A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)
Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.
Neuralgic syndromes which feature chronic or recurrent FACIAL PAIN as the primary manifestation of disease. Disorders of the trigeminal and facial nerves are frequently associated with these conditions.
The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION and project to the TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication.
Diseases of the ninth cranial (glossopharyngeal) nerve or its nuclei in the medulla. The nerve may be injured by diseases affecting the lower brain stem, floor of the posterior fossa, jugular foramen, or the nerve's extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include loss of sensation from the pharynx, decreased salivation, and syncope. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia refers to a condition that features recurrent unilateral sharp pain in the tongue, angle of the jaw, external auditory meatus and throat that may be associated with SYNCOPE. Episodes may be triggered by cough, sneeze, swallowing, or pressure on the tragus of the ear. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1390)
Pain associated with a damaged PUDENDAL NERVE. Clinical features may include positional pain with sitting in the perineal and genital areas, sexual dysfunction and FECAL INCONTINENCE and URINARY INCONTINENCE.
Mechanical compression of nerves or nerve roots from internal or external causes. These may result in a conduction block to nerve impulses (due to MYELIN SHEATH dysfunction) or axonal loss. The nerve and nerve sheath injuries may be caused by ISCHEMIA; INFLAMMATION; or a direct mechanical effect.
Surgical interruption of a spinal or cranial nerve root. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
An attenuated vaccine used to prevent and/or treat HERPES ZOSTER, a disease caused by HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 3.
Surgery performed to relieve pressure from MICROVESSELS that are located around nerves and are causing NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES.
Junction between the cerebellum and the pons.
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.
A surgical operation for the relief of pressure in a body compartment or on a body part. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
The performance of surgical procedures with the aid of a microscope.
The application, via IMPLANTED ELECTRODES, of short bursts of electrical energy in the radiofrequency range, interspersed with pauses in delivery of the current long enough to dissipate the generated heat and avoid heat-induced tissue necrosis.
Procedures using an electrically heated wire or scalpel to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. It is different from ELECTROSURGERY which is used more for cutting tissue than destroying and in which the patient is part of the electric circuit.
An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of PHENYTOIN; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar.
Part of the back and base of the CRANIUM that encloses the FORAMEN MAGNUM.
Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.
Recurrent clonic contraction of facial muscles, restricted to one side. It may occur as a manifestation of compressive lesions involving the seventh cranial nerve (FACIAL NERVE DISEASES), during recovery from BELL PALSY, or in association with other disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1378)
Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.
The type species of VARICELLOVIRUS causing CHICKENPOX (varicella) and HERPES ZOSTER (shingles) in humans.
Cyclohexanecarboxylic acids are organic compounds consisting of a cyclohexane ring substituted with a carboxylic acid group, typically represented by the structural formula C6H11COOH.
Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS of the carotid sinus.
Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.
A vascular anomaly characterized by a radial or wedge-shaped arrangement of dilated VEINS draining into a larger vein in the brain, spinal cord, or the meninges. Veins in a venous angioma are surrounded by normal nervous tissue, unlike a CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA that lacks intervening nervous tissue. Drainage of venous angioma is fully integrated with the body's venous system, therefore, in most cases there is no clinical signs and rare bleeding.
Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation.
A syndrome associated with inflammation of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical features include severe pain in the shoulder region which may be accompanied by MUSCLE WEAKNESS and loss of sensation in the upper extremity. This condition may be associated with VIRUS DISEASES; IMMUNIZATION; SURGERY; heroin use (see HEROIN DEPENDENCE); and other conditions. The term brachial neuralgia generally refers to pain associated with brachial plexus injury. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1355-6)
Diseases of the trigeminal nerve or its nuclei, which are located in the pons and medulla. The nerve is composed of three divisions: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular, which provide sensory innervation to structures of the face, sinuses, and portions of the cranial vault. The mandibular nerve also innervates muscles of mastication. Clinical features include loss of facial and intra-oral sensation and weakness of jaw closure. Common conditions affecting the nerve include brain stem ischemia, INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS, and TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA.
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.
A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.
Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers.
A subjective psychometric response scale used to measure distinct behavioral or physiological phenomena based on linear numerical gradient or yes/no alternatives.
Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.
Traumatic injuries to the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. It may result in extreme pain, abnormal sensation in the areas the nerve innervates on face, jaw, gums and tongue and can cause difficulties with speech and chewing. It is sometimes associated with various dental treatments.
The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.
A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.
The semilunar-shaped ganglion containing the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve. It is situated within the dural cleft on the cerebral surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and gives off the ophthalmic, maxillary, and part of the mandibular nerves.
A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.
Substances that contain a fused three-ring moiety and are used in the treatment of depression. These drugs block the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into axon terminals and may block some subtypes of serotonin, adrenergic, and histamine receptors. However the mechanism of their antidepressant effects is not clear because the therapeutic effects usually take weeks to develop and may reflect compensatory changes in the central nervous system.
INFARCTION of the dorsolateral aspect of MEDULLA OBLONGATA in the BRAIN STEM. It is caused by occlusion of the VERTEBRAL ARTERY and/or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Clinical manifestations vary with the size of infarction, but may include loss of pain and temperature sensation in the ipsilateral face and contralateral body below the chin; ipsilateral HORNER SYNDROME; ipsilateral ATAXIA; DYSARTHRIA; VERTIGO; nausea, hiccup; dysphagia; and VOCAL CORD PARALYSIS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p801)
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.
A syndrome characterized by slowly progressive unilateral atrophy of facial subcutaneous fat, muscle tissue, skin, cartilage, and bone. The condition typically progresses over a period of 2-10 years and then stabilizes.
Drugs that act on neuronal sensory receptors resulting in an increase, decrease, or modification of afferent nerve activity. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p367)
A radiological stereotactic technique developed for cutting or destroying tissue by high doses of radiation in place of surgical incisions. It was originally developed for neurosurgery on structures in the brain and its use gradually spread to radiation surgery on extracranial structures as well. The usual rigid needles or probes of stereotactic surgery are replaced with beams of ionizing radiation directed toward a target so as to achieve local tissue destruction.
Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.
Nuclei of the trigeminal nerve situated in the brain stem. They include the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS, SPINAL), the principal sensory nucleus, the mesencephalic nucleus, and the motor nucleus.
A primary headache disorder that is characterized by frequent short-lasting, unilateral, neuralgiform pain attacks in the ocular area, with CONJUNCTIVA fluid-filling and tearing. SUNCT syndrome is usually resistant to treatment.
A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).
Process in which a patient is induced into a trance-like state in order to relieve anxiety during a dental procedure.
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A subclass of analgesic agents that typically do not bind to OPIOID RECEPTORS and are not addictive. Many non-narcotic analgesics are offered as NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS.

The novel analgesic compound OT-7100 (5-n-butyl-7-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoylamino)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimid ine) attenuates mechanical nociceptive responses in animal models of acute and peripheral neuropathic hyperalgesia. (1/1061)

We investigated the effects of OT-7100, a novel analgesic compound (5-n-butyl-7-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoylamino)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidi ne), on prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis in vitro, acute hyperalgesia induced by yeast and substance P in rats and hyperalgesia in rats with a chronic constriction injury to the sciatic nerve (Bennett model), which is a model for peripheral neuropathic pain. OT-7100 did not inhibit prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis at 10(-8)-10(-4) M. Single oral doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg OT-7100 were effective on the hyperalgesia induced by yeast. Single oral doses of 0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg OT-7100 were effective on the hyperalgesia induced by substance P in which indomethacin had no effect. Repeated oral administration of OT-7100 (10 and 30 mg/kg) was effective in normalizing the mechanical nociceptive threshold in the injured paw without affecting the nociceptive threshold in the uninjured paw in the Bennett model. Indomethacin had no effect in this model. While amitriptyline (10 and 30 mg/kg) and clonazepam (3 and 10 mg/kg) significantly normalized the nociceptive threshold in the injured paw, they also increased the nociceptive threshold in the uninjured paw. These results suggest that OT-7100 is a new type of analgesic with the effect of normalizing the nociceptive threshold in peripheral neuropathic hyperalgesia.  (+info)

Characterization of antiallodynic actions of ALE-0540, a novel nerve growth factor receptor antagonist, in the rat. (2/1061)

There is growing evidence that nerve growth factor (NGF) may function as a mediator of persistent pain states. We have identified a novel nonpeptidic molecule, ALE-0540, that inhibits the binding of NGF to tyrosine kinase (Trk) A or both p75 and TrkA (IC50 5.88 +/- 1. 87 microM, 3.72 +/- 1.3 microM, respectively), as well as signal transduction and biological responses mediated by TrkA receptors. ALE-0540 was tested in models of neuropathic pain and thermally-induced inflammatory pain, using two routes of administration, a systemic i.p. and a spinal intrathecal (i.th.) route. Morphine was also tested for comparison in the antiallodynia model using mechanical stimuli. We show that either i.p. or i.th. administration of ALE-0540 in rats produced antiallodynia in the L5/L6 ligation model of neuropathic pain. The calculated A50 values (and 95% confidence intervals) for ALE-0540 administered i.p. and i. th. were 38 (17.5-83) mg/kg and 34.6 (17.3-69.4) microgram, respectively. ALE-0540 given i.th., at doses of 30 and 60 microgram, also blocked tactile allodynia in the thermal sensitization model. Although morphine displayed greater potency [A50 value of 7.1 (5.6-8. 8) mg/kg] than ALE-0540 in anti-allodynic effect when given i.p. to L5/L6-ligated rats, it was not active when administered i.th. These data suggest that a blockade of NGF bioactivity using a NGF receptor antagonist is capable of blocking neuropathic and inflammatory pain and further support the hypothesis that NGF is involved in signaling pathways associated with these pain states. ALE-0540 represents a nonpeptidic small molecule which can be used to examine mechanisms leading to the development of agents for the treatment of pain.  (+info)

Cellular mechanisms of neuropathic pain, morphine tolerance, and their interactions. (3/1061)

Compelling evidence has accumulated over the last several years from our laboratory, as well as others, indicating that central hyperactive states resulting from neuronal plastic changes within the spinal cord play a critical role in hyperalgesia associated with nerve injury and inflammation. In our laboratory, chronic constriction injury of the common sciatic nerve, a rat model of neuropathic pain, has been shown to result in activation of central nervous system excitatory amino acid receptors and subsequent intracellular cascades including protein kinase C translocation and activation, nitric oxide production, and nitric oxide-activated poly(ADP ribose) synthetase activation. Similar cellular mechanisms also have been implicated in the development of tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine. A recently observed phenomenon, the development of "dark neurons," is associated with both chronic constriction injury and morphine tolerance. A site of action involved in both hyperalgesia and morphine tolerance is in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord dorsal horn. These observations suggest that hyperalgesia and morphine tolerance may be interrelated at the level of the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn by common neural substrates that interact at the level of excitatory amino acid receptor activation and subsequent intracellular events. The demonstration of interrelationships between neural mechanisms underlying hyperalgesia and morphine tolerance may lead to a better understanding of the neurobiology of these two phenomena in particular and pain in general. This knowledge may also provide a scientific basis for improved pain management with opiate analgesics.  (+info)

Does a neuroimmune interaction contribute to the genesis of painful peripheral neuropathies? (4/1061)

Painful peripheral neuropathies are precipitated by nerve injury from disease or trauma. All such injuries will be accompanied by an inflammatory reaction, a neuritis, that will mobilize the immune system. The role of the inflammation itself is difficult to determine in the presence of structural damage to the nerve. A method has been devised to produce a focal neuritis in the rat sciatic nerve that involves no more than trivial structural damage to the nerve. This experimental focal neuritis produces neuropathic pain sensations (heat- and mechano-hyperalgesia, and cold- and mechano-allodynia) in the ipsilateral hind paw. The abnormal pain sensations begin in 1-2 days and last for 4-6 days, with a subsequent return to normal. These results suggest that there is a neuroimmune interaction that occurs at the outset of nerve injury (and perhaps episodically over time in slow developing conditions like diabetic neuropathy) that produces neuropathic pain. The short duration of the phenomena suggest that they may prime the system for more slowly developing mechanisms of abnormal pain (e.g., ectopic discharge in axotomized primary afferent neurons) that underlie the chronic phase of painful neuropathy.  (+info)

Using gabapentin to treat neuropathic pain. (5/1061)

OBJECTIVE: To review use of gabapentin as an adjuvant agent to treat neuropathic pain. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: MEDLINE was searched from 1995 to October 1998 for reports. There were approximately 20 citations. Additional articles from Pain and other medical journals were reviewed. No double-blind studies have examined gabapentin and its use as an analgesic adjuvant agent. MAIN MESSAGE: Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant medication used recently as an effective adjuvant agent for treating neuropathic pain. It is a structural analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), but its receptor and biochemical function remain unknown. Gabapentin has desirable pharmacokinetic properties and acceptable side effects, which simplify its use. There are very few interactions between gabapentin and other medications, and gabapentin is well tolerated. CONCLUSION: Gabapentin could be an effective adjuvant agent for many neuropathic pain states.  (+info)

Transmission of chronic nociception by spinal neurons expressing the substance P receptor. (6/1061)

Substance P receptor (SPR)-expressing spinal neurons were ablated with the selective cytotoxin substance P-saporin. Loss of these neurons resulted in a reduction of thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia associated with persistent neuropathic and inflammatory pain states. This loss appeared to be permanent. Responses to mildly painful stimuli and morphine analgesia were unaffected by this treatment. These results identify a target for treating persistent pain and suggest that the small population of SPR-expressing neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord plays a pivotal role in the generation and maintenance of chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain.  (+info)

Integrative approach to the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a case series. (7/1061)

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the addition of alternative therapy to conventional medicine enhances the treatment of pain in postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). METHODOLOGY: A review of literature from 1988-1998 was conducted on the MEDLINE database, searching for information on the current treatment of PHN. The literature review found that although many medications have been used to reduce the pain of PHN, no treatments have been completely successful in decreasing pain. Data on pain reduction in PHN following treatment with a multifaceted alternative therapy combined with conventional treatment were compiled from a group of patients in the principal investigator's family medicine practice. RESULTS: The alternative therapy employed in this study, combined with selected medications, showed an average pain reduction of 72.1 percent. There was a 77-percent average pain reduction in patients with herpes zoster (HZ) onset of more than one year and a 68-percent reduction in patients with HZ onset between one month and one year. Almost two-thirds of the 56 PHN patients reported pain reductions of between 75 and 100 percent. CONCLUSION: These preliminary data suggest the combination of alternative therapy and selected conventional medications provides good pain relief for most patients presenting with PHN. Randomized trials with appropriate control groups are needed to validate the effectiveness of this therapy in the treatment of PHN.  (+info)

I. Cellular and molecular biology of sodium channel beta-subunits: therapeutic implications for pain? I. Cellular and molecular biology of sodium channel beta-subunits: therapeutic implications for pain? (8/1061)

Voltage-gated sodium channel alpha-subunits have been shown to be key mediators of the pathophysiology of pain. The present review considers the role of sodium channel auxiliary beta-subunits in channel modulation, channel protein expression levels, and interactions with extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal signaling molecules. Although beta-subunits have not yet been directly implicated in pain mechanisms, their intimate association with and ability to regulate alpha-subunits predicts that they may be a viable target for therapeutic intervention in the future. It is proposed that multifunctional sodium channel beta-subunits provide a critical link between extracellular and intracellular signaling molecules and thus have the ability to fine tune channel activity and electrical excitability.  (+info)

Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, which is one of the largest nerves in the head. It carries sensations from the face to the brain.

Medically, trigeminal neuralgia is defined as a neuropathic disorder characterized by episodes of intense, stabbing, electric shock-like pain in the areas of the face supplied by the trigeminal nerve (the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular divisions). The pain can be triggered by simple activities such as talking, eating, brushing teeth, or even touching the face lightly.

The condition is more common in women over 50, but it can occur at any age and in either gender. While the exact cause of trigeminal neuralgia is not always known, it can sometimes be related to pressure on the trigeminal nerve from a nearby blood vessel or other causes such as multiple sclerosis. Treatment typically involves medications, surgery, or a combination of both.

Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a type of neuralgia, which is defined as pain in the distribution of a nerve or nerves. Specifically, PHN is a neuropathic pain condition that develops after an individual has had herpes zoster, also known as shingles. Shingles is caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which lies dormant in the nervous system following chickenpox infection.

PHN is characterized by persistent burning pain, often accompanied by sensory abnormalities such as numbness, tingling, or itching, in the area of the body where shingles occurred. The pain can be severe and debilitating, significantly impacting a person's quality of life. PHN primarily affects older adults and individuals with weakened immune systems.

The exact cause of PHN is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from damage to the affected nerves and their surrounding tissues during the shingles infection. This damage can lead to altered nerve function and increased sensitivity to stimuli, resulting in chronic pain. Treatment for PHN typically involves a combination of medications, such as antidepressants, anticonvulsants, or opioids, as well as topical treatments, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications to help manage the pain and improve quality of life.

Neuralgia is a type of pain that occurs along the pathway of a nerve, often caused by damage or irritation to the nerve. It is typically described as a sharp, stabbing, burning, or electric-shock like pain that can be severe and debilitating. Neuralgia can affect any nerve in the body, but it most commonly occurs in the facial area (trigeminal neuralgia) or in the nerves related to the spine (postherpetic neuralgia). The pain associated with neuralgia can be intermittent or constant and may be worsened by certain triggers such as touch, temperature changes, or movement. Treatment for neuralgia typically involves medications to manage pain, as well as other therapies such as nerve blocks, surgery, or lifestyle modifications.

Facial neuralgia is a general term that refers to painful conditions affecting the facial nerves. It is often used to describe two specific disorders: trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia.

1. Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), also known as tic douloureux, is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, one of the major nerves of the face. The trigeminal nerve is responsible for sensations in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing. Trigeminal neuralgia causes intense, stabbing, electric shock-like pain in the areas of the face where the branches of the nerve are distributed: the lower jaw, upper jaw, and cheek. The pain usually affects one side of the face, is triggered by light touch or other stimuli, and can last from a few seconds to several minutes.

2. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN) is a similar but less common condition that involves the glossopharyngeal nerve, which is responsible for sensations in the throat, tongue, and ear on one side of the face. GPN causes sharp, stabbing pain in these areas, often triggered by swallowing, talking, or coughing.

Both trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia can be debilitating and significantly impact a person's quality of life. The exact cause of these conditions is not always clear, but they are often associated with nerve compression by blood vessels or tumors, age-related changes in the nerves and blood vessels, multiple sclerosis, or other underlying medical conditions. Treatment options may include medications to manage pain, surgical procedures to decompress the affected nerves, or, in some cases, radiofrequency ablation or gamma knife radiosurgery to destroy a portion of the nerve and reduce pain signals.

The trigeminal nerve, also known as the fifth cranial nerve or CNV, is a paired nerve that carries both sensory and motor information. It has three major branches: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3). The ophthalmic branch provides sensation to the forehead, eyes, and upper portion of the nose; the maxillary branch supplies sensation to the lower eyelid, cheek, nasal cavity, and upper lip; and the mandibular branch is responsible for sensation in the lower lip, chin, and parts of the oral cavity, as well as motor function to the muscles involved in chewing. The trigeminal nerve plays a crucial role in sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and pressure in the face and mouth, and it also contributes to biting, chewing, and swallowing functions.

The glossopharyngeal nerve, also known as the ninth cranial nerve (CN IX), is primarily responsible for providing motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscle and sensory innervation to parts of the pharynx, middle ear, and posterior tongue. It also plays a role in the reflexive control of heart rate via the baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus.

Glossopharyngeal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the function of this nerve, leading to various symptoms. These diseases can be classified into two main categories: peripheral and central. Peripheral disorders are caused by damage or injury to the nerve itself, while central disorders result from problems in the brainstem where the glossopharyngeal nerve originates.

Some examples of glossopharyngeal nerve diseases include:

1. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia: A rare condition characterized by severe, stabbing pain in the throat, ear, or tongue, often triggered by swallowing or talking. This disorder may be caused by compression of the nerve by blood vessels or other structures.

2. Infections: Bacterial and viral infections can cause inflammation and damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve, leading to dysfunction. Examples include Lyme disease, herpes zoster (shingles), and meningitis.

3. Tumors: Benign or malignant growths in the head and neck region can compress and injure the glossopharyngeal nerve, resulting in symptoms related to its dysfunction.

4. Trauma: Direct trauma to the neck or skull base can damage the glossopharyngeal nerve, causing various deficits depending on the severity of the injury.

5. Neurological disorders: Conditions such as multiple sclerosis and stroke can affect the central connections of the glossopharyngeal nerve in the brainstem, leading to dysfunction.

6. Genetic conditions: Rare genetic disorders like Moersch-Woltman syndrome (also known as stiff person syndrome) can involve the glossopharyngeal nerve and cause symptoms related to its dysfunction.

Symptoms of glossopharyngeal nerve dysfunction may include difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, loss of taste on the back of the tongue, decreased sensation in the throat or ear, and pain in the neck, throat, or ear. Treatment for these conditions depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, surgery, or other interventions to address the specific problem.

Pudendal Neuralgia is a chronic pain condition characterized by the irritation or damage to the pudendal nerve, which supplies sensation and innervation to the perineum, genital region, and lower rectum. The symptoms often include burning pain, numbness, tingling, or shooting pain in these areas, which can be worsened by sitting or certain movements. It is important to note that Pudendal Neuralgia is not the same as Pudendal Nerve Entrapment (PNE), although PNE can lead to Pudendal Neuralgia. The diagnosis of this condition typically involves a thorough physical examination, medical history, and sometimes specialized tests like nerve blocks or electromyography (EMG) studies.

Nerve compression syndromes refer to a group of conditions characterized by the pressure or irritation of a peripheral nerve, causing various symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the affected area. This compression can occur due to several reasons, including injury, repetitive motion, bone spurs, tumors, or swelling. Common examples of nerve compression syndromes include carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, radial nerve compression, and ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist or elbow. Treatment options may include physical therapy, splinting, medications, injections, or surgery, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

Rhizotomy is a surgical procedure where the root(s) of a nerve are cut. It is often used to treat chronic pain, spasticity, or other neurological symptoms that have not responded to other treatments. In some cases, only a portion of the nerve root may be severed (selective rhizotomy), while in others the entire root may be cut (root transaction). The specific nerves targeted during a rhizotomy depend on the individual patient's condition and symptoms.

This procedure is typically performed by a neurosurgeon, and it can be done through an open surgical approach or using minimally invasive techniques such as endoscopic or percutaneous approaches. After the surgery, patients may require physical therapy to help regain strength and mobility in the affected area. Potential risks of rhizotomy include numbness, weakness, and loss of reflexes in the areas served by the severed nerves.

The Herpes Zoster vaccine, also known as the shingles vaccine, is a preventive measure against the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in individuals who have previously had chickenpox. The vaccine contains a live but weakened form of VZV that boosts the immune system's ability to recognize and fight off the virus, thereby reducing the risk of developing shingles and its complications. It is typically administered as a single dose for people aged 50 and older, or as a two-dose series for those aged 19 and older who have weakened immune systems.

Microvascular decompression surgery (MVD) is a surgical procedure used to alleviate the symptoms of certain neurological conditions, such as trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm. The primary goal of MVD is to relieve pressure on the affected cranial nerve by placing a small pad or sponge between the nerve and the blood vessel that is causing compression. This procedure is typically performed under a microscope, hence the term "microvascular."

During the surgery, the neurosurgeon makes an incision behind the ear and creates a small opening in the skull (a craniotomy) to access the brain. The surgeon then identifies the affected nerve and the blood vessel that is compressing it. Using specialized instruments under the microscope, the surgeon carefully separates the blood vessel from the nerve and places a tiny pad or sponge between them to prevent further compression.

The benefits of MVD include its high success rate in relieving symptoms, minimal impact on surrounding brain tissue, and lower risk of complications compared to other surgical options for treating these conditions. However, as with any surgery, there are potential risks and complications associated with MVD, including infection, bleeding, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, facial numbness, hearing loss, balance problems, and very rarely, stroke or death.

It is essential to consult a qualified neurosurgeon for a thorough evaluation and discussion of the risks and benefits of microvascular decompression surgery before making a treatment decision.

The cerebellopontine angle (CPA) is a narrow space located at the junction of the brainstem and the cerebellum, where the pons and cerebellum meet. This region is filled with several important nerves, blood vessels, and membranous coverings called meninges. The CPA is a common site for various neurological disorders because it contains critical structures such as:

1. Cerebellum: A part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
2. Pons: A portion of the brainstem that plays a role in several vital functions, including facial movements, taste sensation, sleep regulation, and respiration.
3. Cranial nerves: The CPA is home to the following cranial nerves:
* Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII): This nerve has two components - cochlear and vestibular. The cochlear part is responsible for hearing, while the vestibular part contributes to balance and eye movement.
* Facial nerve (CN VII): This nerve controls facial expressions, taste sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, salivary gland function, and lacrimation (tear production).
4. Blood vessels: The CPA contains critical blood vessels like the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), which supplies blood to various parts of the brainstem, cerebellum, and cranial nerves.
5. Meninges: These are protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. In the CPA, the meninges include the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Disorders that can affect the structures in the cerebellopontine angle include acoustic neuromas (vestibular schwannomas), meningiomas, epidermoids, and arteriovenous malformations. These conditions may cause symptoms such as hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (dizziness), facial weakness or numbness, difficulty swallowing, and imbalance.

Facial pain is a condition characterized by discomfort or pain felt in any part of the face. It can result from various causes, including nerve damage or irritation, injuries, infections, dental problems, migraines, or sinus congestion. The pain can range from mild to severe and may be sharp, dull, constant, or intermittent. In some cases, facial pain can also be associated with other symptoms such as headaches, redness, swelling, or changes in sensation. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause are essential for effective management of facial pain.

Surgical decompression is a medical procedure that involves relieving pressure on a nerve or tissue by creating additional space. This is typically accomplished through the removal of a portion of bone or other tissue that is causing the compression. The goal of surgical decompression is to alleviate symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness caused by the compression.

In the context of spinal disorders, surgical decompression is often used to treat conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or bone spurs that are compressing nerves in the spine. The specific procedure used may vary depending on the location and severity of the compression, but common techniques include laminectomy, discectomy, and foraminotomy.

It's important to note that surgical decompression is a significant medical intervention that carries risks such as infection, bleeding, and injury to surrounding tissues. As with any surgery, it should be considered as a last resort after other conservative treatments have been tried and found to be ineffective. A thorough evaluation by a qualified medical professional is necessary to determine whether surgical decompression is appropriate in a given case.

Microsurgery is a surgical technique that requires the use of an operating microscope and fine instruments to perform precise surgical manipulations. It is commonly used in various fields such as ophthalmology, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, and plastic and reconstructive surgery. The magnification provided by the microscope allows surgeons to work on small structures like nerves, blood vessels, and tiny bones. Some of the most common procedures that fall under microsurgery include nerve repair, replantation of amputated parts, and various types of reconstructions such as free tissue transfer for cancer reconstruction or coverage of large wounds.

Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) treatment is a minimally invasive therapeutic procedure used in pain management and interventional medicine. It involves the use of electrical pulses, delivered via a specialized needle-like probe, to target specific nerves or nerve roots. These electrical pulses are delivered in a controlled and precise manner, at a frequency that does not cause heat damage to the surrounding tissues.

The goal of PRF treatment is to modulate the transmission of pain signals from the affected area to the brain, thereby reducing the perception of pain. The exact mechanism by which PRF works is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve changes in the electrical properties of nerve cells and the release of various chemical mediators that influence pain processing.

PRF treatment is typically performed under local anesthesia or conscious sedation, depending on the patient's preference and the specific procedure being performed. It is generally considered a safe and well-tolerated procedure, with few reported side effects. However, as with any medical intervention, there are potential risks and benefits that should be discussed with a qualified healthcare provider before undergoing treatment.

Electrocoagulation is a medical procedure that uses heat generated from an electrical current to cause coagulation (clotting) of tissue. This procedure is often used to treat a variety of medical conditions, such as:

* Gastrointestinal bleeding: Electrocoagulation can be used to control bleeding in the stomach or intestines by applying an electrical current to the affected blood vessels, causing them to shrink and clot.
* Skin lesions: Electrocoagulation can be used to remove benign or malignant skin lesions, such as warts, moles, or skin tags, by applying an electrical current to the growth, which causes it to dehydrate and eventually fall off.
* Vascular malformations: Electrocoagulation can be used to treat vascular malformations (abnormal blood vessels) by applying an electrical current to the affected area, causing the abnormal vessels to shrink and clot.

The procedure is typically performed using a specialized device that delivers an electrical current through a needle or probe. The intensity and duration of the electrical current can be adjusted to achieve the desired effect. Electrocoagulation may be used alone or in combination with other treatments, such as surgery or medication.

It's important to note that electrocoagulation is not without risks, including burns, infection, and scarring. It should only be performed by a qualified medical professional who has experience with the procedure.

Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant medication that is primarily used to treat seizure disorders (epilepsy) and neuropathic pain. It works by decreasing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which helps to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures. Carbamazepine may also be used off-label for other conditions such as bipolar disorder and trigeminal neuralgia.

The medication is available in various forms, including tablets, extended-release tablets, chewable tablets, and suspension. It is usually taken two to four times a day with food to reduce stomach upset. Common side effects of carbamazepine include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and unsteady gait.

It is important to note that carbamazepine can interact with other medications, including some antidepressants, antipsychotics, and birth control pills, so it is essential to inform your healthcare provider of all the medications you are taking before starting carbamazepine. Additionally, carbamazepine levels in the blood may need to be monitored regularly to ensure that the medication is working effectively and not causing toxicity.

The occipital bone is the single, posterior cranial bone that forms the base of the skull and encloses the brain. It articulates with the parietal bones anteriorly and the temporal bones laterally. The occipital bone also contains several important structures such as the foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord connects to the brain, and the external and internal occipital protuberances, which serve as attachment points for neck muscles.

Analgesics are a class of drugs that are used to relieve pain. They work by blocking the transmission of pain signals in the nervous system, allowing individuals to manage their pain levels more effectively. There are many different types of analgesics available, including both prescription and over-the-counter options. Some common examples include acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin), and opioids such as morphine or oxycodone.

The choice of analgesic will depend on several factors, including the type and severity of pain being experienced, any underlying medical conditions, potential drug interactions, and individual patient preferences. It is important to use these medications as directed by a healthcare provider, as misuse or overuse can lead to serious side effects and potential addiction.

In addition to their pain-relieving properties, some analgesics may also have additional benefits such as reducing inflammation (like in the case of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs) or causing sedation (as with certain opioids). However, it is essential to weigh these potential benefits against the risks and side effects associated with each medication.

When used appropriately, analgesics can significantly improve a person's quality of life by helping them manage their pain effectively and allowing them to engage in daily activities more comfortably.

Hemifacial spasm is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by involuntary, irregular contractions or twitching of the muscles on one side of the face. These spasms typically begin around the eye and may progress to involve the muscles of the lower face, including those around the mouth.

The primary cause of hemifacial spasm is pressure on or irritation of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) as it exits the brainstem, often due to a blood vessel or tumor. This pressure can lead to abnormal electrical signals in the facial nerve, resulting in uncontrolled muscle contractions.

In some cases, hemifacial spasm may be associated with other conditions such as multiple sclerosis or Bell's palsy. Treatment options for hemifacial spasm include medications to help relax the muscles, botulinum toxin (Botox) injections to paralyze the affected muscles temporarily, and, in rare cases, surgical intervention to relieve pressure on the facial nerve.

Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO) is a type of herpes zoster (shingles) infection that affects the ophthalmic division (V1) of the trigeminal nerve. It is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which also causes chickenpox. After a person recovers from chickenpox, the virus remains inactive in the body and can reactivate later as shingles, often many years after the initial infection.

When the virus reactivates and affects the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, it can cause a painful rash on the forehead, nose, and around one eye. The rash may be accompanied by other symptoms such as headache, fever, and fatigue. In some cases, HZO can also affect the eye itself, causing inflammation, corneal ulcers, and vision loss if left untreated.

It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect you have HZO, as early treatment with antiviral medications can help reduce the severity of symptoms and prevent complications.

Also known as Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Herpesvirus 3, Human is a species-specific alphaherpesvirus that causes two distinct diseases: chickenpox (varicella) during primary infection and herpes zoster (shingles) upon reactivation of latent infection.

Chickenpox is typically a self-limiting disease characterized by a generalized, pruritic vesicular rash, fever, and malaise. After resolution of the primary infection, VZV remains latent in the sensory ganglia and can reactivate later in life to cause herpes zoster, which is characterized by a unilateral, dermatomal vesicular rash and pain.

Herpesvirus 3, Human is highly contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets or direct contact with the chickenpox rash. Vaccination is available to prevent primary infection and reduce the risk of complications associated with chickenpox and herpes zoster.

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acids are a type of organic compound that consists of a cyclohexane ring, which is a six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon, substituted with a carboxylic acid group (-COOH). This group contains a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH).

The cyclohexane ring can be in various forms, including the chair, boat, or twist-boat conformations, depending on the orientation of its constituent atoms. The carboxylic acid group can ionize to form a carboxylate anion, which is negatively charged and has a deprotonated hydroxyl group.

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acids have various applications in industry and research, including as intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. They can also be found naturally in some plants and microorganisms.

Pain measurement, in a medical context, refers to the quantification or evaluation of the intensity and/or unpleasantness of a patient's subjective pain experience. This is typically accomplished through the use of standardized self-report measures such as numerical rating scales (NRS), visual analog scales (VAS), or categorical scales (mild, moderate, severe). In some cases, physiological measures like heart rate, blood pressure, and facial expressions may also be used to supplement self-reported pain ratings. The goal of pain measurement is to help healthcare providers better understand the nature and severity of a patient's pain in order to develop an effective treatment plan.

The glossopharyngeal nerve, also known as the ninth cranial nerve (IX), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. It originates from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem and has several functions:

1. Sensory function: The glossopharyngeal nerve provides general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue, the tonsils, the back of the throat (pharynx), and the middle ear. It also carries taste sensations from the back one-third of the tongue.
2. Special visceral afferent function: The nerve transmits information about the stretch of the carotid artery and blood pressure to the brainstem.
3. Motor function: The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle, which helps elevate the pharynx during swallowing. It also provides parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland, stimulating saliva production.
4. Visceral afferent function: The glossopharyngeal nerve carries information about the condition of the internal organs in the thorax and abdomen to the brainstem.

Overall, the glossopharyngeal nerve plays a crucial role in swallowing, taste, saliva production, and monitoring blood pressure and heart rate.

Hyperesthesia is a medical term that refers to an increased sensitivity to sensory stimuli, including touch, pain, or temperature. It can affect various parts of the body and can be caused by different conditions, such as nerve damage, multiple sclerosis, or complex regional pain syndrome. Hyperesthesia can manifest as a heightened awareness of sensations, which can be painful or uncomfortable, and may interfere with daily activities. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment if experiencing symptoms of hyperesthesia.

A Central Nervous System Venous Angioma (CNS VA), also known as a cerebral venous angioma or developmental venous anomaly (DVA), is a benign vascular malformation of the central nervous system. It is a congenital condition, which means it is present at birth.

A CNS VA is characterized by a cluster of veins that converge into a single larger vein, creating a radial pattern that resembles a Medusa head or a spoked wheel. This venous anomaly typically drains blood from normal brain tissue and usually does not cause any symptoms or neurological deficits. However, in rare cases, CNS VAs may be associated with intracranial hemorrhage, seizures, or development of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).

CNS VAs are usually discovered incidentally during imaging studies performed for other medical reasons. Diagnostic imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans with contrast can help identify and characterize CNS VAs. No specific treatment is required for asymptomatic CNS VAs, but follow-up imaging may be recommended to monitor the condition over time. In cases where symptoms are present or there is a risk of complications, various treatment options may be considered, including surgical removal, endovascular embolization, or radiation therapy.

Paresthesia is a medical term that describes an abnormal sensation such as tingling, numbness, prickling, or burning, usually in the hands, feet, arms, or legs. These sensations can occur without any obvious cause, often described as "pins and needles" or falling asleep in a limb. However, persistent paresthesia can be a sign of an underlying medical condition, such as nerve damage, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, or a vitamin deficiency. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional if experiencing persistent paresthesia to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.

Brachial plexus neuritis, also known as Parsonage-Turner syndrome or neuralgic amyotrophy, is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the brachial plexus. The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the spinal cord in the neck and travels down the arm, controlling movement and sensation in the shoulder, arm, and hand.

In Brachial plexus neuritis, the insulating covering of the nerves (myelin sheath) is damaged or destroyed, leading to impaired nerve function. The exact cause of this condition is not fully understood, but it can be associated with viral infections, trauma, surgery, or immunological disorders.

Symptoms of Brachial plexus neuritis may include sudden onset of severe pain in the shoulder and arm, followed by weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles. There may also be numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation in the affected areas. In some cases, recovery can occur spontaneously within a few months, while others may experience persistent weakness or disability. Treatment typically involves pain management, physical therapy, and in some cases, corticosteroids or other medications to reduce inflammation.

Trigeminal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the trigeminal nerve, which is one of the cranial nerves responsible for sensations in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing. The trigeminal nerve has three branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular, which innervate different parts of the face and head.

Trigeminal nerve diseases can cause various symptoms, including facial pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness. Some common trigeminal nerve diseases include:

1. Trigeminal neuralgia: A chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, causing intense, stabbing, or electric shock-like pain in the face.
2. Hemifacial spasm: A neuromuscular disorder that causes involuntary muscle spasms on one side of the face, often affecting the muscles around the eye and mouth.
3. Trigeminal neuropathy: Damage or injury to the trigeminal nerve, which can result in numbness, tingling, or weakness in the face.
4. Herpes zoster oticus (Ramsay Hunt syndrome): A viral infection that affects the facial nerve and geniculate ganglion of the trigeminal nerve, causing facial paralysis, ear pain, and a rash around the ear.
5. Microvascular compression: Compression of the trigeminal nerve by a blood vessel, which can cause symptoms similar to trigeminal neuralgia.

Treatment for trigeminal nerve diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or radiation therapy.

A headache is defined as pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck. It can be a symptom of various underlying conditions such as stress, sinus congestion, migraine, or more serious issues like meningitis or concussion. Headaches can vary in intensity, ranging from mild to severe, and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light and sound. There are over 150 different types of headaches, including tension headaches, cluster headaches, and sinus headaches, each with their own specific characteristics and causes.

Acyclovir is an antiviral medication used for the treatment of infections caused by herpes simplex viruses (HSV) including genital herpes, cold sores, and shingles (varicella-zoster virus). It works by interfering with the replication of the virus's DNA, thereby preventing the virus from multiplying further. Acyclovir is available in various forms such as oral tablets, capsules, creams, and intravenous solutions.

The medical definition of 'Acyclovir' is:

Acyclovir (brand name Zovirax) is a synthetic nucleoside analogue that functions as an antiviral agent, specifically against herpes simplex viruses (HSV) types 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Acyclovir is converted to its active form, acyclovir triphosphate, by viral thymidine kinase. This activated form then inhibits viral DNA polymerase, preventing further replication of the virus's DNA.

Acyclovir has a relatively low toxicity profile and is generally well-tolerated, although side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and headache can occur. In rare cases, more serious side effects such as kidney damage, seizures, or neurological problems may occur. It is important to take acyclovir exactly as directed by a healthcare provider and to report any unusual symptoms promptly.

Cranial nerves are a set of twelve pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and skull, rather than the spinal cord. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory information (such as sight, smell, hearing, and taste) to the brain, as well as controlling various muscles in the head and neck (including those involved in chewing, swallowing, and eye movement). Each cranial nerve has a specific function and is named accordingly. For example, the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) transmits visual information from the eyes to the brain, while the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) controls parasympathetic functions in the body such as heart rate and digestion.

A Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a subjective measurement tool used to quantify and communicate the intensity or severity of various symptoms or experiences, such as pain, mood, or fatigue. It typically consists of a straight, horizontal line, 10 centimeters in length, with verbal anchors at each end that describe the extreme limits of the variable being measured (e.g., "no pain" and "worst possible pain"). Patients are asked to mark a point on the line that corresponds to their perceived intensity or severity of the symptom, and the distance from the "no pain" anchor to the patient's mark is then measured in centimeters to obtain a score between 0 and 100.

The VAS has been widely used in clinical research and practice due to its simplicity, ease of use, and ability to detect small but meaningful changes in symptom intensity over time. However, it should be noted that the interpretation of VAS scores may vary among individuals and populations, and additional validation studies are often necessary to establish the psychometric properties of this measurement tool in specific contexts.

Amitriptyline is a type of medication known as a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). It is primarily used to treat depression, but it also has other therapeutic uses such as managing chronic pain, migraine prevention, and treating anxiety disorders. Amitriptyline works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which help to regulate mood and alleviate pain.

The medication is available in various forms, including tablets and liquid solutions, and it is typically taken orally. The dosage of amitriptyline may vary depending on the individual's age, medical condition, and response to treatment. It is essential to follow the prescribing physician's instructions carefully when taking this medication.

Common side effects of amitriptyline include drowsiness, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and weight gain. In some cases, it may cause more severe side effects such as orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure upon standing), cardiac arrhythmias, and seizures. It is crucial to inform the healthcare provider of any pre-existing medical conditions or current medications before starting amitriptyline therapy, as these factors can influence its safety and efficacy.

Amitriptyline has a well-established history in clinical practice, but it may not be suitable for everyone due to its potential side effects and drug interactions. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using this medication.

Trigeminal nerve injuries refer to damages or traumas affecting the trigeminal nerve, also known as the fifth cranial nerve. This nerve is responsible for sensations in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing. Trigeminal nerve injuries can result in various symptoms depending on the severity and location of the injury, including:

1. Loss or reduction of sensation in the face, lips, gums, teeth, or tongue.
2. Pain, often described as burning, aching, or stabbing, in the affected areas.
3. Numbness or tingling sensations.
4. Difficulty with biting, chewing, or performing other motor functions.
5. Impaired taste sensation.
6. Headaches or migraines.
7. Eye dryness or excessive tearing.

Trigeminal nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as trauma during facial surgeries, accidents, tumors, infections, or neurological conditions like multiple sclerosis. Treatment options depend on the cause and severity of the injury and may include medication, physical therapy, surgical intervention, or pain management strategies.

Spinal nerves are the bundles of nerve fibers that transmit signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the human body, which can be divided into five regions: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each spinal nerve carries both sensory information (such as touch, temperature, and pain) from the periphery to the spinal cord, and motor information (such as muscle control) from the spinal cord to the muscles and other structures in the body. Spinal nerves also contain autonomic fibers that regulate involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure.

Amines are organic compounds that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons. They are derived from ammonia (NH3) by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. The nomenclature of amines follows the substitutive type, where the parent compound is named as an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon, and the functional group "amine" is designated as a suffix or prefix.

Amines are classified into three types based on the number of carbon atoms attached to the nitrogen atom:

1. Primary (1°) amines: One alkyl or aryl group is attached to the nitrogen atom.
2. Secondary (2°) amines: Two alkyl or aryl groups are attached to the nitrogen atom.
3. Tertiary (3°) amines: Three alkyl or aryl groups are attached to the nitrogen atom.

Quaternary ammonium salts have four organic groups attached to the nitrogen atom and a positive charge, with anions balancing the charge.

Amines have a wide range of applications in the chemical industry, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, polymers, and solvents. They also play a significant role in biological systems as neurotransmitters, hormones, and cell membrane components.

In medicine, "intractable pain" is a term used to describe pain that is difficult to manage, control or relieve with standard treatments. It's a type of chronic pain that continues for an extended period, often months or even years, and does not respond to conventional therapies such as medications, physical therapy, or surgery. Intractable pain can significantly affect a person's quality of life, causing emotional distress, sleep disturbances, and reduced mobility. It is essential to distinguish intractable pain from acute pain, which is typically sharp and short-lived, resulting from tissue damage or inflammation.

Intractable pain may be classified as:

1. Refractory pain: Pain that persists despite optimal treatment with various modalities, including medications, interventions, and multidisciplinary care.
2. Incurable pain: Pain caused by a progressive or incurable disease, such as cancer, for which no curative treatment is available.
3. Functional pain: Pain without an identifiable organic cause that does not respond to standard treatments.

Managing intractable pain often requires a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals from various fields, including pain specialists, neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, and physical therapists. Treatment options may include:

1. Adjuvant medications: Medications that are not primarily analgesics but have been found to help with pain relief, such as antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and muscle relaxants.
2. Interventional procedures: Minimally invasive techniques like nerve blocks, spinal cord stimulation, or intrathecal drug delivery systems that target specific nerves or areas of the body to reduce pain signals.
3. Psychological interventions: Techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness meditation, and relaxation training can help patients cope with chronic pain and improve their overall well-being.
4. Physical therapy and rehabilitation: Exercise programs, massage, acupuncture, and other physical therapies may provide relief for some types of intractable pain.
5. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM): Techniques like yoga, tai chi, hypnosis, or biofeedback can be helpful in managing chronic pain.
6. Lifestyle modifications: Dietary changes, stress management, and quitting smoking may also contribute to improved pain management.

The trigeminal ganglion, also known as the semilunar or Gasserian ganglion, is a sensory ganglion (a cluster of nerve cell bodies) located near the base of the skull. It is a part of the trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve), which is responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing.

The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons that carry information from three major branches of the trigeminal nerve: the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular divisions. These divisions provide sensation to different areas of the face, head, and oral cavity, including the skin, mucous membranes, muscles, and teeth.

Damage to the trigeminal ganglion or its nerve branches can result in various sensory disturbances, such as pain, numbness, or tingling in the affected areas. Conditions like trigeminal neuralgia, a disorder characterized by intense, stabbing facial pain, may involve the trigeminal ganglion and its associated nerves.

Lidocaine is a type of local anesthetic that numbs painful areas and is used to prevent pain during certain medical procedures. It works by blocking the nerves that transmit pain signals to the brain. In addition to its use as an anesthetic, lidocaine can also be used to treat irregular heart rates and relieve itching caused by allergic reactions or skin conditions such as eczema.

Lidocaine is available in various forms, including creams, gels, ointments, sprays, solutions, and injectable preparations. It can be applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes, or it can be administered by injection into a muscle or vein. The specific dosage and method of administration will depend on the reason for its use and the individual patient's medical history and current health status.

Like all medications, lidocaine can have side effects, including allergic reactions, numbness that lasts too long, and in rare cases, heart problems or seizures. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider carefully when using lidocaine to minimize the risk of adverse effects.

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are a class of medications that were commonly used to treat depression. The name "tricyclic" comes from the chemical structure of these drugs, which contain three rings in their molecular makeup. TCAs were first developed in the 1950s and remained a popular choice for treating depression until the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the late 1980s.

TCAs work by increasing the levels of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, in the brain. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between nerve cells. By increasing the levels of these neurotransmitters, TCAs can help to improve mood and alleviate symptoms of depression.

Some common examples of tricyclic antidepressants include amitriptyline, imipramine, and nortriptyline. While TCAs are effective in treating depression, they can have significant side effects, including dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and drowsiness. In addition, TCAs can be dangerous in overdose and may increase the risk of suicide in some individuals. As a result, they are typically used as a last resort when other treatments have failed.

Overall, tricyclic antidepressants are a class of medications that were commonly used to treat depression but have largely been replaced by newer drugs due to their side effects and potential risks.

Lateral Medullary Syndrome, also known as Wallenberg's syndrome, is a type of stroke that affects the lateral part (side) of the medulla oblongata, which is a structure at the lower end of the brainstem. This condition is typically caused by a blockage or narrowing of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), leading to infarction (tissue death due to lack of blood supply) in this area.

The lateral medulla contains several important nerve tracts and nuclei that are responsible for various functions, including:

1. Pain and temperature sensation from the face and body
2. Facial movements and sensations
3. Eye movement control
4. Hearing
5. Vestibular function (balance)
6. Swallowing and cough reflexes
7. Cardiovascular regulation

As a result, individuals with Lateral Medullary Syndrome may experience various symptoms such as:
- Ipsilateral (same side) facial pain and temperature sensation loss
- Contralateral (opposite side) body pain and temperature sensation loss
- Vertigo, dizziness, or unsteady gait due to vestibular dysfunction
- Difficulty swallowing and hoarseness
- Horner's syndrome (drooping eyelid, small pupil, and decreased sweating on the affected side of the face)
- Nystagmus (involuntary eye movement)
- Hiccups
- Ipsilateral (same side) limb ataxia (lack of coordination)

The severity and combination of symptoms may vary depending on the extent and location of the infarction. Treatment typically involves managing underlying risk factors, such as hypertension or diabetes, and providing supportive care to address specific symptoms.

A spasm is a sudden, involuntary contraction or tightening of a muscle, group of muscles, or a hollow organ such as the ureter or bronchi. Spasms can occur as a result of various factors including muscle fatigue, injury, irritation, or abnormal nerve activity. They can cause pain and discomfort, and in some cases, interfere with normal bodily functions. For example, a spasm in the bronchi can cause difficulty breathing, while a spasm in the ureter can cause severe pain and may lead to a kidney stone blockage. The treatment for spasms depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes.

Facial hemiatrophy, also known as Parry-Romberg syndrome, is a rare progressive condition characterized by the partial or complete atrophy (wasting) of the tissue on one side of the face. The atrophy typically involves the skin, fat, and muscle, but can also affect the bone and nerves.

The cause of facial hemiatrophy is not well understood, but it is believed to be a result of abnormalities in the blood vessels or nerves that supply the affected side of the face. The condition often begins in childhood or adolescence and can progress slowly over a period of several years.

In addition to the physical changes, people with facial hemiatrophy may also experience symptoms such as headaches, seizures, and eye problems. There is no cure for the condition, but various treatments such as cosmetic surgery, fillers, and muscle transfers can help improve the appearance of the affected side of the face.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sensory System Agents" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. Sensory systems refer to the parts of the nervous system that process and transmit information about the world around us, including the senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. However, there are no specific "agents" that are generally recognized as being solely dedicated to affecting these systems in a medical context.

If you're referring to specific pharmaceutical agents or drugs that affect sensory systems, these would be more accurately described using terms related to the specific system (like "ophthalmic agents" for vision, or "anesthetics" for touch/pain) and the specific drug class or mechanism of action.

If you have a more specific context in mind, I'd be happy to try to provide a more targeted answer!

Radiosurgery is a non-invasive surgical procedure that uses precisely focused beams of radiation to treat various medical conditions, primarily in the field of neurosurgery and oncology. It allows for the destruction of targeted tissue while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy structures. Unlike traditional surgery, radiosurgery does not require any incisions, as it delivers radiation through the skin to reach the intended target.

The term "stereotactic" is often associated with radiosurgery, which refers to the use of a three-dimensional coordinate system to precisely locate and target the affected area. This technique enables high doses of radiation to be delivered accurately and efficiently, maximizing therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing side effects.

Radiosurgery can be used to treat various conditions such as brain tumors (both malignant and benign), arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), trigeminal neuralgia, acoustic neuromas, pituitary adenomas, and spinal cord tumors. Common radiosurgery platforms include the Gamma Knife, CyberKnife, and linear accelerator-based systems like Novalis Tx or TrueBeam.

It is essential to note that although it is called "surgery," radiosurgery does not involve any physical incisions or removal of tissue. Instead, it relies on the destructive effects of high-dose radiation to ablate or damage targeted cells over time, leading to their eventual death and resolution of symptoms or tumor control.

Local anesthetics are a type of medication that is used to block the sensation of pain in a specific area of the body. They work by temporarily numbing the nerves in that area, preventing them from transmitting pain signals to the brain. Local anesthetics can be administered through various routes, including topical application (such as creams or gels), injection (such as into the skin or tissues), or regional nerve blocks (such as epidural or spinal anesthesia).

Some common examples of local anesthetics include lidocaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine. These medications can be used for a variety of medical procedures, ranging from minor surgeries (such as dental work or skin biopsies) to more major surgeries (such as joint replacements or hernia repairs).

Local anesthetics are generally considered safe when used appropriately, but they can have side effects and potential complications. These may include allergic reactions, toxicity (if too much is administered), and nerve damage (if the medication is injected into a nerve). It's important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using local anesthetics, and to report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly.

The trigeminal nuclei are a collection of sensory nerve cell bodies (nuclei) located in the brainstem that receive and process sensory information from the face and head, including pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception. There are four main trigeminal nuclei: the ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular, and mesencephalic nuclei. Each nucleus is responsible for processing sensory information from specific areas of the face and head. The trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) carries these sensory signals to the brainstem, where they synapse with neurons in the trigeminal nuclei before being relayed to higher brain centers for further processing.

SUNCT syndrome, an acronym for Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform headache attacks with Conjunctival injection and Tearing, is a rare and severe type of headache disorder. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of intense, one-sided (unilateral) head pain that typically lasts for a short duration (less than 5 minutes). The headaches are often described as stabbing or piercing and can be triggered by various stimuli such as touch, movement, or temperature changes.

In addition to the head pain, SUNCT syndrome is also associated with autonomic symptoms, including redness (conjunctival injection) and tearing of the eye on the same side as the headache. Other possible autonomic symptoms include sweating, nasal congestion, and pupil changes.

SUNCT syndrome can be challenging to diagnose and treat due to its rarity and severity. It is typically managed with a combination of medications, including anti-epileptic drugs, and in some cases, invasive procedures such as nerve blocks or neurostimulation may be considered.

2-Aminopurine is a fluorescent purine analog, which means it is a compound that is similar in structure to the naturally occurring molecule called purines, which are building blocks of DNA and RNA. 2-Aminopurine is used in research to study the structure and function of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) due to its fluorescent properties. It can be incorporated into oligonucleotides (short stretches of nucleic acids) to allow for the monitoring of interactions between nucleic acids, such as during DNA replication or transcription. The fluorescence of 2-Aminopurine changes upon excitation with light and can be used to detect structural changes in nucleic acids or to measure the distance between two fluorophores.

Hypnosis in dentistry, also known as hypnodontics, refers to the use of hypnosis as an adjunctive therapy in dental practice. It is a state of highly focused attention or concentration, often associated with relaxation, and heightened suggestibility. The American Dental Association recognizes hypnosis as a useful tool for:

* Reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation before and during dental procedures
* Managing pain and reducing the need for anesthesia
* Controlling gag reflex
* Treating dental phobias
* Assisting in habit control, such as bruxism (teeth grinding) and nail biting
* Enhancing recovery after surgery

The process typically involves verbal or written suggestions made by a trained dental professional to the patient, who is in a state of hypnotic trance. The patient remains conscious and in control throughout the procedure, but is more open to accepting and acting on the suggestions made. Hypnosis is considered safe when practiced by a trained professional, and its effectiveness varies from person to person.

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. It is a complex phenomenon that can result from various stimuli, such as thermal, mechanical, or chemical irritation, and it can be acute or chronic. The perception of pain involves the activation of specialized nerve cells called nociceptors, which transmit signals to the brain via the spinal cord. These signals are then processed in different regions of the brain, leading to the conscious experience of pain. It's important to note that pain is a highly individual and subjective experience, and its perception can vary widely among individuals.

Neurosurgical procedures are operations that are performed on the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These procedures are typically carried out by neurosurgeons, who are medical doctors with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. Neurosurgical procedures can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including traumatic injuries, tumors, aneurysms, vascular malformations, infections, degenerative diseases, and congenital abnormalities.

Some common types of neurosurgical procedures include:

* Craniotomy: A procedure in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to gain access to the brain. This type of procedure may be performed to remove a tumor, repair a blood vessel, or relieve pressure on the brain.
* Spinal fusion: A procedure in which two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together using bone grafts and metal hardware. This is often done to stabilize the spine and alleviate pain caused by degenerative conditions or spinal deformities.
* Microvascular decompression: A procedure in which a blood vessel that is causing pressure on a nerve is repositioned or removed. This type of procedure is often used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, a condition that causes severe facial pain.
* Deep brain stimulation: A procedure in which electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a battery-operated device called a neurostimulator. The neurostimulator sends electrical impulses to the brain to help alleviate symptoms of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.
* Stereotactic radiosurgery: A non-invasive procedure that uses focused beams of radiation to treat tumors, vascular malformations, and other abnormalities in the brain or spine. This type of procedure is often used for patients who are not good candidates for traditional surgery due to age, health status, or location of the lesion.

Neurosurgical procedures can be complex and require a high degree of skill and expertise. Patients considering neurosurgical treatment should consult with a qualified neurosurgeon to discuss their options and determine the best course of action for their individual situation.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Analgesics, non-narcotic are a class of medications used to relieve pain that do not contain narcotics or opioids. They work by blocking the transmission of pain signals in the nervous system or by reducing inflammation and swelling. Examples of non-narcotic analgesics include acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve), and aspirin. These medications are often used to treat mild to moderate pain, such as headaches, menstrual cramps, muscle aches, and arthritis symptoms. They can be obtained over-the-counter or by prescription, depending on the dosage and formulation. It is important to follow the recommended dosages and usage instructions carefully to avoid adverse effects.

Under the general heading of neuralgia are trigeminal neuralgia (TN), atypical trigeminal neuralgia (ATN), occipital neuralgia ... Occipital neuralgia, also known as C2 neuralgia, or Arnold's neuralgia, is a medical condition characterized by chronic pain in ... glossopharyngeal neuralgia and postherpetic neuralgia (caused by shingles or herpes). The term neuralgia is also used to refer ... as in intercostal neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. ...
"Facial Neuralgia Resources". Trigeminal Neuralgia Resources / Facial Neuralgia Resources. Archived from the original on 8 July ... one of which is atypical trigeminal neuralgia ("trigeminal neuralgia, type 2" or trigeminal neuralgia with concomitant pain), ... Trigeminal neuralgia (TN or TGN), also called Fothergill disease, tic douloureux, or trifacial neuralgia is a long-term pain ... Trigeminal neuralgia at Curlie Trigeminal Neuralgia at NHS Choices (Articles with short description, Short description is ...
... is caused by damage to the occipital nerves, which can arise from trauma (usually concussive or cervical), ... Rarely, occipital neuralgia may be a symptom of metastasis of certain cancers to the spine. Among other cranial neuropathies, ... Occipital neuralgia (ON) is a painful condition affecting the posterior head in the distributions of the greater occipital ... Occipital Neuralgia - National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (Articles with short description, Short ...
... is thought to be due to nerve damage caused by herpes zoster. The damage causes nerves in the affected ... Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is neuropathic pain that occurs due to damage to a peripheral nerve caused by the reactivation of ... Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is neuropathic pain that occurs due to damage to a peripheral nerve caused by the reactivation of ... Postherpetic neuralgia is the most common long-term complication of herpes zoster, and occurs in approximately 20% of patients ...
... is a form of nerve pain (neuralgia) specifically associated with a Shingles (herpes zoster) viral ... Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2 Postherpetic neuralgia Gilden, D. H; Dueland, A. N; Cohrs, R; Martin, J. R; Kleinschmidt-Demasters ... Segal, Alan Z. (2005). "A Vaccine to Prevent Shingles-treating Post-herpetic Neuralgia in a Pre-herpetic State". Neurology ... Saguil, A; Kane, S; Mercado, M; Lauters, R (2017). "Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia: Prevention and Management". ...
... (ATN), or type 2 trigeminal neuralgia, is a form of trigeminal neuralgia, a disorder of the fifth ... TN "Trigeminal Neuralgia Description / Definition", [US] Facial Pain Association, "TN (Trigeminal Neuralgia) Description / ... Fortunately, post-herpetic neuralgia is generally treated with medications that are also the first medications tried for ATN, ... Depression is frequently co-morbid with neuralgia and neuropathic pain of all sorts, as a result of the negative effects that ...
hopeful evidence Health fraud Trigeminal neuralgia Atypical trigeminal neuralgia Bouquot JE, Roberts AM, Person P, Christian J ... Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis (NICO) is a diagnosis whereby a putative jawbone cavitation causes chronic facial ... Bouquot JE, Christian J (April 1995). "Long-term effects of jawbone curettage on the pain of facial neuralgia". J. Oral ... Also called Ratner's bone cavity, a neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis was first described in dental literature by G ...
... neuralgia; and involvement of at least one internal organ such as the liver, lung, or heart; d) develops in individuals with ...
Intercoastal neuralgia is a neuropathic condition that involves the intercoastal nerves. The primary symptom is pain and it may ... Lateral femoral cutaneous neuralgia, often known as Meralgia Paresthetica, involves neuropathic pain on the outer thigh. The ... Neurectomy for treatment of intercostal neuralgia. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008 May;85(5):1766-70. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.11. ... Swimmer's headache, or supraorbital neuralgia. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2004 Oct;17(4):418-9. doi: 10.1080/08998280.2004. ...
Pudendal neuralgia can be caused by many factors including inflammation, extreme cycling, and can be a "secondary condition to ... The term pudendal neuralgia (PN) is often used interchangeably with "pudendal nerve entrapment". This condition can greatly ... Labat JJ, Riant T, Robert R, Amarenco G, Lefaucheur JP, Rigaud J (2008). "Diagnostic criteria for pudendal neuralgia by ... Pulsed radiofrequency has also been successful in treating a refractory case of pudendal neuralgia, but additional research is ...
Trigeminal neuralgia. Méthode du traitement des fractures, Paris, 1916. WorldCat Search Traité de chirurgie clinique et ...
Berlin, 1898.) Trigeminal neuralgia. (Allbutt's System of Medicine, 1899, 6, 724-752.) Herpes zoster. (Allbutt's System of ...
"Trigeminal Neuralgia." In: Rakel RE (ed), Conn's Current Therapy. WB Saunders Co, Phila, PA, pp 900-902, 1996. Bederson JB. " ... trigeminal neuralgia, tumors of the skull base, carotid artery disease and problems of the cervical and lumbar spine. During ...
Bruyn, G. W. (1983-12-01). "Superior Laryngeal Neuralgia". Cephalalgia. 3 (4): 235-240. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1983.0304235.x ...
"Facial Neuralgia Resources". Trigeminal Neuralgia Resources / Facial Neuralgia Resources. Archived from the original on 8 July ... A patient resource group for trigeminal neuralgia (which has been described as the most painful condition in existence) have ...
... or geniculate neuralgia (GN), also called nervus intermedius neuralgia, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, or Hunt's ... "Nervus intermedius neuralgia: a case report". CRANIO: The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice. 25. 2007. Saers, S. J. F.; Han ... GN may also occur in combination with trigeminal or glossopharyngeal neuralgia. The pain of GN is sharp, shooting or burning ... Lovely, T. J.; Jannetta, P. J. (1997-07-01). "Surgical management of geniculate neuralgia". The American Journal of Otology. 18 ...
Acute pain due to trigeminal neuralgia is usually successfully treated with anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine or phenytoin ... Bayer DB, Stenger TG (November 1979). "Trigeminal neuralgia: an overview". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology. 48 ... Brisman R (April 1987). "Trigeminal neuralgia and multiple sclerosis". Archives of Neurology. 44 (4): 379-81. doi:10.1001/ ... as well as trigeminal neuralgia, Lhermitte's sign, or dysesthesias. Subacute pain is usually secondary to the disease and can ...
Weigel G and Casey K. Striking Back! The trigeminal neuralgia handbook. Trigeminal Neuralgia Association Press. Gainesville, ... is a neurosurgical procedure used to treat trigeminal neuralgia (along with other cranial nerve neuralgias), a pain syndrome ... Trigeminal neuralgia and trigeminal tic douloureux. In: Lewis D, ed. Practice of Surgery. Hagerstown, MD: WF Prior CO, 1932: ... Patients most likely to benefit from a microvascular decompression have a classic form of trigeminal neuralgia. The diagnosis ...
Towards the end of the war, she is known to have also suffered from severe depression and trigeminal neuralgia. This condition ... What is Trigeminal Neuralgia? TNA Website Meissner 1980, pp. 141, 228, 234. Thacker 2010, p. 298. "Magda Goebbels". Spartacus ...
Pino MA (19 January 2017). "Trigeminal Neuralgia: A "Lightning Bolt" of Pain". US Pharmacist. 42: 41-44. Powell G, Saunders M, ... Porter NC (2008). "Trigeminal Neuralgia: Surgical Perspective". In Chin LS, Regine WF (eds.). Principles and practice of ... Gambeta E, Chichorro JG, Zamponi GW (January 2020). "Trigeminal Neuralgia: an overview from pathophysiology to pharmacological ... and trigeminal neuralgia. Carbamazepine is the only medication that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the ...
Intrathecal methylprednisolone for postherpetic neuralgia. N Engl J Med 2001; Mar 29;344(13):1019; discussion 1021-2 Landau WM ...
Trigeminal neuralgia is another example of a cause of facial pain. Neuralgia refers to pain in the distribution of a nerve (or ... Trigeminal neuralgia has been described as one of the most painful conditions possible. Trigeminal neuralgia and AFP are ... In 2005 researchers proposed a new classification of trigeminal neuralgia which described a type of trigeminal neuralgia where ... "atypical trigeminal neuralgia", "trigeminal neuropathic pain" and "atypical facial neuralgia" as synonyms of AFP. The ICHD-2 ...
... petrosal neuralgia, sphenopalatine neuralgia, vidian neuralgia, Sluder's neuralgia, Sluder's syndrome, and hemicrania ... Trigeminal neuralgia is a unilateral headache syndrome, or "cluster-like" headache. Management for cluster headache is divided ... Harris W.: Neuritis and Neuralgia. p. 307-12. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1926. Bickerstaff E (1959). "The periodic ... who named the disease migrainous neuralgia. Descriptions of CH date to 1745 and probably earlier. The condition was originally ...
Martin, J. P. (28 March 1931). "A case of glossopharyngeal neuralgia". Br Med J. 1 (3664): 533-534. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3664.533 ...
In people with trigeminal neuralgia, even a light touch to some part of the body-often a tooth or a part of the face-can give ... Through the 1920s and 1930s the term came into steadily wider use, but almost always in the context of neuralgia. Starting in ... The term was first used in this context around 1914 by Hugh T. Patrick, who was writing about trigeminal neuralgia, a condition ... E. H. Beckman (1916). "Observations on the diagnosis and treatment of trifacial neuralgia". Annals of Surgery. 64 (2): 242-247 ...
Post-herpetic neuralgia uncommonly is associated with shingles in the mouth. Unusual complications may occur with intra-oral ... Postherpetic neuralgia, a condition of chronic pain following shingles. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) has a high level of ... Postherpetic neuralgia arises in approximately 20% of people with shingles. A study of 1994 California data found ... Chen N, Li Q, Yang J, Zhou M, Zhou D, He (2014). He L (ed.). "Antiviral treatment for preventing postherpetic neuralgia". ...
The description of neuralgia was made by John Fothergill (1712-1780). In a medical article entitled "Clinical Lecture on Lead ... Cranial nerves Nerve Neuralgia Neuritis Neuropathy DiBonaventura, Marco D.; Sadosky, Alesia; Concialdi, Kristen; Hopps, Markay ... Carbamazepine is most commonly prescribed to treat trigeminal neuralgia due to clinical experience and early clinical trials ... Al-Quliti, Khalid W. (April 2015). "Update on neuropathic pain treatment for trigeminal neuralgia: The pharmacological and ...
Ocular neuropathic pain (corneal neuralgia); rare In October 2009, the FDA, the National Eye Institute (NEI), and the ...
... migrainous neuralgia'. His 2005 paper "Chronic migraine and medication-overuse headache through the ages" noted that ergotamine ...
Trigeminal neuralgia Cluster headache Migraine Lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg syndrome) is a clinical demonstration of ... Kontzialis M, Kocak M (2017). "Imaging evaluation of trigeminal neuralgia". Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry ... part 1 and part 2 on YouTube Trigeminal neuralgia (Articles with short description, Short description is different from ...
Under the general heading of neuralgia are trigeminal neuralgia (TN), atypical trigeminal neuralgia (ATN), occipital neuralgia ... Occipital neuralgia, also known as C2 neuralgia, or Arnolds neuralgia, is a medical condition characterized by chronic pain in ... glossopharyngeal neuralgia and postherpetic neuralgia (caused by shingles or herpes). The term neuralgia is also used to refer ... as in intercostal neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. ...
Neuralgia is a sharp, shocking pain that follows the path of a nerve and is due to irritation or damage to the nerve. ... Neuralgia is a sharp, shocking pain that follows the path of a nerve and is due to irritation or damage to the nerve. ... Postherpetic neuralgia and trigeminal neuralgia are the two most common forms of neuralgia. A related but less common neuralgia ... Postherpetic neuralgia (pain that continues after a bout of shingles). *Trigeminal neuralgia (stabbing or electric-shock-like ...
Post herpetic neuralgia is a painful condition that can occur after having shingles, a complication of chicken pox. Find out ... Neuralgia is neuropathic pain that occurs along the course of a nerve. It tends to happen when an irritation or damage to a ... Postherpetic neuralgia is a painful condition that affects the nerve fibers and skin. It is a complication of shingles, and ... If the pain caused by shingles continues after the bout of shingles is over, it is known as post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). It ...
Trigeminal Neuralgia is considered on of the most painful diseases known to man. ... Trigeminal Neuralgia Association. Trigeminal Neuralgia Resources. NINDS TN Information Page. Mass. TN Homepage. NMC ... painful disease called Trigeminal Neuralgia (also. known as "tic douloureux") and to help you in your. search for a pain free ...
encoded search term (Postherpetic Neuralgia) and Postherpetic Neuralgia What to Read Next on Medscape ... Prevalence of postherpetic neuralgia after a first episode of herpes zoster: prospective study with long term follow up. BMJ. ... Postherpetic neuralgia: from preclinical models to the clinic. Neurotherapeutics. 2009 Oct. 6(4):630-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jun 2. 352(22):2271-84. [QxMD ...
Learn about types of neuralgia, including trigeminal neuralgia and postherpetic neuralgia. ... An irritated or damaged nerve can cause pain known as neuralgia. ... Occipital neuralgia. Occipital neuralgia is another rare type ... As a result, occipital neuralgia causes a type of headache pain.. Intercostal neuralgia. Intercostal neuralgia affects the ... Trigeminal neuralgia causes severe, recurrent pain in the face, usually on one side. Its the most common type of neuralgia. ...
Very few patients with postherpetic neuralgia actually achieve the optimal recommended dose of gabapentin, new research shows. ... "When youre dealing with an elderly population, as we are with postherpetic neuralgia, it has virtually no drug interactions, ... Cite this: Few Patients With Neuralgia Receive Optimal Gabapentin Dose - Medscape - Sep 26, 2011. ... was approved by the FDA in February for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. That formulation, which is due to launch in ...
Botox injection, Nerve block, Occipital nerve block, Tension headache, Hemicrania, Trigeminal neuralgia, Neuralgia, Hea...dache ... Brain tumor surgery, Trigeminal neuralgia surgery, Brain stereotactic radiosurgery, Brain metastasis, Trigeminal neural...gia, ... Trigeminal neuralgia surgery, Brain tumor surgery, Awake brain surgery, Hemifacial spasm surgery, Pituitary tumor surge...ry, ... See a list of publications on trigeminal neuralgia by Mayo Clinic doctors on PubMed, a service of the National Library of ...
Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is caused by damage that occurs to the peripheral nerve fibers during a shingles infection. ... Our Approach to Post-Herpetic Neuralgia. Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) can cause intense pain that may linger for months. At ... Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is caused by damage that occurs to the peripheral nerve fibers during a shingles infection. On ... There are a variety of effective pain relief medications, but unfortunately no cure for post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). In most ...
The Current Treatment and Prevention of Post Herpetic Neuralgia (Articles) Simant Ankit, Tongxiang Zeng, Yangxin Chen, Hari ... A Case Study in the Use of Capsaicin in the Treatment of Neuropathic Chest Wall Pain and Post-thoracotomy Intercostal Neuralgia ... Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia Due to Vertebrobasilar Dolichoectasia Coexisting with Fusiform Aneurysm of the Basilar Artery ( ... Repeat RF Ablation of C2 and Third Occipital Nerves for Recurrent Occipital Neuralgia and Cervicogenic Headaches (Articles) ...
Trigeminal Neuralgia Surgery: What Patients Need to Know. Neurosurgeons Chetan Bettegowda and Judy Huang discuss the causes of ... Our team of trigeminal neuralgia surgeons treats hundreds of patients with this condition each year. We leverage that expertise ... trigeminal neuralgia and its treatment options. They highlight the types of surgeries performed at Johns Hopkins to treat it. ...
Trigeminal neuralgia occurs when a blood vessel presses against the trigeminal nerve, causing intense bouts of facial pain that ... Is trigeminal neuralgia related to MS?. About 1 to 2% of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) also have trigeminal neuralgia. MS ... What is trigeminal neuralgia?. Trigeminal neuralgia, also referred to as tic douloureaux, is a condition defined by intense ... Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN). Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic condition that can cause sudden, intense painful episodes, ...
Sphk1 and TNF-α may be involved in the occurrence and development of diabetic peripheral neuralgia. ... Effects of extracorporeal shock waves on neuralgia in diabetic rats J Pain Res. 2019 Jan 17;12:387-394. doi: 10.2147/JPR. ... The rats were divided into diabetic neuralgia group (Group A, n=6) and ECSW treatment group (Group B, n=6). Another six rats ... Conclusion: ECSWs can relieve neuralgia in diabetic rats. Sphk1 and TNF-α may be involved in the occurrence and development of ...
Overview of neuralgia, and how to treat it in a natural way. ... An attack of neuralgia that affects only one side of the face ... Many people have a problem with repeated attacks of this kind of neuralgia even though, as condition neuralgia of the ... Neuralgia. Excruciating pain can result because of irritation to nerves since all nerves serve as relay centers to pass on the ... Spigelia can be used to treat all symptoms of neuralgia in the regions of the body such as the eyes the gums and the teeth, the ...
... Archive. Access over half a million forum posts, organised by topic ... Atypical Trigeminal Neuralgia 31. This Slovenian lady in an astrology forum has chronic atypical trigeminal neuralgia for many ... Atypical Trigeminal Neuralgia (ATN) 15. Hi, after researching the internet for ages, i have found that what i have is called ... Atypical Trigeminal Neuralgia Desperate 1. Her (40, from PR) condition has done nothing except worsen over the last 18 months. ...
According to Christopher Gharibo, MD, many patients with postherpetic neuralgia already are starting off at a very significant ... and strategies for successfully managing postherpetic neuralgia, a form of complex chronic neuropathic pain that lingers after ...
This topic contains 5 study abstracts on Post-Herpetic Neuralgia indicating that the following substances may be helpful: ... 5 Abstracts with Post-Herpetic Neuralgia Research. Filter by Study Type. Human Study. ... Broad-band ultraviolet B phototherapy in zoster patients may reduce the incidence and severity of postherpetic neuralgia.Oct 01 ... Acupuncture has therapeutic value in the treatment of atrial fibrillation and post-herpetic neuralgia. Mar 01, 2008. ...
Using cannabis as a painkiller, pelvic pain in men and women and living with trigeminal neuralgia Paul Evans looks at the often ... Talking to representatives from a variety of pain organisations, including the Trigeminal Neuralgia Association, about the wide ... Airing Pain 12: Trigeminal Neuralgia, Pelvic Pain and Cannabis. March 01 , 2011 ...
Trigeminal neuralgia is also known as tic douloureux, which means painful tic. ... Trigeminal neuralgia is a condition of recurring pain on one side of the face due to a malfunction of one or more of the three ... Trigeminal neuralgia is a condition of recurring pain on one side of the face due to a malfunction of one or more of the three ... Trigeminal neuralgia is usually caused by a blood vessel pressing on the nerve inside the skull. Less commonly, multiple ...
Objectives At the conclusion of this offering, the participant will be able to: 1. Discuss and define trigeminal neuralgia and ... Statement of Need This podcast will provide an overview of the symptoms and diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia (TN). ... 3. Review effective medical and surgical treatment options for trigeminal neuralgia; indications and effectiveness. Moderator ... Resources for Additional Study: The changing face of trigeminal neuralgia-A narrative review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ ...
... May 12, 2023, 16:15 PM by Apoorv Chaturvedi, MBBS, DNB, Fabian ... Wang JY, Bender MT, Bettegowda C. Percutaneous procedures for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2016; ... Advances in diagnosis, classification, pathophysiology, and management of trigeminal neuralgia. Lancet Neurol 2020;19(9):784-96 ... Percutaneous radiofrequency treatment of the gasserian ganglion for trigeminal neuralgia complicated by trochlear nerve palsy: ...
Reviews for Gabapentin to Treat Occipital Neuralgia. Occipital neuralgia is a distinct type of headache characterized by ...
... Important Note: This article was written ... Trigeminal neuralgia is characterised by excruciating, electric shock type pains, often described as one of the most severe ... When he came in, he looked terrible, and explained that he had been suffering from Trigeminal Neuralgia, and his face on the ... Scald pain relief, trigeminal neuralgia, sea urchin spike, menstrual pain, trembling absent minded surgeon, jealous lover ...
Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN) is a disorder of the fifth cranial nerve, called the trigeminal nerve. This nerve arises in the brain ... TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA ASSOCIATION SUPPORT LEADERS. Daily Point of Light # 2385 Mar 26, 2003 By jaytennier ... The Trigeminal Neuralgia Association (TNA) was founded in 1990 by TN patients and their families. TNAs founding mission was to ...
Frameless Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis-Related Trigeminal Neuralgia. Download Prime PubMed App ... Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) affects 7% of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). In such patients, TN is difficult to manage ... Frameless Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis-Related Trigeminal Neuralgia. World Neurosurg. 2017;103 ... "Frameless Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis-Related Trigeminal Neuralgia." World Neurosurgery, vol ...
CyberKnife stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of patients with trigeminal neuralgia]. Download Prime PubMed App to ... CyberKnife stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of patients with trigeminal neuralgia]. Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko ... CyberKnife Stereotactic Radiosurgery in the Treatment of Patients With Trigeminal Neuralgia]. Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko ... Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a disabling disease with severe impairment of quality of life and everyday activity of patients. ...
trigeminal neuralgia. The diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) critically depends on a patients description of pathognomonic ... Trigeminal neuralgia and other facial neuralgias. Handb Clin Neurol 2006;81:573-596. ... Trigeminal neuralgia: Is it possible to classify by etiology? *Silvia R. Siqueira, DDS, PhD, Associate Professor, University of ... Trigeminal neuralgia. New classification and diagnostic grading for practice and research. Giorgio Cruccu, Nanna B. Finnerup, ...
Neuralgia) market report contains a holistic evaluation of the market including a comprehensive analysis of key segments, ... Postherpetic Neuralgia Clinical Trials Market Report Overview The Postherpetic Neuralgia Clinical Trial provides an overview of ... Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux) Clinical Trials Overview The Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux) clinical trial report ... Neuropathic Pain (Neuralgia). GlobalDatas reports offer expert analysis, insights and opinions to companies in the worlds ...
Learn more about trigeminal neuralgia.. "I went in to see him, and the first thing he said to me was, Im sorry that youve ... Trigeminal neuralgia. The treatment would have a double meaning. For Bob, it would mark the end of the excruciating pain of ... Three months later, Bob says he is "95 percent pain free." His voice, which he had lost because of the trigeminal neuralgia, ... In fact, because Bob had multiple sclerosis, he had a 20 times higher likelihood of developing trigeminal neuralgia than the ...
  • Under the general heading of neuralgia are trigeminal neuralgia (TN), atypical trigeminal neuralgia (ATN), occipital neuralgia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia and postherpetic neuralgia (caused by shingles or herpes). (wikipedia.org)
  • Postherpetic neuralgia and trigeminal neuralgia are the two most common forms of neuralgia. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What is postherpetic neuralgia? (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Postherpetic neuralgia is a painful condition that affects the nerve fibers and skin. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Postherpetic neuralgia occurs as a complication of shingles and may affect any part of the body. (healthline.com)
  • This condition is known as postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). (medscape.com)
  • Some patients with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) appear to have abnormal function of unmyelinated nociceptors and sensory loss (usually minimal). (medscape.com)
  • September 26, 2011 (Las Vegas, Nevada) - The anticonvulsant gabapentin can be a highly effective treatment for postherpetic neuralgia, but new research suggests that very few patients achieve the optimal dose recommended by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), new research shows. (medscape.com)
  • An extended-release, once-daily, 1800-mg formulation of the drug ( Gralise , Depomed) was approved by the FDA in February for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. (medscape.com)
  • When you're dealing with an elderly population, as we are with postherpetic neuralgia, it has virtually no drug interactions, whereas you do with the other drugs. (medscape.com)
  • Broad-band ultraviolet B phototherapy in zoster patients may reduce the incidence and severity of postherpetic neuralgia. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Reishi reduces pain from postherpetic neuralgia. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Topical capsaicin is safe and effective in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • In this video segment, the pain management expert panelists discuss treatment options, adherence issues, and strategies for successfully managing postherpetic neuralgia, a form of complex chronic neuropathic pain that lingers after a shingles outbreak. (hcplive.com)
  • According to Christopher Gharibo, MD, many patients with postherpetic neuralgia 'already are starting off at a very significant complexity level with their pharmacological regimen for their medical problems' like high blood pressure and hypercholesterolemia, so he recommends simplifying the medication regimen without affecting function through a multi-mechanistic neuropathic treatment, such as prescribing once-daily gabapentin as opposed to a three times a day. (hcplive.com)
  • Postherpetic Neuralgia Clinical Trials Market Report Overview The Postherpetic Neuralgia Clinical Trial provides an overview of Postherpetic Neuralgia Clinical trials scenario. (globaldata.com)
  • Postherpetic Neuralgia (Central Nervous System) - Drugs in Development, 2021 provides an overview of the Postherpetic Neuralgia pipeline landscape. (asdreports.com)
  • The report provides comprehensive information on the therapeutics under development for Postherpetic Neuralgia, complete with analysis by Stage of Development, Drug Target, Mechanism of Action (MoA), Route of Administration (RoA) and Molecule Type. (asdreports.com)
  • Additionally, the report provides an overview of key players involved in therapeutic development for Postherpetic Neuralgia and features dormant and discontinued projects. (asdreports.com)
  • The report provides a snapshot of the Global Therapeutic Landscape of Postherpetic Neuralgia (Central Nervous System). (asdreports.com)
  • The report reviews pipeline therapeutics for Postherpetic Neuralgia (Central Nervous System) by companies and universities/research institutes based on information derived from company and industry-specific sources. (asdreports.com)
  • The report reviews key players involved in the development of Postherpetic Neuralgia (Central Nervous System) therapeutics and enlists all their major and minor projects. (asdreports.com)
  • The report assesses Postherpetic Neuralgia (Central Nervous System) therapeutics based on Drug Target, Mechanism of Action (MoA), Route of Administration (RoA) and Molecule Type. (asdreports.com)
  • The report reviews latest news related to pipeline therapeutics for Postherpetic Neuralgia (Central Nervous System). (asdreports.com)
  • Identify and understand important and diverse types of therapeutics under development for Postherpetic Neuralgia (Central Nervous System). (asdreports.com)
  • Devise corrective measures for pipeline projects by understanding Postherpetic Neuralgia (Central Nervous System) pipeline depth and focus of Indication therapeutics. (asdreports.com)
  • Postherpetic neuralgia is not fatal. (medscape.com)
  • Prevalence of postherpetic neuralgia after a first episode of herpes zoster: prospective study with long term follow up. (medscape.com)
  • Postherpetic neuralgia: from preclinical models to the clinic. (medscape.com)
  • Such pain is called postherpetic neuralgia, which means nerve pain after herpes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Exactly why postherpetic neuralgia occurs is not well-understood. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Postherpetic neuralgia occurs most often in older people. (msdmanuals.com)
  • As people age, the chance of developing postherpetic neuralgia increases. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The pain of postherpetic neuralgia occurs in the area where the shingles rash occurred. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Postherpetic neuralgia diagnosis is usually based on symptoms and results of a physical examination in people who have had shingles. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although a number of treatments for severe postherpetic neuralgia have been tried, no treatment is routinely successful. (msdmanuals.com)
  • pain called postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). (cdc.gov)
  • Support groups can provide information, reassurance and support to people living with trigeminal neuralgia. (mydr.com.au)
  • Using cannabis as a painkiller, pelvic pain in men and women and living with trigeminal neuralgia Paul Evans looks at the often uncomfortable subject of pelvic pain and how both women and men can get help. (painconcern.org.uk)
  • A forum to discuss living with trigeminal neuralgia for people with MS. (thisisms.com)
  • If the pain caused by shingles continues after the bout of shingles is over, it is known as post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is caused by damage that occurs to the peripheral nerve fibers during a shingles infection. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) can cause intense pain that may linger for months. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Pain associated with post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) can be very intense, often described by patients as deep, aching and unbearable. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • There are no specific tests available to test for post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). (ucsfhealth.org)
  • There are a variety of effective pain relief medications, but unfortunately no cure for post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Acupuncture has therapeutic value in the treatment of atrial fibrillation and post-herpetic neuralgia. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Topical capsaicin shows promise in the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • BET 3: Can pregabalin effectively diminish acute herpetic pain and reduce the incidence of post-herpetic neuralgia? (bmj.com)
  • A short cut review was carried out to establish whether pregabalin can reduce acute herpetic pain and reduce post herpetic neuralgia. (bmj.com)
  • Moreover, it does not decrease the incidence of post herpetic neuralgia. (bmj.com)
  • Irritation of your trigeminal nerve cause trigeminal neuralgia. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • There are several conditions that may cause trigeminal neuralgia, but it's typically caused by a blood vessel exerting pressure on the nerve near your brain stem. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Less commonly, multiple sclerosis or a tumour can cause trigeminal neuralgia. (medbroadcast.com)
  • Several conditions may cause trigeminal neuralgia, but the most common cause is neurovascular compression. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • Neuralgia (Greek neuron, "nerve" + algos, "pain") is pain in the distribution of one or more nerves, as in intercostal neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, glossopharyngeal neuralgia sometimes results from an abnormally positioned artery that compresses the glossopharyngeal nerve near where it exits the brain stem. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neuralgia is a sharp, shocking pain that follows the path of a nerve and is due to irritation or damage to the nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A related but less common neuralgia affects the glossopharyngeal nerve , which provides feeling to the throat. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Neuralgia is neuropathic pain that occurs along the course of a nerve. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Neuralgia is a type of pain caused by a nerve that's irritated or damaged. (healthline.com)
  • Neuralgia is a stabbing, burning, and often severe pain due to a nerve that's irritated or damaged. (healthline.com)
  • Neuralgia is a type of pain that's caused by a nerve problem, and neuropathy is a type of nerve damage. (healthline.com)
  • There are many causes of neuralgia, including nerve injury, pressure on the nerve, and neuropathy. (healthline.com)
  • Many people with diabetes have issues with their nerves, including neuralgia and neuropathy (nerve damage). (healthline.com)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia, also known as tic douloureux, is a disorder of the trigeminal nerve - the nerve that supplies sensation to your face and controls some of the muscles involved in chewing. (mydr.com.au)
  • Compression of the root of the trigeminal nerve by an abnormally positioned blood vessel is commonly implicated as a cause of trigeminal neuralgia. (mydr.com.au)
  • Surgery is an option if your trigeminal neuralgia is the result of a blood vessel compressing your trigeminal nerve. (mydr.com.au)
  • MS and trigeminal neuralgia both slowly break down the body's main protective layer around the nerve (the myelin sheath), which is why there's a slight overlap. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • If you damage your trigeminal nerve through oral or sinus surgery, a stroke or from facial trauma, you may feel facial nerve pain that's similar to the symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • An attack of neuralgia that affects only one side of the face in the cheek is a typical sign of trigeminal neuralgia where the trigeminal nerve is affected and a severe pain results when this occurs along with the pain, physical symptoms such as reddening and swelling also ensue. (herbs2000.com)
  • An injured nerve can also bring on the symptoms of neuralgia in a person. (herbs2000.com)
  • A very uncommon type of neuralgia called a post-traumatic reflex can bring on nerve pains, which come accompanied by wasting muscles due to an injury. (herbs2000.com)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia is a condition of recurring pain on one side of the face due to a malfunction of one or more of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve. (medbroadcast.com)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia is usually caused by a blood vessel pressing on the nerve inside the skull. (medbroadcast.com)
  • Typical pain medications usually aren't helpful for trigeminal neuralgia because the episodes of pain are related to nerve pain. (medbroadcast.com)
  • By stabilizing nerve endings, antiseizure medications (e.g., carbamazepine*, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, gabapentin) have shown to reduce the number and severity of painful episodes of trigeminal neuralgia. (medbroadcast.com)
  • Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN) is a disorder of the fifth cranial nerve, called the trigeminal nerve. (pointsoflight.org)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, which carries sensation from your face to your brain. (mayoclinichealthsystem.org)
  • For Bob, it would mark the end of the excruciating pain of trigeminal neuralgia , an inflammation of the facial nerve. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia is a disorder characterized by recurrent unilateral brief electric shock-like pains, abrupt in onset and termination, limited to the distribution of one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • Although everyone has a trigeminal nerve, not everyone has trigeminal neuralgia due to the nerve sitting differently on the face. (tna.org.uk)
  • Glossopharyngeal neuralgia is characterized by recurrent attacks of severe pain in the 9th and 10th cranial nerve distribution (posterior pharynx, tonsils, back of the tongue, middle ear, under the angle of the jaw). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Trigeminal Neuralgia Trigeminal neuralgia is severe paroxysmal, lancinating facial pain due to a disorder of the 5th cranial nerve. (msdmanuals.com)
  • As in trigeminal neuralgia, paroxysmal attacks of unilateral brief, excruciating pain occur spontaneously or are precipitated when areas innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve are stimulated (eg, by chewing, swallowing, coughing, talking, yawning, or sneezing). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Local nerve blocks done by an otolaryngologist can help distinguish between carotidynia, superior laryngeal neuralgia, and pain caused by tumors. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Introduction: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is defined as sudden, usually unilateral, severe and brief pain episodes within the distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve. (bvsalud.org)
  • The pathophysiology is unclear, but trigeminal neuralgia seems to be the consequence of vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve near the brain stem. (bvsalud.org)
  • Atypical trigeminal neuralgia (ATN) is a rare form of neuralgia and may also be the most misdiagnosed form. (wikipedia.org)
  • Below are posts from our forum containing the phrase atypical trigeminal neuralgia . (abchomeopathy.com)
  • This Slovenian lady in an astrology forum has chronic atypical trigeminal neuralgia for many years, which appears to be resistant to allopathic and chiropractic treatments. (abchomeopathy.com)
  • Hi, after researching the internet for ages, i have found that what i have is called Atypical Trigeminal Neuralgia (ATN). (abchomeopathy.com)
  • With atypical trigeminal neuralgia, you may have more difficulty controlling the symptoms. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Neuralgia can occur wherever the outbreak of shingles occurred. (healthline.com)
  • Statement of Need This podcast will provide an overview of the symptoms and diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia (TN). (google.com)
  • A neurologist is the best person to be consulted for the correct/proper diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia. (practo.com)
  • Yes, homeopathy is very useful in the management of trigeminal neuralgia. (practo.com)
  • Talking to representatives from a variety of pain organisations, including the Trigeminal Neuralgia Association, about the wide-reaching impact that pain has on society This edition has been funded by a grant from the Scottish Government. (painconcern.org.uk)
  • The Trigeminal Neuralgia Association (TNA) was founded in 1990 by TN patients and their families. (pointsoflight.org)
  • Explore unique market-leading data today and benefit from access to actionable insight within the Neuropathic Pain (Neuralgia) market. (globaldata.com)
  • Browse our full list of Neuropathic Pain (Neuralgia) market reports here. (globaldata.com)
  • The term neuralgia is also used to refer to pain associated with sciatica and brachial plexopathy. (wikipedia.org)
  • ATN can have a wide range of symptoms and the pain can fluctuate in intensity from mild aching to a crushing or burning sensation, and also to the extreme pain experienced with the more common trigeminal neuralgia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike typical neuralgia, this form can also cause pain in the back of the scalp and neck. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Glossopharyngeal neuralgia consists of recurring attacks of severe pain in the back of the throat, the area near the tonsils, the back of the tongue, and part of the ear. (wikipedia.org)
  • Occipital neuralgia, also known as C2 neuralgia, or Arnold's neuralgia, is a medical condition characterized by chronic pain in the upper neck, back of the head and behind the eyes. (wikipedia.org)
  • This site is designed to teach you about the painful disease called Trigeminal Neuralgia (also known as "tic douloureux") and to help you in your search for a pain free life. (tripod.com)
  • Neuralgia causes pain because of disruption of a nerve's structure or function. (healthline.com)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia causes severe, recurrent pain in the face, usually on one side. (healthline.com)
  • This type of neuralgia produces pain in the neck and throat. (healthline.com)
  • As a result, occipital neuralgia causes a type of headache pain. (healthline.com)
  • Neuralgia pain is usually severe and sometimes debilitating. (healthline.com)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia causes episodes of intense facial pain, which can occur spontaneously or be brought on by certain triggers, such as brushing your teeth, shaving, eating, touching your face, or even smiling. (mydr.com.au)
  • The pain of trigeminal neuralgia has been described as sharp and stabbing, or like an electric shock, and is most often felt in the jaw or cheek. (mydr.com.au)
  • Sometimes, people with trigeminal neuralgia have a dull ache in the affected side of their face after the shock-like pain has subsided, but most people have no symptoms between attacks. (mydr.com.au)
  • The pain of trigeminal neuralgia tends to come and go - you may have several attacks a day for a few days, weeks or months, and then be pain-free for months or years. (mydr.com.au)
  • Regular pain medicines are generally not helpful in treating trigeminal neuralgia because the episodes of pain are brief and recurrent. (mydr.com.au)
  • Carbamazepine has been shown to be effective in relieving pain in people with trigeminal neuralgia. (mydr.com.au)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia, also referred to as tic douloureaux, is a condition defined by intense facial pain that can disrupt your normal, everyday activities. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The condition called neuralgia is characterized as a disorder by the presence of pain of all types and intensities. (herbs2000.com)
  • The problem with this condition is how little we know about it, aside from simply describing it, scientifically, neuralgia is simply any form of pain associated with the nerves or nervous impairment, the underlying causes and possible cures all need investigation. (herbs2000.com)
  • The term tic is used because people with trigeminal neuralgia often contract their facial muscles, or wince when in pain, because the pain is so severe. (medbroadcast.com)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia causes severe, piercing pain (tearing, darting, or sharp cutting sensation) that lasts from several seconds to several minutes. (medbroadcast.com)
  • However, the pattern and type of pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia makes it easy to diagnose. (medbroadcast.com)
  • It is important for people with severe trigeminal neuralgia to receive appropriate treatment as quickly as possible, as the pain can interfere with normal activities such as eating and sleeping and can lead to depression and even suicide. (medbroadcast.com)
  • If you have trigeminal neuralgia, even mild stimulation of your face - such as from brushing your teeth or putting on makeup - may trigger a jolt of excruciating pain. (mayoclinichealthsystem.org)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia initially may start as short, mild attacks but progress to longer, more-frequent bouts of searing pain. (mayoclinichealthsystem.org)
  • The people that suffer from trigeminal neuralgia are also limited in the ways that they deal with the pain. (tna.org.uk)
  • The Face of Trigeminal Neuralgia is a Global Campaign to raise awareness for Trigeminal Neuralgia and raise much-needed funds to help suffers and aid research, this was thought to be the best way to show others the pain that sufferers face due to the different colours and 3d effect of the glass. (tna.org.uk)
  • Any patient with trigeminal neuralgia who has pain or has difficulty with the medicines used to relieve the pain is a candidate for stereotactic radiosurgery. (indiahospitaltour.com)
  • Patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and persistent or recurrent facial pain after microvascular decompression (MVD) typically undergo less invasive procedures in the hope of providing pain relief. (thejns.org)
  • Common symptom of trigeminal neuralgia is mainly facial pain, which can have burning, electric or shooting sensations lasting for a few seconds to even several minutes. (practo.com)
  • Glossopharyngeal neuralgia is distinguished from trigeminal neuralgia by the location of the pain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Also, in glossopharyngeal neuralgia, swallowing or touching the tonsils with an applicator tends to precipitate pain, and applying lidocaine to the throat temporarily eliminates spontaneous or evoked pain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In some patients a constant background pain may persist, additionally to pain attacks, which can make difficult to differentiate the trigeminal neuralgia from other orofacial pain types. (bvsalud.org)
  • Objective: To review the classification, physiopathological aspects, epidemiologic data and pharmacological options to control pain related to trigeminal neuralgia. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusion: According to the new classification of the International Headache Society, classic trigeminal neuralgia is divided in purely paroxysmal and with concomitant persistent facial pain. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although TN presents a low prevalence in general population (i.e. 5-30 new patients per 100,000), trigeminal neuralgia is an important clinical concern both by pain severity and difficulty of its satisfactory control. (bvsalud.org)
  • Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgia and facial pain. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our team of trigeminal neuralgia surgeons treats hundreds of patients with this condition each year. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • MS patients can also develop trigeminal neuralgia after their MS diagnosis. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Similarly, any 40-and-under trigeminal neuralgia patients are considered candidates to develop MS. So, if you fall in this age range, you should consider getting tested for MS. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Resources for Additional Study: The changing face of trigeminal neuralgia-A narrative review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34214179/ Trigeminal Neuralgia https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36404084/ Norton Healthcare, a not for profit health care system, is a leader in serving adult and pediatric patients throughout Greater Louisville, Southern Indiana, the commonwealth of Kentucky and beyond. (google.com)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a disabling disease with severe impairment of quality of life and everyday activity of patients. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • discussion 84 JF - Zhurnal voprosy neirokhirurgii imeni N. N. Burdenko JO - Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko VL - 76 IS - 1 N2 - Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a disabling disease with severe impairment of quality of life and everyday activity of patients. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) affects 7% of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). In such patients, TN is difficult to manage either pharmacologically and surgically. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Guidelines for daily clinical management of patients with trigeminal neuralgia were published in 2019 by the European Academy of Neurology. (medscape.com)
  • This study aims to report the long-term outcomes and to identify prognostic factors in a series of patients with trigeminal neuralgia treated by microvascular decompression. (iasp-pain.org)
  • The latest (2018) International Classification of Headache Disorders-3 (ICHD3) lays out three etiological categories of trigeminal neuralgia (TN): classical TN (neurovascular compression), secondary TN (due to other causes), and idiopathic TN (no neurovascular compression). (asra.com)
  • Microvascular decompression is considered to be the most effective and only etiological surgical treatment for classical trigeminal neuralgia, relieving the neurovascular compression found in up to 95% of cases. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Neuralgia may be categorized by its cause or by the nerves it affects. (healthline.com)
  • Intercostal neuralgia affects the intercostal nerves, which run through the chest, rib cage, and abdomen. (healthline.com)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia usually affects only one side of the face at a time. (mydr.com.au)
  • Typically, trigeminal neuralgia is unilateral (meaning it only affects one side of your face). (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia affects people over the age of 50 significantly more than it does people under the age of 40, where it's considered rare. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • In the case of trigeminal neuralgia, the affected nerves are responsible for sensing touch, temperature sensation and pressure sensation in the facial area from the jaw to the forehead. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pressure or compression of nerves may cause neuralgia. (healthline.com)
  • Many people have a problem with repeated attacks of this kind of neuralgia even though, as condition neuralgia of the trigeminal nerves commonly happens only once. (herbs2000.com)
  • For example, very sensitive nerves result when a person's face lies exposed to the cold wind or a chilly draft and this leads to what is known as trigeminal neuralgia in the face. (herbs2000.com)
  • Other, rarer causes of trigeminal neuralgia include multiple sclerosis and strokes affecting the lower part of the brain. (mydr.com.au)
  • About 1 to 2% of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) also have trigeminal neuralgia. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • TY - JOUR T1 - Frameless Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis-Related Trigeminal Neuralgia. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In fact, because Bob had multiple sclerosis, he had a 20 times higher likelihood of developing trigeminal neuralgia than the general population. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Most neuralgias respond to treatment. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Your doctor will most likely prescribe an anticonvulsant such as carbamazepine for the initial treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. (mydr.com.au)
  • In most people, trigeminal neuralgia improves with treatment or goes into remission on its own. (mydr.com.au)
  • Neurosurgeons Chetan Bettegowda and Judy Huang discuss the causes of trigeminal neuralgia and its treatment options. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The rats were divided into diabetic neuralgia group (Group A, n=6) and ECSW treatment group (Group B, n=6). (nih.gov)
  • As the months went by, Bob learned about Gamma Knife®, a non-invasive, outpatient treatment for trigeminal neuralgia. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Unfortunately, Trigeminal neuralgia does not have a cure or even a main form of treatment. (tna.org.uk)
  • 3. What are the treatment options for trigeminal neuralgia? (practo.com)
  • Carbamazepine is the first-line drug, but other anticonvulsants may be employed and have shown variable efficacy in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. (bvsalud.org)
  • Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: A retrospective analysis of long-term outcomes and prognostic factors. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia is also known as tic douloureux , which means 'painful tic. (medbroadcast.com)
  • Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux) Clinical Trials Overview The Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux) clinical trial report consists of 129 trials. (globaldata.com)
  • The report provides an overview of the Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux) clinical trials scenario. (globaldata.com)
  • The report provides top-line data relating to the clinical trials on Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux). (globaldata.com)
  • citation needed] Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, a rare disorder, usually begins after age 40 and occurs more often in men. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fully-developed trigeminal neuralgia is one of the most painful conditions known. (mydr.com.au)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic condition that can cause sudden, intense painful episodes, typically on one particular side of your face, that can disrupt daily activities. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • To follow up that month, we wanted to update the resources we have for Pudendal Neuralgia. (pelvicpainrehab.com)
  • 3 Poses, 3 Ways for Pudendal Neuralgia - Melissa covers 3 poses, using props for variations, to help you design a practice that meets your body where it is today. (pelvicpainrehab.com)
  • These pose variations are designed to relieve tension in the posterior chain and may provide relief for those working with symptoms of pudendal neuralgia. (pelvicpainrehab.com)
  • Yoga for Pudendal Neuralgia- Working with neuropathic symptoms around the genitals, anus or perineum? (pelvicpainrehab.com)
  • Therapeutic Backbends for Pudendal Neuralgia - Let's open through the front line of the body to reduce tension along the posterior chain. (pelvicpainrehab.com)
  • The presence of undetected tooth problems and abscesses and other dental infections may be blamed, however when such attacks of neuralgia keeps occurring. (herbs2000.com)
  • Describe the clinical manifestations and diagnosis for trigeminal neuralgia. (google.com)
  • Cite this: Trigeminal Neuralgia Clinical Practice Guidelines (2019) - Medscape - Aug 01, 2019. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnosis of glossopharyngeal neuralgia is clinical. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Kayla felt her first stab of trigeminal neuralgia in the spring of 2019 while working her shift in a hospital emergency department. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Some cases of trigeminal neuralgia are idiopathic - meaning no specific cause is identified. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Use the most recent classification system, which diagnoses trigeminal neuralgia (TN) as primary TN, either classical or idiopathic depending on the degree of neurovascular contact, or as secondary TN caused by pathology other than neurovascular contact. (medscape.com)