Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.
An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.
A class of cell surface receptors for TACHYKININS with a preference for SUBSTANCE P. Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors have been cloned and are members of the G protein coupled receptor superfamily. They are found on many cell types including central and peripheral neurons, smooth muscle cells, acinar cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells.
Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.
A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after vanilloid receptor. They are very sensitive to TEMPERATURE and hot spicy food and CAPSAICIN. They have the TRP domain and ANKYRIN repeats. Selectivity for CALCIUM over SODIUM ranges from 3 to 100 fold.
Compounds that inhibit or block the activity of NEUROKININ-1 RECEPTORS.
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.
Drugs that act on neuronal sensory receptors resulting in an increase, decrease, or modification of afferent nerve activity. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p367)
Acrolein is an unsaturated aldehyde (C3H4O), highly reactive, toxic and naturally occurring compound that can be found in certain foods, tobacco smoke and is produced as a result of environmental pollution or industrial processes.
Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number two carbon, in contrast to INDOLES which have the nitrogen adjacent to the six-membered ring.
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).
A family of biologically active peptides sharing a common conserved C-terminal sequence, -Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2, where X is either an aromatic or a branched aliphatic amino acid. Members of this family have been found in mammals, amphibians, and mollusks. Tachykinins have diverse pharmacological actions in the central nervous system and the cardiovascular, genitourinary, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems, as well as in glandular tissues. This diversity of activity is due to the existence of three or more subtypes of tachykinin receptors.
Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The forcing into the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle, piercing the top skin layer.
Any of several BRASSICA species that are commonly called mustard. Brassica alba is white mustard, B. juncea is brown or Chinese mustard, and B. nigra is black, brown, or red mustard. The plant is grown both for mustard seed from which oil is extracted or used as SPICES, and for its greens used as VEGETABLES or ANIMAL FEED. There is no relationship to MUSTARD COMPOUNDS.
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.
A class of nerve fibers as defined by their nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the unmyelinated nerve fibers are small in diameter and usually several are surrounded by a single MYELIN SHEATH. They conduct low-velocity impulses, and represent the majority of peripheral sensory and autonomic fibers, but are also found in the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.
Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.
Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.
A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.
The property of blood capillary ENDOTHELIUM that allows for the selective exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues and through membranous barriers such as the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER; BLOOD-AQUEOUS BARRIER; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD-NERVE BARRIER; BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER; and BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (TIGHT JUNCTIONS) which may limit large molecule movement.
The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
A broad group of eukaryotic six-transmembrane cation channels that are classified by sequence homology because their functional involvement with SENSATION is varied. They have only weak voltage sensitivity and ion selectivity. They are named after a DROSOPHILA mutant that displayed transient receptor potentials in response to light. A 25-amino-acid motif containing a TRP box (EWKFAR) just C-terminal to S6 is found in TRPC, TRPV and TRPM subgroups. ANKYRIN repeats are found in TRPC, TRPV & TRPN subgroups. Some are functionally associated with TYROSINE KINASE or TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES.
Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)
Cell surface proteins that bind CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. CGRP receptors are present in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the periphery. They are formed via the heterodimerization of the CALCITONIN RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN and RECEPTOR ACTIVITY-MODIFYING PROTEIN 1.
The semilunar-shaped ganglion containing the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve. It is situated within the dural cleft on the cerebral surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and gives off the ophthalmic, maxillary, and part of the mandibular nerves.
Quinuclidines are organic compounds consisting of a tricyclic structure with a three-membered ring fused to a piperidine ring, often used as building blocks in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and bioactive molecules.
A G-protein-coupled, proteinase-activated receptor that is expressed in a variety of tissues including ENDOTHELIUM; LEUKOCYTES; and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. The receptor is activated by TRYPSIN, which cleaves off the N-terminal peptide from the receptor. The new N-terminal peptide is a cryptic ligand for the receptor. The uncleaved receptor can also be activated by the N-terminal peptide present on the activated THROMBIN RECEPTOR and by small synthetic peptides that contain the unmasked N-terminal sequence.
A family of membrane-associated proteins responsible for the attachment of the cytoskeleton. Erythrocyte-related isoforms of ankyrin attach the SPECTRIN cytoskeleton to a transmembrane protein (ANION EXCHANGE PROTEIN 1, ERYTHROCYTE) in the erythrocyte plasma membrane. Brain-related isoforms of ankyrin also exist.
A class of cell surface receptors for tachykinins that prefers neurokinin A; (NKA, substance K, neurokinin alpha, neuromedin L), neuropeptide K; (NPK); or neuropeptide gamma over other tachykinins. Neurokinin-2 (NK-2) receptors have been cloned and are similar to other G-protein coupled receptors.
The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about.
Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.
The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION and project to the TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication.
A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.
The endogenous compounds that mediate inflammation (AUTACOIDS) and related exogenous compounds including the synthetic prostaglandins (PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC).
The fluid of the body that is outside of CELLS. It is the external environment for the cells.
Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.
The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Granulated cells that are found in almost all tissues, most abundantly in the skin and the gastrointestinal tract. Like the BASOPHILS, mast cells contain large amounts of HISTAMINE and HEPARIN. Unlike basophils, mast cells normally remain in the tissues and do not circulate in the blood. Mast cells, derived from the bone marrow stem cells, are regulated by the STEM CELL FACTOR.
NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

Neural modulation of inflammatory reactions in dental tissues incident to orthodontic tooth movement. A review of the literature. (1/102)

This article reviews the current knowledge of the biological aspects of dental tissue changes incident to orthodontic tooth movement. The inflammatory nature of these tissue changes was first recognized in the early 1970s, and since then a number of morphological and quantitative investigations have been published in support of this view. The studies dealing with vascular and cellular dental tissue changes, as well as those concerned with inflammatory mediators present at sites of orthodontic tooth movement are systematized and presented accordingly. Special emphasis is placed upon the role of the sensory nerve fibres and their neuropeptides in the control, and development of an inflammatory process, i.e. their role in tooth movement.  (+info)

Dental injury models: experimental tools for understanding neuroinflammatory interactions and polymodal nociceptor functions. (2/102)

Recent research has shown that peripheral mechanisms of pain are much more complex than previously thought, and they differ for acutely injured normal tissues compared with chronic inflammation or neuropathic (nerve injury) pain. The purpose of the present review is to describe uses of dental injury models as experimental tools for understanding the normal functions of polymodal nociceptive nerves in healthy tissues, their neuroinflammatory interactions, and their roles in healing. A brief review of normal dental innervation and its interactions with healthy pulp tissue will be presented first, as a framework for understanding the changes that occur after injury. Then, the different types of dental injury that allow gradation of the extent of tissue damage will be described, along with the degree and duration of inflammation, the types of reactions in the trigeminal ganglion and brainstem, and the type of healing. The dental injury models have some unique features compared with neuroinflammation paradigms that affect other peripheral tissues such as skin, viscera, and joints. Peripheral inflammation models can all be contrasted to nerve injury studies that produce a different kind of neuroplasticity and neuropathic pain. Each of these models provides different insights about the normal and pathologic functions of peripheral nerve fibers and their effects on tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and wound healing. The physical confinement of dental pulp and its innervation within the tooth, the high incidence of polymodal A-delta and C-fibers in pulp and dentin, and the somatotopic organization of the trigeminal ganglion provide some special advantages for experimental design when dental injury models are used for the study of neuroinflammatory interactions.  (+info)

Local haemorrhage induced by Bothrops jararaca venom: relationship to neurogenic inflammation. (3/102)

We investigated morphological alterations induced by s.c. injection of 2.5 microg of Bothrops jararaca venom in rats. Intense disorganisation of collagen fibres was observed 1 min after the venom injection, particularly at regions near vessels and nerves. Mast cells were degranulated, and erythrocytes were seen leaving venules throughout the endothelial junctions. At this time, damaged endothelial cells were not observed. In rats envenomed as above, but immediately after cardiorespiratory failure induced by deep ether anaesthesia, alterations in the connective tissue structures, as previously described, were not observed. The mediation of this haemorrhage was investigated by injecting the venom into the foot pad of mice and compared to the mediation of oedema. Local haemorrhage was significantly reduced in mice pre-treated with capsaicin or guanethidine or submitted to a surgical section of sciatic and saphenous nerves. In these animals, oedema was not affected. Groups treated with methysergide or morphine showed both haemorrhage and oedema significantly reduced. Indomethacin or dexamethasone pre-treatments significantly reduced the oedema, but not the haemorrhage. Moreover, in animals treated with promethazine or mepyramine, oedema and haemorrhage were not affected. These data suggest that local haemorrhage induced by Bothrops jararaca venom is partially controlled by serotonin and neurohumoral mediators. Furthermore, results indicate that haemorrhage and oedema are mediated by different pharmacological systems.  (+info)

Lowering of interstitial fluid pressure after neurogenic inflammation is inhibited by mystixin-7 peptide. (4/102)

Soft tissue injury is accompanied by lowering of interstitial fluid pressure (P(if)), plasma protein extravasation, and edema. Inflammation was produced by electrical stimulation (ES) of the vagus and the effects of the synthetic peptide mystixin-7 (p-anisoyl-Arg-Lys-Leu-Leu-D-Thi-Ile-D-Leu-NH(2)) on P(if) were examined. Micropuncture measurement of P(if) in submucosa, without opening the trachea, was conducted on rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg) and euthanized with intravenous KCl. P(if) in control (intravenous saline) was -1.2 +/- 0.7 mmHg before ES and decreased to -4.7 +/- 1.0 mmHg (P < 0.01, n = 8) after ES. Mystixin-7 (10 and 20 microg/kg iv) blocked the fall in P(if) after ES (-1.1 +/- 0.3 and -0.8 +/- 0.2 mmHg, P < 0.01, n = 8 and n = 4). The 1 microg/kg dose was without effect. When trachea from animals pretreated with mystixin-7 (20 microg/kg iv) were soaked in phosphate-buffered saline (0.15 M, pH 7.4), the rate of fluid accumulation was significantly reduced. This study suggests that mystixin peptides, which have structural similarity to a fragment from laminin-alpha1 chain, may be useful tools for studying cell adhesion and factors that maintain the structural integrity of connective tissue after injury.  (+info)

Adelta and C primary afferents convey dorsal root reflexes after intradermal injection of capsaicin in rats. (5/102)

Antidromic activity was recorded in anesthetized rats from single afferent fibers in the proximal ends of cut dorsal root filaments at the L(4-6) level and tested for responses to acute cutaneous inflammation produced by intradermal injection of capsaicin. This antidromic activity included low-frequency spontaneous firing and dorsal root reflex (DRR) discharges evoked by applying von Frey hairs to the skin of the foot. DRRs could be recorded from both small myelinated (Adelta) and unmyelinated (C) afferent fibers, as well as from large myelinated (Abeta) fibers. After capsaicin was injected intradermally into the plantar skin of the foot, a significant enhancement of DRR activity was seen in Adelta and C fibers but not in Abeta fibers, and this increase lasted for approximately 1 h. This study supports the hypothesis that centrally mediated antidromic activity in Adelta and C primary afferent fibers contributes to the development of neurogenic inflammation, presumably by release of inflammatory substances in the periphery.  (+info)

Electrically evoked neuropeptide release and neurogenic inflammation differ between rat and human skin. (6/102)

Protein extravasation and vasodilatation can be induced by neuropeptides released from nociceptive afferents (neurogenic inflammation). We measured electrically evoked neuropeptide release and concomitant protein extravasation in human and rat skin using intradermal microdialysis. Plasmapheresis capillaries were inserted intradermally at a length of 1.5 cm in the volar forearm of human subjects or abdominal skin of rats. Capillaries were perfused with Ringer solution at a flow rate of 2.5 or 1.6 microl min(-1). After a baseline period of 60 min capillaries were stimulated electrically (1 Hz, 80 mA, 0.5 ms or 4 Hz, 30 mA, 0.5 ms) for 30 min using a surface electrode directly above the capillaries and a stainless-steel wire inserted in the capillaries. Total protein concentration was assessed photometrically and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In rat skin, electrical stimulation increased CGRP and total protein concentration in the dialysate. SP measurements showed a larger variance but only for the 1 Hz stimulation was the increased release significant. In human skin, electrical stimulation provoked a large flare reaction and at a frequency of 4 Hz both CGRP and SP concentrations increased significantly. In spite of the large flare reactions no protein extravasation was induced, which suggests major species differences. It will be of interest to investigate whether the lack of neurogenic protein extravasation is also valid under pathophysiological conditions.  (+info)

Inflammatory pain alters blood-brain barrier permeability and tight junctional protein expression. (7/102)

Effects of inflammatory pain states on functional and molecular properties of the rat blood-brain barrier (BBB) were investigated. Inflammation was produced by subcutaneous injection of formalin, lambda-carrageenan, or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the right hind paw. In situ perfusion and Western blot analyses were performed to assess BBB integrity after inflammatory insult. In situ brain perfusion determined that peripheral inflammation significantly increased the uptake of sucrose into the cerebral hemispheres. Capillary depletion and cerebral blood flow analyses indicated the perturbations were due to increased paracellular permeability rather than vascular volume changes. Western blot analyses showed altered tight junctional protein expression during peripheral inflammation. Occludin significantly decreased in the lambda-carrageenan- and CFA-treated groups. Zonula occluden-1 expression was significantly increased in all pain models. Claudin-1 protein expression was present at the BBB and remained unchanged during inflammation. Actin expression was significantly increased in the lambda-carrageenan- and CFA-treated groups. We have shown that inflammatory-mediated pain alters both the functional and molecular properties of the BBB. Inflammatory-induced changes may significantly alter delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain, thus affecting dosing regimens during chronic pain.  (+info)

Secretoneurin and neurogenic inflammation. (8/102)

AIM: Review of evidence that the 33-amino-acid polypeptide secretoneurin, which is generated by proteolytic cleavage of secretogranin II, plays a role in neurogenic inflammation. METHODS: Survey of the literature using a MEDLINE search database. RESULTS: Secretoneurin is synthesized in spinal ganglia, transported through the dorsal roots and stored in the axon terminals of primary afferent neurons. Investigations using capsaicin suggest that secretoneurin functions as an excitatory transmitter. Secretoneurin specifically activates various cell functions including the chemotactic migration of monocytes, eosinophils, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells, which suggests that the peptide may modulate inflammatory reactions. Secretoneurin receptors have been functionally characterized. They are G-proteins linked and effects are abrogated by inhibition of protein kinase C. CONCLUSION: With actions as diverse as those seen with other mediators such as tachykinins, secretoneurin may be considered another sensory neuropeptide with modulatory potential in neurogenic inflammation.  (+info)

Neurogenic inflammation is a type of inflammatory response that is initiated by the nervous system and involves the release of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, such as substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and nitric oxide. These substances cause vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and recruitment of immune cells to the site of injury or damage.

Neurogenic inflammation can occur in response to a variety of stimuli, including tissue injury, infection, and chemical or physical irritants. It is thought to play a role in the development and maintenance of various clinical conditions, such as migraine headaches, neuropathic pain, asthma, and allergies.

In contrast to classical inflammation, which is mediated by the immune system, neurogenic inflammation is primarily driven by the nervous system and can occur independently of traditional immune responses. However, the two processes often interact and amplify each other, leading to a more robust and prolonged inflammatory response.

Inflammation is a complex biological response of tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is characterized by the following signs: rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), dolor (pain), and functio laesa (loss of function). The process involves the activation of the immune system, recruitment of white blood cells, and release of inflammatory mediators, which contribute to the elimination of the injurious stimuli and initiation of the healing process. However, uncontrolled or chronic inflammation can also lead to tissue damage and diseases.

Substance P is an undecapeptide neurotransmitter and neuromodulator, belonging to the tachykinin family of peptides. It is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and is primarily found in sensory neurons. Substance P plays a crucial role in pain transmission, inflammation, and various autonomic functions. It exerts its effects by binding to neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptors, which are expressed on the surface of target cells. Apart from nociception and inflammation, Substance P is also involved in regulating emotional behaviors, smooth muscle contraction, and fluid balance.

Capsaicin is defined in medical terms as the active component of chili peppers (genus Capsicum) that produces a burning sensation when it comes into contact with mucous membranes or skin. It is a potent irritant and is used topically as a counterirritant in some creams and patches to relieve pain. Capsaicin works by depleting substance P, a neurotransmitter that relays pain signals to the brain, from nerve endings.

Here is the medical definition of capsaicin from the Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary:

caпсаісіn : an alkaloid (C18H27NO3) that is the active principle of red peppers and is used in topical preparations as a counterirritant and analgesic.

Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor that bind to the neuropeptide substance P, which is a member of the tachykinin family. These receptors are widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and play important roles in various physiological functions, including pain transmission, neuroinflammation, and emesis (vomiting).

NK-1 receptors are activated by substance P, which binds to the receptor's extracellular domain and triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of various intracellular signaling pathways. This activation can ultimately result in the modulation of neuronal excitability, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression.

In addition to their role in normal physiological processes, NK-1 receptors have also been implicated in a number of pathological conditions, including pain, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders. As such, NK-1 receptor antagonists have been developed as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of these conditions.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neurotransmitter and vasodilator peptide that is widely distributed in the nervous system. It is encoded by the calcitonin gene, which also encodes calcitonin and catestatin. CGRP is produced and released by sensory nerves and plays important roles in pain transmission, modulation of inflammation, and regulation of blood flow.

CGRP exists as two forms, α-CGRP and β-CGRP, which differ slightly in their amino acid sequences but have similar biological activities. α-CGRP is found primarily in the central and peripheral nervous systems, while β-CGRP is expressed mainly in the gastrointestinal tract.

CGRP exerts its effects by binding to specific G protein-coupled receptors, which are widely distributed in various tissues, including blood vessels, smooth muscles, and sensory neurons. Activation of CGRP receptors leads to increased intracellular cyclic AMP levels, activation of protein kinase A, and subsequent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, resulting in vasodilation.

CGRP has been implicated in several clinical conditions, including migraine, cluster headache, and inflammatory pain. Inhibition of CGRP signaling has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of these disorders.

Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) cation channels are a subfamily of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, which are non-selective cation channels that play important roles in various physiological processes such as nociception, thermosensation, and mechanosensation. TRPV channels are activated by a variety of stimuli including temperature, chemical ligands, and mechanical forces.

TRPV channels are composed of six transmembrane domains with intracellular N- and C-termini. The TRPV subfamily includes six members: TRPV1 to TRPV6. Among them, TRPV1 is also known as the vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) and is activated by capsaicin, the active component of hot chili peppers, as well as noxious heat. TRPV2 is activated by noxious heat and mechanical stimuli, while TRPV3 and TRPV4 are activated by warm temperatures and various chemical ligands. TRPV5 and TRPV6 are primarily involved in calcium transport and are activated by low pH and divalent cations.

TRPV channels play important roles in pain sensation, neurogenic inflammation, and temperature perception. Dysfunction of these channels has been implicated in various pathological conditions such as chronic pain, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Therefore, TRPV channels are considered promising targets for the development of novel therapeutics for these conditions.

Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonists are a class of drugs that block the action of substance P, a neuropeptide involved in pain transmission and inflammation. These drugs work by binding to NK-1 receptors found on nerve cells, preventing substance P from activating them and transmitting pain signals. NK-1 receptor antagonists have been studied for their potential use in treating various conditions associated with pain and inflammation, such as migraine headaches, depression, and irritable bowel syndrome. Some examples of NK-1 receptor antagonists include aprepitant, fosaprepitant, and rolapitant.

Neuritis is a general term that refers to inflammation of a nerve or nerves, often causing pain, loss of function, and/or sensory changes. It can affect any part of the nervous system, including the peripheral nerves (those outside the brain and spinal cord) or the cranial nerves (those that serve the head and neck). Neuritis may result from various causes, such as infections, autoimmune disorders, trauma, toxins, or metabolic conditions. The specific symptoms and treatment depend on the underlying cause and the affected nerve(s).

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sensory System Agents" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. Sensory systems refer to the parts of the nervous system that process and transmit information about the world around us, including the senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. However, there are no specific "agents" that are generally recognized as being solely dedicated to affecting these systems in a medical context.

If you're referring to specific pharmaceutical agents or drugs that affect sensory systems, these would be more accurately described using terms related to the specific system (like "ophthalmic agents" for vision, or "anesthetics" for touch/pain) and the specific drug class or mechanism of action.

If you have a more specific context in mind, I'd be happy to try to provide a more targeted answer!

Acrolein is an unsaturated aldehyde with the chemical formula CH2CHCHO. It is a colorless liquid that has a distinct unpleasant odor and is highly reactive. Acrolein is produced by the partial oxidation of certain organic compounds, such as glycerol and fatty acids, and it is also found in small amounts in some foods, such as coffee and bread.

Acrolein is a potent irritant to the eyes, nose, and throat, and exposure to high levels can cause coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. It has been shown to have toxic effects on the lungs, heart, and nervous system, and prolonged exposure has been linked to an increased risk of cancer.

In the medical field, acrolein is sometimes used as a laboratory reagent or as a preservative for biological specimens. However, due to its potential health hazards, it must be handled with care and appropriate safety precautions should be taken when working with this compound.

Isoindoles are not typically considered in the context of medical definitions, as they are organic compounds that do not have direct relevance to medical terminology or human disease. However, isoindole is a heterocyclic compound that contains two nitrogen atoms in its structure and can be found in some naturally occurring substances and synthetic drugs.

Isoindoles are aromatic compounds, which means they have a stable ring structure with delocalized electrons. They can form the core structure of various bioactive molecules, including alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing compounds that occur naturally in plants and animals and can have various pharmacological activities.

Some isoindole derivatives have been synthesized and studied for their potential medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer activities. However, these compounds are still in the early stages of research and development and have not yet been approved for medical use.

Therefore, while isoindoles themselves do not have a specific medical definition, they can be relevant to the study of medicinal chemistry and drug discovery.

Rosacea is a chronic skin condition primarily characterized by persistent redness, inflammation, and visible blood vessels on the face, particularly the nose, cheeks, forehead, and chin. It can also cause small, red, pus-filled bumps. Rosacea typically affects adults between 30 and 50 years old, with fair skin types being more susceptible. The exact cause of rosacea is unknown, but it's believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including abnormal facial blood vessels, immune system issues, and certain triggers (such as sun exposure, emotional stress, hot or cold weather, heavy exercise, alcohol consumption, spicy foods, and certain skin care products). There is no cure for rosacea, but various treatments can help control its symptoms and improve the appearance of the skin. These may include topical medications, oral antibiotics, laser therapy, and lifestyle modifications to avoid triggers.

Tachykinins are a group of neuropeptides that share a common carboxy-terminal sequence and bind to G protein-coupled receptors, called tachykinin receptors. They are widely distributed in the nervous system and play important roles as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in various physiological functions, such as pain transmission, smooth muscle contraction, and inflammation. The most well-known tachykinins include substance P, neurokinin A, and neuropeptide K. They are involved in many pathological conditions, including chronic pain, neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Nociceptors are specialized peripheral sensory neurons that detect and transmit signals indicating potentially harmful stimuli in the form of pain. They are activated by various noxious stimuli such as extreme temperatures, intense pressure, or chemical irritants. Once activated, nociceptors transmit these signals to the central nervous system (spinal cord and brain) where they are interpreted as painful sensations, leading to protective responses like withdrawing from the harmful stimulus or seeking medical attention. Nociceptors play a crucial role in our perception of pain and help protect the body from further harm.

An "injection, intradermal" refers to a type of injection where a small quantity of a substance is introduced into the layer of skin between the epidermis and dermis, using a thin gauge needle. This technique is often used for diagnostic or research purposes, such as conducting allergy tests or administering immunizations in a way that stimulates a strong immune response. The injection site typically produces a small, raised bump (wheal) that disappears within a few hours. It's important to note that intradermal injections should be performed by trained medical professionals to minimize the risk of complications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mustard Plant" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Mustard plants are actually a type of crop plant from the Brassicaceae family, which also includes vegetables like broccoli and cabbage. The seeds from these plants are often ground to make mustard condiments and spices. If you're looking for information related to potential medicinal uses or health effects of mustard plants or their derivatives, I would be happy to help with that.

Edema is the medical term for swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation in the body tissues. It can affect any part of the body, but it's most commonly noticed in the hands, feet, ankles, and legs. Edema can be a symptom of various underlying medical conditions, such as heart failure, kidney disease, liver disease, or venous insufficiency.

The swelling occurs when the capillaries leak fluid into the surrounding tissues, causing them to become swollen and puffy. The excess fluid can also collect in the cavities of the body, leading to conditions such as pleural effusion (fluid around the lungs) or ascites (fluid in the abdominal cavity).

The severity of edema can vary from mild to severe, and it may be accompanied by other symptoms such as skin discoloration, stiffness, and pain. Treatment for edema depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or medical procedures.

Unmyelinated nerve fibers, also known as unmyelinated axons or non-myelinated fibers, are nerve cells that lack a myelin sheath. Myelin is a fatty, insulating substance that surrounds the axon of many nerve cells and helps to increase the speed of electrical impulses traveling along the nerve fiber.

In unmyelinated nerve fibers, the axons are surrounded by a thin layer of Schwann cell processes called the endoneurium, but there is no continuous myelin sheath. Instead, the axons are packed closely together in bundles, with several axons lying within the same Schwann cell.

Unmyelinated nerve fibers tend to be smaller in diameter than myelinated fibers and conduct electrical impulses more slowly. They are commonly found in the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion, as well as in sensory nerves that transmit pain and temperature signals.

Sensory receptor cells are specialized structures that convert physical stimuli from our environment into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain for interpretation. These receptors can be found in various tissues throughout the body and are responsible for detecting sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature, taste, and smell. They can be classified into two main types: exteroceptors, which respond to stimuli from the external environment, and interoceptors, which react to internal conditions within the body. Examples of sensory receptor cells include hair cells in the inner ear, photoreceptors in the eye, and taste buds on the tongue.

Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules that are used by neurons to communicate with each other and with other cells in the body. They are produced in the cell body of a neuron, processed from larger precursor proteins, and then transported to the nerve terminal where they are stored in secretory vesicles. When the neuron is stimulated, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents into the extracellular space.

Neuropeptides can act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators, depending on their target receptors and the duration of their effects. They play important roles in a variety of physiological processes, including pain perception, appetite regulation, stress response, and social behavior. Some neuropeptides also have hormonal functions, such as oxytocin and vasopressin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream to regulate reproductive and cardiovascular function, respectively.

There are hundreds of different neuropeptides that have been identified in the nervous system, and many of them have multiple functions and interact with other signaling molecules to modulate neural activity. Dysregulation of neuropeptide systems has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as chronic pain, addiction, depression, and anxiety.

Sumatriptan is a selective serotonin receptor agonist, specifically targeting the 5-HT1D and 5-HT1B receptors. It is primarily used to treat migraines and cluster headaches. Sumatriptan works by narrowing blood vessels around the brain and reducing inflammation that leads to migraine symptoms.

The medication comes in various forms, including tablets, injectables, and nasal sprays. Common side effects of sumatriptan include feelings of warmth or hotness, tingling, tightness, pressure, heaviness, pain, or burning in the neck, throat, jaw, chest, or arms.

It is important to note that sumatriptan should not be used if a patient has a history of heart disease, stroke, or uncontrolled high blood pressure. Additionally, it should not be taken within 24 hours of using another migraine medication containing ergotamine or similar drugs such as dihydroergotamine, methysergide, or caffeine-containing analgesics.

Capillary permeability refers to the ability of substances to pass through the walls of capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels in the body. These tiny vessels connect the arterioles and venules, allowing for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and gases between the blood and the surrounding tissues.

The capillary wall is composed of a single layer of endothelial cells that are held together by tight junctions. The permeability of these walls varies depending on the size and charge of the molecules attempting to pass through. Small, uncharged molecules such as water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide can easily diffuse through the capillary wall, while larger or charged molecules such as proteins and large ions have more difficulty passing through.

Increased capillary permeability can occur in response to inflammation, infection, or injury, allowing larger molecules and immune cells to enter the surrounding tissues. This can lead to swelling (edema) and tissue damage if not controlled. Decreased capillary permeability, on the other hand, can lead to impaired nutrient exchange and tissue hypoxia.

Overall, the permeability of capillaries is a critical factor in maintaining the health and function of tissues throughout the body.

In medical terms, the skin is the largest organ of the human body. It consists of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer), as well as accessory structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. The skin plays a crucial role in protecting us from external factors such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental hazards, while also regulating body temperature and enabling the sense of touch.

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a type of ion channel proteins that are widely expressed in various tissues and cells, including the sensory neurons, epithelial cells, and immune cells. They are named after the transient receptor potential mutant flies, which have defects in light-induced electrical responses due to mutations in TRP channels.

TRP channels are polymodal signal integrators that can be activated by a diverse range of physical and chemical stimuli, such as temperature, pressure, touch, osmolarity, pH, and various endogenous and exogenous ligands. Once activated, TRP channels allow the flow of cations, including calcium (Ca2+), sodium (Na+), and magnesium (Mg2+) ions, across the cell membrane.

TRP channels play critical roles in various physiological processes, such as sensory perception, neurotransmission, muscle contraction, cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. Dysfunction of TRP channels has been implicated in a variety of pathological conditions, including pain, inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer.

There are six subfamilies of TRP channels, based on their sequence homology and functional properties: TRPC (canonical), TRPV (vanilloid), TRPM (melastatin), TRPA (ankyrin), TRPP (polycystin), and TRPML (mucolipin). Each subfamily contains several members with distinct activation mechanisms, ion selectivity, and tissue distribution.

In summary, Transient Receptor Potential Channels are a group of polymodal cation channels that play critical roles in various physiological processes and are implicated in many pathological conditions.

Afferent neurons, also known as sensory neurons, are a type of nerve cell that conducts impulses or signals from peripheral receptors towards the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. These neurons are responsible for transmitting sensory information such as touch, temperature, pain, sound, and light to the CNS for processing and interpretation. Afferent neurons have specialized receptor endings that detect changes in the environment and convert them into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the CNS via synapses with other neurons. Once the signals reach the CNS, they are processed and integrated with other information to produce a response or reaction to the stimulus.

A migraine disorder is a neurological condition characterized by recurrent headaches that often involve one side of the head and are accompanied by various symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound, and visual disturbances. Migraines can last from several hours to days and can be severely debilitating. The exact cause of migraines is not fully understood, but they are believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors that affect the brain and blood vessels. There are different types of migraines, including migraine without aura, migraine with aura, chronic migraine, and others, each with its own specific set of symptoms and diagnostic criteria. Treatment typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes, medications, and behavioral therapies to manage symptoms and prevent future attacks.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors are a type of cell surface receptor found in various tissues and cells, including the nervous system and blood vessels. CGRP is a neuropeptide that plays a role in regulating vasodilation, inflammation, and nociception (the sensation of pain).

The CGRP receptor is a complex of two proteins: calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1). When CGRP binds to the CLR-RAMP1 complex, it activates a signaling pathway that leads to vasodilation and increased pain sensitivity.

CGRP receptors have been identified as important targets for the treatment of migraine headaches, as CGRP levels are known to increase during migraine attacks. Several drugs that target CGRP receptors have been developed and approved for the prevention and acute treatment of migraines.

The trigeminal ganglion, also known as the semilunar or Gasserian ganglion, is a sensory ganglion (a cluster of nerve cell bodies) located near the base of the skull. It is a part of the trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve), which is responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing.

The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons that carry information from three major branches of the trigeminal nerve: the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular divisions. These divisions provide sensation to different areas of the face, head, and oral cavity, including the skin, mucous membranes, muscles, and teeth.

Damage to the trigeminal ganglion or its nerve branches can result in various sensory disturbances, such as pain, numbness, or tingling in the affected areas. Conditions like trigeminal neuralgia, a disorder characterized by intense, stabbing facial pain, may involve the trigeminal ganglion and its associated nerves.

Quinuclidines are a class of organic compounds that contain a unique cage-like structure consisting of a tetrahydrofuran ring fused to a piperidine ring. The name "quinuclidine" is derived from the Latin word "quinque," meaning five, and "clidis," meaning key or bar, which refers to the five-membered ring system that forms the core of these compounds.

Quinuclidines have a variety of biological activities and are used in pharmaceuticals as well as agrochemicals. Some quinuclidine derivatives have been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer properties. They can also act as inhibitors of various enzymes and receptors, making them useful tools for studying biological systems and developing new drugs.

It is worth noting that quinuclidines are not typically used in medical diagnosis or treatment, but rather serve as building blocks for the development of new pharmaceutical compounds.

Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is a type of G protein-coupled receptor that is widely expressed in various tissues, including the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, skin, and nervous system. PAR-2 can be activated by serine proteases such as trypsin, mast cell tryptase, and thrombin, which cleave the N-terminal extracellular domain of the receptor to expose a tethered ligand that binds to and activates the receptor.

Once activated, PAR-2 signaling can lead to a variety of cellular responses, including inflammation, pain, and altered ion channel activity. PAR-2 has been implicated in several physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as airway hyperresponsiveness, asthma, cough, gastrointestinal motility disorders, and skin disorders.

In summary, PAR-2 is a type of receptor that can be activated by serine proteases, leading to various cellular responses and involvement in several disease processes.

Ankyrins are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in the organization and function of the plasma membrane in cells. They are characterized by the presence of ankyrin repeats, which are structural motifs that mediate protein-protein interactions. Ankyrins serve as adaptor proteins that link various membrane proteins to the underlying cytoskeleton, providing stability and organization to the plasma membrane.

There are several isoforms of ankyrins, including ankyrin-R, ankyrin-B, and ankyrin-G, which differ in their expression patterns and functions. Ankyrin-R is primarily expressed in neurons and is involved in the localization and clustering of ion channels and transporters at specialized domains of the plasma membrane, such as nodes of Ranvier and axon initial segments. Ankyrin-B is widely expressed and has been implicated in the regulation of various cellular processes, including cell adhesion, signaling, and trafficking. Ankyrin-G is predominantly found in muscle and neuronal tissues and plays a role in the organization of ion channels and transporters at the sarcolemma and nodes of Ranvier.

Mutations in ankyrin genes have been associated with various human diseases, including neurological disorders, cardiac arrhythmias, and hemolytic anemia.

Neurokinin-2 (NK-2) receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor that binds to and is activated by the neuropeptide substance P, which is a member of the tachykinin family. These receptors are widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and play important roles in various physiological functions, including pain transmission, smooth muscle contraction, and neuroinflammation.

NK-2 receptors are involved in the development of hyperalgesia (an increased sensitivity to pain) and allodynia (pain caused by a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain). They have also been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, and neurodegenerative disorders.

NK-2 receptor antagonists have been developed and investigated for their potential therapeutic use in the treatment of various pain disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, and other medical conditions.

The Respiratory System is a complex network of organs and tissues that work together to facilitate the process of breathing, which involves the intake of oxygen and the elimination of carbon dioxide. This system primarily includes the nose, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and diaphragm.

The nostrils or mouth take in air that travels through the pharynx, larynx, and trachea into the lungs. Within the lungs, the trachea divides into two bronchi, one for each lung, which further divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles. At the end of these bronchioles are tiny air sacs known as alveoli where the exchange of gases occurs. Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses through the walls of the alveoli into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, moves from the blood to the alveoli and is exhaled out of the body.

The diaphragm, a large muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen, plays a crucial role in breathing by contracting and relaxing to change the volume of the chest cavity, thereby allowing air to flow in and out of the lungs. Overall, the Respiratory System is essential for maintaining life by providing the body's cells with the oxygen needed for metabolism and removing waste products like carbon dioxide.

Spinal ganglia, also known as dorsal root ganglia, are clusters of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system. They are situated along the length of the spinal cord and are responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain. Each spinal ganglion contains numerous neurons, or nerve cells, with long processes called axons that extend into the periphery and innervate various tissues and organs. The cell bodies within the spinal ganglia receive sensory input from these axons and transmit this information to the central nervous system via the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves. This allows the brain to interpret and respond to a wide range of sensory stimuli, including touch, temperature, pain, and proprioception (the sense of the position and movement of one's body).

The trigeminal nerve, also known as the fifth cranial nerve or CNV, is a paired nerve that carries both sensory and motor information. It has three major branches: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3). The ophthalmic branch provides sensation to the forehead, eyes, and upper portion of the nose; the maxillary branch supplies sensation to the lower eyelid, cheek, nasal cavity, and upper lip; and the mandibular branch is responsible for sensation in the lower lip, chin, and parts of the oral cavity, as well as motor function to the muscles involved in chewing. The trigeminal nerve plays a crucial role in sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and pressure in the face and mouth, and it also contributes to biting, chewing, and swallowing functions.

4-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (also known as 4-MeO-N-MEPEA or 4-MeO-PMA) is a synthetic psychoactive substance that belongs to the phenethylamine class. It is a designer drug, which means it is manufactured and distributed for recreational use as an alternative to illegal drugs.

It acts as a stimulant and entactogen, producing effects similar to those of MDMA (ecstasy) but with less potency. The compound has been linked to several cases of severe intoxication, including fatalities, due to its ability to increase heart rate and blood pressure, cause dehydration, hyperthermia, and serotonin syndrome.

It is important to note that the use of 4-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine and other designer drugs can be dangerous and illegal in many jurisdictions. Always consult a medical professional for accurate information regarding specific substances.

Inflammation mediators are substances that are released by the body in response to injury or infection, which contribute to the inflammatory response. These mediators include various chemical factors such as cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and histamine, among others. They play a crucial role in regulating the inflammatory process by attracting immune cells to the site of injury or infection, increasing blood flow to the area, and promoting the repair and healing of damaged tissues. However, an overactive or chronic inflammatory response can also contribute to the development of various diseases and conditions, such as autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

Extracellular fluid (ECF) is the fluid that exists outside of the cells in the body. It makes up about 20-25% of the total body weight in a healthy adult. ECF can be further divided into two main components: interstitial fluid and intravascular fluid.

Interstitial fluid is the fluid that surrounds the cells and fills the spaces between them. It provides nutrients to the cells, removes waste products, and helps maintain a balanced environment around the cells.

Intravascular fluid, also known as plasma, is the fluid component of blood that circulates in the blood vessels. It carries nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body, and helps regulate temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure.

Maintaining the proper balance of ECF is essential for normal bodily functions. Disruptions in this balance can lead to various medical conditions, such as dehydration, edema, and heart failure.

Spinal nerve roots are the initial parts of spinal nerves that emerge from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramen, which are small openings between each vertebra in the spine. These nerve roots carry motor, sensory, and autonomic fibers to and from specific regions of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerve roots in total, with 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal pair. Each root has a dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) ramus that branch off to form the peripheral nervous system. Irritation or compression of these nerve roots can result in pain, numbness, weakness, or loss of reflexes in the affected area.

The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is a tube-like structure in the respiratory system that connects the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi (the two branches leading to each lung). It is composed of several incomplete rings of cartilage and smooth muscle, which provide support and flexibility. The trachea plays a crucial role in directing incoming air to the lungs during inspiration and outgoing air to the larynx during expiration.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Mast cells are a type of white blood cell that are found in connective tissues throughout the body, including the skin, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. They play an important role in the immune system and help to defend the body against pathogens by releasing chemicals such as histamine, heparin, and leukotrienes, which help to attract other immune cells to the site of infection or injury. Mast cells also play a role in allergic reactions, as they release histamine and other chemicals in response to exposure to an allergen, leading to symptoms such as itching, swelling, and redness. They are derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and mature in the tissues where they reside.

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) is a small secreted protein that is involved in the growth, maintenance, and survival of certain neurons (nerve cells). It was the first neurotrophin to be discovered and is essential for the development and function of the nervous system. NGF binds to specific receptors on the surface of nerve cells and helps to promote their differentiation, axonal growth, and synaptic plasticity. Additionally, NGF has been implicated in various physiological processes such as inflammation, immune response, and wound healing. Deficiencies or excesses of NGF have been linked to several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and pain conditions.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. It is a complex phenomenon that can result from various stimuli, such as thermal, mechanical, or chemical irritation, and it can be acute or chronic. The perception of pain involves the activation of specialized nerve cells called nociceptors, which transmit signals to the brain via the spinal cord. These signals are then processed in different regions of the brain, leading to the conscious experience of pain. It's important to note that pain is a highly individual and subjective experience, and its perception can vary widely among individuals.

Electric stimulation, also known as electrical nerve stimulation or neuromuscular electrical stimulation, is a therapeutic treatment that uses low-voltage electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles. It is often used to help manage pain, promote healing, and improve muscle strength and mobility. The electrical impulses can be delivered through electrodes placed on the skin or directly implanted into the body.

In a medical context, electric stimulation may be used for various purposes such as:

1. Pain management: Electric stimulation can help to block pain signals from reaching the brain and promote the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body.
2. Muscle rehabilitation: Electric stimulation can help to strengthen muscles that have become weak due to injury, illness, or surgery. It can also help to prevent muscle atrophy and improve range of motion.
3. Wound healing: Electric stimulation can promote tissue growth and help to speed up the healing process in wounds, ulcers, and other types of injuries.
4. Urinary incontinence: Electric stimulation can be used to strengthen the muscles that control urination and reduce symptoms of urinary incontinence.
5. Migraine prevention: Electric stimulation can be used as a preventive treatment for migraines by applying electrical impulses to specific nerves in the head and neck.

It is important to note that electric stimulation should only be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as improper use can cause harm or discomfort.

A "knockout" mouse is a genetically engineered mouse in which one or more genes have been deleted or "knocked out" using molecular biology techniques. This allows researchers to study the function of specific genes and their role in various biological processes, as well as potential associations with human diseases. The mice are generated by introducing targeted DNA modifications into embryonic stem cells, which are then used to create a live animal. Knockout mice have been widely used in biomedical research to investigate gene function, disease mechanisms, and potential therapeutic targets.

A reflex is an automatic, involuntary and rapid response to a stimulus that occurs without conscious intention. In the context of physiology and neurology, it's a basic mechanism that involves the transmission of nerve impulses between neurons, resulting in a muscle contraction or glandular secretion.

Reflexes are important for maintaining homeostasis, protecting the body from harm, and coordinating movements. They can be tested clinically to assess the integrity of the nervous system, such as the knee-j jerk reflex, which tests the function of the L3-L4 spinal nerve roots and the sensitivity of the stretch reflex arc.

Nerve fibers are specialized structures that constitute the long, slender processes (axons) of neurons (nerve cells). They are responsible for conducting electrical impulses, known as action potentials, away from the cell body and transmitting them to other neurons or effector organs such as muscles and glands. Nerve fibers are often surrounded by supportive cells called glial cells and are grouped together to form nerve bundles or nerves. These fibers can be myelinated (covered with a fatty insulating sheath called myelin) or unmyelinated, which influences the speed of impulse transmission.

Vasodilation is the widening or increase in diameter of blood vessels, particularly the involuntary relaxation of the smooth muscle in the tunica media (middle layer) of the arteriole walls. This results in an increase in blood flow and a decrease in vascular resistance. Vasodilation can occur due to various physiological and pathophysiological stimuli, such as local metabolic demands, neural signals, or pharmacological agents. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure, tissue perfusion, and thermoregulation.

leading to a "sterile neurogenic inflammation." Magnesium deficiency causes neurogenic inflammation in a rat model. Researchers ... a bidirectional link between histamine and neuropeptides in neurogenic inflammation is established. Neurogenic inflammation ... Neurogenic inflammation is inflammation arising from the local release by afferent neurons of inflammatory mediators such as ... "Neurogenic inflammation: with additional discussion of central and perceptual integration of nonneurogenic inflammation". ...
76-. ISBN 978-0-7923-8757-2. Brain S, Moore PK (1999). Pain and Neurogenic Inflammation. Springer Science & Business Media. pp ...
76-. ISBN 978-0-7923-8757-2. Susan Brain; P.K. Moore (1999). Pain and Neurogenic Inflammation. Springer Science & Business ...
... neuropeptides and neurogenic inflammation; (4) innate immune cells, including immature dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer ( ... Pressure from inflammation can cause mild to extreme pain, depending upon the severity of the inflammation and the body's ... In the pulp, just as in other areas of the body, inflammation can be present. Inflammation of the pulp does not take place ... The inflammation of the pulp is a side effect of the immune response and causes pain. Pulpitis can often create so much ...
ISBN 978-1-4557-1220-5. Jancso G (27 November 2008). Neurogenic Inflammation in Health and Disease. Elsevier. pp. 297-. ISBN ...
In addition, it was found that avenanthramides inhibit neurogenic inflammation, which is defined as an inflammation triggered ... 1993). "Neurogenic Inflammation and Sensitivity to Environmental Chemicals". Environmental Health Perspectives, Volume 101. ... Inflammation is a complex and self-protection reaction that occurs in the body against foreign substance, cell damage, ... Consequently, suppressing the NF-κB limits the proliferation of cancer cells and reduces the level of inflammation. ...
Glinski W, Glinska-Ferenz M, Pierozynska-Dubowska M (1991). "Neurogenic inflammation induced by capsaicin in patients with ...
Neurogenic inflammation has been proposed as a contributing factor to fibromyalgia. Though there is a lack of evidence in this ... Inflammation has been suggested to have a role in the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia. People with fibromyalgia tend to have ... Metal-induced allergic inflammation has also been linked with fibromyalgia, especially in response to nickel but also inorganic ... Nociceptive pain is pain caused by inflammation or damage to tissues. Neuropathic pain is pain caused by nerve damage. ...
Sousa-Valente, João; Brain, Susan D. (2018). "A historical perspective on the role of sensory nerves in neurogenic inflammation ... protects against pain and vascular inflammation in arthritis and joint inflammation". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 76 (1 ... Brain's research investigates the role of sensory nerves in vascular inflammation. In her early career she discovered the ... where since 2005 she has been Head of the Vascular Biology and Inflammation Section. She was also Head of the Pharmacology and ...
"TRPA1 channels mediate acute neurogenic inflammation and pain produced by bacterial endotoxins". Nature Communications. 5: 3125 ... Inflammation may sometimes play a role in the development of depression, and LPS is pro-inflammatory. Inflammation induced by ... The presumed mechanism for the association of endotoxin with obesity is that endotoxin induces an inflammation-mediated pathway ... Alkaline phosphatase prevents intestinal inflammation (and "leaky gut") from bacteria by dephosphorylating the Lipid A portion ...
Miller, Mark (2001). "Inhibition of neurogenic inflammation by the Amazonian herbal medicine sangre de grado". Journal of ... and inflammation. Wound Care Recent studies confirm the biochemical role played by the chemical composition of sangre de grado ... decrease inflammation, seal wounds and injuries to protect from infection. The sap dries quickly on soft, damaged tissue, ... Inflammation, Insect Bites, Viral Infections, and Wounds: Traditional Uses to Clinical Research". The Journal of Alternative ...
20 January 2014). "TRPA1 channels mediate acute neurogenic inflammation and pain produced by bacterial endotoxins". Nature ... For instance, TRPM8 relates to mechanisms of sensing cold, TRPV1 and TRPM3 contribute to heat and inflammation sensations, and ... TRPA1 facilitates many signaling pathways like sensory transduction, nociception, inflammation and oxidative stress. TRPM5 is ...
cAMP is involved in activation of trigeminocervical system leading to neurogenic inflammation and causing migraine. Disrupted ... "Neurogenic Inflammation: The Participant in Migraine and Recent Advancements in Translational Research". Biomedicines. 10 (1): ...
It is proposed that this release is involved in neurogenic inflammation, which is a local inflammatory response to certain ... It is proposed that this release is involved in neurogenic inflammation, which is a local inflammatory response to certain ... King KA, Hu C, Rodriguez MM, Romaguera R, Jiang X, Piedimonte G (Feb 2001). "Exaggerated neurogenic inflammation and substance ... Piedimonte G (Mar 2001). "Neural mechanisms of respiratory syncytial virus-induced inflammation and prevention of respiratory ...
... neurogenic inflammation, visceral hypersensitivity, and intestinal dysmotility (i.e., impaired peristalsis) result. Neuronal ... This mast cell activation could contribute to brain inflammation and neurodevelopmental problems. Toluidine blue: one of the ... Their range of functions is wide and includes participation in allergic reactions, innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation, ... and inflammation. Across systems, mast cells serve as the main effector cell through which pathogens can affect the gut-brain ...
Stress Worsens Dermatitis via Substance P-dependent Neurogenic Inflammation in Mice". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 128 ... Organ inflammation. Sympathetic innervation of various organs contacts macrophages and dendritic cells and can increase local ... "Anti-inflammatory role of sympathetic nerves in chronic intestinal inflammation". Gut. 57 (7): 911-921. doi:10.1136/gut. ... inflammation including the kidney gut, the skin, and the synovial joints Antiinflammation. The vagus nerve carries a ...
It can interact with a vanilloid receptor on primary sensory neurons mediating pain (nociception) and neurogenic inflammation. ...
... but while CP-122,288 is 40,000 times more potent than sumatriptan as an inhibitor of neurogenic inflammation and plasma protein ... CP-122,288 and CP-122,638 exhibit enhanced potency against neurogenic inflammation in dura mater". Brain Research. 626 (1-2): ... a highly potent inhibitor of neurogenic inflammation: results of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical ... a selective inhibitor of neurogenic inflammation". British Journal of Pharmacology. 116 (5): 2385-90. doi:10.1111/j.1476- ...
July 2008). "Cigarette smoke-induced neurogenic inflammation is mediated by alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes and the TRPA1 ... and neurogenic inflammation" (PDF). Pain. 158 (9): 1723-1732. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000979. PMID 28614189. S2CID ... It can be activated at sites of tissue injury or sites of inflammation directly by endogenous mediators or indirectly as a ... Ji RR, Xu ZZ, Strichartz G, Serhan CN (November 2011). "Emerging roles of resolvins in the resolution of inflammation and pain ...
Neurogenic inflammation produced by neuropeptides released from sensory nerve endings to the airways is a proposed common ... The pathology of vasomotor rhinitis appears to involve neurogenic inflammation and is as yet not very well understood. The role ... The inflammation results in the generation of large amounts of mucus, commonly producing a runny nose, as well as a stuffy nose ... The inflammation is caused by viruses, bacteria, irritants or allergens. The most common kind of rhinitis is allergic rhinitis ...
Proposed mechanisms of pain include neurogenic inflammation, muscular imbalances, neuropathy of the intercostal nerves, ... A similar condition known as slipping rib syndrome is also associated with chest pain and inflammation of the costal cartilage ... Costochondritis, also known as chest wall pain syndrome or costosternal syndrome, is a benign inflammation of the upper ...
2022). "20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is a pivotal endogenous ligand for TRPV1-mediated neurogenic inflammation in ...
... of the tympanic tensor muscle may trigger neurogenic inflammation. Indeed, fibers with substances P and CGRP were found in ...
... and topsentin and scytonemin are potent inhibitors of neurogenic inflammation. Pigments may be extracted and used as dyes. ... and debromohymenialdisine have several lead compounds in the field of inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis ...
Servière, J.; Carriere, M.; Duvaux-Ponter, C.; Guy, G.; Roussel, S. (2011). "Neurogenic inflammation in the upper digestive ... There is also an indication of inflammation of the esophagus in the later stages of fattening. Several studies have also ... although researchers have found evidence of inflammation of the walls of the proventriculus after the first session of force- ...
... mucus production in the lungs and process neurogenic inflammation. This release is propagated through the stimulation of e-NANC ... Inflammation provides a protective immune response to such stresses may also result in progressive damage to the CNS. There is ... Inflammation, tissue healing and cell proliferation have been linked to both SP and neurokinin A release into surrounding ... to regulate tachykinin secretion represents an important mechanism for designing potentially useful drugs to treat inflammation ...
... a hallmark of neurogenic inflammation. There is no immediate danger after being stung by an Australian Black Rock Scorpion. The ... itch and neurogenic inflammation syndromes that involve nociception. Lin King, John V.; Emrick, Joshua J.; Kelly, Mark J.S.; ... thereby eliciting pain and pain hypersensitivity without the neurogenic inflammation that typically occurs in other animal ... the calcium levels that result from WaTx are too low to initiate subsequent neuropeptide release and neurogenic inflammation. ...
Upon binding, the toxin is suggested to induce a prolonged sensation of severe pain, accompanied with neurogenic inflammation ...
5-HT1D has been found responsible for inhibition of neurogenic inflammation upon administration with sumatriptan and other ... Also they are thought to promote neurogenic inflammatory response important for sensitization of sensory afferents, and also ...
... neurogenic inflammation MeSH C23.550.470.640 - seroma MeSH C23.550.470.646 - serositis MeSH C23.550.470.756 - suppuration MeSH ... neurogenic MeSH C23.888.592.230 - cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea MeSH C23.888.592.264 - cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea MeSH ...
leading to a "sterile neurogenic inflammation." Magnesium deficiency causes neurogenic inflammation in a rat model. Researchers ... a bidirectional link between histamine and neuropeptides in neurogenic inflammation is established. Neurogenic inflammation ... Neurogenic inflammation is inflammation arising from the local release by afferent neurons of inflammatory mediators such as ... "Neurogenic inflammation: with additional discussion of central and perceptual integration of nonneurogenic inflammation". ...
... but how TcdB causes inflammation is unclear. Here we report that TcdB induces neurogenic inflammation by targeting gut- ... Thus, targeting neurogenic inflammation provides a host-oriented therapeutic approach for treating CDI. The molecular mechanism ... is sufficient to induce neurogenic inflammation and recapitulates major colonic histopathology associated with CDI. Conversely ... underlying the severe neurogenic inflammation induced by Clostridioides difficile is presented, providing a therapeutic target ...
"Neurogenic Inflammation" by people in this website by year, and whether "Neurogenic Inflammation" was a major or minor topic of ... "Neurogenic Inflammation" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Neurogenic Inflammation" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Neurogenic Inflammation". ...
... is inflammation that is induced (or enhanced) in the skin by the release of neuropeptides from sensory nerve endings. Clinical ... Cutaneous neurogenic inflammation (CNI) is inflammation that is induced (or enhanced) in the skin by the release of ... TRPV1 and TRPA1 in cutaneous neurogenic and chronic inflammation: pro-inflammatory response induced by their activation and ...
Purchase Neurogenic Inflammation in Health and Disease, Volume 8 - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN 9780444532299, ...
title = "Neurogenic inflammation and its involvement in uterine cervical ripening",. abstract = "Neurogenic inflammation ... Neurogenic inflammation and its involvement in uterine cervical ripening. J. J. Collins, R. E. Papka, B. Srinivisan, Kenneth ... Neurogenic inflammation and its involvement in uterine cervical ripening. / Collins, J. J.; Papka, R. E.; Srinivisan, B. et al ... Neurogenic inflammation and its involvement in uterine cervical ripening. In: FASEB Journal. 1998 ; Vol. 12, No. 5. ...
Many biopsy samples with inflammation also demonstrate evidence of neurogenic change. A few possible mechanisms account for ... Neurogenic Changes in Muscle Biopsy. Skeletal muscle can show neurogenic changes in disorders that affect any part of motor ... separate concurrent inflammation of peripheral nerves. An unrelated neurogenic disorder is also possible. ... Eosinophilic inflammation is seen in the image from this case of a drug reaction, below: Drug reaction on hematoxylin and eosin ...
Neurogenic Inflammation / physiopathology* * Neurons, Afferent / physiology* * Nociception / drug effects * Nociception / ... These data support a role for TRPV1 in mechanotransmission following peripheral inflammation, and highlight the importance of a ... inhibits mechanotransmission in a subclass of rat primary afferent neurons following peripheral inflammation Synapse. 2012 Mar; ...
深入研究「PRophylactic proopiomelanocortin expression alleviates capsaicin-induced neurogenic inflammation in rat trachea」主題。共同形成了獨特 ... PRophylactic proopiomelanocortin expression alleviates capsaicin-induced neurogenic inflammation in rat trachea. Guei Sheung ...
Explore A comparison of mindfulness-based stress reduction and an active control in modulation of neurogenic inflammation * ... A comparison of mindfulness-based stress reduction and an active control in modulation of neurogenic inflammation ... A comparison of mindfulness-based stress reduction and an active control in modulation of neurogenic inflammation ... Immune and endocrine measures of inflammation and stress were collected both before and after MBSR training. Results show those ...
... and cold allodynia through neurogenic inflammation and spino-parabrachio-amygdaloid pathway activation. Together they form a ... and cold allodynia through neurogenic inflammation and spino-parabrachio-amygdaloid pathway activation. ...
Amplification of the local secretion of neuropeptides such as CGRP with well-defined effects in neurogenic inflammation ... IL-1β-induced hyperalgesia and neurogenic inflammation are mediated by prostanoids (Follenfant et al., 1989; Herbert and Holzer ... A study on inflammation in rabbit knee joint shows that intra-articular injection of IL-1α increases SP level in the synovial ... 1993) Inflammation and hyperalgesia: highlighting the team effort. Trends Pharmacol 14:287-290. ...
Neurogenic inflammation. A model for studying efferent actions of sensory nerves. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996;410:453-462. ... In neurogenic inflammation, the inhibitory effects of corticosteroids are likely to be mediated by neutral endopeptidase and ... In contrast to findings in rodents 122, 123, the phenomenon of "neurogenic inflammation" seems to have a minor role in ... Neutral endopeptidase and kininase II mediate glucocorticoid inhibition of neurogenic inflammation in the rat trachea. J Clin ...
Thymoquinone may be a promising candidate to prevent the meningeal neurogenic inflammation and consequently migraine.Nov 08, ... Diseases : Brain Inflammation , Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Type I, Headache: Migraine, Oxidative Stress ... Mindfulness and pharmacological prophylaxis have comparable effect on biomarkers of inflammation and clinical indexes in ... Pubmed Data : Inflammation. 2019 Nov 9. Epub 2019 Nov 9. PMID: 31707574 ...
Neurogenic inflammation and sensitivity to environmental chemicals. Environ Health Perspect. 1993 Aug;101(3):234-8. Review.PMID ... Neurogenic inflammation results. This can cause virually all of the sick building syndrome symptoms reported (Meggs 1993). ... This substance will become the future trigger of a neurogenic hypersensitivity inflammatory response. ...
Cellular Mechanisms of Neurogenic Inflammation Jennelle Durnett Richardson and Michael R. Vasko ... INFLAMMATION AND IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY. *. You have access. Chronic Self-Administration of Nicotine in Rats Impairs T Cell ... Amelioration of Chronic and Spontaneous Intestinal Inflammation with an Antisense Oligonucleotide (ISIS 9125) to Intracellular ... Direct Evidence for Acetylcholine Inhibition of Cerebral Nitrergic Neurogenic Vasodilation" Journal of Pharmacology and ...
Erdener, Ş.E.; Kaya, Z.; Dalkara, T. Parenchymal neuroinflammatory signaling and dural neurogenic inflammation in migraine. J. ... and considering that sterile meningeal neurogenic inflammation is one of the assumed mechanism of migraine pathogenesis [26,27 ... Migraine has been related to weight and adiposity excess [18], and low-grade inflammation and hormonal changes may be the major ... Sterile meningeal inflammation is considered to be one of the pathogenetic mechanisms of migraine, which is probably initiated ...
Baluk P. Neurogenic inflammation in skin and airways. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc (1997) 2(1):76-81. doi:10.1038/jidsymp. ... Schytz HW, Holst H, Arendt-Nielsen L, Olesen J, Ashina M. Cutaneous nociception and neurogenic inflammation evoked by PACAP38 ... "neurogenic inflammation" (146).. Mast cells are involved in pain in two ways: they secrete substances that directly activate or ... GI inflammation invariably leads to disordered motility. With inflammation, neurons involved in peristalsis become ...
CGRP and migraine: neurogenic inflammation revisited. J. Headache. Pain. ., 6., 2., (Apr) 61. 70. .. ... CGRP function-blocking antibodies inhibit neurogenic vasodilatation without affecting heart rate or arterial blood pressure in ...
Neurogenic Inflammation. 6/1/09. Narrative. 5 ... Endorphins and enkephalins are released by CNS to block pain perception ... ...
14 Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. [email protected]. ...
This entire process is called neurogenic inflammation. This explains the swelling, redness, and warmth of the skin in the ... The result is inflammation or swelling leading to more stimulation of the sensory nerve fibers. This lowers the pain threshold ... therapy may also include alternating hot and cold soaks and massage to the affected region to help control inflammation. Weight ...
cAMP is involved in activation of trigeminocervical system leading to neurogenic inflammation and causing migraine. [9] ... "Neurogenic Inflammation: The Participant in Migraine and Recent Advancements in Translational Research". Biomedicines. 10 (1): ...
Neurogenic inflammation Research Centre, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Read more... ...
Neurogenic inflammation and release of inflammatory cytokines in the myofascial milieu (muscle and/or fascia) ... Chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the myofascial unit that may also involve peripheral nerves and muscle spindles ... fascia is richly innervated with small-diameter fibers whose receptive fields increase in the presence of inflammation. In ...
... evidences of neurogenic inflammation. Dig. Dis. Sci. 54, 1884-1891. doi: 10.1007/s10620-008-0575-5 ... 2017a). Neonatal bladder inflammation induces long-term visceral pain and altered responses of spinal neurons in adult rats. ... Stemkowski, P. L., and Smith, P. A. (2012). Sensory neurons, ion channels, inflammation and the onset of neuropathic pain. Can ... Tao, Y. X. (2012). AMPA receptor trafficking in inflammation-induced dorsal horn central sensitization. Neurosci. Bull. 28, 111 ...
Neurogenic inflammation is the interface between histamine and brain inflammation. *Central Nervous System Injury-Induced ... Being awake and alive and not regulating your PNS/SNS; tipping to SNS high tone leads to neurogenic inflammation and mast cell ... Pre-frontal cortex inflammation leads to fatigue and brain fog. *Vagal nerve inflammation will diminish migrating motor complex ... Chronic inflammation is a driver of sympathetic activation and stress chemistry leading to programmed cell death of NK cells ...
This paper identifies palmitoyl tripeptide-8 as an effective modulator of neurogenic inflammation and provides clinical ... This leads to skin edema and redness in a process called neurogenic inflammation.3 In sensitive skin, inflammation tends to ... The skin has its own way to deal with neurogenic inflammation. It may fight back by locally producing the neuropeptide α- ... To document the effects of palmitoyl tripeptide-8 on neurogenic inflammation in the skin, additional experiments were conducted ...
"Effects of sangre de drago in an in vitro model of cutaneous neurogenic inflammation." Exp. Dermatol. 2010 Sep; 19(9): 796-9.. ... "Inhibition of neurogenic inflammation by the Amazonian herbal medicine sangre de grado." J. Invest. Dermatol. 2001; 117(3): 725 ... "Effects of sangre de drago in an in vitro model of cutaneous neurogenic inflammation." Exp Dermatol. 2010 Sep; 19(9): 796-9. ... Jones, K. "Review of sangre de drago (Croton lechleri)--a South American tree sap in the treatment of diarrhea, inflammation, ...
  • Inhaled corticosteroids suppress airway inflammation and components of airway remodelling in bronchial asthma. (ersjournals.com)
  • Genomic actions involve the regulation of target genes, and suppress most of the vascular elements of inflammation and angiogenesis in the airway. (ersjournals.com)
  • Airway inflammation is a central feature of bronchial asthma. (ersjournals.com)
  • Corticosteroids are the most effective drugs to suppress airway inflammation, mainly by downregulation of pro-inflammatory proteins 22 , 23 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Inhaled corticosteroids suppress airway inflammation, which is responsible for asthma-associated changes of the airway vasculature. (ersjournals.com)
  • Exposure to titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles increases airway reactivity and neurogenic inflammation in rodent lungs. (cdc.gov)
  • Increased NGF is thought to increase neurogenic inflammation that would disrupt the airway and cause chronic discomfort and coughing . (naturalnews.com)
  • Through this mechanism, B12 deficiency may cause neurogenic inflammation of the airway, due to elevated levels of nerve growth factor (NGF). (naturalnews.com)
  • His worked focused on neurogenic inflammation and airway remodeling. (arnoldmann.net)
  • While some aspects of neurogenic inflammation has been disregarded in the occurrence of migraine pain, targeted analysis of factors have opened up the possibilities of a dialogue between the neurons and immune cells in driving such a sterile neuroinflammatory state in migraine pathophysiology. (nih.gov)
  • Samar BASU The pathophysiology theory of migraine postulates a local, neurogenic inflammation and the possible involvement of oxidative stress. (portlandpress.com)
  • discuss the development of science related to neurogenic inflammation and provide a graphic illustrating key discoveries leading toward the current understanding of neurogenic inflammation, its mechanisms, and the conditions caused by its disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • We, therefore, examined cannabinoid receptor-specific mechanisms to mitigate mast cell activation, neurogenic inflammation and hyperalgesia, using HbSS-BERK sickle and cannabinoid receptor-2-deleted sickle mice. (haematologica.org)
  • To understand the underlying mechanisms of these effects, we examined the ability of SD to reduce substance P (SP) release in an in vitro model of cutaneous neurogenic inflammation (CNI). (univ-brest.fr)
  • The mechanisms for this are unclear, but neurogenic inflammation may play a role. (bmj.com)
  • This allows further insights into the possible mechanisms underlying physiological and pathophysiological events in the skin, including cutaneous inflammation. (medicaljournals.se)
  • Hence, skin microdialysis has gained much interest as a method of studying biomarkers and the potential mechanisms underlying skin physiology and inflammation in the skin. (medicaljournals.se)
  • SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The mechanisms linking maternal inflammation during pregnancy with increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring are poorly understood. (jneurosci.org)
  • Fibromyalgia pain is a mysterious clinical pain syndrome, characterized by inflammation in the brain, whose molecular mechanisms are still unknown. (ac.ir)
  • Our general hypothesis is that neurogenic inflammation contributes to pain in SCD and that cannabinoids offer the unique advantage of providing analgesia by disrupting neurogenic inflammation and nociceptor sensitization, thereby preventing central sensitization. (nih.gov)
  • Neurogenic inflammation is inflammation arising from the local release by afferent neurons of inflammatory mediators such as Substance P, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP), neurokinin A (NKA), and endothelin-3 (ET-3). (wikipedia.org)
  • Statins appear to "decrease expression of the proinflammatory neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in sensory neurons," and so might be of use in treating diseases presenting with predominant neurogenic inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurogenic inflammation and local immune responses are mediated by release of the neuropeptide substance P from peripheral neurons in skin, airways, joints and the intestine resulting in inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, asthma and inflammatory bowel disease. (grantome.com)
  • Although the urinary bladder is innervated by substance P- containing afferent neurons and urothelial cells are capable of immunologic activation, the role of neurogenic inflammation in interstitial cystitis has not been demonstrated. (grantome.com)
  • Quiescent and activated NSCs, neural precursors, immature and mature neurons and newborn astrocytes coexist in the neurogenic niche in a strictly controlled environment which maintains the correct functioning of neurogenesis. (frontiersin.org)
  • NSCs, neuronal precursors, immature and mature neurons and newborn astrocytes coexist in the hippocampal neurogenic niche in a tightly controlled environment which maintains the correct functioning of AHN. (frontiersin.org)
  • Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury. (nih.gov)
  • These neurons, besides generating pain sensations, participate through an antidromic activation in the process known as neurogenic inflammation. (nih.gov)
  • The proteinase-activated receptor 2 is expressed on a subset of primary afferent neurons and may participate in the neurogenic component of inflammation. (utmb.edu)
  • 2 We showed earlier that mast cells contribute to neurogenic inflammation and hyperalgesia in sickle mice. (haematologica.org)
  • 10 6 Since pain is a manifestation of complex sickle pathobiology including inflammation, vascular dysfunction and ischemia/reperfusion injury, we investigated cannabinoid receptor-specific modulation of vascular function, inflammation and hyperalgesia. (haematologica.org)
  • Sickle mice display neurogenic inflammation and hyperalgesia via a mast-cell-dependent mechanism. (haematologica.org)
  • A multicellular repertoire involving mast-, endothelial-, glial and neuronal cells orchestrates neurogenic inflammation and hyperalgesia via distinct cellular receptors and signaling pathways, which will be intercepted by cannabinoids utilizing specific cannabinoid receptors (CBR). (nih.gov)
  • In migraine, stimulation of the trigeminal nerve causes neurogenic inflammation via release of neuropeptides including Substance P, nitric oxide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, 5-HT, Neurokinin A and CGRP. (wikipedia.org)
  • This neuropathic pain can be initiated by nerve injury or by persistent inflammation in the target tissue or along the nerve. (nih.gov)
  • 19 Since vascular dysfunction, ischemia/reperfusion injury and inflammation are hallmark features of SCA, we hypothesized that targeting specific cannaboid receptors may have beneficial effects on sickle pathobiology and pain. (haematologica.org)
  • This will demonstrate the capability of the mammalian bladder to mount a neuronally provoked local immune response and serve as an animal model for testing prevention and treatment strategies targeted at blocking neurogenic inflammation. (grantome.com)
  • Immune and endocrine measures of inflammation and stress were collected both before and after MBSR training. (virginia.edu)
  • This sterile inflammatory phenotype also referred to as neurogenic inflammation is characterized by the release of neuropeptides (such as substance P, calcitonin gene related peptide) from the trigeminal innervation. (nih.gov)
  • Researchers have theorized that since substance P which appears at day five of induced magnesium deficiency, is known to stimulate in turn the production of other inflammatory cytokines including IL-1, Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and TNF-alpha (TNFα), which begin a sharp rise at day 12, substance P is a key in the path from magnesium deficiency to the subsequent cascade of neuro-inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other therapies and other links in the neurogenic inflammatory pathway for interruption of disease are under study, including migraine therapies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Decreases inflammation - A 2010 study published in the British Pharmaceutical Journal , noted that CBC seemed to have remarkable anti-inflammatory properties. (plantpeople.co)
  • Effects of sangre de drago in an in vitro model of cutaneous neurogenic inflammation. (univ-brest.fr)
  • Bladder inflammation is a common cause of LUTS, which results in pain, increased urgency and frequency of urination. (nih.gov)
  • The observation of chronic pelvic pain and inflammation of the bladder without evidence of infection suggests that neurogenic inflammation may be a component of the disease and, possibly, the cause of this syndrome. (grantome.com)
  • In addition, we will determine whether molecular alterations typical of neurogenic inflammation have occurred in feline and human IC bladder. (grantome.com)
  • We used two models of neuronal hyperactivity [an epilepsy model induced by KA, and a model of traumatic brain injury (TBI)] and different models of inflammation (LPS, Poly I:C, IFN-α and IL-6). (frontiersin.org)
  • Although neurogenic inflammation has been observed and extensively studied in peripheral tissues, its role has been primarily investigated in the genesis and maintenance of migraine pain. (nih.gov)
  • Earlier studies showed that mast cell activation contributes to neurogenic inflammation and pain in sickle mice. (haematologica.org)
  • We show that cannabinoids mitigate mast cell activation, inflammation and neurogenic inflammation in sickle mice via both cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2. (haematologica.org)
  • 15 11 CB1R and CB2R activation on mast cells has been shown to inhibit degranulation and inflammation, respectively. (haematologica.org)
  • We used transgenic HbSS-BERK mice, hereafter referred to as sickle mice, which show features of pain and inflammation similar to patients with SCA, 20 5 4 and sickle mice with deletion of CB2R, to examine the contribution of each cannaboid receptor in mast cell activation, neurogenic inflammation, and pain. (haematologica.org)
  • The endogenous compounds that mediate inflammation (AUTACOIDS) and related exogenous compounds including the synthetic prostaglandins (PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC). (nih.gov)
  • found some success in treatment using denervation or pretreatment with capsaicin to prevent uncomfortable symptoms of neurogenic inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) was used to induce psychological stress and inflammation was produced using topical application of capsaicin cream to forearm skin. (virginia.edu)
  • The long term goal of the proposed research is to determine the role and mechanism of neurogenic inflammation in interstitial cystitis (IC). (grantome.com)
  • These results establish altered placental TRP conversion to 5-HT as a new mechanism by which maternal inflammation disrupts 5-HT-dependent neurogenic processes during fetal neurodevelopment. (jneurosci.org)
  • Factors such as chronic stress, diet, hormonal fluctuations, or events like cortical spreading depression can generate a state of "sterile inflammation" in the intracranial meninges resulting in the sensitization and activation of trigeminal meningeal nociceptors. (nih.gov)
  • leading to a "sterile neurogenic inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
  • These observations suggest that proteinase-activated receptor 2 contributes to nociceptive signaling and may provide a novel link between inflammation and pain. (utmb.edu)
  • Noting that botulinum toxin has been shown to have an effect on inhibiting neurogenic inflammation, and evidence suggesting the role of neurogenic inflammation in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, the University of Minnesota has a pilot clinical trial underway to follow up on the observation that patients treated with botulinum toxin for dystonia had dramatic improvement in psoriasis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inflammation of the spinal cord. (nih.gov)
  • discusses the mandatory role played by neurogenic inflammation in the development of a number of diseases. (sciencewatch.com)
  • Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation . (nih.gov)
  • INFLAMMATION of salivary tissue (SALIVARY GLANDS), usually due to INFECTION or injuries. (nih.gov)
  • Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. (nih.gov)
  • Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. (nih.gov)
  • Chronic pain, by contrast, is a maladaptive response of the nervous system to inflammation or injury. (nature.com)
  • Abstract: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited hematologic disorder accompanied by severe pain, inflammation and vascular injury. (nih.gov)
  • TRPA1 channels stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may also cause acute neurogenic inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sickle cell anemia is a manifestation of a single point mutation in hemoglobin, but inflammation and pain are the insignia of this disease which can start in infancy and continue throughout life. (haematologica.org)
  • Fundamentals of the integrative neuroscience-forward clinical framework will be presented for correcting pain & musculoskeletal injury presentations consistent with current guidelines for pain management, particularly to target neurogenic inflammation & neuropathic pain. (erchonia.com)
  • The urinary tract can only respond to an insult-no matter its cause-in limited ways, such as inflammation and pain, which result in the nonspecific signs listed above. (dvm360.com)
  • Bacterial cystitis leading to pain, inflammation, and LUTS is one cause to consider. (dvm360.com)
  • Remarkably, this leads to exposure of the fetal forebrain to increased concentrations of this biogenic amine and to specific alterations of crucially important 5-HT-dependent neurogenic processes. (jneurosci.org)
  • 2. CGRP-immunoreactive nerves in prurigo nodularis--an exploration of neurogenic inflammation. (nih.gov)
  • Define the physiology of neuroimmune characterize, cultivate, and manipulate stem pathways involved in inflammation. (nih.gov)
  • Understand the role of the microflora in mucosal host defense and inflammation. (nih.gov)
  • The data provide a new understanding of placental function playing a key role in fetal brain development and how this process is altered by adverse prenatal events such as maternal inflammation. (jneurosci.org)
  • Avoiding allergenic foods, particularly gluten-a protein found in wheat, barley, oats, and rye-can help reduce inflammation and a possible underlying autoimmune condition. (alternative-medicine-clinics.com)
  • These and other data suggest that deficient dietary magnesium intake, even at levels not uncommon in humans, may trigger neurogenic inflammation and lead to an increased risk of osteoporosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inflammation of the connective and adipose tissues surrounding the KIDNEY. (nih.gov)
  • The carotid body as a putative therapeutic target for the treatment of neurogenic hypertension. (uhbristol.nhs.uk)
  • We investigated the effects of maternal inflammation triggered in midpregnancy in mice by the immunostimulant polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] on TRP metabolism in the placenta and its impact on fetal neurodevelopment. (jneurosci.org)
  • NSCs are the first step in the neurogenic process and are a finite and, mostly, non-renewable resource, therefore any alteration of the intrinsic properties of NSCs will impact the total neurogenic output. (frontiersin.org)
  • Spherical agglomerated particles of smaller nominal tube dimension were linked to granulomatous inflammation while a mixture of smaller and larger dimensional CNT/F resulted in more severe alveolar injury. (cdc.gov)
  • We designed the present study to rigorously compare an 8-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) intervention to a well-matched active control intervention, the Health Enhancement Program (HEP) in ability to reduce psychological stress and experimentally-induced inflammation. (virginia.edu)
  • We also analyzed the response of other cell types in the neurogenic niche, focusing on astrocytes. (frontiersin.org)