A circumscribed stable malformation of the skin and occasionally of the oral mucosa, which is not due to external causes and therefore presumed to be of hereditary origin.
A macular lesion on the side of the FACE, involving the CONJUNCTIVA and EYELIDS, as well as the adjacent facial skin, SCLERA; OCULOMOTOR MUSCLES; and PERIOSTEUM. Histological features vary from those of a MONGOLIAN SPOT to those of a BLUE NEVUS.
A syndrome characterized by lesions occurring on the face, scalp, or neck which consist of congenital hypoplastic malformations of cutaneous structures and which over time undergo verrucous hyperplasia. Additionally it is associated with neurological symptoms and skeletal, ophthalmological, urogenital, and cardiovascular abnormalities.
Clinically atypical nevi (usually exceeding 5 mm in diameter and having variable pigmentation and ill defined borders) with an increased risk for development of non-familial cutaneous malignant melanoma. Biopsies show melanocytic dysplasia. Nevi are clinically and histologically identical to the precursor lesions for melanoma in the B-K mole syndrome. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A nevus in which nests of melanocytes are found in the dermis, but not at the epidermal-dermal junction. Benign pigmented nevi in adults are most commonly intradermal. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A benign compound nevus occurring most often in children before puberty, composed of spindle and epithelioid cells located mainly in the dermis, sometimes in association with large atypical cells and multinucleate cells, and having a close histopathological resemblance to malignant melanoma. The tumor presents as a smooth to slightly scaly, round to oval, raised, firm papule or nodule, ranging in color from pink-tan to purplish red, often with surface telangiectasia. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
A benign skin lesion characterized by a zone of depigmentation surrounding the nevus.
Hereditary disorder consisting of multiple basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts, and multiple skeletal defects, e.g., frontal and temporoparietal bossing, bifurcated and splayed ribs, kyphoscoliosis, fusion of vertebrae, and cervicothoracic spina bifida. Genetic transmission is autosomal dominant.
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)
Facial neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the facial region, which can be benign or malignant, originating from various cell types including epithelial, glandular, connective tissue, and neural crest cells.
The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).
A noninvasive technique that enables direct microscopic examination of the surface and architecture of the SKIN.
Tumors of the iris characterized by increased pigmentation of melanocytes. Iris nevi are composed of proliferated melanocytes and are associated with neurofibromatosis and malignant melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body. Malignant melanoma of the iris often originates from preexisting nevi.
A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.
Color of hair or fur.
Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).
Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.
Irradiation directly from the sun.
A heritable disorder of faulty keratinization characterized by the proliferation of abnormal clones of KERATINOCYTES and lesions showing varying atrophic patches surrounded by an elevated, keratotic border. These keratotic lesions can progress to overt cutaneous neoplasm. Several clinical variants are recognized, including porokeratosis of Mibelli, linear porokeratosis, disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis, palmoplantar porokeratosis, and punctate porokeratosis.
Coloration of the skin.
An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.
Tumors or cancer of the CONJUNCTIVA.
Simple sweat glands that secrete sweat directly onto the SKIN.
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)
Pigmentation disorders are conditions that affect the production or distribution of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye color, leading to changes in the color of these bodily features.
Neoplasms composed of sebaceous or sweat gland tissue or tissue of other skin appendages. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the sebaceous or sweat glands or in the other skin appendages.
Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.
A non-inherited congenital condition with vascular and neurological abnormalities. It is characterized by facial vascular nevi (PORT-WINE STAIN), and capillary angiomatosis of intracranial membranes (MENINGES; CHOROID). Neurological features include EPILEPSY; cognitive deficits; GLAUCOMA; and visual defects.
Color of the iris.
General disorders of the sclera or white of the eye. They may include anatomic, embryologic, degenerative, or pigmentation defects.
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)
Hamartoneoplastic malformation syndrome of uncertain etiology characterized by partial GIGANTISM of the hands and/or feet, asymmetry of the limbs, plantar hyperplasia, hemangiomas (HEMANGIOMA), lipomas (LIPOMA), lymphangiomas (LYMPHANGIOMA), epidermal NEVI; MACROCEPHALY; cranial HYPEROSTOSIS, and long-bone overgrowth. Joseph Merrick, the so-called "elephant man", apparently suffered from Proteus syndrome and not NEUROFIBROMATOSIS, a disorder with similar characteristics.
A characteristic symptom complex.
A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption.
'Skin diseases' is a broad term for various conditions affecting the skin, including inflammatory disorders, infections, benign and malignant tumors, congenital abnormalities, and degenerative diseases, which can cause symptoms such as rashes, discoloration, eruptions, lesions, itching, or pain.
A form of pigmented nevus showing intense melanocytic activity around the dermo-epidermal junction. Large numbers of spindle-shaped melanocytes proliferate downward toward the dermis and usually a large amount of pigment is present. It was first described in 1976 and the bulk of patients reported have been young females with the lesions presenting on the thighs. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, 1992, p185)
Diseases, dysfunctions, or disorders of or located in the iris.
A cellular subtype of malignant melanoma. It is a pigmented lesion composed of melanocytes occurring on sun-exposed skin, usually the face and neck. The melanocytes are commonly multinucleated with a "starburst" appearance. It is considered by many to be the in situ phase of lentigo maligna melanoma.
Tumors or cancer of the EYE.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Colorado" is a place, specifically a state in the United States, and does not have a medical definition. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help with those!
A bluish-gray to gray-brown benign, melanocytic nevus found usually in the LUMBOSACRAL REGION of dark-skinned people, especially those of East Asian ancestry. It is usually congenital or appears shortly after birth, and disappears in childhood.
An autosomal dominant disorder that is manifested by thickened spongiform ORAL MUCOSA with a white opalescent tint. Other MUCOSAL TISSUE may also be involved mucosa found in the VAGINA; RECTUM, and NASAL CAVITY may be similarly involved. This form of LEUKOKERATOSIS can be caused by a mutation in the gene for KERATIN 4 and is not considered a PRENEOPLASTIC CONDITION.

Benign atypical junctional melanocytic hyperplasia associated with intradermal nevi: a common finding that may be confused with melanoma in situ. (1/7)

Over the past few years, consultation cases thought to represent melanoma in situ have been received that consisted of otherwise normal intradermal nevi with an abnormal but benign junctional proliferation of melanocytes that we have termed benign atypical junctional melanocytic hyperplasia. In order to evaluate the incidence of this feature, 400 cases of intradermal nevi were reviewed. Of these, 25 (6.2%) qualified for inclusion, making this a rather common phenomenon. Clinically, patient ages ranged from 18 to 64 years (mean, 35 years), with a male to female ratio of 1:1. Face (40%) and back (32%) were the most common locations. Histologically, the lesions were predominantly dome-shaped with an intradermal component consisting of conventional nevus cells. Most importantly, each lesion exhibited prominent individual nevomelanocytic cells dispersed at uneven intervals along the dermoepidermal junction in insufficient numbers to be considered compound nevi. The cells exhibited abundant pale to clear cytoplasm, an increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, and often exhibited prominent nucleoli. However, these lesions could be distinguished from melanoma in situ by the lack of several features including lateral spread, upward epidermal migration, marked cytologic atypia, finely granular "smoky" melanin pigment, mitotic figures, and a subjacent host inflammatory response. All cases behaved in a benign fashion. Although benign atypical junctional melanocytic hyperplasia is a relatively common histological curiosity, it is a potential pitfall in the diagnosis of pigmented lesions.  (+info)

Intradermal melanocytic nevus of the external auditory canal. (2/7)

Intradermal nevi are common benign pigmented skin tumors. Their occurrence within the external auditory canal is uncommon. The clinical and pathologic features of an intradermal nevus arising within the external auditory canal are presented, and the literature reviewed.  (+info)

Letter: Cerebriform intradermal nevus presenting as secondary cutis verticis gyrata. (3/7)

Cutis verticis gyrata is a rare skin condition characterized by ridges and furrows resembling the surface of the brain. It can be considered as a manifestation of a variety of diverse causes such as cerebriform intradermal nevus. We report a 48-year-old man with cerebriform and soft folds on the left parietal and temporal areas. Histology showed solitary or clusters of nevus cells in the dermis. The diagnosis of cerebriform intradermal nevus was confirmed.  (+info)

Porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus. (4/7)

 (+info)

Freestyle-like V-Y flaps of the eyebrow: a new outlook and indication of an historical technique. (5/7)

 (+info)

Use of histopathology services by general practitioners: recent changes in referral practice. (6/7)

AIMS: To determine the nature and magnitude of the histopathological workload generated by specimens received from general practitioners and to assess the trends in referral practice. METHODS: All material submitted by general practitioners to the Leicester district histopathology service from 1989 to January 1993 was identified from departmental records. All GP referrals from October to December 1992 were also analysed. Total numbers of referrals from all sources were used for comparison. Specimens were also analysed according to diagnostic categories. RESULTS: There has been a progressive rise, both in the absolute number and the proportion of specimens relative to other surgical specimens submitted by GPs. Most are skin biopsy specimens. There were clear changes over the study period in the relative proportion of different types of lesions received, with a substantial increase in samples of benign naevi and papillomas. There was some evidence of a corresponding decrease in the number of these lesions submitted by hospital practitioners. The number of malignant skin tumours from GPs was small and the proportion had not increased over the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Histopathological workload generated by GPs is increasing but it still represents a small proportion of the total. The major increase is in benign skin lesions.  (+info)

Melanoma-associated expression of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms. (7/7)

Melanocytic neoplasia is characterized by the aberrant overproduction of multiple cytokines in vitro. However, it is largely unknown how cytokine expression relates to melanoma progression in vivo. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a multifunctional cytokine commonly produced by cultured melanoma cells. The in situ expression of all three TGF-beta isoforms (TGF-beta1, -2, and -3) was determined immunohistochemically in melanocytes and in 51 melanocytic lesions using isoform-specific antibodies. Significant linear trends of expression were observed from melanocytes through nevi and primary and metastatic melanomas for all three isoforms. TGF-beta1 was expressed by some melanocytes and almost uniformly by nevi and melanomas. TGF-beta2 and -3 were not expressed in normal melanocytes but were expressed in nevi and early and advanced primary (radial and vertical growth phase) and metastatic melanomas in a tumor-progression-related manner. TGF-beta2 was heterogeneously expressed in advanced primary and metastatic melanomas, whereas TGF-beta3 was uniformly and highly expressed in these lesions. Thus, expression of TGF-beta isoforms in melanocytes and melanocytic lesions is heterogeneous and related to tumor progression, and expression of TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta3 commences at critical junctures during progression of nevi to primary melanomas.  (+info)

A nevus, also known as a mole, is a benign growth or mark on the skin that is usually brown or black. It can be raised or flat and can appear anywhere on the body. Nevi are made up of cells called melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin. Most nevi develop in childhood or adolescence, but they can also appear later in life. Some people have many nevi, while others have few or none.

There are several types of nevi, including:

* Common nevi: These are the most common type of mole and are usually small, round, and brown or black. They can be flat or raised and can appear anywhere on the body.
* Atypical nevi: These moles are larger than common nevi and have irregular borders and color. They may be flat or raised and can appear anywhere on the body, but are most commonly found on the trunk and extremities. Atypical nevi are more likely to develop into melanoma, a type of skin cancer, than common nevi.
* Congenital nevi: These moles are present at birth and can vary in size from small to large. They are more likely to develop into melanoma than moles that develop later in life.
* Spitz nevi: These are rare, benign growths that typically appear in children and adolescents. They are usually pink or red and dome-shaped.

It is important to monitor nevi for changes in size, shape, color, and texture, as these can be signs of melanoma. If you notice any changes in a mole, or if you have a new mole that is unusual or bleeding, it is important to see a healthcare provider for further evaluation.

A Nevus of Ota, also known as an oculodermal melanocytosis, is a benign birthmark characterized by the presence of darkly pigmented (melanin-containing) cells called melanocytes in the skin and mucous membranes around the eye. These pigmented cells can also extend to the sclera (the white part of the eye), dura mater (the outer covering of the brain), and leptomeninges (the middle layer of the meninges, which cover the brain and spinal cord).

The Nevus of Ota typically presents as a unilateral (occurring on one side) bluish-gray or brown patch that follows the distribution of the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve. It usually affects the eye, forehead, temple, and cheek, but it can also involve other areas of the face, scalp, and neck.

While Nevi of Ota are generally harmless, they may be associated with an increased risk of developing melanoma (a type of skin cancer) in the affected area. Therefore, regular monitoring and evaluation by a healthcare professional is recommended.

A nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn is a type of congenital benign skin tumor or birthmark that is composed of epidermal, hair follicle, and sebaceous gland components. It typically appears as a yellowish, greasy, or warty plaque on the scalp or face during infancy or early childhood. The lesion tends to enlarge slowly and may undergo various changes in appearance over time.

In adolescence or adulthood, there is a risk of secondary tumor development within the nevus sebaceous, such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or sebaceous carcinoma. Therefore, regular monitoring and possible surgical removal of the lesion may be recommended, especially in cases where the nevus is large, symptomatic, or shows signs of malignant transformation.

Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, also known as atypical mole syndrome, is a condition characterized by the presence of numerous dysplastic nevi (abnormal moles) that may appear irregular in shape, color, and size. These moles are typically larger than normal moles (greater than 5 mm in diameter) and have an asymmetrical shape, uneven borders, and varied colors.

Individuals with Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome have a higher risk of developing melanoma, a type of skin cancer that can be life-threatening if not detected and treated early. The syndrome is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene from an affected parent.

It's important to note that having dysplastic nevi does not necessarily mean that a person will develop melanoma, but it does increase their risk. Regular skin examinations by a dermatologist and self-examinations are recommended for early detection of any changes in moles or the development of new suspicious lesions.

An intradermal nevus, also known as an intradermal naevus or compound nevus, is a type of benign pigmented skin lesion that originates from melanocytes, which are the pigment-producing cells in the skin. It develops when melanocytes grow and multiply in the dermis, the middle layer of the skin.

Intradermal nevi are typically small, round or oval, raised bumps that range in color from flesh-colored to brown or black. They can appear anywhere on the body, but they are most commonly found on the trunk and extremities. These nevi usually develop during childhood or adolescence and may continue to grow slowly over time.

Intradermal nevi are generally harmless and do not require treatment unless they become symptomatic (e.g., itchy, painful, or bleed) or change in appearance, which could indicate a potential malignant transformation into melanoma. In such cases, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the appropriate course of action.

It is essential to monitor any changes in existing nevi and consult a healthcare professional if there are concerns about new or changing lesions. Regular skin examinations can help detect early signs of skin cancer and improve treatment outcomes.

A nevus is a general term for a benign growth or mole on the skin. There are many different types of nevi, including epithelioid and spindle cell nevi.

Epithelioid cell: A type of cell that is typically found in certain types of nevi, as well as in some malignant tumors such as melanoma. Epithelioid cells are large, round cells with a pale, clear cytoplasm and centrally located nuclei.

Spindle cell: A type of cell that is often found in certain types of nevi, including Spitz nevi and deep penetrating nevi. Spindle cells are elongated, thin cells with cigar-shaped nuclei. They can also be found in some malignant tumors such as melanoma.

Epithelioid and spindle cell nevus: A type of nevus that contains both epithelioid and spindle cells. These nevi are typically benign, but they can sometimes be difficult to distinguish from melanoma, especially if they have atypical features. Therefore, it is important for these types of nevi to be evaluated by a dermatopathologist or a specialist in skin pathology.

Skin neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the skin that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They result from uncontrolled multiplication of skin cells, which can form various types of lesions. These growths may appear as lumps, bumps, sores, patches, or discolored areas on the skin.

Benign skin neoplasms include conditions such as moles, warts, and seborrheic keratoses, while malignant skin neoplasms are primarily classified into melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. These three types of cancerous skin growths are collectively known as non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer, while NMSCs tend to be less invasive but more common.

It's essential to monitor any changes in existing skin lesions or the appearance of new growths and consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment if needed.

A "Halo Nevus" (also known as Sutton nevus or leukoderma acquisitum centrifugum) is a type of melanocytic nevus (mole) that is surrounded by a depigmented halo, typically measured to be 0.5-1 cm wide. The central nevus can be either a common acquired melanocytic nevus or a Spitz nevus.

The depigmentation occurs due to the destruction of melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) in the skin surrounding the nevus, which is thought to be an immune-mediated response. The halo nevus is considered a benign condition and usually appears in children and young adults. While most halo nevi are harmless, it's essential to monitor them for any changes that may indicate melanoma or other skin cancers. If you notice any changes in the size, shape, color, or border of a halo nevus, consult with a dermatologist or healthcare professional.

Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (BCNS), also known as Gorlin-Goltz Syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder that is characterized by the development of multiple basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), which are skin cancer tumors that arise from the basal cells in the outermost layer of the skin.

The syndrome is caused by mutations in the PTCH1 gene, which regulates the hedgehog signaling pathway involved in embryonic development and tissue growth regulation. The condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene from an affected parent.

Individuals with BCNS typically develop hundreds to thousands of BCCs over their lifetime, often beginning in childhood or adolescence. They may also have other benign and malignant tumors, such as medulloblastomas (brain tumors), fibromas, and rhabdomyosarcomas.

Additional features of BCNS can include:

1. Facial abnormalities, such as a broad nasal bridge, widely spaced eyes, and pits or depressions on the palms and soles.
2. Skeletal abnormalities, such as spine deformities, rib anomalies, and jaw cysts.
3. Developmental delays and intellectual disabilities in some cases.
4. Increased risk of other cancers, including breast, ovarian, and lung cancer.

Early detection and management of BCCs and other tumors are crucial for individuals with BCNS to prevent complications and improve their quality of life. Regular dermatological examinations, sun protection measures, and surgical removal of tumors are common treatment approaches.

Melanoma is defined as a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes. It typically occurs in the skin but can rarely occur in other parts of the body, including the eyes and internal organs. Melanoma is characterized by the uncontrolled growth and multiplication of melanocytes, which can form malignant tumors that invade and destroy surrounding tissue.

Melanoma is often caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, but it can also occur in areas of the body not exposed to the sun. It is more likely to develop in people with fair skin, light hair, and blue or green eyes, but it can affect anyone, regardless of their skin type.

Melanoma can be treated effectively if detected early, but if left untreated, it can spread to other parts of the body and become life-threatening. Treatment options for melanoma include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the stage and location of the cancer. Regular skin examinations and self-checks are recommended to detect any changes or abnormalities in moles or other pigmented lesions that may indicate melanoma.

Facial neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the tissues of the face. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Facial neoplasms can occur in any of the facial structures, including the skin, muscles, bones, nerves, and glands.

Benign facial neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. Examples include papillomas, hemangiomas, and neurofibromas. While these tumors are usually harmless, they can cause cosmetic concerns or interfere with normal facial function.

Malignant facial neoplasms, on the other hand, can be aggressive and invasive. They can spread to other parts of the face, as well as to distant sites in the body. Common types of malignant facial neoplasms include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.

Treatment for facial neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you notice any unusual growths or changes in the skin or tissues of your face.

The scalp is the anatomical region located at the upper part of the human head, covering the skull except for the face and the ears. It is made up of several layers: the skin, the connective tissue, the galea aponeurotica (a strong, flat, tendinous sheet), loose areolar tissue, and the periosteum (the highly vascularized innermost layer that attaches directly to the skull bones). The scalp has a rich blood supply and is home to numerous sensory receptors, including those for touch, pain, and temperature. It also contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.

Dermoscopy, also known as dermatoscopy or epiluminescence microscopy, is a non-invasive diagnostic technique used in dermatology to evaluate skin lesions, such as moles and pigmented skin tumors. This method involves the use of a handheld device called a dermoscope, which consists of a magnifying lens, a light source, and a transparent plate or immersion fluid that allows for better visualization of the skin's surface structures.

Dermoscopy enables dermatologists to examine the pigmented patterns, vascular structures, and other morphological features hidden beneath the skin's surface that are not visible to the naked eye. By observing these details, dermatologists can improve their ability to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions, leading to more accurate diagnoses and appropriate treatment decisions.

The primary uses of dermoscopy include:

1. Early detection and diagnosis of melanoma and other skin cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
2. Monitoring the evolution of suspicious moles or lesions over time.
3. Assisting in the identification of various benign skin growths, like seborrheic keratoses, dermatofibromas, and nevi (moles).
4. Improving the diagnostic accuracy for infectious skin conditions, inflammatory processes, and other dermatological disorders.

Overall, dermoscopy is a valuable tool in the field of dermatology that enhances the clinician's ability to diagnose and manage various skin conditions accurately and effectively.

Iris neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the iris, which is the colored part of the eye. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign iris neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant iris neoplasms, on the other hand, can grow quickly and may spread to other parts of the eye or nearby structures, such as the ciliary body or choroid.

Iris neoplasms can cause various symptoms, including changes in the appearance of the eye, such as a visible mass or discoloration, pain, redness, light sensitivity, blurred vision, or changes in the size or shape of the pupil. The diagnosis of iris neoplasms typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including a visual acuity test, refraction, slit-lamp examination, and sometimes imaging tests such as ultrasound or optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Treatment options for iris neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and severity of the tumor. Small, benign iris neoplasms may not require treatment and can be monitored over time. Larger or malignant iris neoplasms may require surgical removal, radiation therapy, or other treatments to prevent complications or spread to other parts of the eye or body. It is essential to seek medical attention promptly if you experience any symptoms of iris neoplasms or notice any changes in your vision or the appearance of your eyes.

A hamartoma is a benign tumor-like growth that is composed of an unusual mixture of cells and tissues that are normally found in the affected area. These growths can occur anywhere in the body, but they are most commonly found in the skin, lungs, and brain. Hamartomas are typically slow growing and do not spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). They are usually harmless, but in some cases, they may cause symptoms or complications depending on their size and location. In general, hamartomas do not require treatment unless they are causing problems.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "hair color" is not a term that has a medical definition in the same way that a term like "myocardial infarction" (heart attack) does. Hair color can be described in various ways, such as being a natural hair color (like blonde, brunette, red, or black) or describing a change in hair color due to factors like aging (gray or white hairs) or hair dye usage.

However, it's worth noting that changes in hair color can sometimes be associated with certain medical conditions. For example, premature graying of the hair before the age of 30 can be a feature of certain genetic disorders or vitamin B12 deficiency. Similarly, some skin conditions like alopecia areata or vitiligo can cause patchy changes in hair color. But these associations don't provide a medical definition for 'hair color'.

A lentigo is a small, sharply defined, pigmented macule (flat spot) on the skin. It's usually tan, brown, or black and can appear on various parts of the body, particularly where the skin has been exposed to the sun. Lentigos are typically harmless and don't require treatment unless they're uncomfortable or for cosmetic reasons. However, some types of lentigines, such as lentigo maligna, can progress into melanoma, a type of skin cancer, so regular self-examinations and professional skin checks are important.

It is essential to differentiate between simple lentigos and lentigo maligna, which is a precancerous lesion. Lentigo maligna tends to occur in older individuals, often on the face, and can appear as a large, irregularly shaped, and darkly pigmented patch. A dermatologist should evaluate any suspicious or changing skin spots for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Choroid neoplasms are abnormal growths that develop in the choroid, a layer of blood vessels that lies between the retina and the sclera (the white of the eye). These growths can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Benign choroid neoplasms include choroidal hemangiomas and choroidal osteomas. Malignant choroid neoplasms are typically choroidal melanomas, which are the most common primary eye tumors in adults. Other types of malignant choroid neoplasms include metastatic tumors that have spread to the eye from other parts of the body. Symptoms of choroid neoplasms can vary depending on the size and location of the growth, but may include blurred vision, floaters, or a dark spot in the visual field. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and personal preferences.

Hyperpigmentation is a medical term that refers to the darkening of skin areas due to an increase in melanin, the pigment that provides color to our skin. This condition can affect people of all races and ethnicities, but it's more noticeable in those with lighter skin tones.

Hyperpigmentation can be caused by various factors, including excessive sun exposure, hormonal changes (such as during pregnancy), inflammation, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions like Addison's disease or hemochromatosis. It can also result from skin injuries, such as cuts, burns, or acne, which leave dark spots known as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.

There are several types of hyperpigmentation, including:

1. Melasma: This is a common form of hyperpigmentation that typically appears as symmetrical, blotchy patches on the face, particularly the forehead, cheeks, and upper lip. It's often triggered by hormonal changes, such as those experienced during pregnancy or while taking birth control pills.
2. Solar lentigos (age spots or liver spots): These are small, darkened areas of skin that appear due to prolonged sun exposure over time. They typically occur on the face, hands, arms, and decolletage.
3. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation: This type of hyperpigmentation occurs when an injury or inflammation heals, leaving behind a darkened area of skin. It's more common in people with darker skin tones.

Treatment for hyperpigmentation depends on the underlying cause and may include topical creams, chemical peels, laser therapy, or microdermabrasion. Preventing further sun damage is crucial to managing hyperpigmentation, so wearing sunscreen with a high SPF and protective clothing is recommended.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "sunlight" is not a term with a specific medical definition. However, sunlight does have various implications in the field of medicine. It is the light that comes from the sun, which is a star at the center of our solar system. Sunlight is essential for the production of vitamin D in humans, and it can also have effects on mood and sleep patterns due to its influence on circadian rhythms.

In a medical context, sunlight is often discussed in relation to its potential health benefits and risks. For instance, moderate sun exposure can help increase vitamin D levels, which are important for bone health, immune function, and other bodily processes. However, excessive sun exposure can lead to harmful effects, such as sunburn, premature skin aging, and an increased risk of skin cancer.

It's essential to balance the benefits and risks of sunlight exposure by practicing safe sun habits, such as wearing protective clothing, using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, seeking shade during peak sunlight hours, and avoiding intentional tanning.

Porokeratosis is a skin condition characterized by the development of benign, progressive, and persistent papules or plaques with a ridge-like border called "cornoid lamella." These lesions can appear anywhere on the body but are most commonly found on sun-exposed areas. The condition results from abnormal keratinization and can be inherited or acquired. There are several types of porokeratosis, including porokeratosis of Mibelli, disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis, punctate porokeratosis, linear porokeratosis, and porokeratosis palmaris et plantaris disseminata. The exact cause is unknown, but genetic mutations, ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure, immunosuppression, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection have been implicated in its development. Treatment options include topical therapies, cryotherapy, laser surgery, and photodynamic therapy.

Skin pigmentation is the coloration of the skin that is primarily determined by two types of melanin pigments, eumelanin and pheomelanin. These pigments are produced by melanocytes, which are specialized cells located in the epidermis. Eumelanin is responsible for brown or black coloration, while pheomelanin produces a red or yellow hue.

The amount and distribution of melanin in the skin can vary depending on genetic factors, age, sun exposure, and various other influences. Increased production of melanin in response to UV radiation from the sun helps protect the skin from damage, leading to darkening or tanning of the skin. However, excessive sun exposure can also cause irregular pigmentation, such as sunspots or freckles.

Abnormalities in skin pigmentation can result from various medical conditions, including albinism (lack of melanin production), vitiligo (loss of melanocytes leading to white patches), and melasma (excessive pigmentation often caused by hormonal changes). These conditions may require medical treatment to manage or improve the pigmentation issues.

Sunburn is a cutaneous condition characterized by redness, pain, and sometimes swelling of the skin caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or other sources such as tanning beds. The skin may also blister and peel in severe cases. Sunburn is essentially a burn to the skin that can have both immediate and long-term consequences, including increased aging of the skin and an increased risk of skin cancer. It is important to protect the skin from excessive sun exposure by using sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and seeking shade during peak sunlight hours.

Conjunctival neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop on the conjunctiva, which is the thin, clear mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer surface of the eye. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign conjunctival neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. They may include lesions such as conjunctival cysts, papillomas, or naevi (moles). These growths can usually be removed through simple surgical procedures with a good prognosis.

Malignant conjunctival neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and have the potential to invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The most common type of malignant conjunctival neoplasm is squamous cell carcinoma, which arises from the epithelial cells that line the surface of the conjunctiva. Other less common types include melanoma, lymphoma, and adenocarcinoma.

Malignant conjunctival neoplasms typically require more extensive treatment, such as surgical excision, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. The prognosis for malignant conjunctival neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis, as well as the patient's overall health and age. Early detection and prompt treatment are key to improving outcomes in patients with these conditions.

Eccrine glands are the most numerous type of sweat glands in the human body, found in virtually all skin locations. They play a crucial role in thermoregulation by producing a watery sweat that cools the body when it evaporates on the skin surface. These glands are distributed over the entire body, with a higher concentration on the soles of the feet, palms of the hands, and forehead.

Structurally, eccrine glands consist of two main parts: the coiled secretory portion located in the dermis and the straight duct that extends through the dermis and epidermis to reach the skin surface. The secretory portion is lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium, while the duct is lined with a simple squamous or low cuboidal epithelium.

Eccrine glands are stimulated to produce sweat by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, particularly through the release of acetylcholine at the neuro-glandular junction. The sweat produced is primarily water with small amounts of electrolytes, such as sodium, chloride, and potassium. This composition helps maintain the body's electrolyte balance while facilitating heat loss during physical exertion or in hot environments.

A hemangioma is a benign (noncancerous) vascular tumor or growth that originates from blood vessels. It is characterized by an overgrowth of endothelial cells, which line the interior surface of blood vessels. Hemangiomas can occur in various parts of the body, but they are most commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes.

Hemangiomas can be classified into two main types:

1. Capillary hemangioma (also known as strawberry hemangioma): This type is more common and typically appears during the first few weeks of life. It grows rapidly for several months before gradually involuting (or shrinking) on its own, usually within the first 5 years of life. Capillary hemangiomas can be superficial, appearing as a bright red, raised lesion on the skin, or deep, forming a bluish, compressible mass beneath the skin.

2. Cavernous hemangioma: This type is less common and typically appears during infancy or early childhood. It consists of large, dilated blood vessels and can occur in various organs, including the skin, liver, brain, and gastrointestinal tract. Cavernous hemangiomas on the skin appear as a rubbery, bluish mass that does not typically involute like capillary hemangiomas.

Most hemangiomas do not require treatment, especially if they are small and not causing any significant problems. However, in cases where hemangiomas interfere with vital functions, impair vision or hearing, or become infected, various treatments may be considered, such as medication (e.g., corticosteroids, propranolol), laser therapy, surgical excision, or embolization.

Pigmentation disorders are conditions that affect the production or distribution of melanin, the pigment responsible for the color of skin, hair, and eyes. These disorders can cause changes in the color of the skin, resulting in areas that are darker (hyperpigmentation) or lighter (hypopigmentation) than normal. Examples of pigmentation disorders include melasma, age spots, albinism, and vitiligo. The causes, symptoms, and treatments for these conditions can vary widely, so it is important to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

Neoplasms, adnexal and skin appendage refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the sweat glands, hair follicles, or other structures associated with the skin. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can occur anywhere on the body.

Adnexal neoplasms are tumors that arise from the sweat glands or hair follicles, including the sebaceous glands, eccrine glands, and apocrine glands. These tumors can range in size and severity, and they may cause symptoms such as pain, itching, or changes in the appearance of the skin.

Skin appendage neoplasms are similar to adnexal neoplasms, but they specifically refer to tumors that arise from structures such as hair follicles, nails, and sweat glands. Examples of skin appendage neoplasms include pilomatricomas (tumors of the hair follicle), trichilemmomas (tumors of the outer root sheath of the hair follicle), and sebaceous adenomas (tumors of the sebaceous glands).

It is important to note that while many adnexal and skin appendage neoplasms are benign, some can be malignant and may require aggressive treatment. If you notice any unusual growths or changes in your skin, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation and care.

Multiple primary neoplasms refer to the occurrence of more than one primary malignant tumor in an individual, where each tumor is unrelated to the other and originates from separate cells or organs. This differs from metastatic cancer, where a single malignancy spreads to multiple sites in the body. Multiple primary neoplasms can be synchronous (occurring at the same time) or metachronous (occurring at different times). The risk of developing multiple primary neoplasms increases with age and is associated with certain genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption.

Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare neurocutaneous disorder characterized by the combination of a facial port-wine birthmark and neurological abnormalities. The facial birthmark, which is typically located on one side of the face, occurs due to the malformation of small blood vessels (capillaries) in the skin and eye.

Neurological features often include seizures that begin in infancy, muscle weakness or paralysis on one side of the body (hemiparesis), developmental delay, and intellectual disability. These neurological symptoms are caused by abnormal blood vessel formation in the brain (leptomeningeal angiomatosis) leading to increased pressure, reduced blood flow, and potential damage to the brain tissue.

Sturge-Weber syndrome can also affect the eyes, with glaucoma being a common occurrence due to increased pressure within the eye. Early diagnosis and appropriate management of this condition are crucial for improving the quality of life and reducing potential complications.

Eye color is a characteristic determined by variations in a person's genes. The color of the eyes depends on the amount and type of pigment called melanin found in the eye's iris.

There are three main types of eye colors: brown, blue, and green. Brown eyes have the most melanin, while blue eyes have the least. Green eyes have a moderate amount of melanin combined with a golden tint that reflects light to give them their unique color.

Eye color is a polygenic trait, which means it is influenced by multiple genes. The two main genes responsible for eye color are OCA2 and HERC2, both located on chromosome 15. These genes control the production, transport, and storage of melanin in the iris.

It's important to note that eye color can change during infancy and early childhood due to the development of melanin in the iris. Additionally, some medications or medical conditions may also cause changes in eye color over time.

Scleral diseases refer to conditions that affect the sclera, which is the tough, white outer coating of the eye. The sclera helps to maintain the shape of the eye and provides protection for the internal structures. Scleral diseases can cause inflammation, degeneration, or thinning of the sclera, leading to potential vision loss or other complications. Some examples of scleral diseases include:

1. Scleritis: an inflammatory condition that causes pain, redness, and sensitivity in the affected area of the sclera. It can be associated with autoimmune disorders, infections, or trauma.
2. Episcleritis: a less severe form of inflammation that affects only the episclera, a thin layer of tissue overlying the sclera. Symptoms include redness and mild discomfort but typically no pain.
3. Pinguecula: a yellowish, raised deposit of protein and fat that forms on the conjunctiva, the clear membrane covering the sclera. While not a disease itself, a pinguecula can cause irritation or discomfort and may progress to a more severe condition called a pterygium.
4. Pterygium: a fleshy growth that extends from the conjunctiva onto the cornea, potentially obstructing vision. It is often associated with prolonged sun exposure and can be removed surgically if it becomes problematic.
5. Scleral thinning or melting: a rare but serious condition where the sclera degenerates or liquefies, leading to potential perforation of the eye. This can occur due to autoimmune disorders, infections, or as a complication of certain surgical procedures.
6. Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (OHS): a condition caused by the Histoplasma capsulatum fungus, which can lead to scarring and vision loss if it involves the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision.

It is essential to consult an ophthalmologist or eye care professional if you experience any symptoms related to scleral diseases to receive proper diagnosis and treatment.

Carcinoma, basal cell is a type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, which are located in the lower part of the epidermis (the outermost layer of the skin). It is also known as basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and is the most common form of skin cancer.

BCC typically appears as a small, shiny, pearly bump or nodule on the skin, often in sun-exposed areas such as the face, ears, neck, hands, and arms. It may also appear as a scar-like area that is white, yellow, or waxy. BCCs are usually slow growing and rarely spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. However, they can be locally invasive and destroy surrounding tissue if left untreated.

The exact cause of BCC is not known, but it is thought to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. People with fair skin, light hair, and blue or green eyes are at increased risk of developing BCC.

Treatment for BCC typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, along with a margin of healthy tissue. Other treatment options may include radiation therapy, topical chemotherapy, or photodynamic therapy. Prevention measures include protecting your skin from UV radiation by wearing protective clothing, using sunscreen, and avoiding tanning beds.

Proteus Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by progressive overgrowth of skin, bones, muscles, and other tissues. It is caused by a mutation in the AKT1 gene, which regulates cell growth and division. The disorder is named after the Greek sea-god Proteus, who could change his shape at will, as people with this condition often have highly variable and asymmetric features.

The symptoms of Proteus Syndrome can vary widely from person to person, but may include:

1. Overgrowth of skin, which can lead to the formation of thickened, rough, or irregular areas of skin (known as "cerebriform" skin) and deep creases or folds.
2. Asymmetric overgrowth of bones, muscles, and other tissues, leading to differences in size and shape between the two sides of the body.
3. The formation of benign tumors (such as lipomas and lymphangiomas) and abnormal blood vessels.
4. Abnormalities of the brain, eyes, and other organs.
5. Increased risk of developing certain types of cancer.

Proteus Syndrome is typically diagnosed based on a combination of clinical features, medical imaging, and genetic testing. There is no cure for the disorder, but treatment is focused on managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may involve surgery to remove tumors or correct bone deformities, physical therapy to improve mobility and strength, and medications to control pain and other symptoms.

A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.

For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.

Keratoacanthoma is a rapidly growing, dome-shaped, skin tumor that typically arises on sun-exposed areas such as the face, arms, and legs. It is considered a low-grade squamous cell carcinoma (a type of skin cancer) because it shares some characteristics with both benign and malignant tumors.

Keratoacanthomas usually develop over a period of several weeks to months, growing rapidly in size before eventually stabilizing and then gradually regressing on their own within a few months to a year. However, the regression process can take years, and some lesions may not regress completely, leading to cosmetic concerns or even local invasion.

Histologically, keratoacanthomas are characterized by a central keratin-filled crater surrounded by a well-differentiated layer of squamous epithelial cells. The tumor's growth pattern and histological features can make it difficult to distinguish from other types of skin cancer, such as squamous cell carcinoma.

Treatment options for keratoacanthomas include surgical excision, cryosurgery, curettage and electrodesiccation, and topical therapies like imiquimod or 5-fluorouracil. The choice of treatment depends on various factors such as the size, location, and number of lesions, as well as patient preferences and overall health status.

Skin diseases, also known as dermatological conditions, refer to any medical condition that affects the skin, which is the largest organ of the human body. These diseases can affect the skin's function, appearance, or overall health. They can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, allergies, environmental factors, and aging.

Skin diseases can present in many different forms, such as rashes, blisters, sores, discolorations, growths, or changes in texture. Some common examples of skin diseases include acne, eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, fungal infections, viral infections, bacterial infections, and skin cancer.

The symptoms and severity of skin diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and individual factors. Some skin diseases are mild and can be treated with over-the-counter medications or topical creams, while others may require more intensive treatments such as prescription medications, light therapy, or even surgery.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual or persistent changes in your skin, as some skin diseases can be serious or indicative of other underlying health conditions. A dermatologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.

A "Spindle Cell Nevus" is a type of melanocytic nevus (mole), which is a benign growth that occurs from the uncontrolled multiplication of melanocytes (pigment-producing cells). In a spindle cell nevus, the melanocytes are elongated and take on a spindle shape. This type of nevus is not common and typically appears as a solitary, brown or skin-colored papule or nodule. Spindle cell nevi can be found anywhere on the body but are most commonly located on the scalp and face. They usually occur in adults and are generally considered to have a low malignant potential, although there is a small risk of transformation into a malignant melanoma. It's important to monitor any changes in size, color, or shape of a spindle cell nevus and to have it evaluated by a healthcare professional if there are any concerns.

Iris diseases refer to a variety of conditions that affect the iris, which is the colored part of the eye that regulates the amount of light reaching the retina by adjusting the size of the pupil. Some common iris diseases include:

1. Iritis: This is an inflammation of the iris and the adjacent tissues in the eye. It can cause pain, redness, photophobia (sensitivity to light), and blurred vision.
2. Aniridia: A congenital condition characterized by the absence or underdevelopment of the iris. This can lead to decreased visual acuity, sensitivity to light, and an increased risk of glaucoma.
3. Iris cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the iris. They are usually benign but can cause vision problems if they grow too large or interfere with the function of the eye.
4. Iris melanoma: A rare type of eye cancer that develops in the pigmented cells of the iris. It can cause symptoms such as blurred vision, floaters, and changes in the appearance of the iris.
5. Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome (ICE): A group of rare eye conditions that affect the cornea and the iris. They are characterized by the growth of abnormal tissue on the back surface of the cornea and can lead to vision loss.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of iris diseases, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and preserve your vision.

Hutchinson's melanotic freckle, also known as Hutchinson's melanotic macule or naevus, is a type of pigmented lesion that can be a precursor to malignant melanoma, a serious form of skin cancer. It is typically characterized by the presence of darkly pigmented, irregularly shaped patches on the skin, often found on the face or neck.

The lesions are usually brown or black in color and may have an uneven border or surface. They can vary in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. Hutchinson's melanotic freckles are typically larger, darker, and more irregularly shaped than common freckles.

These lesions are named after Sir Jonathan Hutchinson, an English surgeon and pathologist who first described them in the late 19th century. It is important to note that while Hutchinson's melanotic freckles can be a sign of increased risk for developing melanoma, not all such lesions will become cancerous. However, any changes in size, shape, or color of these lesions should be evaluated by a healthcare professional as soon as possible.

Eye neoplasms, also known as ocular tumors or eye cancer, refer to abnormal growths of tissue in the eye. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Eye neoplasms can develop in various parts of the eye, including the eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea, iris, ciliary body, choroid, retina, and optic nerve.

Benign eye neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as vision changes, eye pain, or a noticeable mass in the eye. Treatment options for benign eye neoplasms include monitoring, surgical removal, or radiation therapy.

Malignant eye neoplasms, on the other hand, can grow and spread rapidly to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as vision changes, eye pain, floaters, or flashes of light. Treatment options for malignant eye neoplasms depend on the type and stage of cancer but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.

It is important to note that early detection and treatment of eye neoplasms can improve outcomes and prevent complications. Regular eye exams with an ophthalmologist are recommended for early detection and prevention of eye diseases, including eye neoplasms.

I believe you are looking for a medical condition or term related to the state of Colorado, but there is no specific medical definition for "Colorado." However, Colorado is known for its high altitude and lower oxygen levels, which can sometimes affect visitors who are not acclimated to the elevation. This can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and headaches, a condition sometimes referred to as "altitude sickness" or "mountain sickness." But again, this is not a medical definition for Colorado itself.

A Mongolian spot is not a medical condition, but rather a benign and common birthmark that appears as a flat, blue-gray or greenish-black patch on the skin. It is most frequently found on newborns and infants of Asian, Native American, African, and Hispanic descent, although it can be found in people of any race.

Mongolian spots are caused by the collection of melanocytes (the cells that produce pigment) in the dermis, which become trapped in the skin during fetal development. They typically appear at birth or within the first few weeks of life and can vary in size, shape, and color.

While Mongolian spots may resemble bruises, they are not painful or harmful to the child's health. In most cases, these spots fade on their own over time, often disappearing completely by the time the child reaches school age. However, in some cases, they may persist into adulthood.

It is important to note that while Mongolian spots are common and harmless, any new or changing skin lesions should be evaluated by a healthcare provider to ensure they are not indicative of a more serious condition.

Hereditary mucosal leukokeratosis is a rare genetic condition characterized by the abnormal growth of white, thickened, and slightly raised lesions or plaques on the mucous membranes. These lesions are primarily composed of keratin, a protein found in the outer layer of the skin, and consist of leukoplakia (white patches) and/or keratosis (thickening of the skin).

The condition typically affects mucous membranes in various parts of the body, such as the mouth, nose, throat, larynx, esophagus, genitals, and anus. The onset usually occurs during infancy or early childhood, and it can cause discomfort, pain, and difficulty with speaking, swallowing, or breathing, depending on the location of the lesions.

Hereditary mucosal leukokeratosis is caused by mutations in the MUC5B gene, which provides instructions for producing a specific type of mucin, a glycoprotein that helps maintain the moistness and integrity of mucous membranes. Inheritance follows an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that only one copy of the altered gene is sufficient to cause the condition.

Management of hereditary mucosal leukokeratosis often involves regular monitoring and removal of the lesions through various methods such as surgical excision, laser therapy, or chemical cauterization. The prognosis for individuals with this condition varies, but many will experience recurring lesions throughout their lives.

Intradermal nevi can appear like blue nevi. Eye: Ocular manifestations are frequent in patients with ochronosis; most commonly ...
The main differential diagnoses are acrochordon, seborrheic keratosis, intradermal melanocytic nevi, neurofibromas, verrucae ... Nevus lipomatosus (cutaneous) superficialis (NLS or NLCS, also known as "Nevus lipomatosis of Hoffman and Zurhelle") is ... A pedunculated lipofibroma is a solitary variant of nevus lipomatosus superficialis. It usually appears in adult life, and ...
... does not react well against intradermal nevi, normal adult melanocytes, spindle cell melanomas and desmoplastic ... The antibody also reacts positively against junctional nevus cells and fetal melanocytes. Despite this relatively high ...
The antibody also reacts positively against junctional nevus cells but not intradermal nevi, and against fetal melanocytes but ... persons with multiple atypical nevi or dysplastic nevi and persons born with giant congenital melanocytic nevi are at increased ... Desmoplastic melanoma Melanoma with small nevus-like cells Melanoma with features of a Spitz nevus Uveal melanoma Vaginal ... Some melanocytic nevi, and melanoma-in-situ (lentigo maligna) have resolved with an experimental treatment, imiquimod (Aldara) ...
... are flesh-colored solitary lesions, resembling an intradermal nevus, which may suddenly grow larger and ...
... junctional nevi), intradermal nevi in the dermis only, and those found in both the dermis and epidermis (compound nevi). This ... A benign melanocytic nevus (also known as "Banal nevus," "Common acquired melanocytic nevus," "Mole," "Nevocellular nevus," and ... However, a melanocytic nevus is benign, and melanoma is malignant. Nearly two-thirds of melanocytic nevi never evolve into a ... or later in life as an acquired nevus. Should the nevi appear in toddler- or school-aged children, they are more likely to ...
... epidermis Intradermal: dermis Compound: epidermis and dermis Atypical (dysplastic) nevus: This type of nevus must be diagnosed ... Pigmented spindle cell nevus Spitz nevus Zosteriform lentiginous nevus Congenital melanocytic nevus These nevi are often ... Basal cell nevus syndrome Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome Dysplastic nevus syndrome Epidermal nevus syndrome Linear nevus ... Becker's nevus Blue nevus (rarely congenital): A classic blue nevus is usually smaller than 1 cm, flat, and blue-black in color ...
... see IDS Intradermal nevus, a type of skin mole I Don't Know (disambiguation) - sometimes abbreviated as "IDN" This ...
... comedo nevus) Nevus comedonicus syndrome Nevus sebaceous (nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn, organoid nevus) Nevus unius lateris ... Intradermal spindle cell lipoma Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (Masson's hemangio-endotheliome vegetant ... Benign melanocytic nevus (banal nevus, common acquired melanocytic nevus, mole, nevocellular nevus, nevocytic nevus) Blue nevus ... atypical nevus, B-K mole, Clark's nevus, dysplastic melanocytic nevus, nevus with architectural disorder) Dysplastic nevus ...
... dysplastic nevi - dysplastic nevus - dyspnea E7070 - E7389 - EBV - ecchymosis - echocardiography - ecteinascidin 743 - ... intradermal - intraductal carcinoma - intraepithelial - intrahepatic - intrahepatic bile ducts - intrahepatic infusion - ... basal cell nevus syndrome - basophil - batimastat - BAY 12-9566 - BAY 43-9006 - BAY 56-3722 - BAY 59-8862 - BB-10901 - BBBD - ... familial dysplastic nevi - familial polyposis - Family history (medicine) - FAMMM syndrome - Fanconi anemia - Fanconi syndrome ...
M8750/0 Intradermal nevus Dermal nevus M8760/0 compound nevus Dermal and epidermal nevus M8761/0 Small congenital nevus M8761/1 ... nevus M8770/0 Epithelioid and spindle cell nevus Juvenile nevus Juvenile melanoma Spitz nevus Pigmented spindle cell nevus of ... M8730/0 Nonpigmented nevus Achromic nevus M8740/0 Junctional nevus, NOS Intraepidermal nevus M8740/3 Malignant melanoma in ... type B M8780/0 Blue nevus, NOS Jadassohn blue nevus M8780/3 blue nevus, malignant M8790/0 Cellular blue nevus M8800/0 Soft ...
In a small proportion of cases, basal-cell carcinoma also develops as a result of basal-cell nevus syndrome, or Gorlin Syndrome ... other variants can be very difficult to distinguish from benign lesions such as intradermal naevus, sebaceomas, fibrous papules ... Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts, Histopathology, Carcinoma, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate, Dermal and ...
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... nevus MeSH C04.557.665.560.260 - dysplastic nevus syndrome MeSH C04.557.665.560.590 - nevus, intradermal MeSH C04.557.665.560. ... nevus, blue MeSH C04.557.665.560.615.585 - nevus of ota MeSH C04.557.665.560.615.625 - nevus, spindle cell MeSH C04.557.665.560 ... basal cell nevus syndrome MeSH C04.182.089.530.690.310 - dentigerous cyst MeSH C04.182.089.530.690.605 - odontogenic cyst, ... 585 - nevus, epithelioid and spindle cell MeSH C04.557.695.065 - ameloblastoma MeSH C04.557.695.210 - cementoma MeSH C04.557. ...
The tumours commonly appear with an asymptomatic "slow-growing, painless, solid subcutaneous or intradermal nodules with a ... Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts). ...
Giant cerebriform intradermal melanocytic nevus February 10, 2021 *Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia developing on the… July 29, ... Mahakrishnan A, Pandian P I. Cereberiform Intradermal Nevus. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 1981;47:279-280. ... A 35-year-old woman with cereberiform nevus on the right cheek is reported for its rarity and its occurrence in an uncommon ...
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Spitz nevus is named after Dr. Sophie Spitz, who in 1948 reported a case series of ... Most desmoplastic Spitz nevi are intradermal or predominantly intradermal. Pigmented spindle cell nevus (Reed nevus) is ... Intradermal Spitz nevus. Intradermal Spitz nevi often lack distinctive epidermal changes but often display a fibrotic/ ... Pigmented spindle cell nevus (Reed nevus). Pigmented spindle cell nevus (Reed nevus) is either a junctional or a superficial ...
Intradermal nevi can appear like blue nevi. Eye: Ocular manifestations are frequent in patients with ochronosis; most commonly ...
Intradermal nevi. These are flesh-colored, dome-shaped lesions that form on the skin. ... Compound nevi. These raised atypical moles feature a uniform pigmentation.. You should also see a doctor for any new skin ... Junctional melanocytic nevi. Located on the face, arms, legs, and trunk, these moles appear as flat freckles or light spots on ... There are three main types of moles, also called nevi. Do you know which types you have? Get to know more about moles and why ...
Mao Zedong and Intradermal Melanocytic Nevus ?. dimanche, avril 5th, 2015 Mao Zedong (1893-1976, 毛泽东) also commonly known as ...
Intradermal Nevus. Intradermal nevus presenting as a skin-colored raised nodule on the scalp. ... Halo Nevus. This photo shows a halo nevus surrounded by a ring of depigmented skin next to a nevus without a halo. ... Blue Nevus. This photo shows a blue nevus composed of dark pigmented cells (melanocytes). ... Junctional Nevi. Junctional nevi are well-demarcated evenly pigmented brown macules and patches. ...
Intradermal nevi and compound nevi can be removed by excision, shave or laser. Excisions and shave removals require local ...
4 lesions out of 79 (5.0%) were junctional Spitz nevi (JSN), 57 (72.2%) were compound (CSN) and 8 (10.1%) were intradermal SN ( ... "Atypical" Spit`z nevus, "malignant" Spit`s nevus, and "metastasizing" Spitz`s nevus: a critique in historical respective of ... Spitz nevus prevalence among removed nevi in 8-year period is 0.6%.In our series 68.4% of patients were younger than 20 years ... Most SN nevi were excised in compound stage (72.2%) that may be explained by growth kinetics of this sort of nevi [7]. ...
Does not cross-react with normal melanocytes, intradermal nevus cells or other neoplasms including sarcomas, carcinomas and ... Recognizes a human melanoma-specific antigen present in melanocytic cells and junctional nevi. ...
Intradermal nevi and normal resting adult melanocytes are negative. Strong staining in metastatic malignant melanoma in small ... Negative staining in the overlying epidermis, but positive staining of blue nevus. ...
Fibroblastic connective tissue nevus (FCTN) represents a rare and distinct benign cutaneous mesenchy ... All tumors were composed of a proliferation of bland intradermal fibroblastic/myofibroblastic cells with indistinct palely ... Fibroblastic Connective Tissue Nevus. A Rare Cutaneous Lesion Analyzed in a Series of 25 Cases. de Feraudy, Sébastien MD, PhD ... Fibroblastic Connective Tissue Nevus: A Rare Cutaneous Lesion Analyzed in a Series of 25 Cases : The American Journal of ...
63 53 00 Nevus, eyelid (benign) (compound) (dermal) (intradermal) (margin) (pigmented) (strawberry) 63 53 00 Papilloma, eyelid ... 99 53 00 Nevus, site not specified (benign) 99 53 00 Tumor, eye, site not specified, benign 99 55 00 Meningioma, sphenoid ridge ... 63 99 00 Nevus, eyelid, spider 63 99 00 Poliosis, eyelashes 63 99 00 Retraction, eyelid 63 99 00 Skin tag, eyelid 63 99 00 ... 71 53 00 Nevus, iris (benign) 71 53 00 Tumor, iris, benign. Excludes: Neurofibroma 71 54 00 Neurofibroma, iris 71 56 00 Tumor, ...
Intradermal Nevus. Intradermal nevus presenting as a skin-colored raised nodule on the scalp. ... Halo Nevus. This photo shows a halo nevus surrounded by a ring of depigmented skin next to a nevus without a halo. ... Blue Nevus. This photo shows a blue nevus composed of dark pigmented cells (melanocytes). ... Junctional Nevi. Junctional nevi are well-demarcated evenly pigmented brown macules and patches. ...
Level 3: Intradermal nevi. are first and foremost defined by their clinical morphology as either raised dome shaped lesions or ... The homogeneous tan to pink nevus is a common pattern seen in nevi in individuals with type I-II skin. However, this pattern ... However, in a young individual with multiple atypical nevi, a degree of network atypia in a nevus might be tolerated, ... intradermal nevi (IDN), basal cell carcinomas (BCC), squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), lentigines & seborrheic keratoses (SK), ...
intradermal nevus DOID:2424 * sweat gland cancer DOID:2095 * large cell acanthoma ...
Intradermal nevus 11 / 50. A 60 year old has got severe bulla and target lesion Which erythema around halo and genital lesions ...
Intradermal nevus (morphologic abnormality). Code System Preferred Concept Name. Intradermal nevus (morphologic abnormality). ...
... profile, educations, publications, research, recent ... Nevus, Intradermal * Skin Neoplasms Identity. Digital Object Identifier (DOI) * 10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.12.031 ... Deep penetrating nevus is a cutaneous pigmented lesion first reported by Seab et al. in 1989. The skin of the face and neck ... Despite this prevalence in the head and neck region, deep penetrating nevus has not previously been discussed in journals ...
Intradermal nevus.. *Pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis and other pleomorphic tumours - for ...
intradermal nevus DOID:2424 * malignant giant cell tumor of soft parts DOID:5638 ...
Pedunculated intradermal nevus. R Lavanya, S K Sridevi, P Viswanathan, C Stalin Raja, T Achyutha Krishnan. Subject: Pathology ...
The prototypical benign melanocytic nevus is the common acquired nevus, which typically appears within the first 6 months of ... The term benign melanocytic nevus refers to a heterogeneous group of nonmalignant melanocytic nevi manifesting either as ... In compound nevi, there is a combination of nests at the DE junction and within the dermis. Finally, in intradermal nevi, the ... Multinucleate nevus cells, "ancient change," in an intradermal melanocytic nevus. View Media Gallery ...
Patch-large congenital nevus, dermal melanosis. (Figure 110-2). *. Papule-acne, intradermal nevus. (Figure 110-3) ...
Intradermal nevus (morphologic abnormality) Code System Concept Status. Published. Code System Preferred Concept Name. ...
A suspected dermal (or intradermal nevus) generally presents as a dark skin focality. ... Non-dysplastic dermal nevus. Low-grade dysplastic dermal nevus. High-grade dysplastic dermal nevus. Suspected invasive melanoma ... Blue nevus: Where the pigment is deeper in the skin than in ordinary nevi. ... Junctional nevus (here seen in H&E stain and Melan A stain), where all nests are continuous with the epidermis. ...
IDN = Intradermal Nevus (lesion). *IDN = International Data Network. *IDN = Interdigital Nerve. IDN , Examples. *To tell the ...
... junctional Spitz nevi) or within the dermis (intradermal). They are symmetrical, well-circumscribed and wedge-shaped, and are ... Combined melanocytic nevi, comprising a Spitz nevus component in conjunction with another nevus type [usually acquired nevi] ... in contrast to the hyperplasia seen in Spitz nevi). If the melanoma arose in a pre-existing Spitz nevus, remnants of the nevus ... The spitz nevus: review and update.. Lyon VB et al. 16858148. 2006. Spitz nevus versus spitzoid melanoma: diagnostic ...
Desmoplastic trichoepithelioma and intradermal nevus: a combined malformation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:489-92. ... such as compound nevi and fibrous and vascular tumors, has been frequently reported [3]. Furthermore, documented cases of their ...
  • Spitz nevus may still be regarded as a clinically and histologically distinct variant of melanocytic nevus composed of spindled and/or epithelioid melanocytes (in the configuration of a benign tumor). (medscape.com)
  • The term benign melanocytic nevus refers to a heterogeneous group of nonmalignant melanocytic nevi manifesting either as pigmented or nonpigmented cutaneous lesions. (medscape.com)
  • The prototypical benign melanocytic nevus is the common acquired nevus, which typically appears within the first 6 months of life, reaches maximal size and number in young adulthood, then disappears with advancing age. (medscape.com)
  • In 1893, Paul Gerson Unna, a German dermatologist, presented the concept of Abtropfung , in which melanocytic nevus cells develop in the epidermis, then "drop off" into the dermis over time. (medscape.com)
  • It is now established that melanocytic nevus precursor cells are derived from neural crest tissue and migrate to and populate the developing epidermis of the embryo. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] Assuming that all precursors reach their final destination, the epidermis would represent the only postnatal source of melanocytic nevus cells, thus supporting the concept of Abtropfung . (medscape.com)
  • On histology, six patients were affected from basal cell carcinomas, one from squamous cell carcinoma, and one from congenital intradermal melanocytic nevus. (unipa.it)
  • Spitzoid nevi with epithelioid melanocytes and immunohistochemical loss of BAP1 expression (so-called BAPoma or Wiesner nevus) define a distinct form of tumor that in some cases may be associated with a heritable melanoma syndrome characterized by increased risk for ocular melanoma. (medscape.com)
  • Moles are flesh- to brown-colored macules, papules, or nodules composed of nests of melanocytes or nevus cells. (merckmanuals.com)
  • This photo shows a blue nevus composed of dark pigmented cells (melanocytes). (merckmanuals.com)
  • Does not cross-react with normal melanocytes, intradermal nevus cells or other neoplasms including sarcomas, carcinomas and glial tumors. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • Intradermal nevi and normal resting adult melanocytes are negative. (sakuraus.com)
  • [ 10 ] Such alterations in genetic makeup and the cytokine milieu cause impairment of cellular signaling between keratinocytes and melanocytes, which presumably leads to the formation of melanocytic nevi. (medscape.com)
  • Nevus results from benign proliferation of the melanocytes. (jbclinpharm.org)
  • Moreover, it reacts positively against junctional nevus cells but not intradermal nevi, and against fetal melanocytes but not normal adult melanocytes. (scytek.com)
  • Lazova et al performed exome sequencing of 77 melanocytic specimens composed of Spitz nevi (n=29), spitzoid melanomas (n=27), and benign melanocytic nevi (n=21), and they compared the results with published melanoma sequencing data. (medscape.com)
  • The data showed significantly lower somatic mutation burden in Spitz nevi and conventional nevi, relative to their malignant counterparts. (medscape.com)
  • Spitz Nevus still represents a challenge for dermato-pathologists in distinguishing it from malignant melanoma, particularly in adults. (ispub.com)
  • Such lesions may be a type of melanocytic neoplasm distinct from conventional melanocytic nevi and malignant melanoma [13]. (ispub.com)
  • Malignant tumors often have scalloped margins with asymmetric shapes, whereas benign lesions, such as syringomas, epidermal cysts, and intradermal nevi, typically have smooth, discrete borders with a symmetric shape. (touchophthalmology.com)
  • Since the first description of spindle cell nevus by Sophie Spitz in 1948, numerous papers have been published on this controversial lesion. (ispub.com)
  • Fibroblastic connective tissue nevus (FCTN) represents a rare and distinct benign cutaneous mesenchymal lesion of fibroblastic/myofibroblastic lineage, which broadens the spectrum of lesions presently recognized as connective tissue nevus. (lww.com)
  • Needless to say, the individual dermoscopic structures present in a lesion, within each diagnostic category (nevus, DF, BCC, etc), need to be placed within the context of the other features within the lesion. (dermoscopedia.org)
  • Deep penetrating nevus is a cutaneous pigmented lesion first reported by Seab et al. (tamu.edu)
  • Synonyms include Spitz's nevus, Spitz tumor, and spindle and epithelioid cell nevus. (medscape.com)
  • Pigmented spindle cell nevus (Reed nevus) is regarded by most authorities as a clinically and histologically distinct variant of Spitz nevus. (medscape.com)
  • 2004). Less common are histologic variants such as desmoplastic/sclerosing, angiomatoid, myxoid and plexiform Spitz nevi (Lyon, 2010), and pigmented spindle cell nevus (Ferrara et al. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • Pigmented spindle cell nevus from right thigh of 11 year old female, 7mm in diameter. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • [ 1 , 2 ] Nearly all of Spitz's original series of 13 cases are now regarded as representing Spitz nevi, only one case having proved to be a melanoma resulting in metastasis and death. (medscape.com)
  • These terms are potentially confusing as Spitz nevus is benign, but as these synonyms imply, the differential diagnosis of Spitz nevus and spitzoid melanoma can be among the most challenging in dermatopathology. (medscape.com)
  • Studies from families with multiple melanomas and atypical nevi (familial atypical multiple mole-melanoma [FAMMM] syndrome, also known a sB-K mole syndrome) have identified germline mutations of the p16 gene ( CDKN2A ) on chromosome 9p21, which encodes a negative regulator of cell growth. (medscape.com)
  • Sequential digital dermoscopy documentation can also be used for short- and long-term follow-up of patients with multiple atypical nevi for the detection of melanoma and to reduce the number of unnecessary excisions. (medscape.com)
  • Junctional nevi are well-demarcated evenly pigmented brown macules and patches. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Recognizes a human melanoma-specific antigen present in melanocytic cells and junctional nevi. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • This is a typical mole, sometimes referred to as junctional nevi. (buoyhealth.com)
  • [ 2 ] This hypothesis detailed the sequential development of junctional, compound, and finally purely dermal melanocytic nevi. (medscape.com)
  • A suspected dermal (or intra dermal nevus) generally presents as a dark skin focality . (patholines.org)
  • A dermal nevus infrequently shows multinucleated giant cells as shown. (patholines.org)
  • SOX10 showing dermal nevus nests. (patholines.org)
  • Non-dysplastic dermal nevus on the ear with minor epidermal atypia, which on this location does not indicate dysplasia. (patholines.org)
  • Diagnosis of dermal nevus. (patholines.org)
  • Patch-large congenital nevus, dermal melanosis. (mhmedical.com)
  • Spitz nevi usually involve both the epidermis and dermis (i.e. compound Spitz nevi), although occasionally they may be located entirely at the epidermal-dermal junction (junctional Spitz nevi) or within the dermis (intradermal). (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • In cosmetic surgery, it can be adopted to incisions for Blepharoplasty, skin tags and ingrown nails, compound Nevus and intra dermal Nevus etc. (diode-laserhairremovalmachine.com)
  • Spitz nevus is named after Dr. Sophie Spitz, who in 1948 reported a case series of "melanomas of childhood. (medscape.com)
  • Despite its benign nature, Spitz nevus has also been described under the headings of "juvenile melanoma," "benign juvenile melanoma," and "prepubertal melanoma. (medscape.com)
  • Elucidation of many of the molecular genetic underpinnings of Spitz nevi over the past several years have revealed a variety of mutations that support a biologic spectrum of Spitz tumors ranging from Spitz nevi to spitzoid melanoma, with an intermediate group designated "atypical Spitz tumors" (AST) representing tumors partly transformed towards potential melanoma and reflected by ambiguous, intermediate, or indeterminate histopathologic appearances and intermediate malignant potential. (medscape.com)
  • The spectrum of Spitz nevi includes junctional, compound (most common), and intradermal variants. (medscape.com)
  • Most desmoplastic Spitz nevi are intradermal or predominantly intradermal. (medscape.com)
  • Spitz nevus has been characterized as relatively uncommon: it is estimated to account for only about 1% of surgically removed nevi. (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 ] Spitz nevus affects males and females, and the majority arise before the age 20 years. (medscape.com)
  • See Spitz Nevus and Melanocytic Nevi for more information. (medscape.com)
  • Spitz nevus usually represents a solitary, acquired nevus. (medscape.com)
  • Rare congenital Spitz nevi have been documented. (medscape.com)
  • There is evidence that cell proliferation in Spitz nevi, as in other types of nevi and in melanoma, is primarily mediated by activating mutations affecting genes in the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK-MAP kinase pathway. (medscape.com)
  • A minority of Spitz nevi (approximately 15%) exhibit HRAS mutations, reflected by an isolated gain of chromosome 11p as a characteristic DNA copy number alteration. (medscape.com)
  • HRAS -positive Spitz nevi exhibit increased immunohistochemical expression of p16 and cyclinD1. (medscape.com)
  • [ 9 ] HRAS mutations have also been identified in a minority of deep penetrating nevi (DPN), suggesting that DPN are more closely related to Spitz nevi than blue nevi. (medscape.com)
  • With the exception of activating HRAS variants, they found few additional mutations in Spitz nevi, and few copy number changes other than 11p amplification and chromosome 9 deletions. (medscape.com)
  • Spitz nevi (as well as as atypical Spitz tumors and spitzoid melanomas) frequently harbor kinase fusions (ROS1, NTRK1, ALK, BRAF, RET, MET) in mutually exclusive pattern. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical and pathologic features of Spitz nevus: the experience of 79 cases. (ispub.com)
  • Spitz Nevus misdiagnosis may lead to serious consequences including malpractice claims.Objectives. (ispub.com)
  • The goal of the study is review of clinico-pathological characteristics of Spitz Nevi.Methods. (ispub.com)
  • In present study we reviewed a series of 79 consecutive patients with histologically proved Spitz Nevi between the years 1996-2004. (ispub.com)
  • Spitz nevus prevalence among removed nevi in 8-year period is 0.6%.In our series 68.4% of patients were younger than 20 years old, equally distributed according to gender. (ispub.com)
  • Spitz nevi were predominantly excised in compound phase in respect to their subtype.Conclusions. (ispub.com)
  • We did not revealed any unique clinical features distinguishing Spitz nevus from other melanocytic nevi. (ispub.com)
  • In the present study we evaluated a series of melanocytic lesions histologically diagnosed as Spitz nevus in an 8-year period. (ispub.com)
  • 79 Spitz nevi were excised between the years 1996-2004 out of 12,714 melanocytic nevi removed at the same period. (ispub.com)
  • Spitz nevi show characteristic cytologic and architectural features, described below. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • Spitz nevus on the right cheek of a young girl. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • Combined melanocytic nevi, comprising a Spitz nevus component in conjunction with another nevus type [usually acquired nevi] are not uncommon (Scolyer et al. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • Compound Spitz nevus from right calf of 24 year old male. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • Desmoplastic/sclerosing Spitz nevus from right thigh of 30 year old male. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • The transformation rate of moles (melanocytic nevi) into cutaneous melanoma: A population-based estimate. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Fibroblastic Connective Tissue Nevus: A Rare Cutaneous Lesio. (lww.com)
  • A compound nevus is a well-demarcated brown papule. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Compound nevus , with nevus cells in both dermis and epidermis. (patholines.org)
  • All tumors were composed of a proliferation of bland intradermal fibroblastic/myofibroblastic cells with indistinct palely eosinophilic cytoplasm and tapering nuclei, with no significant cytologic atypia or pleomorphism, arranged in short-intersecting fascicles and entrapping appendages. (lww.com)
  • Negative staining in the overlying epidermis, but positive staining of blue nevus. (sakuraus.com)
  • Junctional nevus (here seen in H&E stain and Melan A stain), where all nests are continuous with the epidermis. (patholines.org)
  • Blue nevi are benign moles that appear as bluish gray macules or thin papules. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Moles or Melanocytic nevi are small often slightly raised blemishes on the skin which are quite dark due to high concentration of melanin in them. (auraskininstitute.com)
  • Moles are graded as epidermal, junctional/mixed and intradermal nevi, depending upon their level of origin and depth. (auraskininstitute.com)
  • Moles can be epidermal, junctional or mixed intradermal nevi, depending upon the level and depth of their origin on your skin. (auraskininstitute.com)
  • Common acquired nevi are composed of nevomelanocytic nests and are classified according the histologic location of the nests (eg, junctional, compound, or intradermal). (medscape.com)
  • Despite this prevalence in the head and neck region, deep penetrating nevus has not previously been discussed in journals emphasizing oral and maxillofacial pathology. (tamu.edu)
  • The purpose of this case report is to present this rare entity to the oral pathology community, emphasizing its common presenting histologic features of a combined nevus. (tamu.edu)
  • Characteristically, these are small nevi with even pigmentation and smooth borders, commonly found on sun-exposed sites. (medscape.com)
  • One side of the coin requires the observer to make a specific diagnosis by recognizing the classic patterns/structures associated with nevi, dermatofibromas (DF), intradermal nevi (IDN), basal cell carcinomas (BCC), squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), lentigines & seborrheic keratoses (SK), angiomas, angiokeratomas, sebaceous hyperplasias, and clear cell acanthoma (CCA). (dermoscopedia.org)
  • Intradermal nevus presenting as a skin-colored raised nodule on the scalp. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Rather, somatic mutations of BRAF ( V600E ) on chromosome 7q34 have been detected in the majority of these nevi. (medscape.com)
  • Almost 75% of all cases were diagnosed as pigmented nevi and rest (16%) as different benign lesions, 59 lesions (74.7%) were expected to be different sort of nevi and the rest (13 - 16.4%) were referred to the operating room following diagnoses of: hemangioma - 3, dermatofibroma - 2, pyogenic granuloma - 2, keratosis - 1, papilloma - 1, vaeruca - 1, undefined diagnosis - 3. (ispub.com)
  • Granulomatous inflammation associated with nevus is an unusual presentation. (jbclinpharm.org)
  • Microscopically, it was diagnosed as Intradermal nevus with granulomatous inflammation and giant cell reaction. (jbclinpharm.org)
  • Nevus cells may be eventually replaced with fat or fibrous tissue. (merckmanuals.com)
  • There are cells under the skin called 'nevus cells' that exist in bunches. (buoyhealth.com)
  • Nevus cells are one of the cell types that can produce melanin in the skin. (buoyhealth.com)
  • Deep penetrating nevus of cheek skin. (tamu.edu)
  • Intradermal nevi can appear like blue nevi. (wikipedia.org)
  • While black and blue globules can on occasion be seen in congenital nevi, their presence should raise suspicion for melanoma. (dermoscopedia.org)
  • [ 11 ] In contrast, germline mutations have not been found in subjects with common acquired nevi. (medscape.com)
  • However, the link is hampered by the fact that BRAF mutations have been detected in congenital nevi and nevi from sun-protected sites. (medscape.com)
  • This photo shows a halo nevus surrounded by a ring of depigmented skin next to a nevus without a halo. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The skin of the face and neck region is one of the most common sites for deep penetrating nevus. (tamu.edu)
  • Where the pigment is deeper in the skin than in ordinary nevi. (patholines.org)