Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.
An inflammatory process involving the brain (ENCEPHALITIS) and meninges (MENINGITIS), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions.
Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.
The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
A rare, slowly progressive encephalitis caused by chronic infection with the MEASLES VIRUS. The condition occurs primarily in children and young adults, approximately 2-8 years after the initial infection. A gradual decline in intellectual abilities and behavioral alterations are followed by progressive MYOCLONUS; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; SEIZURES; DEMENTIA; autonomic dysfunction; and ATAXIA. DEATH usually occurs 1-3 years after disease onset. Pathologic features include perivascular cuffing, eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions, neurophagia, and fibrous gliosis. It is caused by the SSPE virus, which is a defective variant of MEASLES VIRUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp767-8)
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
A strain of ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS, a species of CARDIOVIRUS, usually causing an inapparent intestinal infection in mice. A small number of mice may show signs of flaccid paralysis.
A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.
The three membranes that cover the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD. They are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.
Enterovirus Infections are acute viral illnesses caused by various Enterovirus serotypes, primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, manifesting as a wide range of clinical symptoms, from asymptomatic or mild self-limiting fever to severe and potentially life-threatening conditions, such as meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and neonatal sepsis-like illness, depending on the age, immune status, and serotype of the infected individual.
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.
The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Diseases of the parasympathetic or sympathetic divisions of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; which has components located in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Autonomic dysfunction may be associated with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES; BRAIN STEM disorders; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. Manifestations include impairments of vegetative functions including the maintenance of BLOOD PRESSURE; HEART RATE; pupil function; SWEATING; REPRODUCTIVE AND URINARY PHYSIOLOGY; and DIGESTION.
A subclass of developmentally regulated lamins having a neutral isoelectric point. They are found to disassociate from nuclear membranes during mitosis.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors.
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.
Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint.
Two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. (From Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p766)
Postmortem examination of the body.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.
An impulse-conducting system composed of modified cardiac muscle, having the power of spontaneous rhythmicity and conduction more highly developed than the rest of the heart.
The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS.
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.
The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.
Characteristic properties and processes of the NERVOUS SYSTEM as a whole or with reference to the peripheral or the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes arising from or involving components of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, cranial nerves, and meninges. Included in this category are primary and metastatic nervous system neoplasms.
An infant during the first month after birth.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria isolated from skin lesions, blood, inflammatory exudates, and the upper respiratory tract of humans. It is a group A hemolytic Streptococcus that can cause SCARLET FEVER and RHEUMATIC FEVER.
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.
A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.
A funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the ESOPHAGUS, and air to the LARYNX and LUNGS. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx).
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS.
The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Retarded growth and deficits in the enteric and parasympathetic nervous system in mice lacking GFR alpha2, a functional neurturin receptor. (1/3079)

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and a related protein, neurturin (NTN), require a GPI-linked coreceptor, either GFR alpha1 or GFR alpha2, for signaling via the transmembrane Ret tyrosine kinase. We show that mice lacking functional GFR alpha2 coreceptor (Gfra2-/-) are viable and fertile but have dry eyes and grow poorly after weaning, presumably due to malnutrition. While the sympathetic innervation appeared normal, the parasympathetic cholinergic innervation was almost absent in the lacrimal and salivary glands and severely reduced in the small bowel. Neurite outgrowth and trophic effects of NTN at low concentrations were lacking in Gfra2-/- trigeminal neurons in vitro, whereas responses to GDNF were similar between the genotypes. Thus, GFR alpha2 is a physiological NTN receptor, essential for the development of specific postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.  (+info)

Anti-amphiphysin I antibodies in patients with paraneoplastic neurological disorders associated with small cell lung carcinoma. (2/3079)

Patients with stiff man syndrome and breast cancer develop anti-amphiphysin I antibodies that primarily recognise the C terminus of the protein. Anti-amphiphysin I antibodies have also been identified in a few patients with paraneoplastic neurological disorders (PND) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The frequency of anti-amphiphysin I antibodies in patients with SCLC and PND was analysed and the epitope specificity of these antibodies was characterised. Anti-amphiphysin I antibodies were evaluated by immunohistochemistry on human and rat cerebellum and immunoblots of rat brain homogenates. Serum samples included 134 patients with PND and anti-Hu antibodies (83% had SCLC), 44 with SCLC and PND without anti-Hu-antibodies, 63 with PND and either Yo, Ri, or Tr antibodies, 146 with SCLC without PND, and 104 with non-PND. Positive serum samples were confirmed with immunoblots of recombinant human amphiphysin I and immunoreacted with five overlapping peptide fragments covering the full length of the molecule. Serum samples positive for anti-amphiphysin I antibodies included those from seven (2.9%) patients with PND and two (1.4%) with SCLC without PND. Six of the seven anti-amphiphysin I antibody positive patients with PND had SCLC (three with Hu-antibodies), and one had anti-Hu-antibodies but no detectable tumour. The PND included encephalomyelitis/sensory neuropathy (five patients), cerebellar degeneration (one), and opsoclonus (one). All anti-amphiphysin I antibodies reacted with the C terminus of amphiphysin I, but seven also recognised other fragments of the molecule. In conclusion, anti-amphiphysin I antibodies are present at low frequency in patients with SCLC irrespective of the presence of an associated PND. All anti-amphiphysin I antibody positive serum samples have in common reactivity with the C terminus of the protein.  (+info)

Phase II trial of paclitaxel and cisplatin in metastatic and recurrent carcinoma of the uterine cervix. (3/3079)

PURPOSE: Both paclitaxel and cisplatin have moderate activity in patients with metastatic or recurrent cancer of the cervix, and the combination of these two agents has shown activity and possible synergism in a variety of solid tumors. We administered this combination to patients with metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer to evaluate its activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-four consecutive patients were treated on an outpatient basis with paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 administered intravenously over a 3-hour period followed by cisplatin 75 mg/m2 administered intravenously with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support. The chemotherapy was administered every 3 weeks for a maximum of six courses. RESULTS: Sixteen patients (47%; 95% confidence interval, 30% to 65%) achieved an objective response, including five complete responses and 11 partial responses. Responses occurred in 28% of patients with disease within the radiation field only and in 57% of patients with disease involving other sites. The median duration of response was 5.5 months, and the median times to progression and survival for all patients were 5 and 9 months, respectively. Grade 3 or 4 toxicities included anemia in 18% of patients and granulocytopenia in 15% of patients. Fifty-three percent of patients developed some degree of neurotoxicity; 21% of cases were grade 2 or worse. CONCLUSION: The combination of paclitaxel with cisplatin seems relatively well tolerated and moderately active in patients with metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer. The significant incidence of neurotoxicity is of concern, and alternative methods of administration of the two agents could be evaluated. Then, further study of this combination, alone or with the addition of other active agents, is warranted.  (+info)

Nitric oxide, mitochondria and neurological disease. (4/3079)

Damage to the mitochondrial electron transport chain has been suggested to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of a range of neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. There is also a growing body of evidence to implicate excessive or inappropriate generation of nitric oxide (NO) in these disorders. It is now well documented that NO and its toxic metabolite, peroxynitrite (ONOO-), can inhibit components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain leading, if damage is severe enough, to a cellular energy deficiency state. Within the brain, the susceptibility of different brain cell types to NO and ONOO- exposure may be dependent on factors such as the intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and an ability to increase glycolytic flux in the face of mitochondrial damage. Thus neurones, in contrast to astrocytes, appear particularly vulnerable to the action of these molecules. Following cytokine exposure, astrocytes can increase NO generation, due to de novo synthesis of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Whilst the NO/ONOO- so formed may not affect astrocyte survival, these molecules may diffuse out to cause mitochondrial damage, and possibly cell death, to other cells, such as neurones, in close proximity. Evidence is now available to support this scenario for neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis. In other conditions, such as ischaemia, increased availability of glutamate may lead to an activation of a calcium-dependent nitric oxide synthase associated with neurones. Such increased/inappropriate NO formation may contribute to energy depletion and neuronal cell death. The evidence available for NO/ONOO--mediated mitochondrial damage in various neurological disorders is considered and potential therapeutic strategies are proposed.  (+info)

The effects of specific antibody fragments on the 'irreversible' neurotoxicity induced by Brown snake (Pseudonaja) venom. (5/3079)

Brown snake (Pseudonaja) venom has been reported to produce 'irreversible' post synaptic neurotoxicity (Harris & Maltin, 1981; Barnett et al., 1980). A murine phrenic nerve/diaphragm preparation was used to study the neurotoxic effects of this venom and pre- and post-synaptic components were distinguished by varying the temperature and frequency of nerve stimulation. There were no myotoxic effects and the neurotoxicity proved irreversible by washing alone. The effects of a new Fab based ovine antivenom have been investigated and proved able to produce a complete, rapid (< 1 h) reversal of the neurotoxicity induced by Brown snake venom. A reversal was also possible when the antivenom addition was delayed for a further 60 min. We believe that this is the first time such a reversal has been shown.  (+info)

Incidence of cranial ultrasound abnormalities in apparently well neonates on a postnatal ward: correlation with antenatal and perinatal factors and neurological status. (6/3079)

AIM: To evaluate cranial ultrasonography and neurological examination in a cohort of infants regarded as normal; and to determine the prevalence of ultrasound abnormalities and any potential association with antenatal or perinatal factors or deviant neurological signs. METHODS: Cranial ultrasound findings and neurological status were evaluated in 177 newborns (gestational age 36.3 to 42 weeks), admitted to a postnatal ward directly after birth and regarded as normal by obstetric and paediatric staff. The age of the infants at the time of examination ranged between 6 and 48 hours. Ultrasound abnormalities were present in 35 of the 177 infants studied (20%). Ischaemic lesions, such as periventricular and thalamic densities were the most common finding (8%), followed by haemorrhagic lesions (6%). The possible sequelae of antenatal haemorrhages, such as focal ventricular dilatation or choroid cysts, were present in 6%. Abnormal ultrasound findings were not significantly associated with signs of perinatal distress, such as cardiotocographic abnormalities or passage of meconium. Abnormal ultrasound findings tended to be associated with antenatal problems, although this did not reach significance. Ultrasound abnormalities were strongly associated with deviant patterns on the neurological examination. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that ultrasound abnormalities are more common than has been reported up to now. Lesions that could be ischaemic, such as flare densities, are seen even in the absence of any antenatal or perinatal risk factor.  (+info)

Neurology and the skin. (7/3079)

As knowledge of pathophysiology grows, so does the refinement of diagnoses. Sometimes increased knowledge permits consolidation and unification. Unfortunately, at our present level of understanding, it usually demands proliferation of diagnostic categories. As tedious as this diagnostic splintering may seem, such is the price currently exacted of both the investigator and the clinician who seek to optimise management. Increased diagnostic refinement often requires inquiry into matters outside the bounds of one's specialty. Most often we turn to the radiologist or to the laboratory to narrow the differential diagnosis generated from the history and neurological examination. As we have shown, a useful intermediate step is extension of the physical examination to organs such as the skin, which are not the traditional preserve of the neurologist. That any text could confer the sophistication required for expert dermatological diagnosis is an unrealistic expectation. However, we hope that this review will encourage careful examination of the skin, hair, and nails by the neurological practitioner, with consideration of referral to a dermatologist when greater expertise is required.  (+info)

Assessing the machinery of mind: synapses in neuropsychiatric disorders. (8/3079)

Neural connectivity in postmortem human brain can now be studied with the use of antibodies that react with synapse-enriched proteins. Using a range of antibody-based techniques, the authors observed abnormalities in connectivity in Alzheimer's disease, temporal lobe epilepsy, and schizophrenia. They also found disease-related differences in the individual protein markers affected and in the anatomical distribution of differences from controls. Molecular and cellular abnormalities in neural connectivity may underlie functional abnormalities observed in vivo using positron emission tomography or functional magnetic resonance imaging.  (+info)

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases refer to medical conditions that primarily affect the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is responsible for controlling various functions in the body, including movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. Therefore, diseases of the CNS can have significant impacts on a person's quality of life and overall health.

There are many different types of CNS diseases, including:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites that infect the brain or spinal cord. Examples include meningitis, encephalitis, and polio.
2. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are characterized by progressive loss of nerve cells in the brain or spinal cord. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
3. Structural diseases: These involve damage to the physical structure of the brain or spinal cord, such as from trauma, tumors, or stroke.
4. Functional diseases: These affect the function of the nervous system without obvious structural damage, such as multiple sclerosis and epilepsy.
5. Genetic disorders: Some CNS diseases are caused by genetic mutations, such as spinal muscular atrophy and Friedreich's ataxia.

Symptoms of CNS diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and the area of the brain or spinal cord that is affected. They may include muscle weakness, paralysis, seizures, loss of sensation, difficulty with coordination and balance, confusion, memory loss, changes in behavior or mood, and pain. Treatment for CNS diseases depends on the specific condition and may involve medications, surgery, rehabilitation therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Nervous system diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a group of conditions that affect the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. These diseases can affect various functions of the body, such as movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. They can be caused by genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or tumors. Examples of nervous system diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, migraine, stroke, and neuroinfections like meningitis and encephalitis. The symptoms and severity of these disorders can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe and debilitating.

Central nervous system (CNS) viral diseases refer to medical conditions caused by the infection and replication of viruses within the brain or spinal cord. These viruses can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the specific virus and the location of the infection within the CNS. Some common examples of CNS viral diseases include:

1. Meningitis: This is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meninges) caused by viruses such as enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, or HIV. Symptoms may include fever, headache, stiff neck, and altered mental status.
2. Encephalitis: This is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by viruses such as herpes simplex virus, West Nile virus, or rabies virus. Symptoms may include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and focal neurologic deficits.
3. Poliomyelitis: This is a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus that can lead to paralysis of the muscles used for breathing, swallowing, and movement. It primarily affects children under 5 years old.
4. HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND): HIV can cause various neurologic symptoms such as cognitive impairment, peripheral neuropathy, and myopathy.
5. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): This is a rare but serious demyelinating disease of the CNS caused by the JC virus that primarily affects individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those receiving immunosuppressive therapy.

Treatment for CNS viral diseases depends on the specific virus and may include antiviral medications, supportive care, and management of symptoms. Prevention measures such as vaccination, avoiding contact with infected individuals, and practicing good hygiene can help reduce the risk of these infections.

Meningoencephalitis is a medical term that refers to an inflammation of both the brain (encephalitis) and the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges), known as the meninges. It is often caused by an infection, such as bacterial or viral infections, that spreads to the meninges and brain. In some cases, it can also be caused by other factors like autoimmune disorders or certain medications.

The symptoms of meningoencephalitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, and changes in mental status. If left untreated, this condition can lead to serious complications, such as brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities, or even death. Treatment typically involves antibiotics for bacterial infections or antiviral medications for viral infections, along with supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Central nervous system (CNS) infections refer to infectious processes that affect the brain, spinal cord, and their surrounding membranes, known as meninges. These infections can be caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Examples of CNS infections are:

1. Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by bacterial or viral infections. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.
2. Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain parenchyma, often caused by viral infections. Some viruses associated with encephalitis include herpes simplex virus, enteroviruses, and arboviruses.
3. Meningoencephalitis: A combined inflammation of both the brain and meninges, commonly seen in certain viral infections or when bacterial pathogens directly invade the brain.
4. Brain abscess: A localized collection of pus within the brain caused by a bacterial or fungal infection.
5. Spinal epidural abscess: An infection in the space surrounding the spinal cord, usually caused by bacteria.
6. Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord, which can result from viral, bacterial, or fungal infections.
7. Rarely, parasitic infections like toxoplasmosis and cysticercosis can also affect the CNS.

Symptoms of CNS infections may include fever, headache, stiff neck, altered mental status, seizures, focal neurological deficits, or meningeal signs (e.g., Brudzinski's and Kernig's signs). The specific symptoms depend on the location and extent of the infection, as well as the causative organism. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term neurological complications or death.

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is called the "central" system because it receives information from, and sends information to, the rest of the body through peripheral nerves, which make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

The CNS is responsible for processing sensory information, controlling motor functions, and regulating various autonomic processes like heart rate, respiration, and digestion. The brain, as the command center of the CNS, interprets sensory stimuli, formulates thoughts, and initiates actions. The spinal cord serves as a conduit for nerve impulses traveling to and from the brain and the rest of the body.

The CNS is protected by several structures, including the skull (which houses the brain) and the vertebral column (which surrounds and protects the spinal cord). Despite these protective measures, the CNS remains vulnerable to injury and disease, which can have severe consequences due to its crucial role in controlling essential bodily functions.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, progressive, and fatal inflammatory disease of the brain characterized by seizures, cognitive decline, and motor function loss. It is caused by a persistent infection with the measles virus, even in individuals who had an uncomplicated acute measles infection earlier in life. The infection results in widespread degeneration and scarring (sclerosis) of the brain's gray matter.

The subacute phase of SSPE typically lasts for several months to a couple of years, during which patients experience a decline in cognitive abilities, behavioral changes, myoclonic jerks (involuntary muscle spasms), and visual disturbances. As the disease progresses, it leads to severe neurological impairment, coma, and eventually death.

SSPE is preventable through early childhood measles vaccination, which significantly reduces the risk of developing this fatal condition later in life.

AIDS Dementia Complex (ADC) is a neurological disorder that occurs in people with advanced HIV infection or AIDS. It is also known as HIV-associated dementia (HAD) or HIV encephalopathy. ADC is characterized by cognitive impairment, motor dysfunction, and behavioral changes that can significantly affect the individual's daily functioning and quality of life.

The symptoms of AIDS Dementia Complex may include:
- Difficulty with concentration and memory
- Slowness in thinking, processing information, or making decisions
- Changes in mood or personality, such as depression, irritability, or apathy
- Difficulty with coordination, balance, or speech
- Progressive weakness and wasting of muscles
- Difficulty with swallowing or speaking

The exact cause of ADC is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to the direct effects of HIV on the brain. The virus can infect and damage nerve cells, leading to inflammation and degeneration of brain tissue. Treatment for ADC typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control HIV replication, as well as medications to manage specific symptoms. In some cases, supportive care such as physical therapy or occupational therapy may also be recommended.

Brain diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or structural abnormalities. They can affect different parts of the brain, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Some examples of brain diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease - a progressive degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease - a movement disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
3. Multiple sclerosis - a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system and can cause a range of symptoms such as vision loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
4. Epilepsy - a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
5. Brain tumors - abnormal growths in the brain that can be benign or malignant.
6. Stroke - a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can cause paralysis, speech difficulties, and other neurological symptoms.
7. Meningitis - an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
8. Encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune disorders.
9. Huntington's disease - a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination, cognitive function, and mental health.
10. Migraine - a neurological condition characterized by severe headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.

Brain diseases can range from mild to severe and may be treatable or incurable. They can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life.

I'm sorry for the confusion, but "Maus Elberfeld virus" doesn't seem to be a recognized term in current medical or scientific literature. It is possible that there may be some mistake or misunderstanding in the spelling or the name of the virus you are looking for.

Elberfeld is a city in Germany and "Maus" means mouse in German, so it might be referring to some virus affecting mice in Elberfeld. However, I cannot find any specific information about a virus with this exact name.

If you have more context or details, I'd be happy to help you try to find the information you need!

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a shock absorber for the central nervous system and provides nutrients to the brain while removing waste products. CSF is produced by specialized cells called ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) inside the brain. From there, it circulates through the ventricular system and around the outside of the brain and spinal cord before being absorbed back into the bloodstream. CSF analysis is an important diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, including infections, inflammation, and cancer.

The meninges are the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. They consist of three layers: the dura mater (the outermost, toughest layer), the arachnoid mater (middle layer), and the pia mater (the innermost, delicate layer). These membranes provide protection and support to the central nervous system, and contain blood vessels that supply nutrients and remove waste products. Inflammation or infection of the meninges is called meningitis, which can be a serious medical condition requiring prompt treatment.

Demyelinating diseases are a group of disorders that are characterized by damage to the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering surrounding nerve fibers in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord. Myelin is essential for the rapid transmission of nerve impulses, and its damage results in disrupted communication between the brain and other parts of the body.

The most common demyelinating disease is multiple sclerosis (MS), where the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath. Other demyelinating diseases include:

1. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): An autoimmune disorder that typically follows a viral infection or vaccination, causing widespread inflammation and demyelination in the brain and spinal cord.
2. Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) or Devic's Disease: A rare autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord, leading to severe vision loss and motor disability.
3. Transverse Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord causing damage to both sides of one level (segment) of the spinal cord, resulting in various neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, depending on which part of the spinal cord is affected.
4. Guillain-Barré Syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that causes rapid-onset muscle weakness, often beginning in the legs and spreading to the upper body, including the face and breathing muscles. It occurs when the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves' myelin sheath.
5. Central Pontine Myelinolysis (CPM): A rare neurological disorder caused by rapid shifts in sodium levels in the blood, leading to damage to the myelin sheath in a specific area of the brainstem called the pons.

These diseases can result in various symptoms, such as muscle weakness, numbness, vision loss, difficulty with balance and coordination, and cognitive impairment, depending on the location and extent of the demyelination. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms, modifying the immune system's response, and promoting nerve regeneration and remyelination when possible.

Enterovirus infections are viral illnesses caused by enteroviruses, which are a type of picornavirus. These viruses commonly infect the gastrointestinal tract and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the specific type of enterovirus and the age and overall health of the infected individual.

There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses such as EV-D68 and EV-A71. Some enterovirus infections may be asymptomatic or cause only mild symptoms, while others can lead to more severe illnesses.

Common symptoms of enterovirus infections include fever, sore throat, runny nose, cough, muscle aches, and skin rashes. In some cases, enteroviruses can cause more serious complications such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), and paralysis.

Enterovirus infections are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through respiratory droplets or fecal-oral transmission. They can also be spread through contaminated surfaces or objects. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals.

There are no specific antiviral treatments for enterovirus infections, and most cases resolve on their own within a few days to a week. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as fluids and medication to manage symptoms. Prevention efforts include vaccination against poliovirus and surveillance for emerging enteroviruses.

Astrocytes are a type of star-shaped glial cell found in the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord. They play crucial roles in supporting and maintaining the health and function of neurons, which are the primary cells responsible for transmitting information in the CNS.

Some of the essential functions of astrocytes include:

1. Supporting neuronal structure and function: Astrocytes provide structural support to neurons by ensheathing them and maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, which helps regulate the entry and exit of substances into the CNS.
2. Regulating neurotransmitter levels: Astrocytes help control the levels of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft (the space between two neurons) by taking up excess neurotransmitters and breaking them down, thus preventing excessive or prolonged activation of neuronal receptors.
3. Providing nutrients to neurons: Astrocytes help supply energy metabolites, such as lactate, to neurons, which are essential for their survival and function.
4. Modulating synaptic activity: Through the release of various signaling molecules, astrocytes can modulate synaptic strength and plasticity, contributing to learning and memory processes.
5. Participating in immune responses: Astrocytes can respond to CNS injuries or infections by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which help recruit immune cells to the site of injury or infection.
6. Promoting neuronal survival and repair: In response to injury or disease, astrocytes can become reactive and undergo morphological changes that aid in forming a glial scar, which helps contain damage and promote tissue repair. Additionally, they release growth factors and other molecules that support the survival and regeneration of injured neurons.

Dysfunction or damage to astrocytes has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS).

The nervous system is a complex, highly organized network of specialized cells called neurons and glial cells that communicate with each other via electrical and chemical signals to coordinate various functions and activities in the body. It consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes all the nerves and ganglia outside the CNS.

The primary function of the nervous system is to receive, process, and integrate information from both internal and external environments and then respond by generating appropriate motor outputs or behaviors. This involves sensing various stimuli through specialized receptors, transmitting this information through afferent neurons to the CNS for processing, integrating this information with other inputs and memories, making decisions based on this processed information, and finally executing responses through efferent neurons that control effector organs such as muscles and glands.

The nervous system can be further divided into subsystems based on their functions, including the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movements and reflexes; the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary physiological processes like heart rate, digestion, and respiration; and the enteric nervous system, which is a specialized subset of the autonomic nervous system that controls gut functions. Overall, the nervous system plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis, regulating behavior, and enabling cognition and consciousness.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. It consists of two subdivisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which generally have opposing effects and maintain homeostasis in the body.

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases (also known as Autonomic Disorders or Autonomic Neuropathies) refer to a group of conditions that affect the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. These diseases can cause damage to the nerves that control automatic functions, leading to various symptoms and complications.

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases can be classified into two main categories:

1. Primary Autonomic Nervous System Disorders: These are conditions that primarily affect the autonomic nervous system without any underlying cause. Examples include:
* Pure Autonomic Failure (PAF): A rare disorder characterized by progressive loss of autonomic nerve function, leading to symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, urinary retention, and constipation.
* Multiple System Atrophy (MSA): A degenerative neurological disorder that affects both the autonomic nervous system and movement coordination. Symptoms may include orthostatic hypotension, urinary incontinence, sexual dysfunction, and Parkinsonian features like stiffness and slowness of movements.
* Autonomic Neuropathy associated with Parkinson's Disease: Some individuals with Parkinson's disease develop autonomic symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, constipation, and urinary dysfunction due to the degeneration of autonomic nerves.
2. Secondary Autonomic Nervous System Disorders: These are conditions that affect the autonomic nervous system as a result of an underlying cause or disease. Examples include:
* Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy: A complication of diabetes mellitus that affects the autonomic nerves, leading to symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, gastroparesis (delayed gastric emptying), and sexual dysfunction.
* Autoimmune-mediated Autonomic Neuropathies: Conditions like Guillain-Barré syndrome or autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy can cause autonomic symptoms due to the immune system attacking the autonomic nerves.
* Infectious Autonomic Neuropathies: Certain infections, such as HIV or Lyme disease, can lead to autonomic dysfunction as a result of nerve damage.
* Toxin-induced Autonomic Neuropathy: Exposure to certain toxins, like heavy metals or organophosphate pesticides, can cause autonomic neuropathy.

Autonomic nervous system disorders can significantly impact a person's quality of life and daily functioning. Proper diagnosis and management are crucial for improving symptoms and preventing complications. Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications, medications, and in some cases, devices or surgical interventions.

Lamin Type A, also known as LMNA, is a gene that provides instructions for making proteins called lamins. These proteins are part of the nuclear lamina, a network of fibers that lies just inside the nuclear envelope, which is the membrane that surrounds the cell's nucleus. The nuclear lamina helps maintain the shape and stability of the nucleus and plays a role in regulating gene expression and DNA replication.

Mutations in the LMNA gene can lead to various diseases collectively known as laminopathies, which affect different tissues and organs in the body. These conditions include Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy with conduction system disease, and a type of premature aging disorder called Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. The specific symptoms and severity of these disorders depend on the particular LMNA mutation and the tissues affected.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

The digestive system, also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is a series of organs that process food and liquids into nutrients and waste. Digestive system diseases refer to any conditions that affect the normal functioning of this system, leading to impaired digestion, absorption, or elimination of food and fluids.

Some common examples of digestive system diseases include:

1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): A condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.
2. Peptic Ulcer Disease: Sores or ulcers that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A group of chronic inflammatory conditions that affect the intestines, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits.
5. Celiac Disease: An autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine, impairing nutrient absorption.
6. Diverticular Disease: A condition that affects the colon, characterized by the formation of small pouches or sacs (diverticula) that can become inflamed or infected.
7. Constipation: A common digestive system issue where bowel movements occur less frequently than usual or are difficult to pass.
8. Diarrhea: Loose, watery stools that occur more frequently than normal, often accompanied by cramps and bloating.
9. Gallstones: Small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder, causing pain, inflammation, and potential blockages of the bile ducts.
10. Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections or toxins, leading to symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, and abdominal pain.

These are just a few examples of digestive system disorders that can affect overall health and quality of life. If you experience any persistent or severe digestive symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention from a healthcare professional.

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is that part of the nervous system which lies outside of the brain and spinal cord. It includes all the nerves and ganglia ( clusters of neurons) outside of the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS is divided into two components: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

The somatic nervous system is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the skin, muscles, and joints to the CNS, and for controlling voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles.

The autonomic nervous system, on the other hand, controls involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration, pupillary dilation, and sexual arousal. It is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, which generally have opposing effects and maintain homeostasis in the body.

Damage to the peripheral nervous system can result in various medical conditions such as neuropathies, neuritis, plexopathies, and radiculopathies, leading to symptoms like numbness, tingling, pain, weakness, or loss of reflexes in the affected area.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) diseases, also known as Peripheral Neuropathies, refer to conditions that affect the functioning of the peripheral nervous system, which includes all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, controlling sensations, movements, and automatic functions such as heart rate and digestion.

PNS diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, toxins, metabolic disorders, trauma, or autoimmune conditions. The symptoms of PNS diseases depend on the type and extent of nerve damage but often include:

1. Numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet
2. Muscle weakness or cramps
3. Loss of reflexes
4. Decreased sensation to touch, temperature, or vibration
5. Coordination problems and difficulty with balance
6. Sexual dysfunction
7. Digestive issues, such as constipation or diarrhea
8. Dizziness or fainting due to changes in blood pressure

Examples of PNS diseases include Guillain-Barre syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, diabetic neuropathy, and peripheral nerve injuries. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the underlying cause but may involve medications, physical therapy, lifestyle changes, or surgery.

The "cause of death" is a medical determination of the disease, injury, or event that directly results in a person's death. This information is typically documented on a death certificate and may be used for public health surveillance, research, and legal purposes. The cause of death is usually determined by a physician based on their clinical judgment and any available medical evidence, such as laboratory test results, autopsy findings, or eyewitness accounts. In some cases, the cause of death may be uncertain or unknown, and the death may be classified as "natural," "accidental," "homicide," or "suicide" based on the available information.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a part of the autonomic nervous system that directly controls the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, small intestine, colon, and rectum. It is sometimes referred to as the "second brain" because it can operate independently of the central nervous system (CNS).

The ENS contains around 500 million neurons that are organized into two main plexuses: the myenteric plexus, which lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut, and the submucosal plexus, which is located in the submucosa. These plexuses contain various types of neurons that are responsible for regulating gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and blood flow.

The ENS can communicate with the CNS through afferent nerve fibers that transmit information about the state of the gut to the brain, and efferent nerve fibers that carry signals from the brain back to the ENS. However, the ENS is also capable of functioning independently of the CNS, allowing it to regulate gastrointestinal functions in response to local stimuli such as food intake, inflammation, or infection.

An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination or obduction, is a medical procedure in which a qualified professional (usually a pathologist) examines a deceased person's body to determine the cause and manner of death. This process may involve various investigative techniques, such as incisions to study internal organs, tissue sampling, microscopic examination, toxicology testing, and other laboratory analyses. The primary purpose of an autopsy is to gather objective evidence about the medical conditions and factors contributing to the individual's demise, which can be essential for legal, insurance, or public health purposes. Additionally, autopsies can provide valuable insights into disease processes and aid in advancing medical knowledge.

Central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms refer to a group of abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the brain or spinal cord. These tumors can be benign or malignant, and their growth can compress or disrupt the normal functioning of surrounding brain or spinal cord tissue.

Benign CNS neoplasms are slow-growing and rarely spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause significant problems if they grow large enough to put pressure on vital structures within the brain or spinal cord. Malignant CNS neoplasms, on the other hand, are aggressive tumors that can invade and destroy surrounding tissue. They may also spread to other parts of the CNS or, rarely, to other organs in the body.

CNS neoplasms can arise from various types of cells within the brain or spinal cord, including nerve cells, glial cells (which provide support and insulation for nerve cells), and supportive tissues such as blood vessels. The specific type of CNS neoplasm is often used to help guide treatment decisions and determine prognosis.

Symptoms of CNS neoplasms can vary widely depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or paralysis, vision or hearing changes, balance problems, memory loss, and changes in behavior or personality. Treatment options for CNS neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

The heart conduction system is a group of specialized cardiac muscle cells that generate and conduct electrical impulses to coordinate the contraction of the heart chambers. The main components of the heart conduction system include:

1. Sinoatrial (SA) node: Also known as the sinus node, it is located in the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava and functions as the primary pacemaker of the heart. It sets the heart rate by generating electrical impulses at regular intervals.
2. Atrioventricular (AV) node: Located in the interatrial septum, near the opening of the coronary sinus, it serves as a relay station for electrical signals between the atria and ventricles. The AV node delays the transmission of impulses to allow the atria to contract before the ventricles.
3. Bundle of His: A bundle of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that conducts electrical impulses from the AV node to the ventricles. It divides into two main branches, the right and left bundle branches, which further divide into smaller Purkinje fibers.
4. Right and left bundle branches: These are extensions of the Bundle of His that transmit electrical impulses to the respective right and left ventricular myocardium. They consist of specialized conducting tissue with large diameters and minimal resistance, allowing for rapid conduction of electrical signals.
5. Purkinje fibers: Fine, branching fibers that arise from the bundle branches and spread throughout the ventricular myocardium. They are responsible for transmitting electrical impulses to the working cardiac muscle cells, triggering coordinated ventricular contraction.

In summary, the heart conduction system is a complex network of specialized muscle cells responsible for generating and conducting electrical signals that coordinate the contraction of the atria and ventricles, ensuring efficient blood flow throughout the body.

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a part of the peripheral nervous system that operates largely below the level of consciousness and controls visceral functions. It is divided into two main subdivisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which generally have opposing effects and maintain homeostasis in the body.

The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations, often referred to as the "fight or flight" response. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and metabolic rate, while also decreasing digestive activity. This response helps the body respond quickly to perceived threats.

The Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS), on the other hand, promotes the "rest and digest" state, allowing the body to conserve energy and restore itself after the stress response has subsided. It decreases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate, while increasing digestive activity and promoting relaxation.

These two systems work together to maintain balance in the body by adjusting various functions based on internal and external demands. Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System can lead to a variety of symptoms, such as orthostatic hypotension, gastroparesis, and cardiac arrhythmias, among others.

Immune system diseases, also known as immunological disorders or autoimmune diseases, refer to a group of conditions in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy tissues in the body. The immune system is designed to protect the body from harmful substances such as viruses, bacteria, and toxins. However, in immune system diseases, the immune system fails to distinguish between these harmful substances and the body's own cells, leading to an overactive or misdirected response.

There are several types of immune system diseases, including:

1. Allergies: An abnormal immune response to harmless substances such as pollen, dust mites, or certain foods.
2. Autoimmune disorders: A group of conditions in which the immune system attacks healthy tissues, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.
3. Immunodeficiency disorders: Conditions that weaken the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off infections, such as HIV/AIDS or primary immunodeficiency diseases.
4. Autoinflammatory disorders: A group of conditions characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammation due to abnormal activation of the immune system, such as familial Mediterranean fever and cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes.
5. Transplant rejection: A response in which the immune system attacks and rejects transplanted organs or tissues.

Immune system diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the specific condition and the severity of the disease. Treatment may involve medications to suppress the immune system, as well as other therapies to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs that produce, store, and secrete hormones. It plays a crucial role in regulating various functions in the body, including metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.

Endocrine system diseases or disorders occur when there is a problem with the production or regulation of hormones. This can result from:

1. Overproduction or underproduction of hormones by the endocrine glands.
2. Impaired response of target cells to hormones.
3. Disruption in the feedback mechanisms that regulate hormone production.

Examples of endocrine system diseases include:

1. Diabetes Mellitus - a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin deficiency or resistance.
2. Hypothyroidism - underactive thyroid gland leading to slow metabolism, weight gain, fatigue, and depression.
3. Hyperthyroidism - overactive thyroid gland causing rapid heartbeat, anxiety, weight loss, and heat intolerance.
4. Cushing's Syndrome - excess cortisol production resulting in obesity, high blood pressure, and weak muscles.
5. Addison's Disease - insufficient adrenal hormone production leading to weakness, fatigue, and low blood pressure.
6. Acromegaly - overproduction of growth hormone after puberty causing enlargement of bones, organs, and soft tissues.
7. Gigantism - similar to acromegaly but occurs before puberty resulting in excessive height and body size.
8. Hypopituitarism - underactive pituitary gland leading to deficiencies in various hormones.
9. Hyperparathyroidism - overactivity of the parathyroid glands causing calcium imbalances and kidney stones.
10. Precocious Puberty - early onset of puberty due to premature activation of the pituitary gland.

Treatment for endocrine system diseases varies depending on the specific disorder and may involve medication, surgery, lifestyle changes, or a combination of these approaches.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a part of the autonomic nervous system that operates largely below the level of consciousness, and it functions to produce appropriate physiological responses to perceived danger. It's often associated with the "fight or flight" response. The SNS uses nerve impulses to stimulate target organs, causing them to speed up (e.g., increased heart rate), prepare for action, or otherwise respond to stressful situations.

The sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stressful emotional or physical situations and it prepares the body for immediate actions. It dilates the pupils, increases heart rate and blood pressure, accelerates breathing, and slows down digestion. The primary neurotransmitter involved in this system is norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline).

'Nervous system physiological phenomena' refer to the functions, activities, and processes that occur within the nervous system in a healthy or normal state. This includes:

1. Neuronal Activity: The transmission of electrical signals (action potentials) along neurons, which allows for communication between different cells and parts of the nervous system.

2. Neurotransmission: The release and binding of neurotransmitters to receptors on neighboring cells, enabling the transfer of information across the synapse or junction between two neurons.

3. Sensory Processing: The conversion of external stimuli into electrical signals by sensory receptors, followed by the transmission and interpretation of these signals within the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).

4. Motor Function: The generation and execution of motor commands, allowing for voluntary movement and control of muscles and glands.

5. Autonomic Function: The regulation of internal organs and glands through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, maintaining homeostasis within the body.

6. Cognitive Processes: Higher brain functions such as perception, attention, memory, language, learning, and emotion, which are supported by complex neural networks and interactions.

7. Sleep-Wake Cycle: The regulation of sleep and wakefulness through interactions between the brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain, ensuring proper rest and recovery.

8. Development and Plasticity: The growth, maturation, and adaptation of the nervous system throughout life, including processes such as neuronal migration, synaptogenesis, and neural plasticity.

9. Endocrine Regulation: The interaction between the nervous system and endocrine system, with the hypothalamus playing a key role in controlling hormone release and maintaining homeostasis.

10. Immune Function: The communication between the nervous system and immune system, allowing for the coordination of responses to infection, injury, or stress.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Nervous system neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that occur within the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and their growth can compress or infiltrate surrounding tissues, leading to various neurological symptoms. The causes of nervous system neoplasms are not fully understood but may involve genetic factors, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, and certain viral infections. Treatment options depend on the type, location, and size of the tumor and can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive, beta-hemolytic streptococcus bacterium that causes various suppurative (pus-forming) and nonsuppurative infections in humans. It is also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS) due to its ability to produce the M protein, which confers type-specific antigenicity and allows for serological classification into more than 200 distinct Lancefield groups.

S. pyogenes is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis, erysipelas, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. In rare cases, it can lead to invasive diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS).

The bacterium is typically transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected skin lesions. Effective prevention strategies include good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing and avoiding sharing personal items, as well as prompt recognition and treatment of infections to prevent spread.

Pharyngitis is the medical term for inflammation of the pharynx, which is the back portion of the throat. This condition is often characterized by symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and scratchiness in the throat. Pharyngitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections (such as the common cold), bacterial infections (such as strep throat), and irritants (such as smoke or chemical fumes). Treatment for pharyngitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include medications to relieve symptoms or antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection.

Streptococcal infections are a type of infection caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes). These bacteria can cause a variety of illnesses, ranging from mild skin infections to serious and potentially life-threatening conditions such as sepsis, pneumonia, and necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease).

Some common types of streptococcal infections include:

* Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) - an infection of the throat and tonsils that can cause sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
* Impetigo - a highly contagious skin infection that causes sores or blisters on the skin.
* Cellulitis - a bacterial infection of the deeper layers of the skin and underlying tissue that can cause redness, swelling, pain, and warmth in the affected area.
* Scarlet fever - a streptococcal infection that causes a bright red rash on the body, high fever, and sore throat.
* Necrotizing fasciitis - a rare but serious bacterial infection that can cause tissue death and destruction of the muscles and fascia (the tissue that covers the muscles).

Treatment for streptococcal infections typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect a streptococcal infection, as prompt treatment can help prevent serious complications.

Streptococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, spherical bacteria that typically form pairs or chains when clustered together. These bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. They are non-motile and do not produce spores.

Streptococcus species are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Some strains are part of the normal flora of the body, while others can cause a variety of infections, ranging from mild skin infections to severe and life-threatening diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, and toxic shock syndrome.

The pathogenicity of Streptococcus species depends on various virulence factors, including the production of enzymes and toxins that damage tissues and evade the host's immune response. One of the most well-known Streptococcus species is Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A streptococcus (GAS), which is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and rheumatic fever.

It's important to note that the classification of Streptococcus species has evolved over time, with many former members now classified as different genera within the family Streptococcaceae. The current classification system is based on a combination of phenotypic characteristics (such as hemolysis patterns and sugar fermentation) and genotypic methods (such as 16S rRNA sequencing and multilocus sequence typing).

The pharynx is a part of the digestive and respiratory systems that serves as a conduit for food and air. It is a musculo-membranous tube extending from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra where it becomes continuous with the esophagus.

The pharynx has three regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is the uppermost region, which lies above the soft palate and is connected to the nasal cavity. The oropharynx is the middle region, which includes the area between the soft palate and the hyoid bone, including the tonsils and base of the tongue. The laryngopharynx is the lowest region, which lies below the hyoid bone and connects to the larynx.

The primary function of the pharynx is to convey food from the oral cavity to the esophagus during swallowing and to allow air to pass from the nasal cavity to the larynx during breathing. It also plays a role in speech, taste, and immune defense.

Streptococcal vaccines are immunizations designed to protect against infections caused by Streptococcus bacteria. These vaccines contain antigens, which are substances that trigger an immune response and help the body recognize and fight off specific types of Streptococcus bacteria. There are several different types of streptococcal vaccines available or in development, including:

1. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV): This vaccine protects against Streptococcus pneumoniae, a type of bacteria that can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and other serious infections. PCV is recommended for all children under 2 years old, as well as older children and adults with certain medical conditions.
2. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV): This vaccine also protects against Streptococcus pneumoniae, but it is recommended for adults 65 and older, as well as younger people with certain medical conditions.
3. Streptococcus pyogenes vaccine: This vaccine is being developed to protect against Group A Streptococcus (GAS), which can cause a variety of infections, including strep throat, skin infections, and serious diseases like rheumatic fever and toxic shock syndrome. There are several different GAS vaccine candidates in various stages of development.
4. Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine: This vaccine is being developed to protect against Group B Streptococcus (GBS), which can cause serious infections in newborns, pregnant women, and older adults with certain medical conditions. There are several different GBS vaccine candidates in various stages of development.

Overall, streptococcal vaccines play an important role in preventing bacterial infections and reducing the burden of disease caused by Streptococcus bacteria.

In medical terms, gases refer to the state of matter that has no fixed shape or volume and expands to fill any container it is placed in. Gases in the body can be normal, such as the oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen that are present in the lungs and blood, or abnormal, such as gas that accumulates in the digestive tract due to conditions like bloating or swallowing air.

Gases can also be used medically for therapeutic purposes, such as in the administration of anesthesia or in the treatment of certain respiratory conditions with oxygen therapy. Additionally, measuring the amount of gas in the body, such as through imaging studies like X-rays or CT scans, can help diagnose various medical conditions.

Central nervous system disease Peripheral neuropathy "Nervous System Diseases - Neurologic Diseases". MedlinePlus. Retrieved ... Nervous system diseases, also known as nervous system or neurological disorders, refers to a small class of medical conditions ... Some nervous system diseases are due to genetic mutations. For example, Huntington's disease is an inherited disease ... "Central nervous system: Structure, function, and diseases". Medical News Today. 22 December 2017. "Central nervous system: ...
Neurodegenerative disease List of central nervous system infections "Nervous System Diseases". Healthinsite.gov.au. Retrieved ... Central nervous system diseases, also known as central nervous system disorders, are a group of neurological disorders that ... Catalepsy is considered a symptom of serious diseases of the nervous system (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Epilepsy, etc.) rather ... Brain degeneration also causes central nervous system diseases (i.e. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases). ...
California encephalitis virus Central nervous system viral disease Cytomegalovirus encephalitis SARS-CoV-2 Eastern equine ... with 22 of these being replicated with the UK Biobank and not all of them necessarily central nervous system viral diseases) ... and can invade the mammalian system by spreading into the peripheral nervous system and more rarely the CNS. CNS is protected ... List of central nervous system infections Aging brain § Immune system and fluids "Neurological Infections". University of ...
Autoimmune diseases, Central nervous system disorders, Idiopathic diseases). ... "Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system". Neuropathology. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 145. ... Lebrun C, Kantarci OH, Siva A, Pelletier D, Okuda DT (February 2018). "Anomalies Characteristic of Central Nervous System ... Schilder disease or diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis: is a rare disease that presents clinically as a pseudotumoural ...
"A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 14 (2): 123. February 1887. ISSN 0022- ... A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System, also known as the 'Bible of Neurology', is a medical textbook by William Gowers. It ... "A manual of diseases of the nervous system / by W.R. Gowers". Wellcome Collection. Retrieved 10 June 2023. "A Manual of the ... Diseases of the Nervous System". Journal of the American Medical Association. XXI (25): 950. 16 December 1893. doi:10.1001/jama ...
This is a shortened version of the sixth chapter of the ICD-9: Diseases of the Nervous System and Sense Organs. It covers ICD ... sclerosis 341 Other demyelinating diseases of central nervous system 341.0 Neuromyelitis optica 341.1 Schilder's disease 341.8 ... Infectious and parasitic diseases. However, as it results in a disorder of the nervous system, it is also listed in this ... 349 Other and unspecified disorders of the nervous system 349.0 Reaction to spinal or lumbar puncture 349.1 Nervous system ...
Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) produce lesions (demyelinated areas in ... "Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system". Medicine. 11 (77): 4601-4609. doi:10.1016/j.med.2015.04.001. Poser C. M ... However, in a person with MS, these cells recognize healthy parts of the central nervous system as foreign and attack them as ... Schilder disease or diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis: is a rare disease that presents clinically as a pseudotumoural ...
At that time it became the Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis and Other Diseases of the Nervous System, Maida Vale. It became ... It moved to Portland Terrace in 1872, becoming the Hospital for Diseases of the Nervous System in 1873 and the Hospital for ... "Maida Vale Hopital [sic] for Nervous Diseases". National Archives. Retrieved 8 July 2018. v t e v t e (Use dmy dates from April ... The Maida Vale Hospital for Nervous Diseases was a hospital that existed in west London from 1867 to 1993. The hospital was ...
"Aqueductal Stenosis". Nervous System Diseases. Retrieved 15 October 2013. Cinalli, G.; Spennato, P.; Nastro, A.; Aliberti, F.; ... Childs Nervous System. 27 (10): 1621-42. doi:10.1007/s00381-011-1546-2. PMID 21928028. Spennato, P; S. Tazi; O. Bekaert; G. ... Child's Nervous System. 11 (3): 180-5. doi:10.1007/BF00570262. PMID 7773981. "Hydrocephalus Fact Sheet". National Institute of ... This disease is transmitted from mother to son. This disorder is caused by a point mutation in the gene for neural cell ...
"Primary Generalized Epilepsy". Nervous-system-diseases.com. 2013-09-09. Retrieved 2016-12-16. "Seizures or epilepsy". ...
Halperin JJ (2015). "Nervous System Lyme Disease". Clinics in Laboratory Medicine. 35 (4): 779-95. doi:10.1016/j.cll.2015.07. ... Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, one of the diseases with the highest disease burden is tuberculosis, which ... The symptoms of disease appear as pathogenic bacteria damage host tissues or interfere with their function. The bacteria can ... Lyme disease". The New England Journal of Medicine. 370 (18): 1724-31. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1314325. PMC 4487875. PMID 24785207. ...
Diseases of the nervous system. Boericke & Runyon. p. 296. Retrieved 5 December 2017. Infantile progressive bulbar palsy. Piña- ... The disease exists in both rapid and slow onsets, and involves inflammation of the gray matter of the bulb. Infantile PBP is a ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Motor neuron diseases). ... disease that manifests itself in two forms: Fazio-Londe syndrome (FL) and Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome (BVVL). Wilson, ...
Ajax ET (October 1966). "An unusual case of primidone intoxication". Diseases of the Nervous System. 27 (10): 660-661. PMID ... Monroe RR (February 1975). "Anticonvulsants in the treatment of aggression". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 160 (2- ... Dupuytren's contracture, a disease of the fasciae in the palm and fingers that permanently bends the fingers (usually the ... In any case, the use of more than one anticonvulsant has been associated with an increased prevalence of bone disease in ...
Diseases of the Nervous System. 29 (5): Suppl:147-Suppl:152. PMID 5673619. Retrieved 2 July 2022. Walther DJ, Peter JU, ... Until the discovery of TPH2 in 2003, serotonin levels in the central nervous system were believed to be regulated by serotonin ... gain insights into the functions of serotonin systems more broadly (such as hypersexuality in rodents as well as increased ... 5HT is causally involved in numerous central nervous activities, and it has several functions in peripheral tissues, including ...
Diseases of the nervous system. 15 (7): 218-20. PMID 13182975. Cohen, Harvey D.; Rosen, Raymond C.; Goldstein, Leonide (May ... Chapter "Nervous system") (in Russian) Abram Svyadoshch. Женская сексопатология (Female sexopathology). - 3-е изд., перераб. и ... Experienced by males and females, orgasms are controlled by the involuntary or autonomic nervous system. They are usually ... Psychoanalytic theory mistook these artificial secondary drives for primary, natural functions." "Nervous System: A Tutorial ...
Revitch, E (1965). "Sex murder and the potential sex murderer". Diseases of the Nervous System. 26 (10): 640-648. PMID 5831700 ...
Sontheimer, Harald (2015). Diseases of the Nervous System. Academic Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-12-800403-6. Archived from the ... It is not clear exactly how many repeat units are needed to cause disease. SOD1, which codes for superoxide dismutase 1, is the ... In 2016, it was observed that mutations in the TBK1 protein contributed to formation of the disease. Since the TBK1 protein is ... ALS has an oligogenic mode of inheritance, meaning that mutations in two or more genes are required to cause disease. C9orf72 ...
Diseases of the nervous system --> Tic disorders: "onset during the developmental period" Ueda K, Black KJ (2021). "Recent ... Tourette syndrome is classified as a disease of the nervous system and a neurodevelopmental disorder, and only one motor tic is ... are classified in the ICD-11 chapter on diseases of the nervous system, but are cross-listed in the grouping of ... If there is a family history of liver disease, serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels can rule out Wilson's disease. The typical ...
He published Diseases of the Nervous System in 1912. He was a fine runner in his youth and a keen golfer up to his death at the ... Bury, J. S. (30 April 1904). "An Address on Trauma in Relation to Disease of the Nervous System: Presidential Address to the ... Diseases of the nervous system. CIHM/ICMH collection de microfiches ;no. 77911. Macmillan. 1912. ISBN 9780665779114. "Obituary ... Bury, Judson S. (9 November 1901). "The Bradshaw Lecture on Prognosis in Relation to Disease of the Nervous System: Delivered ...
Diseases of the Nervous System. 18 (11): 434-9. PMID 13473685. Meltzer RI, Lewis AD, Volpe J, Lustgarten DM (May 1960). "2, 2- ...
Diseases of the Nervous System. 21(3)Suppl (3 Suppl): 120-123. PMID 13832091. Sacerdoti G (1960). "[First clinical experiences ... 1st US drug for Huntington's disease wins approval[dead link] Jankovic J, Beach J (1997). "Long-term effects of tetrabenazine ... Although other drugs had been used "off label," tetrabenazine was the first approved treatment for Huntington's disease in the ... Tetrabenazine is used as a treatment, but not as a cure, for hyperkinetic disorders such as: Huntington's disease - ...
Wilson, John Eastman (1909). "Diseases affecting the spinal grey-matter". Diseases of the nervous system. Boericke & Runyon. ( ... Brown CH (1894). "Infantile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis of the family type". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 21 (2): ... Syndromes affecting the nervous system, Syndromes affecting hearing, Rare syndromes). ... variability in age at onset and disease progression highlighting the phenotypic overlap with Fazio-Londe disease". Brain & ...
Schuckit, M. A.; Winokur, G. A. (1972). "A short-term followup of women alcoholics". Diseases of the Nervous System. 33 (10): ... However, Huss regarded heavy drinking still as a vice (that causes a destruction of the nervous system). Moreover, this came ... The modern disease theory of alcoholism states that problem drinking is sometimes caused by a disease of the brain, ... Disease model of addiction "Neuropathology". American Medical Association. Retrieved 4 October 2020. "Understanding the Disease ...
Journal of Central Nervous System Disease. 3: 179-87. doi:10.4137/JCNSD.S4888. PMC 3663619. PMID 23861647. Bialer M, Soares-da- ...
Wood-allum, Clare A.; Shaw, Pamela J. (2014). "Thyroid disease and the nervous system". Neurologic Aspects of Systemic Disease ... non-sensory nervous system (i.e., the autonomic nervous system), affecting mostly the internal organs such as the bladder ... "nervous system" and -pathy, "disease of") without modifier usually means peripheral neuropathy. Neuropathy affecting just one ... immune system disease, celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, or viral infection. It can also be genetic (present from ...
Journal of Central Nervous System Disease. 3: JCNSD.S4138. doi:10.4137/JCNSD.S4138. PMC 3663608. PMID 23861634. Nicolson SE, ... American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved May 8, 2019. "Product Information: Zeldox IM (ziprasidone mesilate)". ... Nemeroff CB (December 2007). "Ziprasidone in the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder". Neuropsychiatric Disease and ...
Journal of Central Nervous System Disease. 3: 51-65. doi:10.4137/JCNSD.S1611. PMC 3663615. PMID 23861638. Anttila AK, Rasanen L ... Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 9 (3): 197-204. doi:10.2174/1871524910909030197. PMID 20021354. Hindmarch ... There is tentative evidence fluvoxamine might be useful for reducing COVID-19 disease severity if given as an early treatment. ... Kroon LA (September 2007). "Drug interactions with smoking". American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 64 (18): 1917-21. doi: ...
Mawdsley C (December 1975). "Diseases of the central nervous system. Involuntary movements". Br. Med. J. 4 (5996): 572-4. doi: ... Hammond and described in his book Diseases of the Nervous System in 1871. Hammond was also the person who created the term " ... Athetosis is characterized as a symptom that is present in many forms of central nervous system disorders that affect the body ... Athetosis is a commonly occurring symptom in the disease cerebral palsy. Of all people with the disease, between 16% and 25% of ...
"Lysine methylation regulates nervous system diseases". Neuropeptides. 76: 101929. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2019.04.004. PMID 31076097 ...
Journal of Central Nervous System Disease. 3: 51-65. doi:10.4137/JCNSD.S1611. PMC 3663615. PMID 23861638. McGechan A, ... Neubauer DN (February 2008). "A review of ramelteon in the treatment of sleep disorders". Neuropsychiatric Disease and ... American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias. 30 (2): 119-129. doi:10.1177/1533317514539379. PMID 24946785. ...
... and do is controlled by your nervous system. Learn how it works and what kinds of things can go wrong. ... What Conditions Can Affect Your Nervous System?. Your nervous system has lots of protection. Your brain is guarded by your ... What Is Your Nervous System?. Medically Reviewed by Christopher Melinosky, MD. on May 12, 2023 ... Your brain and spinal cord make up your central nervous system.. *The nerves in the rest of your body make up your peripheral ...
... and do is controlled by your nervous system. Learn how it works and what kinds of things can go wrong. ... What Conditions Can Affect Your Nervous System?. Your nervous system has lots of protection. Your brain is guarded by your ... What Is Your Nervous System? Medically Reviewed by Christopher Melinosky, MD on May 12, 2023 ... Your brain and spinal cord make up your central nervous system.. *The nerves in the rest of your body make up your peripheral ...
Diseases of the Nervous System was last modified: February 8th, 2022 by admin aapc ... This months focus is "Understanding the ICD-10-CM draft guidelines for Diseases of the Nervous System," which is located in ...
"Nervous System Diseases" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Nervous System Diseases" was a major or ... Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, ... "Nervous System Diseases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Nervous System Diseases*Nervous System Diseases. *Disease, Nervous System. *Diseases, Nervous System ...
... we discuss what is known about the role and potential future applications of exosomes in the nervous system and its diseases, ... including the central nervous system (CNS). They are secreted by a range of cell types and via blood reaching other cells whose ... and autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. In this brief review, ... 2. Nervous System Cells and Tissues: An Overview. The nervous system, composed by the central nervous system (CNS), and the ...
... has been found to be effective in treatment of many different nervous system disorders and conditions. And it may be effective ... Nervous System Diseases and IPT. Without the nervous system we are meat, organs, bones, and sinew. The nervous system is our ... Immune System. Allergies. Nervous System. Skin. Digestive. Genitourinary. MusculoSkeletal. End of Life. Veterinary. ... It was the nervous system that Dr. Perez Garcia 1 first treated with IPT. The nervous system wracked with tertiary syphilis, ...
Cases of Neuralgia and of Other Diseases of the Nervous System: Preceded by an Analytical Exposition of Them, Exemplifying the ... Cases of Neuralgia and of Other Diseases of the Nervous System: Preceded by an Analytical Exposition of Them, Exemplifying the ... Cases of Neuralgia and of Other Diseases of the Nervous System : Preceded by an Analytical Exposition of Them, Exemplifying the ... Cases of Neuralgia and of Other Diseases of the Nervous System : Preceded by an Analytical Exposition of Them, Exemplifying the ...
... several inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), acute disseminated ... Such findings raise fundamental questions about the nature of these diseases, such as the reasons why their pathognomonic ... Such a hypothesis, if proven correct, opens new therapeutic windows in MS and other neuroinflammatory diseases. Here, we ... of the cerebral and extracerebral venous system suggests that MS pathophysiology might be associated with the venous system ...
Methotrexate in patients with moderate systemic lupus erythematosus (exclusion of renal and central nervous system disease) ... Methotrexate in patients with moderate systemic lupus erythematosus (exclusion of renal and central nervous system disease) ... 1989) Reliability and validitiy of six systems for the clinical assessment of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. ... Patients with evidence for active lupus nephritis or central nervous system involvement were excluded. In addition patients ...
Autonomic nervous system dysfunction and their relationship with disease severity in children with Atopic asthma. Respir ... neuroendocrine and oxidative stress systems. Effects on the development of the autonomic nervous system might also be important ... The parasympathetic nervous system subserves more complex functions than rest and digest as is commonly popularised. It is ... These might usefully further characterise how the autonomic nervous system is altered in patients with asthma, the extent to ...
DTF - Seminar on Diseases of the nervous System at AAVLD: Registration now open. The registration for the day-long Davis- ... Thompson Foundation seminar on diseases of the nervous system during the AAVLD annual meeting is now open. ...
Nervous System Diseases 45. Diseases of the nervous system, or, Pathology of the nerves and nervous maladies: a treatise of ... A manual of diseases of the nervous system2. *Diseases of the nervous system, or, Pathology of the nerves and nervous maladies ... Nervous System Diseases 42. Diseases of the nervous system Author(s): Small, A. E. Publication: Philadelphia : Rademacher & ... Nervous System Diseases. Child 50. The diseases of the nervous system: a text-book for physicians and students ...
... and further explore how this communication may be dysregulated in neurological diseases. Further, we highlight new insights in ... Development of central nervous system (CNS) is regulated by both intrinsic and peripheral signals. Previous studies have ... Ma, Q., Xing, C., Long, W. et al. Impact of microbiota on central nervous system and neurological diseases: the gut-brain axis ... Impact of microbiota on central nervous system and neurological diseases: the gut-brain axis. *Qianquan Ma1,2, ...
Medical quizzes about Nervous System: Diseases/Problems/Illnesses ... Nervous System: Diseases/Problems/Illnesses Quiz. Start Nervous ... D. Parkinsons Disease. Which nervous system disease results from the immune system attacking and damaging the central nervous ... D. Huntingtons Disease. Which nervous system disease is associated with uncontrolled shaking, slowed movements, and problems ... Which nervous system disease is characterized by memory loss, confustion, and the gradual loss of control over mental and ...
... causes a wide variety of diseases in humans. A ubiquitous organism, S pyogenes is the most common bacterial cause of acute ... Central nervous system diseases. The primary evidence for poststreptococcal autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) disease is ... National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases: Division of Bacterial Diseases. Group A Streptococcal (GAS) Disease ... Post-streptococcal autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system. Curr Opin Neurol. 2003 Jun. 16(3):359-65. [QxMD MEDLINE ...
This lesson provides helpful information on Nervous System in the context of Nervous System Diseases to help students study for ... A neurological disease is a disease of the nervous system. The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal ... Nervous System. Anatomy of the Nervous System. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS), which is made ... The PNS consists of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system receives ...
Refining cell-based assay to detect MOG-IgG in patients with central nervous system inflammatory diseases ... Refining cell-based assay to detect MOG-IgG in patients with central nervous system inflammatory diseases ...
Role of thrombin in central nervous system injury and disease. Nathan A. Shlobin*, Meirav Har-Even*, ZeEv Itsekson-Hayosh, ... Dive into the research topics of Role of thrombin in central nervous system injury and disease. Together they form a unique ... Role of thrombin in central nervous system injury and disease. / Shlobin, Nathan A.; Har-Even, Meirav; Itsekson-Hayosh, ZeEv ... Role of thrombin in central nervous system injury and disease. Biomolecules. 2021 Apr;11(4):562. doi: 10.3390/biom11040562 ...
... alcoholic liver disease, and several cancers. Damage to the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system can occur from ... There is evidence that with abstinence, there is a reversal of at least some of the alcohol induced central nervous system ... It can damage all the organ systems, but especially affects the brain, heart, liver, pancreas and immune system.[4][5] Heavy ... When alcohol consumption is stopped too abruptly, the persons nervous system experiences uncontrolled synapse firing. This can ...
Nerve cell discovery may lead to better treatment for diseases of the nervous system. A discovery that may improve treatment ... A tool that promises to throw light on the strategies adopted by MRSA to avoid detection by the bodys immune system has been ... options for patients with neurodegenerative diseases has been made by scientists at Bath and KCL. ...
... is an autosomal recessive disease of the central and peripheral nervous system that presents as early-onset polyneuropathy. ... Small tumor-like overgrowths of axons, termed axonomas, were found in the central and peripheral nervous system, indicating ... affecting peripheral but also central nervous system axons, all ultimately because of a genetic defect in the axonal ... We here define the neuropathologic features of the disease in autopsy tissues from eight cases. Both developmental and ...
Nervous system diseases ... Diseases that Affect the Major Organs of the Human Body and ... A bright red tongue may be a sign of folic acid or B12 deficiency, scarlet fever, or Kawasaki disease (a serious condition seen ... Problems with Taste buds: • There are several diseases in which usually taste buds are affected: 1. Obesity 2. Covid-19 3. ...
Nervous System Diseases * Neurosciences / economics * Neurosciences / organization & administration* ...
... diseases of the digestive system, including alcoholic liver disease (18%); diseases of the nervous system (15%); and deaths ... UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLoS ... One approach for investigating this is mendelian randomisation, in which the association between a disease outcome and ... We also investigated the shape of the relation of BMI with disease specific mortality and morbidity. ...
Teens rare disease disconnects brain from nervous system. DALLAS One year ago, 13-year-old… More ... Central Nervous System Therapeutic Targets in Friedreich Ataxia. Ian H. Harding, PhD, David R. Lynch,… More ... Mapping the anatomical and functional connectivity of the Central Nervous System in Friedreichs Ataxia using Magnetic ... Tampa at center of research to cure rare disease. Tampa, Florida - Its a disease that… More ...
Nervous System Diseases / complications * Nervous System Diseases / genetics * Nervous System Diseases / physiopathology* ...
... en route from genes to nervous system diseases. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14 Spec. No. 2, R225-234 (2005). ... Accelerated evolution of nervous system genes in the origin of Homo sapiens. Cell 119, 1027-1040 (2004). ... Cnidarian nervous systems consist of diffuse neuronal net-like structures.. Clade. An evolutionary group consisting of a given ... The PSD that is found in organisms with nervous systems has evolved from an ancient protosynaptic core that exists in ...
Effect of Probiotics on Psychiatric Symptoms and Central Nervous System Functions in Human Health and Disease: A Systematic ... Effect of Probiotics on Psychiatric Symptoms and Central Nervous System Functions in Human Health and Disease: A Systematic ...
Central nervous system disease of calves in southern Brazil: a contribution to the differential diagnosis. ... This paper aimed to determine the frequency of diseases of the central nervous system affecting calves under 12 months of age ... Background: Disease prioritization aims to enhance resource use efficiency concerning human and animal health systems ... Zoonotic diseases. This chapter gives an overview of the viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal zoonotic diseases in pigs. ...
Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease (CJD) is frequently the most concerning diagnosis on the differential. The challenge for the ... CONCLUSIONS: Neurologists should adopt a standardized approach to the rapidly presenting disease processes that may mimic CJD ... neurologist is distinguishing prion disease from reversible processes that result in dementia. REVIEW SUMMARY: This review ...
  • Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases). (wikipedia.org)
  • Possible treatment for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases ( Parkinson's disease , Huntington's disease , etc. (iptq.com)
  • We then discuss the contribution of microbiota in CNS and pathogenesis of CNS disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and gliomas. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Alzheimer's disease is a non-progressive form of dementia that causes plaque buildup in the brain and a decline in mental abilities. (medicalquiz.net)
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by synaptic failure, dendritic and axonal atrophy, neuronal death and progressive loss of cognitive functions. (springer.com)
  • The PNS consists of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. (coursehero.com)
  • The autonomic nervous system controls the parts of the body outside of conscious control, such as heartbeat and digestion. (coursehero.com)
  • Johns Hopkins Medicine: "Overview of Nervous System Disorders. (webmd.com)
  • Central nervous system diseases, also known as central nervous system disorders, are a group of neurological disorders that affect the structure or function of the brain or spinal cord, which collectively form the central nervous system (CNS). (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, we discuss the role of gut-brain interactions during development of nervous system and neurodegeneration, as well as potential approaches for treating CNS disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In which of the following nervous system disorders do nervous tissues degenerate? (medicalquiz.net)
  • Which nervous system disease may result in movement, cognitive and behavioral disorders? (medicalquiz.net)
  • One can not understand specific organ systems disorders if the knowledge of General Pathology is missing. (unibo.it)
  • Baylisascariasis is not a nationally notifiable disease in the United States, and little is known about how commonly it occurs or the range of clinical disease in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Infection with Streptococcus pyogenes , a beta-hemolytic bacterium that belongs to Lancefield serogroup A, also known as the group A streptococci (GAS), causes a wide variety of diseases in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Similarly, direct injection of viruses into the cerebrospinal fluid (e.g., via lumbar puncture in humans) also permits targeting of the peripheral (PNS) and central nervous systems (CNS). (frontiersin.org)
  • Parechoviruses are a group of viruses known to cause a spectrum of disease in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • There are four species, of which only PeV-A is known to cause disease in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Cysticercosis of the central nervous system is the most important neurological disease of parasitic origin in humans. (who.int)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
  • : 7 The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 's (CDC) diagnostic criteria also require at least one of the following: (1) orthostatic intolerance (difficulty sitting and standing upright) or (2) impaired memory or attention. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is issuing this Health Alert Network (HAN) Health Advisory to inform clinicians and public health departments that parechovirus (PeV) is currently circulating in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • A neurological disease is a disease of the nervous system. (coursehero.com)
  • We aim to comprehensively characterize the role of thrombin in neurological disease and injury. (tau.ac.il)
  • Neurologists are also experts in preventing neurological disease and in reducing neurological disability. (healthgrades.com)
  • Every disease has different signs and symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • When the immune system tries to fight of an infection in the brain, and may cause the brain to swell are symptoms of what type of infection? (medicalquiz.net)
  • Frequently and variably, other symptoms occur involving numerous body systems, and chronic pain is very common. (wikipedia.org)
  • These eggs then develop into cysticerci which migrate mostly into muscle (causing cysticercosis) and into the central nervous system where the cysticerci can cause seizures and many other neurological symptoms (cysticercosis of the central nervous system). (who.int)
  • Revealing clues about SMA, scientists have shown that fruit flies develop motor neuron disease symptoms when they blocked the construction of the cell's machine that cuts and pastes genetic instructions. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Your brain and spinal cord make up your central nervous system . (webmd.com)
  • The spinal cord transmits sensory reception from the peripheral nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • The spinal cord is protected by vertebrae and connects the peripheral nervous system to the brain, and it acts as a "minor" coordinating center. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS), which is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which is made up of the cranial and peripheral nerves, along with their sensory and motor endings. (coursehero.com)
  • The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. (coursehero.com)
  • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the collection of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord that extends to the rest of the body and includes not just nerves, but also clusters of neuron cell bodies called ganglia or soma. (coursehero.com)
  • The nervous system includes the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), consisting of the cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves. (coursehero.com)
  • The spaces between meninges and within the brain and spinal cord are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) , which lubricates and cushions the nervous tissues and aids in waste removal and homeostasis. (coursehero.com)
  • Motor neuron diseases affect the motor neurons or cells in the brain and spinal cord that control the muscles. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A neurologist specializes in caring for people with diseases and conditions of the brain and nervous system, including the spinal cord, nerves, muscles, and related blood vessels. (healthgrades.com)
  • The nervous system wracked with tertiary syphilis, causing dementia and paralysis. (iptq.com)
  • The challenge for the neurologist is distinguishing prion disease from reversible processes that result in dementia. (healthpartners.com)
  • a disorder of the nervous system that causes muscle weakness) or Parkinson's disease. (epnet.com)
  • An autoimmune disorder is a condition where in the immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • OBJECTIVES Methotrexate (MTX) has been used in several autoimmune diseases. (bmj.com)
  • In this review, we explore the mechanisms of thrombin action, localization, and functions in the central nervous system and describe the involvement of thrombin in stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and primary central nervous system tumors. (tau.ac.il)
  • The nerves in the rest of your body make up your peripheral nervous system . (webmd.com)
  • For example, if you step on something sharp, the nerves in your foot send a message from neuron to neuron to your central nervous system that says, Hey, this hurts . (webmd.com)
  • U.S. National Library of Medicine: "Nerves," "Nervous System. (webmd.com)
  • Tuberculosis (TB) of the central nervous system (CNS) is classically described as meningitis. (cdc.gov)
  • With which part of the nervous system is meningitis associated? (medicalquiz.net)
  • A microglial cell is a phagocytic cell within the nervous system that seeks out and destroys any pathogens that manage to cross from the circulatory system into the nervous system. (coursehero.com)
  • And IPT probably carries out all these functions in the peripheral nervous system as well. (iptq.com)
  • The nervous system is composed two types of cells: of various types of neurons (nerve cells) with specialized functions and different kinds of glial (support and protective) cells. (coursehero.com)
  • Aydin D, Weyer SW, Muller UC (2012) Functions of the APP gene family in the nervous system: insights from mouse models. (springer.com)
  • Without doubt treatment with corticosteroids is very effective for SLE, but in longstanding disease complications such as infections and osteoporosis are worrying. (bmj.com)
  • An understanding of the diverse nature of infectious disease complications attributable to this organism is an important cornerstone of pediatric medicine. (medscape.com)
  • Asthma is the most common chronic disease among children globally and the number of children affected is increasing in developing countries. (bmj.com)
  • Syphilitic infection of the nervous system results in the most chronic, insidious meningeal inflammatory process known. (medscape.com)
  • Ischemic heart disease: pathogenesis and morphological features of angina pectoris, chronic ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction (timing of the progression of ischemic necrosis in myocardial infarction: evaluation methods). (unibo.it)
  • Chronic restrictive diseases: classification of various types of histological patterns in interstitial lung disease (usual interstitial pneumonia, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia). (unibo.it)
  • Non-neoplastic smoke-related lung disease: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, small airways disease/respiratory bronchiolitis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the lung. (unibo.it)
  • Which nervous system disease is genetic and can cause tumors to form on nerve tissue? (medicalquiz.net)
  • Nervous tissue may degenerate or break down. (medicalquiz.net)
  • A neuron is a cell in the nervous tissue that transmits electrical and chemical signals throughout the body. (coursehero.com)
  • Almost half of the outcomes (44.6%) were primarily related to diseases of the musculoskeletal system (MSDs). (cdc.gov)
  • Problems with the body's immune system can lead to tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • The role of microbiota in various physiological activities, including in immune system, has been well established previously [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this review, we first discuss recent findings related to the interaction between gut microbiota and immune system, particularly key innate and adaptive immunity and signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The human immune system has evolved to maintain a symbiotic relationship between host and microbiota, and its disruption in dynamic immune-microbial interaction leads to profound effects on human health [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Which nervous system disease results from the immune system attacking and damaging the central nervous system? (medicalquiz.net)
  • It can damage all the organ systems, but especially affects the brain, heart, liver, pancreas and immune system . (wikipedia.org)
  • Congenital heart disease (CHD) is associated with risk factors of central nervous system (CNS) infections including infective endocarditis , cardiac shunt physiology , and immune deficiencies. (bvsalud.org)
  • [13] ME/CFS is associated with physical changes, including the nervous and immune system, and hormone production . (wikipedia.org)
  • Lymphedema refers to swelling in your arm or leg that occurs when lymph - fluid that's part of your immune system - doesn't drain well. (uwhealth.org)
  • Central nervous system tumors are the most common forms of pediatric cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • The brain is the anterior part of the central nervous system, which is based on a nerve cell. (abchealthonline.com)
  • Up to 40% of rare diseases show facial alterations that enable researchers to identify some pathologies and they can even help them to establish an early diagnosis. (news-medical.net)
  • Congenital heart diseases: principal alterations. (unibo.it)
  • This amount exceeds the individual cost of cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. (cdc.gov)
  • Generally, an infection is a disease that is caused by the invasion of a microorganism or virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infection can result in fatal human disease or severe neurologic outcomes if it is not treated rapidly. (cdc.gov)
  • In settings in which a high proportion of adults have risks for HBV infection (e.g., sexually transmitted disease/human immunodeficiency virus testing and treatment facilities, drug-abuse treatment and prevention settings, health-care settings targeting services to IDUs, health-care settings targeting services to MSM, and correctional facilities), ACIP recommends universal hepatitis B vaccination for all unvaccinated adults. (cdc.gov)
  • When people eat undercooked pork containing viable cysticerci, they develop an intestinal tapeworm infection, but not cysticercosis of the central nervous system. (who.int)
  • In non-endemic industrialized countries imported cases have been found in, for example, carriers of intestinal-stage T. solium infection, who, through food-handling and other modes of contact, can be sources of locally-acquired cases, and persons with latent cysticercosis of the central nervous system. (who.int)
  • We here define the neuropathologic features of the disease in autopsy tissues from eight cases. (nature.com)
  • Valvular heart disease: morphology and pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease, aortic stenosis, mitral valve prolapse, infective endocarditis, non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis. (unibo.it)
  • Infectious diseases are transmitted in several ways. (wikipedia.org)
  • Man's best friend and our shared infectious diseases. (cabi.org)
  • New resistance mechanisms are emerging and spreading globally, threatening our ability to treat common infectious diseases, resulting in prolonged illness, disability, and even death. (who.int)
  • Accumulating evidence suggests that microbiota are involved in the physiology and pathology of cellular organisms, and hence has implications in both health and disease [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conversely, a study in Honduras reported in 1999 showed that when a diagnosis of cysticercosis of the central nervous system had been made, seizures were the presenting symptom in 52% of cases. (who.int)
  • The diagnosis of cysticercosis of the central nervous system involves the interpretation of non-specific clinical manifestations, such as seizures, often with characteristic findings on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, and the use of specific serological tests. (who.int)
  • Although raccoons are typically asymptomatic when infected with the parasite, the larval form of Baylisascaris procyonis can result in fatal human disease or severe neurologic outcomes if not treated rapidly. (cdc.gov)
  • Non-anesthetized cats with severe pulmonary or central nervous system disease can be treated by mechanical ventilation with a critical care ventilator, but the cat may require heavy sedation for this treatment. (petmd.com)
  • PeV-A3 is most often associated with severe disease. (cdc.gov)
  • With thousands of clinical trials to date, gene therapy is a flourishing strategy with great promise for the treatment of diseases impacting the nervous system. (frontiersin.org)
  • Hyphema was secondary to systemic disease (15/20) or occurred as a primary ocular lesion (5/20) in four dogs and one cat. (scielo.br)
  • Ocular manifestations of systemic diseases, p.374-418. (scielo.br)
  • Hyphema may also result from systemic diseases, including widespread inflammation ( Powell 2002 Powell C.C. 2002. (scielo.br)
  • Central nervous system tuberculosis (TB) was identified in 20 cases of unexplained encephalitis referred to the California Encephalitis Project. (cdc.gov)
  • Is it possible that IPT might be able to reverse the protein conformation changes of prion diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease? (iptq.com)
  • Congenital Heart Disease and Risk of Central Nervous System Infections: A Nationwide Cohort Study. (bvsalud.org)
  • Concurrent culture positive pulmonary disease was found in 4 (50%) of 8 patients tested. (cdc.gov)
  • 44. Pulmonary disease is diagnosed. (medscape.com)
  • It hypothesises that the way in which stress during pregnancy is associated with childhood asthma could be through effects on the developing nervous system. (bmj.com)
  • The nervous system in childhood. (nih.gov)
  • Remarks on the nervous diseases of childhood. (nih.gov)
  • Our Neurological Therapy and Neuromuscular Retraining Program is for people with conditions that affect their nervous system. (uwhealth.org)
  • Now, the research team discovered that the disruption of the cellular proteins pICln and Tgs1, two chief players that help assemble the splicing machinery, causes the fruit flies' neuromuscular system to collapse in a similar manner to patients with SMA. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The breakthrough discovery was reported in the journal Neurobiology of Disease and implies that a failure to correctly process the genetic blueprint that produces correctly working proteins is likely to blame for the neuromuscular deficits in young patients with motor neuron disease. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The traditional Lancefield classification system, which is based on serotyping, has been replaced by emm typing, which has been used to characterize and measure the genetic diversity among isolates of S pyogenes . (medscape.com)
  • We conclude that the neurodegenerative deficits in HMSN/ACC are primarily caused by an axonopathy superimposed upon abnormal development, affecting peripheral but also central nervous system axons, all ultimately because of a genetic defect in the axonal cotransporter KCC3. (nature.com)
  • Virus-mediated gene therapy has the potential to deliver exogenous genetic material into specific cell types to promote survival and counteract disease. (frontiersin.org)
  • In: Lane TE, Carson M, Bergmann C, Wyss-Coray T (eds) Central nervous system diseases and inflammation. (springer.com)
  • During May 2013-December 2015, seven cases of baylisascariasis not already described in the literature were identified among patients in the United States through testing at CDC, including six cases of central nervous system disease and one of ocular disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Brain degeneration also causes central nervous system diseases (i.e. (wikipedia.org)
  • IPT appears to do many things in the central nervous system. (iptq.com)
  • Patients with renal and central nervous involvement were excluded from the study. (bmj.com)
  • Development of central nervous system (CNS) is regulated by both intrinsic and peripheral signals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The maturation and development of human central nervous system (CNS) is regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A neuroglia is a cell that supports and protects neurons in the central nervous system. (coursehero.com)
  • Phagocytic microglial cells and the thick-walled capillaries of the blood-brain barrier maintain a sterile central nervous system in healthy individuals. (coursehero.com)
  • However, greater attention regarding the involvement of thrombin in normal and pathological processes in the central nervous system is warranted. (tau.ac.il)
  • Central nervous system disease of calves in southern Brazil: a contribution to the differential diagnosis. (cabi.org)
  • This paper aimed to determine the frequency of diseases of the central nervous system affecting calves under 12 months of age in southern Rio Grande do Sul. (cabi.org)
  • Many diseases and conditions that affect the central nervous system (CNS) have nausea as a symptom. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Cysticercosis of the central nervous system (neurocysticercosis) is caused by the larval stage (cysticerci) of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium . (who.int)
  • Such a route of transmission is strongly supported by the concentration of cases of cysticercosis of the central nervous system in communities with human carriers of Taenia , which clustering also supports the argument that carriers of Taenia are potent sources of contagion. (who.int)
  • A study in southern India, reported in 2000, found an association between cysticercosis of the central nervous system and localization-related symptomatic epilepsy in 51% of patients. (who.int)
  • In Ecuador, about 10% of all cases of epilepsy, and 25% of those attributable to a particular identifiable event, were due to cysticercosis of the central nervous system. (who.int)
  • There is also no consensus on whether all cases of cycticercosis of the central nervous system benefit from cestocidal treatment with its associated sophisticated diagnostic assessment, or whether simple symptomatic treatment with antiepileptic drugs alone can provide them sustained comfort and quality of life. (who.int)
  • 53. Central nervous system disease is diagnosed. (medscape.com)
  • Apart from its use in rheumatoid arthritis, MTX has been assessed in small studies in patients with vasculitis, uveitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. (bmj.com)
  • Addiction is a disorder of the brain's reward system which arises through transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms and occurs over time from chronically high levels of exposure to an addictive stimulus (e.g., morphine, cocaine, sexual intercourse, gambling, etc. (wikipedia.org)
  • ADHD is an organic disorder of the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Myocardial diseases: pathogenesis and morphological features of myocarditis and cardiomyopathies, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy (amyloidosis) and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. (unibo.it)
  • Pericardial disease: pathogenesis and morphological features of pericarditis and pericardial effusions. (unibo.it)
  • Almkvist O, Basun H, Wagner SL, Rowe BA, Wahlund LO, Lannfelt L (1997) Cerebrospinal fluid levels of alpha-secretase-cleaved soluble amyloid precursor protein mirror cognition in a Swedish family with Alzheimer disease and a gene mutation. (springer.com)
  • These conditions can affect the gastrointestinal tract, the reproductive system, the liver, and other parts of the body, depending on the cause. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Neither the significance nor the causes of the variable involvement of the corpus callosum are known, but it is not correlated to the natural course of the disease and the neurodegenerative features of HMSN/ACC, which do not vary significantly between individuals with or without ACC. (nature.com)
  • Motor neuron diseases rob patients of their ability to walk, eat, talk or breathe since they affect the motor neurons controlling the muscles. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The findings uncover a mechanism that explains how motor neuron disease develops. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Right now the research team is teasing out further details of the disease mechanism since this will steer researchers on a path towards much-needed treatment for motor neuron diseases. (sciencedaily.com)