to 46 +/- 10 micromol/liter in the controls (P < 0.05). LPC was also low (14 +/- 4 micromol/liter) in the albumin-containing fraction of hypoalbuminemic, hypocholesterolemic patients with nonrenal diseases. In hyperlipidemic nephrotic subjects (albumin 21 +/- 2 g/liter and LDL cholesterol 5.7 +/- 0.5 mmol/liter) the LPC levels in LDL and VLDL + IDL were further increased, to 95 +/- 20 and 56 +/- 23 micromol/liter, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that in the presence of hypoalbuminemia in combination with proteinuria, LPC shifts from albumin to VLDL, IDL and LDL. This effect is independent of hyperlipidemia. Increased LPC in lipoproteins may be an important factor in the disproportionate increase in cardiovascular disease in nephrotic patients with hypoalbuminemia.  (+info)

Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor is not increased during relapses of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. (3/1128)

BACKGROUND: An uncharacterized circulating factor that increases vascular permeability has previously been described in childhood steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS). The aim of this study was to determine whether this factor is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the recently described endothelial cell mitogen and enhancer of vascular permeability. METHODS: Plasma and urine VEGF levels were measured in children with SSNS in both relapse and remission and in normal age- and sex-matched controls. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction studies investigating VEGF mRNA expression were performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from children with SSNS in relapse and controls. In two experimental models (one-hour and three-day follow-up postinfusion), Sprague-Dawley rats were intravenously administered 50 microg rVEGF to determine whether this induced either proteinuria or glomerular histologic change. RESULTS: Plasma VEGF levels and urine VEGF/creatinine ratios were not elevated in SSNS relapse compared with remission and control samples. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell VEGF mRNA expression was no different in SSNS patients compared with controls. The administration of VEGF to rats induced an acute reversible fall in systemic blood pressure but did not result in the development of either proteinuria or glomerular histologic change. CONCLUSION: Increased circulating VEGF levels are not responsible for the proteinuria observed during relapses of SSNS. Further studies are warranted to investigate intrarenal VEGF expression.  (+info)

Nephrotic syndrome as a clinical manifestation of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a marrow transplant recipient after cyclosporine withdrawal. (4/1128)

GVHD is one of the most frequent complications of BMT and recently nephrotic syndrome (NS) has been described as a manifestation of chronic GVHD. Here, we present an AA patient who developed NS 1 year after BMT when cyclosporine was stopped. Renal biopsy showed focal sclerosis associated with membranous deposits. He also had other clinical manifestations of chronic GVHD: sicca-like syndrome and colestasis. After 15 days of CsA therapy, he experienced a remarkable improvement in the NS and GVHD as a whole. We comment on immunological mechanisms that could be involved in the pathogenesis of this manifestation.  (+info)

Acute haemodynamic and proteinuric effects of prednisolone in patients with a nephrotic syndrome. (5/1128)

BACKGROUND: Administration of prednisolone causes an abrupt rise in proteinuria in patients with a nephrotic syndrome. METHODS: To clarify the mechanisms responsible for this increase in proteinuria we have performed a placebo controlled study in 26 patients with a nephrotic syndrome. Systemic and renal haemodynamics and urinary protein excretion were measured after prednisolone and after placebo. RESULTS: After i.v. administration of 125-150 mg prednisolone total proteinuria increased from 6.66+/-4.42 to 9.37+/-6.07 mg/min (P<0.001). By analysing the excretion of proteins with different charge and weight (albumin, transferrin, IgG, IgG4 and beta2-microglobulin) it became apparent that the increase of proteinuria was the result of a change in size selectivity rather than a change in glomerular charge selectivity or tubular protein reabsorption. Glomerular filtration rate rose from 83+/-34 ml to 95+/-43 ml/min (P<0.001) after 5 h, whereas effective renal plasma flow and endogenous creatinine clearance remained unchanged. As a result filtration fraction was increased, compatible with an increased glomerular pressure, which probably contributes to the size selectivity changes. Since corticosteroids affect both the renin-angiotensin system and renal prostaglandins, we have evaluated the effects of prednisolone on proteinuria after pretreatment with 3 months of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril or after 2 weeks of the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor indomethacin. Neither drug had any effect on prednisolone-induced increases of proteinuria. CONCLUSIONS: Prednisolone increases proteinuria by changing the size selective barrier of the glomerular capillary. Neither the renin-angiotensin axis nor prostaglandins seem to be involved in these effects of prednisolone on proteinuria.  (+info)

Altered gene expression and functions of mitochondria in human nephrotic syndrome. (6/1128)

The molecular basis of glomerular permselectivity remains largely unknown. The congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF) characterized by massive proteinuria already present but without extrarenal symptoms is a unique human disease model of pure proteinuria. In search of genes and pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with proteinuria, we used differential display-PCR to identify differences in gene expression between glomeruli from CNF and control kidneys. A distinctly underexpressed PCR product of the CNF kidneys showed over 98% identity with a mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase (COX I). Using a full-length COX I cDNA probe, we verified down-regulation of COX I mRNA to 1/4 of normal kidney values on Northern blots. In addition, transcripts of other mitochondrially encoded respiratory chain complexes showed a similar down-regulation whereas the respective nuclearly encoded complexes were expressed at comparable levels. Additional studies using histochemical, immunohistochemical, in situ hybridization, RT-PCR, and biochemical and electron microscopic methods all showed a mitochondrial involvement in the diseased kidneys but not in extrarenal blood vessels. As a secondary sign of mitochondrial dysfunction, excess lipid peroxidation products were found in glomerular structures in CNF samples. Our data suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in the kidneys of patients with CNF, with subsequent lipid peroxidation at the glomerular basement membrane. Our additional studies have revealed similar down-regulation of mitochondrial functions in experimental models of proteinuria. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction may be a crucial pathophysiologic factor in this symptom.  (+info)

Th1 and Th2 cytokine mRNA profiles in childhood nephrotic syndrome: evidence for increased IL-13 mRNA expression in relapse. (7/1128)

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood is thought to be associated with T lymphocyte dysfunction often triggered by viral infections, with the production of circulating factor(s) resulting in proteinuria. In view of the conflicting evidence of T cell activation and Th1 or Th2 pattern of cytokine synthesis in this disease, this study examined the mRNA expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma, IL-4, and IL-13 from CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in steroid-responsive nephrotic patients in relapse and remission. Fifty-five children with steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome were included in this study, together with 34 normal controls and 24 patient controls with viral infections. RNA was isolated from purified CD4+ or CD8+ cells from peripheral blood and subjected to reverse transcription-PCR. Cytokine mRNA expression was measured semiquantitatively, and a cytokine index was derived from densitometric readings, with cyclophilin as the housekeeping gene. Both cross-sectional and paired data showed an increased CD4+ and CD8+ IL-13 mRNA expression in patients with nephrotic relapse as compared to remission, normal, and patient controls (P < 0.008). This was also associated with increased cytoplasmic IL-13 expression in phorbol myristate acetate/ionomycin-activated CD3+ cells (6.66+/-3.39%) from patients with nephrotic relapse compared to remission (2.59+/-1.35%) (P < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference in CD4+ or CD8+ IL-2, interferon-gamma and IL-4 mRNA expression. IL-13 is an important T cell cytokine with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions on B cells and monocytes. It is conceivable that IL-13 may act on monocytes to produce vascular permeability factor(s) involved in the pathogenesis of proteinuria in patients with relapse nephrotic syndrome.  (+info)

Possible induction of renal dysfunction in patients with lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency by oxidized phosphatidylcholine in glomeruli. (8/1128)

To clarify the causes of renal dysfunction in familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency, kidney samples from 4 patients with LCAT deficiency (3 homozygotes and 1 heterozygote) were examined immunohistochemically. All of the patients exhibited corneal opacities, anemia, renal dysfunction, deficiencies in plasma high density lipoprotein and LCAT activity and mass, and an increase in the ratio of plasma unesterified cholesterol to esterified cholesterol. Renal lesions began with the deposition of lipidlike structures in the glomerular basement membrane, and these structures accumulated in the mesangium and capillary subendothelium. By electron microscopy, 2 types of distinctive structure were found in glomerular lesions: vacuole structures and cross-striated, membranelike structures. The plasma oxidized phosphatidylcholine (oxPC) -modified low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in LCAT-deficient subjects were significantly (P<0.01) higher than those in controls (1.30+/-0.82 versus 0.42+/-0.32 ng/5 microg LDL, respectively), and a significant (P<0.01) difference was observed even after adjustment for confounding factors by an analysis of covariance. The patient with the highest plasma oxPC-modified LDL had the most membranelike structures in the glomeruli and showed the greatest renal deterioration from a young age. In glomerular lesions, although there was an abundance of apoB and apoE, oil red O-positive lipids, macrophages, apoA1, and malondialdehyde were scarce. OxPC was found extracellularly in glomerular lesions, and although its distribution differed from that of apolipoproteins, it was quite similar to that of phospholipids. In conclusion, these results indicate that oxPC in plasma and glomeruli is distinctive for patients with LCAT deficiency. Therefore, oxPC may be a factor in the deterioration of kidneys in patients with familial LCAT deficiency.  (+info)

Nephrotic syndrome is a group of symptoms that indicate kidney damage, specifically damage to the glomeruli—the tiny blood vessel clusters in the kidneys that filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. The main features of nephrotic syndrome are:

1. Proteinuria (excess protein in urine): Large amounts of a protein called albumin leak into the urine due to damaged glomeruli, which can't properly filter proteins. This leads to low levels of albumin in the blood, causing fluid buildup and swelling.
2. Hypoalbuminemia (low blood albumin levels): As albumin leaks into the urine, the concentration of albumin in the blood decreases, leading to hypoalbuminemia. This can cause edema (swelling), particularly in the legs, ankles, and feet.
3. Edema (fluid retention and swelling): With low levels of albumin in the blood, fluids move into the surrounding tissues, causing swelling or puffiness. The swelling is most noticeable around the eyes, face, hands, feet, and abdomen.
4. Hyperlipidemia (high lipid/cholesterol levels): The kidneys play a role in regulating lipid metabolism. Damage to the glomeruli can lead to increased lipid production and high cholesterol levels in the blood.

Nephrotic syndrome can result from various underlying kidney diseases, such as minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to control inflammation, manage high blood pressure, and reduce proteinuria. In some cases, dietary modifications and lifestyle changes are also recommended.

Lipoid nephrosis is a historical term for a kidney disorder now more commonly referred to as minimal change disease (MCD). It is a type of glomerulonephritis which is characterized by the loss of proteins in the urine (proteinuria) due to damage to the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units within the kidneys.

The term "lipoid" refers to the presence of lipids or fats in the glomeruli, which can be observed under a microscope. However, it's worth noting that not all cases of MCD involve lipid accumulation in the glomeruli.

MCD is typically idiopathic, meaning its cause is unknown, but it can also occur as a secondary condition related to other medical disorders such as allergies, infections, or medications. It primarily affects children, but can also occur in adults. Treatment usually involves corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive therapies to control proteinuria and prevent kidney damage.

A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.

For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.

Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) is a kidney disorder that leads to the inflammation and damage of the glomeruli, which are the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood. In MGN, the membrane that surrounds the glomerular capillaries becomes thickened and damaged due to the deposit of immune complexes, primarily composed of antibodies and antigens.

The onset of membranous glomerulonephritis can be either primary (idiopathic) or secondary to various underlying conditions such as autoimmune diseases (like systemic lupus erythematosus), infections (hepatitis B or C, syphilis, endocarditis), medications, or malignancies.

The symptoms of membranous glomerulonephritis may include:

1. Proteinuria - the presence of excess protein, specifically albumin, in the urine. This can lead to nephrotic syndrome, characterized by heavy protein loss in urine, edema (swelling), hypoalbuminemia (low blood albumin levels), and hyperlipidemia (high blood lipid levels).
2. Hematuria - the presence of red blood cells in the urine, which can be visible or microscopic.
3. Hypertension - high blood pressure.
4. Edema - swelling in various body parts due to fluid retention.
5. Nephrotic range proteinuria (protein loss greater than 3.5 grams per day) and/or nephritic syndrome (a combination of hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and kidney dysfunction) can be observed in some cases.

The diagnosis of membranous glomerulonephritis typically involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, urinalysis, blood tests, and imaging studies. A definitive diagnosis often requires a kidney biopsy to assess the glomerular structure and the nature of the immune complex deposits. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the disease and may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, blood pressure management, and supportive care for symptoms like edema and proteinuria.

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a pattern of kidney injury that involves scarring or sclerosis in some (segmental) areas of some (focal) glomeruli. Glomeruli are the tiny blood vessel clusters within the kidneys that filter waste and excess fluids from the blood.

In FSGS, the scarring occurs due to damage to the glomerular basement membrane, which can be caused by various factors such as genetic mutations, viral infections, or immune system disorders. The damage leads to the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins and the formation of scar tissue, impairing the kidney's ability to filter blood effectively.

FSGS is characterized by proteinuria (protein in the urine), hematuria (blood in the urine), hypertension (high blood pressure), and declining kidney function, which can lead to end-stage renal disease if left untreated. The focal and segmental nature of the scarring means that not all glomeruli are affected, and only some areas of each affected glomerulus are damaged, making FSGS a highly variable condition with different clinical presentations and outcomes.

Proteinuria is a medical term that refers to the presence of excess proteins, particularly albumin, in the urine. Under normal circumstances, only small amounts of proteins should be found in the urine because the majority of proteins are too large to pass through the glomeruli, which are the filtering units of the kidneys.

However, when the glomeruli become damaged or diseased, they may allow larger molecules such as proteins to leak into the urine. Persistent proteinuria is often a sign of kidney disease and can indicate damage to the glomeruli. It is usually detected through a routine urinalysis and may be confirmed with further testing.

The severity of proteinuria can vary, and it can be a symptom of various underlying conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and other kidney diseases. Treatment for proteinuria depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to control blood pressure, manage diabetes, or reduce protein loss in the urine.

Puromycin aminonucleoside is not a medical condition, but rather a laboratory reagent used in research. It is a synthetic antibiotic and analogue of the amino acid tyrosine, which specifically inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells by interacting with the peptidyl transferase center of the 60S ribosomal subunit. This compound has been widely used as a tool to study various cellular processes, including programmed cell death (apoptosis), autophagy, and lysosome biogenesis. Prolonged exposure to puromycin aminonucleoside can induce cytopathic effects, such as vacuolization and detachment of cells, which are often used as markers for its effectiveness in inhibiting protein synthesis.

A kidney glomerulus is a functional unit in the nephron of the kidney. It is a tuft of capillaries enclosed within a structure called Bowman's capsule, which filters waste and excess fluids from the blood. The glomerulus receives blood from an afferent arteriole and drains into an efferent arteriole.

The process of filtration in the glomerulus is called ultrafiltration, where the pressure within the glomerular capillaries drives plasma fluid and small molecules (such as ions, glucose, amino acids, and waste products) through the filtration membrane into the Bowman's space. Larger molecules, like proteins and blood cells, are retained in the blood due to their larger size. The filtrate then continues down the nephron for further processing, eventually forming urine.

Prednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug, which is a class of steroid hormones. It is commonly used in the treatment of various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions due to its potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Prednisolone works by binding to specific receptors in cells, leading to changes in gene expression that reduce the production of substances involved in inflammation, such as cytokines and prostaglandins.

Prednisolone is available in various forms, including tablets, syrups, and injectable solutions. It can be used to treat a wide range of medical conditions, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, allergies, skin conditions, and certain types of cancer.

Like other steroid medications, prednisolone can have significant side effects if used in high doses or for long periods of time. These may include weight gain, mood changes, increased risk of infections, osteoporosis, diabetes, and adrenal suppression. As a result, the use of prednisolone should be closely monitored by a healthcare professional to ensure that its benefits outweigh its risks.

Podocytes are specialized cells that make up the visceral epithelial layer of the glomerular basement membrane in the kidney. They have long, interdigitating foot processes that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus and play a crucial role in maintaining the filtration barrier of the kidney. The slit diaphragms between the foot processes allow for the passage of small molecules while retaining larger proteins in the bloodstream. Podocytes also contribute to the maintenance and regulation of the glomerular filtration rate, making them essential for normal renal function. Damage or loss of podocytes can lead to proteinuria and kidney disease.

Glomerulonephritis is a medical condition that involves inflammation of the glomeruli, which are the tiny blood vessel clusters in the kidneys that filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. This inflammation can impair the kidney's ability to filter blood properly, leading to symptoms such as proteinuria (protein in the urine), hematuria (blood in the urine), edema (swelling), hypertension (high blood pressure), and eventually kidney failure.

Glomerulonephritis can be acute or chronic, and it may occur as a primary kidney disease or secondary to other medical conditions such as infections, autoimmune disorders, or vasculitis. The diagnosis of glomerulonephritis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, urinalysis, blood tests, and imaging studies, with confirmation often requiring a kidney biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the disease but may include medications to suppress inflammation, control blood pressure, and manage symptoms.

Steroids, also known as corticosteroids, are a type of hormone that the adrenal gland produces in your body. They have many functions, such as controlling the balance of salt and water in your body and helping to reduce inflammation. Steroids can also be synthetically produced and used as medications to treat a variety of conditions, including allergies, asthma, skin conditions, and autoimmune disorders.

Steroid medications are available in various forms, such as oral pills, injections, creams, and inhalers. They work by mimicking the effects of natural hormones produced by your body, reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune system's response to prevent or reduce symptoms. However, long-term use of steroids can have significant side effects, including weight gain, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and increased risk of infections.

It is important to note that anabolic steroids are a different class of drugs that are sometimes abused for their muscle-building properties. These steroids are synthetic versions of the male hormone testosterone and can have serious health consequences when taken in large doses or without medical supervision.

Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a type of glomerulonephritis, which is a group of kidney disorders characterized by inflammation and damage to the glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood.

MPGN is specifically characterized by thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and proliferation (increased number) of cells in the mesangium, a region within the glomerulus. This condition can be primary or secondary to other diseases such as infections, autoimmune disorders, or monoclonal gammopathies.

MPGN is typically classified into three types based on the pattern of injury seen on electron microscopy: Type I, Type II (Dense Deposit Disease), and Type III. Each type has distinct clinical features, laboratory findings, and treatment approaches. Symptoms of MPGN may include hematuria (blood in urine), proteinuria (protein in urine), hypertension (high blood pressure), edema (swelling), and eventually progress to chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease if left untreated.

Nephrosis is an older term that was used to describe a group of kidney diseases, primarily characterized by the damage and loss of function in the glomeruli - the tiny filtering units within the kidneys. This results in the leakage of large amounts of protein (primarily albumin) into the urine, a condition known as proteinuria.

The term "nephrosis" was often used interchangeably with "minimal change nephropathy," which is a specific type of kidney disorder that demonstrates little to no changes in the glomeruli under a microscope, despite significant protein leakage. However, current medical terminology and classifications prefer the use of more precise terms to describe various kidney diseases, such as minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, or membranous nephropathy, among others.

It is important to consult with a healthcare professional or refer to updated medical resources for accurate and current information regarding kidney diseases and their specific diagnoses.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Immunosuppressive agents are medications that decrease the activity of the immune system. They are often used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and to treat autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. These drugs work by interfering with the immune system's normal responses, which helps to reduce inflammation and damage to tissues. However, because they suppress the immune system, people who take immunosuppressive agents are at increased risk for infections and other complications. Examples of immunosuppressive agents include corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and sirolimus.

Edema is the medical term for swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation in the body tissues. It can affect any part of the body, but it's most commonly noticed in the hands, feet, ankles, and legs. Edema can be a symptom of various underlying medical conditions, such as heart failure, kidney disease, liver disease, or venous insufficiency.

The swelling occurs when the capillaries leak fluid into the surrounding tissues, causing them to become swollen and puffy. The excess fluid can also collect in the cavities of the body, leading to conditions such as pleural effusion (fluid around the lungs) or ascites (fluid in the abdominal cavity).

The severity of edema can vary from mild to severe, and it may be accompanied by other symptoms such as skin discoloration, stiffness, and pain. Treatment for edema depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or medical procedures.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is characterized by intellectual and developmental disabilities, distinctive facial features, and sometimes physical growth delays and health problems. The condition affects approximately one in every 700 babies born in the United States.

Individuals with Down syndrome have varying degrees of cognitive impairment, ranging from mild to moderate or severe. They may also have delayed development, including late walking and talking, and may require additional support and education services throughout their lives.

People with Down syndrome are at increased risk for certain health conditions, such as congenital heart defects, respiratory infections, hearing loss, vision problems, gastrointestinal issues, and thyroid disorders. However, many individuals with Down syndrome live healthy and fulfilling lives with appropriate medical care and support.

The condition is named after John Langdon Down, an English physician who first described the syndrome in 1866.

Cyclosporine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called immunosuppressants. It is primarily used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs, such as kidneys, livers, and hearts. Cyclosporine works by suppressing the activity of the immune system, which helps to reduce the risk of the body attacking the transplanted organ.

In addition to its use in organ transplantation, cyclosporine may also be used to treat certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. It does this by suppressing the overactive immune response that contributes to these conditions.

Cyclosporine is available in capsule, oral solution, and injectable forms. Common side effects of the medication include kidney problems, high blood pressure, tremors, headache, and nausea. Long-term use of cyclosporine can also increase the risk of certain types of cancer and infections.

It is important to note that cyclosporine should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as it requires regular monitoring of blood levels and kidney function.

Metabolic syndrome, also known as Syndrome X, is a cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. It is not a single disease but a group of risk factors that often co-occur. According to the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, a person has metabolic syndrome if they have any three of the following five conditions:

1. Abdominal obesity (waist circumference of 40 inches or more in men, and 35 inches or more in women)
2. Triglyceride level of 150 milligrams per deciliter of blood (mg/dL) or greater
3. HDL cholesterol level of less than 40 mg/dL in men or less than 50 mg/dL in women
4. Systolic blood pressure of 130 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or greater, or diastolic blood pressure of 85 mmHg or greater
5. Fasting glucose level of 100 mg/dL or greater

Metabolic syndrome is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as physical inactivity and a diet high in refined carbohydrates and unhealthy fats. Treatment typically involves making lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and losing weight if necessary. In some cases, medication may also be needed to manage individual components of the syndrome, such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol.

Amyloidosis is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of insoluble proteins called amyloid in various tissues and organs throughout the body. These misfolded protein deposits can disrupt the normal function of affected organs, leading to a range of symptoms depending on the location and extent of the amyloid deposition.

There are different types of amyloidosis, classified based on the specific proteins involved:

1. Primary (AL) Amyloidosis: This is the most common form, accounting for around 80% of cases. It results from the overproduction and misfolding of immunoglobulin light chains, typically by clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow. The amyloid deposits can affect various organs, including the heart, kidneys, liver, and nervous system.
2. Secondary (AA) Amyloidosis: This form is associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, or familial Mediterranean fever. The amyloid fibrils are composed of serum amyloid A protein (SAA), an acute-phase reactant produced during the inflammatory response. The kidneys are commonly affected in this type of amyloidosis.
3. Hereditary or Familial Amyloidosis: These forms are caused by genetic mutations that result in the production of abnormal proteins prone to misfolding and amyloid formation. Examples include transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis, fibrinogen amyloidosis, and apolipoprotein AI amyloidosis. These forms can affect various organs, including the heart, nerves, and kidneys.
4. Dialysis-Related Amyloidosis: This form is seen in patients undergoing long-term dialysis for chronic kidney disease. The amyloid fibrils are composed of beta-2 microglobulin, a protein that accumulates due to impaired clearance during dialysis. The joints and bones are commonly affected in this type of amyloidosis.

The diagnosis of amyloidosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and tissue biopsy with the demonstration of amyloid deposition using special stains (e.g., Congo red). Treatment depends on the specific type and extent of organ involvement and may include supportive care, medications to target the underlying cause (e.g., chemotherapy, immunomodulatory agents), and organ transplantation in some cases.

Drug resistance, also known as antimicrobial resistance, is the ability of a microorganism (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) to withstand the effects of a drug that was originally designed to inhibit or kill it. This occurs when the microorganism undergoes genetic changes that allow it to survive in the presence of the drug. As a result, the drug becomes less effective or even completely ineffective at treating infections caused by these resistant organisms.

Drug resistance can develop through various mechanisms, including mutations in the genes responsible for producing the target protein of the drug, alteration of the drug's target site, modification or destruction of the drug by enzymes produced by the microorganism, and active efflux of the drug from the cell.

The emergence and spread of drug-resistant microorganisms pose significant challenges in medical treatment, as they can lead to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The overuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents, as well as poor infection control practices, contribute to the development and dissemination of drug-resistant strains. To address this issue, it is crucial to promote prudent use of antimicrobials, enhance surveillance and monitoring of resistance patterns, invest in research and development of new antimicrobial agents, and strengthen infection prevention and control measures.

Recurrence, in a medical context, refers to the return of symptoms or signs of a disease after a period of improvement or remission. It indicates that the condition has not been fully eradicated and may require further treatment. Recurrence is often used to describe situations where a disease such as cancer comes back after initial treatment, but it can also apply to other medical conditions. The likelihood of recurrence varies depending on the type of disease and individual patient factors.

The adrenal cortex hormones are a group of steroid hormones produced and released by the outer portion (cortex) of the adrenal glands, which are located on top of each kidney. These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes, including:

1. Glucose metabolism: Cortisol helps control blood sugar levels by increasing glucose production in the liver and reducing its uptake in peripheral tissues.
2. Protein and fat metabolism: Cortisol promotes protein breakdown and fatty acid mobilization, providing essential building blocks for energy production during stressful situations.
3. Immune response regulation: Cortisol suppresses immune function to prevent overactivation and potential damage to the body during stress.
4. Cardiovascular function: Aldosterone regulates electrolyte balance and blood pressure by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.
5. Sex hormone production: The adrenal cortex produces small amounts of sex hormones, such as androgens and estrogens, which contribute to sexual development and function.
6. Growth and development: Cortisol plays a role in normal growth and development by influencing the activity of growth-promoting hormones like insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

The main adrenal cortex hormones include:

1. Glucocorticoids: Cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid, responsible for regulating metabolism and stress response.
2. Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid, involved in electrolyte balance and blood pressure regulation.
3. Androgens: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate derivative (DHEAS) are the most abundant adrenal androgens, contributing to sexual development and function.
4. Estrogens: Small amounts of estrogens are produced by the adrenal cortex, mainly in women.

Disorders related to impaired adrenal cortex hormone production or regulation can lead to various clinical manifestations, such as Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency), Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism), and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

Serum albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma, synthesized by the liver. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the oncotic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure of blood, which helps to regulate the fluid balance between the intravascular and extravascular spaces.

Serum albumin has a molecular weight of around 66 kDa and is composed of a single polypeptide chain. It contains several binding sites for various endogenous and exogenous substances, such as bilirubin, fatty acids, hormones, and drugs, facilitating their transport throughout the body. Additionally, albumin possesses antioxidant properties, protecting against oxidative damage.

Albumin levels in the blood are often used as a clinical indicator of liver function, nutritional status, and overall health. Low serum albumin levels may suggest liver disease, malnutrition, inflammation, or kidney dysfunction.

Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that are naturally produced in the adrenal gland, or can be synthetically manufactured. They play an essential role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and have significant anti-inflammatory effects. Glucocorticoids suppress immune responses and inflammation by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators from various cells, such as mast cells, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. They are frequently used in medical treatment for a wide range of conditions, including allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatological disorders, and certain cancers. Prolonged use or high doses of glucocorticoids can lead to several side effects, such as weight gain, mood changes, osteoporosis, and increased susceptibility to infections.

Prednisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which is a type of corticosteroid hormone. It is primarily used to reduce inflammation in various conditions such as asthma, allergies, arthritis, and autoimmune disorders. Prednisone works by mimicking the effects of natural hormones produced by the adrenal glands, suppressing the immune system's response and reducing the release of substances that cause inflammation.

It is available in oral tablet form and is typically prescribed to be taken at specific times during the day, depending on the condition being treated. Common side effects of prednisone include increased appetite, weight gain, mood changes, insomnia, and easy bruising. Long-term use or high doses can lead to more serious side effects such as osteoporosis, diabetes, cataracts, and increased susceptibility to infections.

Healthcare providers closely monitor patients taking prednisone for extended periods to minimize the risk of adverse effects. It is essential to follow the prescribed dosage regimen and not discontinue the medication abruptly without medical supervision, as this can lead to withdrawal symptoms or a rebound of the underlying condition.

Spontaneous remission in a medical context refers to the disappearance or significant improvement of symptoms of a disease or condition without any specific treatment being administered. In other words, it's a situation where the disease resolves on its own, without any apparent cause. While spontaneous remission can occur in various conditions, it is relatively rare and not well understood. It's important to note that just because a remission occurs without treatment doesn't mean that medical care should be avoided, as many conditions can worsen or lead to complications if left untreated.

Remission induction is a treatment approach in medicine, particularly in the field of oncology and hematology. It refers to the initial phase of therapy aimed at reducing or eliminating the signs and symptoms of active disease, such as cancer or autoimmune disorders. The primary goal of remission induction is to achieve a complete response (disappearance of all detectable signs of the disease) or a partial response (a decrease in the measurable extent of the disease). This phase of treatment is often intensive and may involve the use of multiple drugs or therapies, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy. After remission induction, patients may receive additional treatments to maintain the remission and prevent relapse, known as consolidation or maintenance therapy.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Paraneoplastic syndromes refer to a group of rare disorders that are caused by an abnormal immune system response to a cancerous (malignant) tumor. These syndromes are characterized by symptoms or signs that do not result directly from the growth of the tumor itself, but rather from substances produced by the tumor or the body's immune system in response to the tumor.

Paraneoplastic syndromes can affect various organs and systems in the body, including the nervous system, endocrine system, skin, and joints. Examples of paraneoplastic syndromes include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), which affects nerve function and causes muscle weakness; cerebellar degeneration, which can cause difficulty with coordination and balance; and dermatomyositis, which is an inflammatory condition that affects the skin and muscles.

Paraneoplastic syndromes can occur in association with a variety of different types of cancer, including lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and lymphoma. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cancer, as well as managing the symptoms of the paraneoplastic syndrome.

Kidney disease, also known as nephropathy or renal disease, refers to any functional or structural damage to the kidneys that impairs their ability to filter blood, regulate electrolytes, produce hormones, and maintain fluid balance. This damage can result from a wide range of causes, including diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, lupus, infections, drugs, toxins, and congenital or inherited disorders.

Depending on the severity and progression of the kidney damage, kidney diseases can be classified into two main categories: acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). AKI is a sudden and often reversible loss of kidney function that occurs over hours to days, while CKD is a progressive and irreversible decline in kidney function that develops over months or years.

Symptoms of kidney diseases may include edema, proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, anemia, and decreased urine output. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the disease and may include medications, dietary modifications, dialysis, or kidney transplantation.

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own moisture-producing glands, particularly the tear and salivary glands. This can lead to symptoms such as dry eyes, dry mouth, and dryness in other areas of the body. In some cases, it may also affect other organs, leading to a variety of complications.

There are two types of Sjögren's syndrome: primary and secondary. Primary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when the condition develops on its own, while secondary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when it develops in conjunction with another autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.

The exact cause of Sjögren's syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment typically focuses on relieving symptoms and may include artificial tears, saliva substitutes, medications to stimulate saliva production, and immunosuppressive drugs in more severe cases.

Pulse therapy, in the context of drug treatment, refers to a therapeutic regimen where a medication is administered in large doses for a short period of time, followed by a break or "drug-free" interval before the next dose. This cycle is then repeated at regular intervals. The goal of pulse therapy is to achieve high concentrations of the drug in the body to maximize its therapeutic effect while minimizing overall exposure and potential side effects.

This approach is often used for drugs that have a long half-life or slow clearance, as it allows for periodic "washing out" of the drug from the body. Pulse therapy can also help reduce the risk of developing drug resistance in certain conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and tuberculosis. Common examples include pulse methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis and intermittent preventive treatment with anti-malarial drugs.

It is important to note that the use of pulse therapy should be based on a thorough understanding of the drug's pharmacokinetics, therapeutic index, and potential adverse effects. Close monitoring of patients undergoing pulse therapy is essential to ensure safety and efficacy.

'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term that refers to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or can develop later in life (acquired). They can affect various organs and systems of the body and can vary greatly in severity and impact on a person's health and well-being.

Multiple abnormalities can occur due to genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, exposure to teratogens (substances that cause birth defects), and maternal infections during pregnancy are some of the common causes of multiple congenital abnormalities.

Examples of multiple congenital abnormalities include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and VATER/VACTERL association. Acquired multiple abnormalities can result from conditions such as trauma, infection, degenerative diseases, or cancer.

The medical evaluation and management of individuals with multiple abnormalities depend on the specific abnormalities present and their impact on the individual's health and functioning. A multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals is often involved in the care of these individuals to address their complex needs.

Chlorambucil is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called alkylating agents. It is an antineoplastic drug, which means it is used to treat cancer. Chlorambucil works by interfering with the DNA in cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. This makes it useful for treating certain types of cancer, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Chlorambucil is available in tablet form and is typically taken once a day. It is important to take chlorambucil exactly as directed by your healthcare provider, as the dosage and schedule will depend on your individual medical condition and response to treatment.

Like all medications, chlorambucil can cause side effects. Common side effects of chlorambucil include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. It can also cause more serious side effects, such as a decrease in the number of white blood cells (which can increase the risk of infection), anemia (low red blood cell count), and thrombocytopenia (low platelet count). Chlorambucil may also increase the risk of certain types of cancer, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and solid tumors.

It is important to discuss the potential risks and benefits of chlorambucil with your healthcare provider before starting treatment. They can help you understand the potential side effects and how to manage them, as well as any other precautions you should take while taking this medication.

Membrane proteins are a type of protein that are embedded in the lipid bilayer of biological membranes, such as the plasma membrane of cells or the inner membrane of mitochondria. These proteins play crucial roles in various cellular processes, including:

1. Cell-cell recognition and signaling
2. Transport of molecules across the membrane (selective permeability)
3. Enzymatic reactions at the membrane surface
4. Energy transduction and conversion
5. Mechanosensation and signal transduction

Membrane proteins can be classified into two main categories: integral membrane proteins, which are permanently associated with the lipid bilayer, and peripheral membrane proteins, which are temporarily or loosely attached to the membrane surface. Integral membrane proteins can further be divided into three subcategories based on their topology:

1. Transmembrane proteins, which span the entire width of the lipid bilayer with one or more alpha-helices or beta-barrels.
2. Lipid-anchored proteins, which are covalently attached to lipids in the membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor or other lipid modifications.
3. Monotopic proteins, which are partially embedded in the membrane and have one or more domains exposed to either side of the bilayer.

Membrane proteins are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and are targets for various therapeutic interventions, including drug development and gene therapy. However, their structural complexity and hydrophobicity make them challenging to study using traditional biochemical methods, requiring specialized techniques such as X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM).

Albumins are a type of protein found in various biological fluids, including blood plasma. The most well-known albumin is serum albumin, which is produced by the liver and is the most abundant protein in blood plasma. Serum albumin plays several important roles in the body, such as maintaining oncotic pressure (which helps to regulate fluid balance in the body), transporting various substances (such as hormones, fatty acids, and drugs), and acting as an antioxidant.

Albumins are soluble in water and have a molecular weight ranging from 65,000 to 69,000 daltons. They are composed of a single polypeptide chain that contains approximately 585 amino acid residues. The structure of albumin is characterized by a high proportion of alpha-helices and beta-sheets, which give it a stable, folded conformation.

In addition to their role in human physiology, albumins are also used as diagnostic markers in medicine. For example, low serum albumin levels may indicate liver disease, malnutrition, or inflammation, while high levels may be seen in dehydration or certain types of kidney disease. Albumins may also be used as a replacement therapy in patients with severe protein loss, such as those with nephrotic syndrome or burn injuries.

IGA glomerulonephritis (also known as Berger's disease) is a type of glomerulonephritis, which is a condition characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units in the kidneys. In IgA glomerulonephritis, the immune system produces an abnormal amount of IgA antibodies, which deposit in the glomeruli and cause inflammation. This can lead to symptoms such as blood in the urine, protein in the urine, and swelling in the legs and feet. In some cases, it can also lead to kidney failure. The exact cause of IgA glomerulonephritis is not known, but it is often associated with other conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain medications.

The renal veins are a pair of large veins that carry oxygen-depleted blood and waste products from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava, which is the largest vein in the body that returns blood to the heart. The renal veins are formed by the union of several smaller veins that drain blood from different parts of the kidney.

In humans, the right renal vein is shorter and passes directly into the inferior vena cava, while the left renal vein is longer and passes in front of the aorta before entering the inferior vena cava. The left renal vein also receives blood from the gonadal (testicular or ovarian) veins, suprarenal (adrenal) veins, and the lumbar veins.

It is important to note that the renal veins are vulnerable to compression by surrounding structures, such as the overlying artery or a tumor, which can lead to renal vein thrombosis, a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention.

Levamisole is an anthelmintic medication used to treat parasitic worm infections. It works by paralyzing the worms, allowing the body to remove them from the system. In addition, levamisole has been used in veterinary medicine as an immunomodulator, a substance that affects the immune system.

In human medicine, levamisole was previously used in the treatment of colon cancer and autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. However, its use in these areas has largely been discontinued due to side effects and the availability of more effective treatments.

It is important to note that levamisole has also been identified as a common adulterant in cocaine, which can lead to various health issues, including agranulocytosis (a severe decrease in white blood cells), skin lesions, and neurological symptoms.

The Glomerular Basement Membrane (GBM) is a part of the filtration barrier in the nephron of the kidney. It is a thin, porous sheet of extracellular matrix that lies between the glomerular endothelial cells and the visceral epithelial cells (podocytes). The GBM plays a crucial role in the process of ultrafiltration, allowing the passage of water and small molecules while preventing the loss of larger proteins into the urine. It is composed mainly of type IV collagen, laminin, nidogen, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Certain kidney diseases, such as Goodpasture's disease and some forms of glomerulonephritis, can involve damage to the GBM.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

The Glomerular Filtration Barrier is a complex structure in the kidney that is responsible for the initial filtration of blood in the nephron. It is made up of three layers: the fenestrated endothelial cells, the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), and the epithelial cells (podocytes) with their interdigitating foot processes. This barrier allows for the filtration of small molecules, such as water and solutes, while preventing the passage of larger molecules, like proteins, into the urinary space. The proper functioning of this barrier is crucial for maintaining normal kidney function and overall health.

Kidney function tests (KFTs) are a group of diagnostic tests that evaluate how well your kidneys are functioning by measuring the levels of various substances in the blood and urine. The tests typically assess the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is an indicator of how efficiently the kidneys filter waste from the blood, as well as the levels of electrolytes, waste products, and proteins in the body.

Some common KFTs include:

1. Serum creatinine: A waste product that's produced by normal muscle breakdown and is excreted by the kidneys. Elevated levels may indicate reduced kidney function.
2. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): Another waste product that's produced when protein is broken down and excreted by the kidneys. Increased BUN levels can suggest impaired kidney function.
3. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): A calculation based on serum creatinine, age, sex, and race that estimates the GFR and provides a more precise assessment of kidney function than creatinine alone.
4. Urinalysis: An examination of a urine sample to detect abnormalities such as protein, blood, or bacteria that may indicate kidney disease.
5. Electrolyte levels: Measurement of sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate in the blood to ensure they're properly balanced, which is essential for normal kidney function.

KFTs are often ordered as part of a routine check-up or when kidney disease is suspected based on symptoms or other diagnostic tests. Regular monitoring of kidney function can help detect and manage kidney disease early, potentially preventing or slowing down its progression.

Plasmapheresis is a medical procedure where the liquid portion of the blood (plasma) is separated from the blood cells. The plasma, which may contain harmful substances such as antibodies or toxins, is then removed and replaced with fresh plasma or a plasma substitute. The remaining blood cells are mixed with the new plasma and returned to the body. This process is also known as therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). It's used to treat various medical conditions including certain autoimmune diseases, poisonings, and neurological disorders.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Frasier Syndrome" is not a recognized medical condition or syndrome in the standard medical literature. It seems like it might be a term that is specific to a certain context or fictional work. In popular culture, "Frasier" is a television show about a character named Frasier Crane, and it's possible that "Frasier Syndrome" could refer to something within the realm of that fiction. However, without more specific information about where you encountered this term, I cannot provide an accurate definition.

Combination drug therapy is a treatment approach that involves the use of multiple medications with different mechanisms of action to achieve better therapeutic outcomes. This approach is often used in the management of complex medical conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and cardiovascular diseases. The goal of combination drug therapy is to improve efficacy, reduce the risk of drug resistance, decrease the likelihood of adverse effects, and enhance the overall quality of life for patients.

In combining drugs, healthcare providers aim to target various pathways involved in the disease process, which may help to:

1. Increase the effectiveness of treatment by attacking the disease from multiple angles.
2. Decrease the dosage of individual medications, reducing the risk and severity of side effects.
3. Slow down or prevent the development of drug resistance, a common problem in chronic diseases like HIV/AIDS and cancer.
4. Improve patient compliance by simplifying dosing schedules and reducing pill burden.

Examples of combination drug therapy include:

1. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV treatment, which typically involves three or more drugs from different classes to suppress viral replication and prevent the development of drug resistance.
2. Chemotherapy regimens for cancer treatment, where multiple cytotoxic agents are used to target various stages of the cell cycle and reduce the likelihood of tumor cells developing resistance.
3. Cardiovascular disease management, which may involve combining medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and statins to control blood pressure, heart rate, fluid balance, and cholesterol levels.
4. Treatment of tuberculosis, which often involves a combination of several antibiotics to target different aspects of the bacterial life cycle and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

When prescribing combination drug therapy, healthcare providers must carefully consider factors such as potential drug interactions, dosing schedules, adverse effects, and contraindications to ensure safe and effective treatment. Regular monitoring of patients is essential to assess treatment response, manage side effects, and adjust the treatment plan as needed.

Turner Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects females, caused by complete or partial absence of one X chromosome. The typical karyotype is 45,X0 instead of the normal 46,XX in women. This condition leads to distinctive physical features and medical issues in growth, development, and fertility. Characteristic features include short stature, webbed neck, low-set ears, and swelling of the hands and feet. Other potential symptoms can include heart defects, hearing and vision problems, skeletal abnormalities, kidney issues, and learning disabilities. Not all individuals with Turner Syndrome will have every symptom, but most will require medical interventions and monitoring throughout their lives to address various health concerns associated with the condition.

Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins are molecules that play a crucial role in transmitting signals within cells, which ultimately lead to changes in cell behavior or function. These signals can originate from outside the cell (extracellular) or within the cell itself. Intracellular signaling molecules include various types of peptides and proteins, such as:

1. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs): These are seven-transmembrane domain receptors that bind to extracellular signaling molecules like hormones, neurotransmitters, or chemokines. Upon activation, they initiate a cascade of intracellular signals through G proteins and secondary messengers.
2. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs): These are transmembrane receptors that bind to growth factors, cytokines, or hormones. Activation of RTKs leads to autophosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues, creating binding sites for intracellular signaling proteins such as adapter proteins, phosphatases, and enzymes like Ras, PI3K, and Src family kinases.
3. Second messenger systems: Intracellular second messengers are small molecules that amplify and propagate signals within the cell. Examples include cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol triphosphate (IP3), calcium ions (Ca2+), and nitric oxide (NO). These second messengers activate or inhibit various downstream effectors, leading to changes in cellular responses.
4. Signal transduction cascades: Intracellular signaling proteins often form complex networks of interacting molecules that relay signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. These cascades involve kinases (protein kinases A, B, C, etc.), phosphatases, and adapter proteins, which ultimately regulate gene expression, cell cycle progression, metabolism, and other cellular processes.
5. Ubiquitination and proteasome degradation: Intracellular signaling pathways can also control protein stability by modulating ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. E3 ubiquitin ligases recognize specific substrates and conjugate them with ubiquitin molecules, targeting them for proteasomal degradation. This process regulates the abundance of key signaling proteins and contributes to signal termination or amplification.

In summary, intracellular signaling pathways involve a complex network of interacting proteins that relay signals from the plasma membrane to various cellular compartments, ultimately regulating gene expression, metabolism, and other cellular processes. Dysregulation of these pathways can contribute to disease development and progression, making them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

A broad classification of nephrotic syndrome based on underlying cause: Nephrotic syndrome is often classified histologically: ... called secondary nephrotic syndrome. Primary causes of nephrotic syndrome are usually described by their histology: Minimal ... Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome - National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH Adult Nephrotic ... Cushing's syndrome Nephrotic syndrome has many causes and may either be the result of a glomerular disease that can be either ...
Mutations lead to several types of developmental syndromes, including Denys-Drash syndrome, Frasier syndrome, WAGR syndrome ( ... 256300 Congenital nephrotic syndrome, Finnish type; Congenital nephrotic syndrome 1 at NIH's Office of Rare Diseases OMIM: ... and isolated nephrotic syndrome in infants. Depending on the specific syndrome, patients are at risk for Wilms' and other ... and nephrotic syndrome. LAMβ2 (Pierson syndrome): This gene encodes for the protein laminin β2, which helps attach podocytes to ...
Nephrotic syndrome. Hyperechoic kidney without demarcation of cortex and medulla. Figure 24. Chronic pyelonephritis with ...
"Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults , NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 2020-12-16 ... "Nephrosis (Nephrotic Syndrome)". Cancer Therapy Advisor. 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2020-12-17. Gansevoort RT, Navis GJ, Wapstra FH ... "Nephrotic syndrome - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2020-12-17. "AL Amyloidosis". UNC Kidney Center. Retrieved ... Due to the connection between glomerulonephrosis and other renal conditions, and its presentation as nephrotic syndrome, a ...
Nephrotic syndrome, in which protein from the bloodstream is released into the urine due to kidney diseases, can predispose to ... The syndrome is often attributed to the British rheumatologist Graham R.V. Hughes, and is often referred to as Hughes syndrome ... Hull RP, Goldsmith DJ (May 2008). "Nephrotic syndrome in adults". BMJ. 336 (7654): 1185-9. doi:10.1136/bmj.39576.709711.80. PMC ... such as nephrotic syndrome), where the treatment of the underlying disease is needed. In those with unprovoked and/or recurrent ...
Some syndromes such as nephrotic syndrome may have a number of underlying causes that are all related to diseases that affect ... "Noonan syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2 February 2021. "Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults , NIDDK". ... In cases where the underlying cause is known the syndrome is named as for example Down syndrome and Noonan syndrome. Other ... A large number of these groups that can be characteristic of a particular disease are known as a syndrome. Noonan syndrome for ...
Nephrotic syndrome associated with sulphasalazine UK Biobank: a project in search of a protocol? CONSORT 2010 statement: ... Barbour, V M; Williams, P F (1990). "Nephrotic syndrome associated with sulphasalazine". BMJ. 301 (6755): 818. doi:10.1136/bmj. ...
MCD is responsible for 10-25% of nephrotic syndrome cases in adults. It is also the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome of ... is a disease affecting the kidneys which causes a nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome leads to the loss of significant ... As MCD is the most common type of nephrotic syndrome in children, renal biopsy is not usually done in children under the age of ... In adults, a renal biopsy is required as there is a much wider differential for nephrotic syndrome. As the name suggests, the ...
cardiac failure, nephrotic syndrome, and pregnancy. Schrier received awards from the American College of Physicians (John ...
One example is the nephrotic syndrome. Kidney failure (or impaired kidney function due to kidney injury) can occur abruptly ( ... One example is the nephritic syndrome. Proteinuria (or protein in the urine) occurs in many renal conditions. Renal biopsy is ...
ISBN 978-0-07-176401-8. Reddi A (2018). "Disorders of ECF Volume: Nephrotic Syndrome". Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base ...
Caridi G, Perfumo F, Ghiggeri GM (2005). "NPHS2 (Podocin) mutations in nephrotic syndrome. Clinical spectrum and fine ... and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13 (7): 1946-52. doi:10.1097/01.ASN.0000016445.29513.AB. PMID ... to chromosome 1q25-q31 in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome confirms a distinct entity of autosomal recessive nephrosis". Hum Mol ... "Novel mutations in NPHS2 detected in both familial and sporadic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13 ...
Nephrotic Syndrome: Etiology, Pathogenesis and Pathology. Nova Science Publishers. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-63482-198-8. "Successful ... "Spectrum of glomerulonephritides in adults with nephrotic syndrome in Pakistan". Clinical and Experimental Nephrology. 13 (1): ...
White, R.H.R; Glasgow, E.F; Mills, R.J (June 1970). "Clinicopathological Study of Nephrotic Syndrome in Childhood". The Lancet ... At GOSH, he became interested in histology and particularly nephrotic syndrome in children. This was known as Bright's disease ... Churg, Jacob; Habib, Renee; White, Richard H.R. (June 1970). "Pathology of the Nephrotic Syndrome in Children". The Lancet. 295 ... Together they decided to conduct a clinicopathological study of children with nephrotic syndrome in the region southeast and ...
581 Nephrotic syndrome 581.9 Nephrotic syndrome, unspec. 582 Chronic glomerulonephritis 582.9 Glomerulonephritis, chronic, ... and urethral syndrome 597.81 Urethral syndrome, Non-VD, NOS 598 Urethral stricture 598.0 Stricture, urethral, unspec. infection ... 625.1 Vaginismus 625.2 Mittelschmerz 625.3 Dysmenorrhea 625.4 Premenstrual tension syndrome 625.5 Pelvic congestion syndrome ...
Mutations in this gene cause early-onset nephrotic syndrome. This disease is characterized by proteinuria, edema, and diffuse ... December 2006). "Positional cloning uncovers mutations in PLCE1 responsible for a nephrotic syndrome variant that may be ... Biology portal Jefferson JA, Shankland SJ (July 2007). "Familial nephrotic syndrome: PLCE1 enters the fray". Nephrology, ... Mutations in this gene cause early-onset nephrotic syndrome and have been associated with respiratory chain deficiency with ...
The incidence of RVT in people with Nephrotic syndrome ranges from 5% to 65%. Nephrotic syndrome is caused by membranous ... newly born infants with blood clotting abnormalities or dehydration and adults with nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome, a ... Since nephrotic syndrome is the most common cause of RVT, people over 40 years old and men are most at risk to develop a renal ... If a nephrotic syndrome patient experiences any of the RVT symptoms (flank or back pain, blood in the urine or decreased kidney ...
Presentation with nephrotic syndrome can resolve with treatment, but can also progress. Patients can become resistant to ... Hypertension, nephrotic syndrome, and acute kidney injury are very rare at this stage. Idiopathic mesangial proliferative ... Presentation of nephrotic syndrome in the context of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis have been treated with ... However, it has been shown patients presenting with nephrotic syndrome have some histo- and clinic-pathologic similarities to ...
Wang, Chi Che (1939-07-01). "Metabolic study of five children with nephrotic syndrome". American Journal of Diseases of ... "Metabolic study of five children with nephrotic syndrome" (1939, with Chi Che Wang and Ida Genther) "The biuret reaction in the ...
It has also shown some efficacy in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome in children. After being pulled from the market in the ... Treatments of steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome in children]". Archives de Pédiatrie. 24 (12): 1312-1320. doi:10.1016/j. ... resulting in serious side effects that present as levamisole induced necrosis syndrome, in which erythematous painful papules ...
Most forms of nephrotic syndrome are due to biochemical and structural changes in the basement membrane of capillaries in the ... A fall in osmotic pressure occurs in nephrotic syndrome and liver failure. Causes of edema which are generalized to the whole ... Although a low plasma oncotic pressure is widely cited for the edema of nephrotic syndrome, most physicians note that the edema ... Kidney disease often starts with inflammation, for instance in the case of diseases such as nephrotic syndrome or lupus. This ...
It was research into childhood Nephrotic syndrome and the Hemolytic-uremic syndrome that was his most notable work, ... and for research into childhood Nephrotic syndrome and Hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Barratt's father owned and ran a law firm, ... In 1970, Barratt conducted a trial with the immunologist John Soothill, using cyclophosphamide treatment for nephrotic syndrome ... "Circulating Immune Complexes in Steroid-Responsive Nephrotic Syndrome". New England Journal of Medicine. 298 (3): 126-129. doi: ...
Mutations in EMP2 cause Childhood-Onset Nephrotic Syndrome. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000213853 - Ensembl, May 2017 ... "Mutations in EMP2 Cause Childhood-Onset Nephrotic Syndrome". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 94 (6): 884-90. doi: ...
Acthar gel has been proposed as a therapy to treat refractory autoimmune diseases and refractory nephrotic syndrome due to a ... March 2011). "Treatment of nephrotic syndrome with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) gel". Drug Design, Development and ... and to treat edema in certain nephrotic syndromes. In the UK tetracosactide is used for short-term therapy in conditions for ... Cushing's syndrome, treatment of primary adrenocortical insufficiency and adrenocongenital syndrome. The same contraindications ...
... for the North American Nephrotic Syndrome (1 April 2001). "Cyclosporine in patients with steroid-resistant membranous ...
Kaneko K (2016). "5.24: Nucleosides". Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Tokyo: ...
Also, nephrotic syndrome can lead to decrease in albumin level; due to its loss in the urine through a damaged leaky glomerulus ... Enhanced synthesis of AMG accounts for its absolute increase in nephrotic syndrome. Increased AMG is also noted in rats with no ... AMG is markedly raised (10-fold increase or greater) in association with glomerular protein loss, as in nephrotic syndrome. Due ... It is decreased in the nephrotic syndrome and absence could indicate possible alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. This eventually ...
Wang, Chi Che (1939-07-01). "Metabolic Study of Five Children with Nephrotic Syndrome: II. Fat and Protein Metabolism and ... "Metabolic Study of Five Children with Nephrotic Syndrome" (1939, with Chi Che Wang and Corinne Hogden) "The excretion of ...
HIVAN presents with nephrotic syndrome and progressive kidney failure. Despite being a cause of chronic kidney failure, kidney ... General renoprotective measures and the treatment of the complications of nephrotic syndrome and kidney failure are adjunctive ...
In nephrotic syndrome, many additional types of casts exist, including broad and waxy casts if the condition is chronic (this ... They may also be seen in inflammatory states, such as acute allergic interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, or post- ... They are pathognomonic for high urinary protein nephrotic syndrome.[citation needed] Formed by the adhesion of metabolic ... They are usually associated with nephritic syndromes or urinary tract injury. Indicative of inflammation or infection, the ...
A broad classification of nephrotic syndrome based on underlying cause: Nephrotic syndrome is often classified histologically: ... called secondary nephrotic syndrome. Primary causes of nephrotic syndrome are usually described by their histology: Minimal ... Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome - National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH Adult Nephrotic ... Cushings syndrome Nephrotic syndrome has many causes and may either be the result of a glomerular disease that can be either ...
Nephrotic syndrome is a group of symptoms and abnormal test results that include protein in the urine, low blood protein levels ... Nephrotic syndrome is a group of symptoms and abnormal test results that include protein in the urine, low blood protein levels ... Treating conditions that can cause nephrotic syndrome may help prevent the syndrome. ... Erkan E. Nephrotic syndrome. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of ...
The meaning of NEPHROTIC SYNDROME is an abnormal condition that is marked by deficiency of albumin in the blood and its ... 2019 At 7 months, Anthony was diagnosed with the kidney disorder nephrotic syndrome. -. Bend Bulletin, oregonlive, 3 Sep. 2019 ... Examples of nephrotic syndrome in a Sentence. Recent Examples on the Web Ameera did indeed have a kidney disease, explaining ... Kristen Jordan Shamus, Detroit Free Press, 9 July 2019 At 3 years old, her son Jaxson was diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome. - ...
Nephrotic-range proteinuria is 3 grams per day or more. ... encoded search term (Nephrotic Syndrome) and Nephrotic Syndrome ... Nephrotic syndrome is kidney disease with proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema. ... Nephrotic syndrome is the combination of nephrotic-range proteinuria with a low serum albumin level and edema. Nephrotic-range ... Nephrotic syndrome in African children: lack of evidence for tropical nephrotic syndrome?. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006. 21: ...
Several diseases cause a nephrotic syndrome, as they damage the glomerular podocytes. These specialized epithelial cells, ... Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by protein loss in the urine, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and edema. ... Pathogenetic aspectics of nephrotic syndrome] Internist (Berl). 2003 Sep;44(9):1075-82. doi: 10.1007/s00108-003-1031-4. ... Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by protein loss in the urine, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and edema. Several diseases ...
Medication can effectively treat many causes of nephrotic syndrome, including minimal change disease. Most kids whose nephrotic ... Nephrotic (neh-FROT-ik) syndrome is a condition in which a person loses large amounts of protein through the urine, which can ... Nephrotic syndrome isnt a disease and doesnt cause pain, but it can be a sign of kidney problems that may require treatment. ... Treatment for nephrotic syndrome involves treating the condition affecting the glomeruli.. Keep in Mind. ...
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is the name given to a collection of kidney-related findings in your childs body. Learn more from ... What is nephrotic syndrome?. Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is the name given to a collection of kidney-related findings in your ... Q: Can nephrotic syndrome be cured?. A: The vast majority of kids in the United States with nephrotic syndrome outgrow it by ... Why is nephrotic syndrome a concern?. Aside from the risk of kidney damage, nephrotic syndrome carries two main risks:. * ...
Nephrotic syndrome in adults. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/nephrotic-syndrome-in- ... In some people, nephrotic syndrome goes away on its own. In others, the cause will need to be treated. Options are: *Diet ... Kakar S, Kumar V, Singh R. Latest research progress on acute nephrotic syndrome. J Acute Dis. 2017;6:255-259. ... Nephrotic Syndrome-Adult. How to Say It: Neh-frah-tik sin-drome ... Nephrotic syndrome is a disorder of the kidneys. It may result ...
Kumud Mehta talks about Nephrotic Syndrome.,br>,br>The talk consists of Epidemiology, treatment, duration, drugs used.,br> ... Kumud Mehta , Nephrotic Syndrome Description Dr. Kumud Mehta talks about Nephrotic Syndrome.. The talk consists of Epidemiology ... Kumud Mehta talks about Nephrotic Syndrome.. The talk consists of Epidemiology, treatment, duration, drugs used.. Vaccination ...
Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome Patient Stories. Aaron. Aaron woke up with slightly puffy eyes when he was about two and a half ... My Nephrotic Syndrome was controlled with Prograf for three years until I started relapsing every time someone near me sneezed ... The ups, downs, and scares of having a kid with NS! My 6-year-old was diagnosed in April of 2016 with Nephrotic Syndrome. It ... Our son Andrew was first diagnosed with Nephrotic Syndrome at the age of 22 months. He woke up one morning and his eyes were ...
Congenital nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder caused by nephrin (NPHS1) mutations ... Nephrotic syndrome (Ghana Med J 2008;42:42) Comment Here Reference: Congenital nephrotic syndrome ... Congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF) *Congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) type I ... Congenital nephrotic syndrome. Authors: Chunlai Zuo, M.D., M.S., Jonathan E. Zuckerman, M.D., Ph.D. ...
Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Nephrotic_syndrome_primary_prevention" ...
But after a span of 24 years I again had an attack of Nephrotic Syndrome this month because albumin was + and some parts of my ... Nephrotic Syndrome,/b, 15 years back at the age of 16 years. At that time I was admitted into a hospital where I took ... Have I had a nephrotic syndrome relapse?. Answered by: Dr Naveen Atray , Asst. Professor of Medicine,. Overton Brooks VA ... Q: I had my first attack of Nephrotic Syndrome 15 years back at the age of 16 years. At that time I was admitted into a ...
Effect of a High Protein Diet in Patients with the Nephrotic Syndrome H. Mansy; H. Mansy ... 1. Twelve patients with the nephrotic syndrome were prescribed for 4 week periods a normal protein diet (NPD) containing 1 g of ... Effect of a High Protein Diet in Patients with the Nephrotic Syndrome. Clin Sci (Lond) 1 October 1989; 77 (4): 445-451. doi: ... the use of HPD in the nephrotic syndrome should be abandoned.. 6. Until it can be established that LPD, which is accompanied by ...
... induced nephrotic syndrome (NS). A single injection of DOX (7 mg/kg, i.v) induced severe nephrotic syndrome after 4 weeks of ... Group II to VII were injected with a single dose of DOX (7 mg/kg, i.v.) to induce nephrotic syndrome. After administration of ... The data suggest the potential of extract of Butea monosperma as a protective agent for nephrotic syndrome as alternative or as ... The influence of Butea monosperma on doxorubicin-induced nephrotic syndrome in rats. 3rd World Congress on Biotechnology. ...
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that occurs when the filtering units of the kidney get damaged, affects and makes the ... Diet Chart For Nephrotic Syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that occurs when the filtering units of the kidney ... A healthy diet for Nephrotic patients consists of low-salt, low-fat moderate protein, and low-cholesterol diet. Avoid eating ...
15 Development of a digital self-care management application for children with nephrotic syndrome: my nephrotic notebook ... 15 Development of a digital self-care management application for children with nephrotic syndrome: my nephrotic notebook ... 15 Development of a digital self-care management application for children with nephrotic syndrome: my nephrotic notebook ...
Idiopathic glomerular disease : a prospective study of chronic haematuria and nephrotic syndrome. / Nieuwhof, C.M.G. Maastricht ... Nieuwhof, C. M. G. (1999). Idiopathic glomerular disease : a prospective study of chronic haematuria and nephrotic syndrome. [ ... Nieuwhof, CMG 1999, Idiopathic glomerular disease : a prospective study of chronic haematuria and nephrotic syndrome, Doctor ... Idiopathic glomerular disease : a prospective study of chronic haematuria and nephrotic syndrome. Maastricht : Universiteit ...
The mercurial nephrotic syndrome. Journal Articles * Thromboembolic complications in the nephrotic syndrome: Pathophysiology ... Coagulopathy in a patient with nephrotic syndrome Journal Articles * Cryptococcosis in Patients with Nephrotic Syndrome: A ... Prevalence of Asthma and Allergies and Risk of Relapse in Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome: Insight into Nephrotic Syndrome Cohort ... Childhood nephrotic syndrome and the clinical profile of thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis Journal ...
Steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome and vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms. RC Holt, SA Ralph, NJ Webb, CJ ... Steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome and vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms. / Holt, RC; Ralph, SA; Webb, NJ ... Steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome and vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms. In: European Journal of ... Steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome and vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms. European Journal of ...
Nephrotic syndrome. Notes. Overview. Nephrotic syndrome is broadly defined as a triad of heavy proteinuria , 3.5 g/day, ... The nephrotic syndrome describes a very classic presentation of glomerular disease that is characterised by a triad of:. * ... The management of nephrotic syndrome depends on the underlying cause.. An accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause of ... Nephrotic syndrome may be due to a disease that causes primary glomerular injury (primary) or glomerular injury as part of a ...
Nephrotic Syndrome Nephrotic Syndrome Homeopathy Treatment. Nephrotic Syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by the ... In conclusion, Nephrotic Syndrome is a kidney disorder that can be caused by a variety of factors. Symptoms include anorexia, ... Symptoms of Nephrotic Syndrome include anorexia, nausea or vomiting, lethargy or tiredness, swelling of the face and body, ... Nephrotic Syndrome can be caused by a variety of factors, including renal disease, idiopathic causes, allergies, infections, ...
An adolescent with nephrotic syndrome and multiple leg nodules. Rebecca C. Brady, C. Frederic Strife, Anita P. Sheth, Murray ... Dive into the research topics of An adolescent with nephrotic syndrome and multiple leg nodules. Together they form a unique ...
Nephrotic-range proteinuria is 3 grams per day or more. ... encoded search term (Nephrotic Syndrome) and Nephrotic Syndrome ... Nephrotic syndrome is kidney disease with proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema. ... Nephrotic syndrome in African children: lack of evidence for tropical nephrotic syndrome?. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006. 21: ... and this article will concentrate primarily on adult nephrotic syndrome. However, nephrotic syndrome in infancy and childhood ...
BACKGROUND: Steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS), the most common form of nephrotic syndrome in childhood, is considered ... N2 - BACKGROUND: Steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS), the most common form of nephrotic syndrome in childhood, is ... AB - BACKGROUND: Steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS), the most common form of nephrotic syndrome in childhood, is ... abstract = "BACKGROUND: Steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS), the most common form of nephrotic syndrome in childhood, ...
Nephrotic Syndrome, Smoking Cessation, Prev Med Update. Summary Recap our top pearls from recent shows on nephrotic syndrome vs ... 250 Nephrotic Syndrome vs. Glomerulonephritis with Kidney Boy, Dr. Joel Topf. Transcript #250 Nephrotic-SyndromeDownload ...
Watch Video Nephrotic Syndrome - Overview Watch Video Nephrotic Syndrome Types ... Overview Nephrotic syndrome is a relatively rare but important manifestation of kidney disease. Nephrotic syndrome classically ... of nephrotic syndrome in childhood but only 10-15% of nephrotic syndrome in adults. Minimal change disease usually presents as ... Nephrotic Syndrome. Nephrotic Glomerulonephritis is a renal condition affecting the podocytes. This causes a leaky glomeruli ...
Chlormethine Hydrochloride is Not Inferior to Tacrolimus in Treating Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome.. ...
Nephrotic Syndrome. Why am I seeing this result? Youre seeing this as a result because it relates to the term or keyword that ... Testosterone Deficiency Syndrome. Why am I seeing this result? Youre seeing this as a result because it relates to the term or ...
... research and support for living with and managing Nephrotic Syndrome. ... Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is caused by an unknown substance that is released by the immune system and travels around ... Nephrotic syndrome is a condition where the kidneys filtering units are damaged, allowing large amounts of protein that should ... Leading the team researching FSGS and nephrotic syndrome.. Dr Gavin Welsh. Professor of Renal Cell Biology, who is our senior ...
  • white lines (leukonychia) that extend all the way across the nail and lie parallel to the lunula The main signs of nephrotic syndrome are: A proteinuria of greater than 3.5 g /24 h /1.73 m2 (between 3 and 3.5 g/24 h /1.73 m2 is considered to be proteinuria in the nephrotic range) or greater than 40 mg/h/m2 in children. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nephrotic syndrome is the combination of nephrotic-range proteinuria with a low serum albumin level and edema. (medscape.com)
  • Nephrotic-range proteinuria is the loss of 3 grams or more per day of protein into the urine or, on a single spot urine collection, the presence of 2 g of protein per gram of urine creatinine. (medscape.com)
  • Nephrotic--range proteinuria may occur in other kidney diseases, such as IgA nephropathy. (medscape.com)
  • In that common glomerular disease, one third of patients may have nephrotic--range proteinuria. (medscape.com)
  • 5. Since proteinuria, increased plasma renin levels and hyperphosphataemia may contribute to progression of renal failure and because HPD did not improve hypoalbuminaemia, the use of HPD in the nephrotic syndrome should be abandoned. (portlandpress.com)
  • 6. Until it can be established that LPD, which is accompanied by the least proteinuria, does not, with long-term feeding, lead to malnutrition, NPD should be used in the treatment of the nephrotic syndrome. (portlandpress.com)
  • Patients with nephrotic syndrome lose too many necessary proteins into the urine (proteinuria). (petmd.com)
  • Nephrotic syndrome has many causes, including primary kidney diseases such as minimal-change disease , focal segmental glomerulosclerosis , and membranous glomerulonephritis . (medscape.com)
  • Renal impairment may be seen in nephrotic syndrome due to a variety of complex mechanisms but it is less common compared to glomerulonephritis (i.e. causes of nephritic syndrome). (pulsenotes.com)
  • Nephrotic Glomerulonephritis is a renal condition affecting the podocytes. (armandoh.org)
  • N ephrotic Syndrome is usually caused by a condition called glomerulonephritis, which is an inflammation of the glomeruli - the tiny filters in the kidneys. (securehealth.care)
  • In severe cases of glomerulonephritis, a complication called nephrotic syndrome can result from extreme urinary protein loss. (vcahospitals.com)
  • Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults, mediated by glomerular antibody deposition to an increasing number of newly recognised antigens. (lu.se)
  • Nephrotic syndrome is caused by different disorders that damage the kidneys. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 2019 Other conditions, such as cystic kidneys, genetic factors, nephrotic syndrome and autoimmune diseases also can cause kidney failure. (merriam-webster.com)
  • Samantha West, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel , 10 June 2018 According to Mayo Clinic, nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by damage to small blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood. (merriam-webster.com)
  • Nephrotic syndrome can also result from systemic diseases that affect other organs in addition to the kidneys, such as diabetes, amyloidosis, and lupus erythematosus. (medscape.com)
  • Nephrotic syndrome can be primary, being a disease specific to the kidneys, or it can be secondary, being a renal manifestation of a systemic general illness. (medscape.com)
  • Nephrotic syndrome always affects both kidneys. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Nephrotic syndrome is a disorder of the kidneys. (epnet.com)
  • Nephrotic syndrome is disease of the kidneys where the filtering system made of functional units called the nephrons, gets damaged. (pediatricnephrologyindia.com)
  • Nephrotic Syndrome is a complex immunological disease affecting kidneys. (askdrshah.com)
  • Nephrotic syndrome is a medical condition in which the kidneys abnormally excrete excessive protein in urine. (chandigarhayurvedcentre.com)
  • Nephrotic syndrome occurs because of the damage of glomerulus present in kidneys. (chandigarhayurvedcentre.com)
  • According to Ayurveda, nephrotic syndrome occurs because of the blockage of tiny channels in kidneys known as mutravaha srotas. (chandigarhayurvedcentre.com)
  • If glomerular disease is the cause of the nephrotic syndrome, mild enlargement of the kidneys may also be observed. (petmd.com)
  • Congenital and infantile nephrotic syndromes are those that manifest during the first year of life. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Congenital and infantile nephrotic syndromes are generally rare inherited defects in glomerular filtration. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Nieuwhof, CMG 1999, ' Idiopathic glomerular disease : a prospective study of chronic haematuria and nephrotic syndrome ', Doctor of Philosophy, Maastricht University, Maastricht. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • Nephrotic syndrome is one of the hallmarks of glomerular disease. (pulsenotes.com)
  • Overview of nephrotic syndrome. (epnet.com)
  • Available at: https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/glomerular-disorders/overview-of-nephrotic-syndrome#v1056004. (epnet.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS), the most common form of nephrotic syndrome in childhood, is considered an autoimmune disease with an established classic HLA association. (rug.nl)
  • A few other characteristics seen in nephrotic syndrome are: The most common sign is excess fluid in the body due to serum hypoalbuminemia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most of the people with nephrotic syndrome are normotensive but hypertension (rarely) may also occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treating high cholesterol to reduce the risk for heart and blood vessel problems -- A low-fat, low-cholesterol diet is usually not enough for people with nephrotic syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Nephrotic syndrome may occur in persons with sickle cell disease and evolve to renal failure. (medscape.com)
  • Background : Nephrotic syndrome is one of the most common chronic renal diseases of childhood and for many years steroids are the first choice of treatment. (ac.ir)
  • The above causes of nephrotic syndrome are largely those for adults, and this article will concentrate primarily on adult nephrotic syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • In the present study, we investigated serum paraoxonase, and arylesterase activities and oxidative stress in patients with adult nephrotic syndrome (NS). (bezmialem.edu.tr)
  • Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome-the kind most children have-occurs for a reason that is unknown. (childrenshospital.org)
  • The use of steroids in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is the major discovery of the twentieth century in the field of pediatric nephrology. (startthechangenow.com)
  • A small group of newborns are born with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome or with refractory neonatal hypoalbuminemia, nephrotic in steroids syndrome. (startthechangenow.com)
  • The most common indication for surgical intervention in neonatal idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is the presence of hydrocephalus, hyperkalemia, and serum low-density lipoprotein levels.1 These neonates are more difficult to treat surgically. (startthechangenow.com)
  • Identification of nephrotic syndrome requires investigation into the potential complications and looking for an underlying cause. (pulsenotes.com)
  • Patients with nephrotic syndrome are at risk of both arterial and venous thrombotic complications . (pulsenotes.com)
  • Nephrotic syndrome has serious complications and must be part of the differential diagnosis for any patient presenting with new onset edema. (armandoh.org)
  • Malaria, nephrotic syndrome, and acute malnutrition with medical complications are serious medical conditions that require prompt and effective treatment. (securehealth.care)
  • In this article, we will discuss the management of serious malaria cases, nephrotic syndrome, and acute malnutrition with medical complications. (securehealth.care)
  • While "congenital" means present at birth, congenital nephrotic syndrome is usually discovered when a baby is a few months old, although it may take up to a year. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Alexis, or Lexi as she is known by her family, was diagnosed with congenital nephrotic syndrome when she was six weeks old. (nephcure.org)
  • 1. Twelve patients with the nephrotic syndrome were prescribed for 4 week periods a normal protein diet (NPD) containing 1 g of protein/kg ideal body weight. (portlandpress.com)
  • A healthy diet for Nephrotic patients consists of low-salt, low-fat moderate protein, and low-cholesterol diet. (planetayurveda.com)
  • Patients with nephrotic syndrome typically present with features of fluid overload . (pulsenotes.com)
  • Bloods clots are observed in 10-40% of patients with nephrotic syndrome. (pulsenotes.com)
  • In general, all patients with hypercholesterolemia secondary to nephrotic syndrome should be treated with lipid-lowering agents because they are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. (armandoh.org)
  • This work offers real hope for patients impacted by steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and potentially other genetic kidney diseases too. (nstrust.co.uk)
  • Dr Rajesh Shah, M.D. has worked with Nephrotic Syndrome patients for over 20 years. (askdrshah.com)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate lipoprotein particle distributions and the likelihood of achieving cholesterol homeostasis in the remission phase of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in paediatric patients. (biochemia-medica.com)
  • Patients with nephrotic syndrome have high blood pressure and may develop abnormal blood clots resulting in a variety of signs associated with blocked blood vessels or edema (swelling), especially of the legs or abdomen. (vcahospitals.com)
  • The management of edema in adult patients who are cirrhotic when edema is not responsive to fluid and sodium restrictions and in the setting of nephrotic syndrome when treatment of the underlying disease, restriction of fluid and sodium intake, and the use of other diuretics produce an inadequate response ( 1.3 ). (nih.gov)
  • Un échantillon choisi à dessein de 50 patients souffrant de glaucome, âgés de 12 à 18 ans, consultant un centre de soins externes en ophtalmologie au Caire (Égypte) a bénéficié d'un programme éducatif sur cette maladie, visant à corriger leurs idées fausses et leurs attentes, et comportant des démonstrations et des formations de perfectionnement sur les soins oculaires. (who.int)
  • We identified 15 patients with immune-mediated neuropathy and concurrent nephrotic syndrome (biopsy proven MGN in 12/12), and 4 patients with isolated MGN from an idiopathic MGN cohort, all seropositive for IgG4 CNTN1 antibodies. (lu.se)
  • Etanercept in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis and nephrotic syndrome in the context of AA amyloidosis: A 48-month follow-up. (bvsalud.org)
  • It differs from nephritic syndrome in that there are no red blood cells in the urine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Actual urinary complaints such as haematuria or oliguria are uncommon, though these are seen commonly in nephritic syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • It may occur in typical form, or in association with nephritic syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Summary Recap our top pearls from recent shows on nephrotic syndrome vs nephritic syndrome, smoking cessation and updates in preventive. (thecurbsiders.com)
  • Kakar S, Kumar V, Singh R. Latest research progress on acute nephrotic syndrome. (epnet.com)
  • Treatment for nephrotic syndrome involves treating the condition affecting the glomeruli. (kidshealth.org)
  • While nephrotic syndrome is not a disease , it can be the first sign of disease that can damage the kidney's tiny blood-filtering unit (glomeruli) where urine is made. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Recent Examples on the Web Ameera did indeed have a kidney disease, explaining her nephrotic syndrome symptoms. (merriam-webster.com)
  • Nephrotic syndrome isn't a disease and doesn't cause pain, but it can be a sign of kidney problems that may require treatment. (kidshealth.org)
  • For most younger kids, nephrotic syndrome is caused by a condition called minimal change disease. (kidshealth.org)
  • Medication can effectively treat many causes of nephrotic syndrome, including minimal change disease. (kidshealth.org)
  • Most kids whose nephrotic syndrome is due to minimal change disease will eventually outgrow the condition during their teens. (kidshealth.org)
  • There are thought to be two forms of nephrotic syndrome, minimal change disease (MCD) and focal sclerosis (FSGS). (childrenshospital.org)
  • Available at: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/nephrotic-syndrome-adults. (epnet.com)
  • Nephrotic syndrome may be due to a disease that causes primary glomerular injury (primary) or glomerular injury as part of a wider systemic process (secondary). (pulsenotes.com)
  • Overview Nephrotic syndrome is a relatively rare but important manifestation of kidney disease. (armandoh.org)
  • Nephrotic Syndrome is an obstinate, chronic and recurring disease. (askdrshah.com)
  • Minimal change nephrotic syndrome, also known as minimal change disease (MCD) or minimal change nephrosis, is a subcategory of non-inflammatory glomerulopathy - a degenerative disorder of the main functional unit of the kidney. (emerginginvestigators.org)
  • But their childhood diagnoses with a type of kidney disease called nephrotic syndrome ended those dreams. (cdc.gov)
  • Nephrotic syndrome edema initially appears in parts of the lower body (such as the legs) and in the eyelids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by protein loss in the urine, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and edema. (nih.gov)
  • Symptoms of Allergic Tension Fatigue Syndrome can include edema , especially puffiness of the eyelids and fullness and discoloration of the infraorbital (below-eye) areas. (diagnose-me.com)
  • Nephrotic syndrome is defined as the combination of significant protein loss in the urine, high serum cholesterol, low serum albumin (serum is the fluid portion of the blood), and edema or other abnormal accumulation of fluid. (vcahospitals.com)
  • Lipiduria (lipids in urine) can also occur, but is not essential for the diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nephrotic syndrome is a group of symptoms and abnormal test results that include protein in the urine , low blood protein levels in the blood, high cholesterol levels , high triglyceride levels, increased blood clot risk, and swelling . (medlineplus.gov)
  • 2019 However, her urine test showed high protein levels, which suggested nephrotic syndrome , a kidney disorder. (merriam-webster.com)
  • Nephrotic (neh-FROT-ik) syndrome is a condition in which a person loses large amounts of protein through the urine , which can lead to swelling of the face (often the eyes) or body (often around the genitals). (kidshealth.org)
  • Nephrotic syndrome is a condition where the kidney's filtering units are damaged, allowing large amounts of protein that should be kept in the bloodstream to leak into the urine. (nstrust.co.uk)
  • Hepatorenal syndrome is diagnosed when a creatinine clearance rate of less than 40 mL/min is present or when a serum creatinine level of greater than 1.5 mg/dL, a urine volume of less than 500 mL/day, and a urine sodium level of less than 10 mEq/L are present. (medscape.com)
  • The diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome is based on the identification of the typical triad . (pulsenotes.com)
  • An accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause of nephrotic syndrome is essential to offer treatment. (pulsenotes.com)
  • Materials and methods : During this case series study, 41 children with the diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome who had referred to Children Medical Center during a 15-year period (1986-2001) were included. (ac.ir)
  • Greater awareness of this cross-system syndrome should facilitate earlier diagnosis and more timely use of effective treatment. (lu.se)
  • Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nephrotic%20syndrome. (merriam-webster.com)
  • Available at: https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/nephrotic. (epnet.com)
  • Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/nephrotic-syndrome-in-adults. (epnet.com)
  • https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Z2ujWPNU4rw/mqdefault.jpg 04/08/2017 02:30:00 Dr. Kumud Mehta talks about Nephrotic Syndrome. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • A single injection of DOX (7 mg/kg, i.v) induced severe nephrotic syndrome after 4 weeks of its administration and was associated with hypoalbuminemia, hypoproteinemia, elevated serum urea (BUN), creatinine, hyperlipidemia, and a high urinary excretion of protein. (omicsonline.org)
  • We investigated the hypothesis that minimal change nephrotic syndrome is caused by abnormal T lymphocytes, specifically CD4 T cells, as they are known to be involved in many microscopic degenerative kidney disorders involving increased membranous permeability [1]. (emerginginvestigators.org)
  • Nephrotic syndrome may affect adults and children of both sexes and of any race. (medscape.com)
  • Nephrotic syndrome in adults. (epnet.com)
  • This syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects 1/8200 Finnish neonates and is caused by a mutation in the NPHS1 gene, which codes for a podocytic slit-diaphragm protein (nephrin). (msdmanuals.com)
  • More severe clinical signs are referred to as nephrotic syndrome (explained in the next section) and include fluid in the abdominal cavity, increased respiratory effort (due to fluid within the lungs), and swelling of the limbs. (vcahospitals.com)
  • The cause of nephrotic syndrome may be broadly divided into primary or secondary . (pulsenotes.com)
  • 2017 American Kidney Fund states that, in children, nephrotic syndrome effects around 2 in every 10,000 and is most common among 2- to 6-year-olds. (merriam-webster.com)
  • Une recherche documentaire a été effectuée dans PubMed de 1980 à 2021 en utilisant diverses combinaisons de termes MeSH comme tabac, diabète, hypertension, dyslipidémie, trouble dépressif majeur, trouble bipolaire, schizophrénie. (bvsalud.org)
  • however, the identification of the relevant gene defects has greatly advanced our understanding of podocyte function as well as the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • Kidney diseases that affect tubules and interstitium, such as interstitial nephritis, will not cause nephrotic syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Several diseases cause a nephrotic syndrome, as they damage the glomerular podocytes. (nih.gov)
  • To control nephrotic syndrome, the disorder that is causing it must be treated. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 2019 At 7 months, Anthony was diagnosed with the kidney disorder nephrotic syndrome . (merriam-webster.com)
  • Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that occurs when the filtering units of the kidney get damaged. (planetayurveda.com)
  • Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a glomerular disorder affecting between 2-7 per 100,000 children below 16 years of age worldwide ( 1 ). (biochemia-medica.com)
  • From a therapeutic perspective, nephrotic syndrome may be classified as steroid sensitive, steroid resistant, steroid dependent, or frequently relapsing. (medscape.com)
  • Chlormethine Hydrochloride is Not Inferior to Tacrolimus in Treating Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome. (aminer.org)
  • The research project has shown that just one dose of gene therapy targeting cells in the kidney has the potential to cure a condition known as steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. (nstrust.co.uk)
  • Taking vitamin D supplements if nephrotic syndrome is long-term and is not responding to treatment. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It's another way to look at nephrotic syndrome is in terms of how the affected tissue appears under a microscope, since this often correlates with treatment and outcome. (childrenshospital.org)
  • It has been proven that additional homeopathic treatment helps significantly towards better management of Nephrotic Syndrome . (askdrshah.com)
  • Homeopathic treatment for Nephrotic Syndrome has been found to be extremely effective. (askdrshah.com)
  • The treatment of nephrotic syndrome involves some oral medications and dietary modifications. (chandigarhayurvedcentre.com)
  • Corticosteroids may, however, be required for treatment of cytokine release syndrome or neurologic toxicity. (medscape.com)
  • A variety of lipid abnormalities may occur in nephrotic syndrome, which can include hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. (pulsenotes.com)
  • My 6-year-old was diagnosed in April of 2016 with Nephrotic Syndrome. (nephcure.org)
  • Kristen Jordan Shamus, Detroit Free Press , 9 July 2019 At 3 years old, her son Jaxson was diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome . (merriam-webster.com)
  • Often the symptoms can be managed with a type of medication known as steroids, however, around 10% of children with nephrotic syndrome do not respond to steroids and many will go on to develop kidney failure and will need dialysis or transplant within 2-5 years. (nstrust.co.uk)
  • The discovery could bring major benefits to many children who currently suffer from nephrotic syndrome. (nstrust.co.uk)
  • 37 children with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS) were treated with Chai-Ling-Tang (Sairei-to). (journalofchinesemedicine.com)
  • Cochrane Abstracts , Evidence Central , evidence.unboundmedicine.com/evidence/view/Cochrane/433744/all/Corticosteroid_therapy_for_nephrotic_syndrome_in_children. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Some children with nephrotic syndrome are steroid-dependant and some relapse frequently. (ac.ir)
  • However, nephrotic syndrome in infancy and childhood is an important entity. (medscape.com)