The most well known avian paramyxovirus in the genus AVULAVIRUS and the cause of a highly infectious pneumoencephalitis in fowl. It is also reported to cause CONJUNCTIVITIS in humans. Transmission is by droplet inhalation or ingestion of contaminated water or food.
An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.
Glycoprotein from Sendai, para-influenza, Newcastle Disease, and other viruses that participates in binding the virus to cell-surface receptors. The HN protein possesses both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activity.
Proteins, usually glycoproteins, found in the viral envelopes of a variety of viruses. They promote cell membrane fusion and thereby may function in the uptake of the virus by cells.
Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.
The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.
An order of flightless birds comprising the ostriches, which naturally inhabit open, low rainfall areas of Africa.
A phenomenon manifested by an agent or substance adhering to or being adsorbed on the surface of a red blood cell, as tuberculin can be adsorbed on red blood cells under certain conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)
Agglutination of ERYTHROCYTES by a virus.
A family of spherical viruses, of the order MONONEGAVIRALES, somewhat larger than the orthomyxoviruses, and containing single-stranded RNA. Subfamilies include PARAMYXOVIRINAE and PNEUMOVIRINAE.
A dilated cavity extended caudally from the hindgut. In adult birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes but few mammals, cloaca is a common chamber into which the digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts discharge their contents. In most mammals, cloaca gives rise to LARGE INTESTINE; URINARY BLADDER; and GENITALIA.
Specific hemagglutinin subtypes encoded by VIRUSES.
Domesticated birds raised for food. It typically includes CHICKENS; TURKEYS, DUCKS; GEESE; and others.
A species of RESPIROVIRUS also called hemadsorption virus 2 (HA2), which causes laryngotracheitis in humans, especially children.
A genus in the subfamily PARAMYXOVIRINAE, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE, causing disease in domestic fowl. There are many species, the most well-known being avian paramyxovirus 1 (NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS).
Agents that promote the production and release of interferons. They include mitogens, lipopolysaccharides, and the synthetic polymers Poly A-U and Poly I-C. Viruses, bacteria, and protozoa have been also known to induce interferons.
Serological tests that measure anti-hemadsorption agents such as antiviral ANTIBODIES that block VIRAL HEMAGGLUNININS from adhering to the surface of red blood cells.
The use of techniques that produce a functional MUTATION or an effect on GENE EXPRESSION of a specific gene of interest in order to identify the role or activity of the gene product of that gene.
A cultured line of C3H mouse FIBROBLASTS that do not adhere to one another and do not express CADHERINS.
Infections with viruses of the genus AVULAVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes NEWCASTLE DISEASE and other infections of domestic fowl.
Proteins found in any species of virus.
Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "geese" is a common name for certain species of waterfowl and doesn't have a medical definition. It is not related to medical terminology or healthcare.
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.
Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.
Diseases of birds not considered poultry, therefore usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild. The concept is differentiated from POULTRY DISEASES which is for birds raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption, and usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc.
Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
Warm-blooded VERTEBRATES possessing FEATHERS and belonging to the class Aves.
A subfamily of PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. Genera include RUBULAVIRUS; RESPIROVIRUS; MORBILLIVIRUS; HENIPAVIRUS; and AVULAVIRUS.
Visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. It includes shutdown of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. It excludes malignant transformation, which is CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL. Viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses.
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.
The type species of VESICULOVIRUS causing a disease symptomatically similar to FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE in cattle, horses, and pigs. It may be transmitted to other species including humans, where it causes influenza-like symptoms.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A genus of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE (subfamily PARAMYXOVIRINAE) where all the virions have both HEMAGGLUTININ and NEURAMINIDASE activities and encode a non-structural C protein. SENDAI VIRUS is the type species.
Use of attenuated VIRUSES as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to selectively kill CANCER cells.
The adherence and merging of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artificial membranes to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes.
Tumor-selective, replication competent VIRUSES that have antineoplastic effects. This is achieved by producing cytotoxicity-enhancing proteins and/or eliciting an antitumor immune response. They are genetically engineered so that they can replicate in CANCER cells but not in normal cells, and are used in ONCOLYTIC VIROTHERAPY.
A poxvirus infection of poultry and other birds characterized by the formation of wart-like nodules on the skin and diphtheritic necrotic masses (cankers) in the upper digestive and respiratory tracts.
An order of large, long-necked, long-legged, flightless birds, found in South America. Known as rheas, they are sometimes called American ostriches, though they are in a separate order from true OSTRICHES.
A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.
A republic in western Africa, lying between GHANA on its west and BENIN on its east. Its capital is Lome.
Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
The type species of RUBULAVIRUS that causes an acute infectious disease in humans, affecting mainly children. Transmission occurs by droplet infection.
Interferon inducer consisting of a synthetic, mismatched double-stranded RNA. The polymer is made of one strand each of polyinosinic acid and polycytidylic acid.
Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus.
Family in the order COLUMBIFORMES, comprised of pigeons or doves. They are BIRDS with short legs, stout bodies, small heads, and slender bills. Some sources call the smaller species doves and the larger pigeons, but the names are interchangeable.
"Ducks" is not a recognized medical term or condition in human health; it may refer to various anatomical structures in animals, such as the ducks of the heart valves, but it does not have a standalone medical definition.
A species of CORONAVIRUS causing infections in chickens and possibly pheasants. Chicks up to four weeks old are the most severely affected.

Amino acid substitutions in a conserved region in the stalk of the Newcastle disease virus HN glycoprotein spike impair its neuraminidase activity in the globular domain. (1/222)

The ectodomain of the paramyxovirus haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein spike can be divided into two regions: a membrane-proximal, stalk-like structure and a terminal globular domain. The latter contains all the antibody recognition sites of the protein, as well as its receptor recognition and neuraminidase (NA) active sites. These two activities of the protein can be separated by monoclonal antibody functional inhibition studies and mutations in the globular domain. Herein, we show that mutation of several conserved residues in the stalk of the Newcastle disease virus HN protein markedly decrease its NA activity without a significant effect on receptor recognition. Thus, mutations in the stalk, distant from the NA active site in the globular domain, can also separate attachment and NA. These results add to an increasing body of evidence that the NA activity of this protein is dependent on an intact stalk structure.  (+info)

Pathogenesis of Newcastle disease in chickens experimentally infected with viruses of different virulence. (2/222)

Groups of 4-week-old White Rock chickens were inoculated intraconjunctivally with nine isolates of Newcastle disease virus representing all pathotypes. Birds were monitored clinically and euthanatized sequentially, with collection of tissues for histopathologic examination and in situ hybridization using an anti-sense digoxigenin-labeled riboprobe corresponding to the sequence of the gene coding for the matrix protein. Disease was most severe with velogenic viscerotropic pathotypes and was characterized by acute systemic illness with extensive necrosis of lymphoid areas in the spleen and intestine. Viral nucleic acid was detected in multiple tissues but most prominently in macrophages associated with lymphoid tissue. Velogenic neurotropic isolates caused central nervous system disease despite minimal amounts of viral nucleic acid detected in neural tissue. Mesogenic and lentogenic pathotypes caused no overt disease; however, viral nucleic acid was present in myocardium and air sac epithelium following infection with these isolates. Compromise of air sac and myocardium may predispose mesogen- and lentogen-infected chickens to secondary infection and/or decreased meat and egg production.  (+info)

Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the F gene of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from chickens and an owl in Taiwan. (3/222)

To provide information on the epidemiology of Newcastle disease (ND) of poultry in Taiwan, ND virus isolates from chickens and an owl were investigated by restriction site analysis and sequencing of their gene. A 1,349 base fragment of the F (fusion protein) gene was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The PCR products were analyzed using restriction endonucleases, HinfI, BstOI, and RsaI. Three strains isolated from chickens during the 1995 epidemic outbreak had the same restriction sites as that of a 1994 isolate; the number of the restriction sites of HinfI, BstOI, and RsaI were 4, 2, and 4, respectively. In the F gene of the strain isolated from an owl during the same outbreak an additional restriction site of HinfI was found. The 1991 isolate had only 3 restriction sites. The F gene of the owl isolate was amplified by RT-PCR and followed by direct sequencing. The deduced amino acid sequence at the cleavage site of the F protein was of virulent strains, 112R-R-Q-K-R-F117. The F gene of Ow/Tw/2209/95 was phylogenetically most closely related to that of Ck/Tw/2137/95 isolated from the same outbreak. The present results indicate that the causative virus of the 1995 ND outbreak had already been present in Taiwan.  (+info)

Development of an effective polyvalent vaccine against both Marek's and Newcastle diseases based on recombinant Marek's disease virus type 1 in commercial chickens with maternal antibodies. (4/222)

An earlier report (M. Sakaguchi et al., Vaccine 16:472-479, 1998) showed that recombinant Marek's disease virus type 1 (rMDV1) expressing the fusion (F) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV-F) under the control of the simian virus 40 late promoter [rMDV1-US10L(F)] protected specific pathogen-free chickens from NDV challenge, but not commercial chickens with maternal antibodies against NDV and MDV1. In the present study, we constructed an improved polyvalent vaccine based on MDV1 against MDV and NDV in commercial chickens with maternal antibodies. The study can be summarized as follows. (i) We constructed rMDV1 expressing NDV-F under the control of the MDV1 glycoprotein B (gB) promoter [rMDV1-US10P(F)]. (ii) Much less NDV-F protein was expressed in cells infected with rMDV1-US10P(F) than in those infected with rMDV1-US10L(F). (iii) The antibody response against NDV-F and MDV1 antigens of commercial chickens vaccinated with rMDV1-US10P(F) was much stronger and faster than with rMDV1-US10L(F), and a high level of antibody against NDV-F persisted for over 80 weeks postvaccination. (iv) rMDV1-US10P(F) was readily reisolated from the vaccinated chickens, and the recovered viruses were found to express NDV-F. (v) Vaccination of commercial chickens having maternal antibodies to rMDV1-US10P(F) completely protected them from NDV challenge. (vi) rMDV1-US10P(F) offered the same degree of protection against very virulent MDV1 as the parental MDV1 and commercial vaccines. These results indicate that rMDV1-US10P(F) is an effective and stable polyvalent vaccine against both Marek's and Newcastle diseases even in the presence of maternal antibodies.  (+info)

Velogenic Newcastle disease in imported caged birds. (5/222)

Velogenic Newcastle disease was diagnosed in pet birds intended for importation into Canada. Virological and histopathological examination confirmed the presence of the disease. The group of birds was denied entry into Canada. Similar birds illegally imported are a potential source of velogenic Newcastle disease virus and are a threat to domestic poultry.  (+info)

Detection and quantification of antibodies to Newcastle disease virus in ostrich and rhea sera using a liquid phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (6/222)

A liquid phase blocking ELISA (LPB-ELISA) was adapted for the detection and quantification of antibodies to Newcastle disease virus. Sera from vaccinated and unvaccinated commercial flocks of ostriches (Struthio camelus) and rheas (Rhea americana) were tested. The purified and nonpurified virus used as the antigen and the capture and detector antibodies were prepared and standardized for this purpose. The hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test was regarded as the reference method. The cutoff point for the LPB-ELISA was determined by a two-graph receiver operating characteristic analysis. The LPB-ELISA titers regressed significantly (P < 0.0001) on the HI titers with a high correlation coefficient (r = 0.875). The two tests showed good agreement (kappa = 0.82; P < 0.0001), relative sensitivity (90.91%) and specificity (91.18%), and accuracy (91.02%), suggesting that they are interchangeable.  (+info)

Effect of liquid paraffin on antibody responses and local adverse reactions of bivalent oil adjuvanted vaccines containing newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus. (7/222)

Effects of liquid paraffin on antibody responses and local adverse reactions after intramuscular injection of oil adjuvanted vaccines containing Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bronchitis (IB) virus were investigated in chickens. Each vaccine was prepared with a liquid paraffin such as Carnation, Crystol 52 and Lytol. These vaccines induced sustained antibody responses against ND and IB. Among local adverse reactions, Lytol induced granulomatous reactions and abscesses, but Carnation and Crystol 52 did not. The residual weight of liquid paraffin at the injection site decreased in the order Carnation, Crystol 52, Lytol. Crystol 52 was composed of relatively few short-chain hydrocarbons (i.e., n-C20H42). The vaccine with liquid paraffin mainly composed of n-C16H34-n-C20H42 was suggested to induce fewer adverse reactions.  (+info)

Unique hemagglutination activity of an isolate of Newcastle disease virus. (8/222)

The MET95 strain of a lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolated from a broiler in Japan, showed unique hemagglutination (HA) activity. The MET95 strain failed to show HA when examined by rapid glass plate method although they showed HA titer of 1:1,024 by micro-plate method. This unique HA was also observed after the MET95 strain was passaged ten times in chickens. The failure of HA by rapid glass plate method was not shown in any other NDVs examined.  (+info)

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus that belongs to the genus Avulavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. It is the causative agent of Newcastle disease, a highly contagious and often fatal viral infection affecting birds and poultry worldwide. The virus can cause various clinical signs, including respiratory distress, neurological disorders, and decreased egg production, depending on the strain's virulence. NDV has zoonotic potential, but human infections are rare and typically result in mild, flu-like symptoms.

Newcastle Disease is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). It primarily affects birds and poultry, causing severe respiratory, neurological, and gastrointestinal symptoms. The virus can also infect mammals, including humans, but human cases are relatively rare and usually result in mild or asymptomatic infections.

In birds, the disease can cause significant mortality, especially in young chickens. Symptoms may include respiratory distress, depression, greenish diarrhea, muscle tremors, twisting of the neck (torticollis), paralysis, and decreased egg production. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected birds or their feces, as well as through contaminated food, water, and equipment.

In humans, Newcastle Disease typically results in conjunctivitis, mild respiratory symptoms, or influenza-like illness. It is not considered a significant public health concern, but proper biosecurity measures should be taken to prevent transmission between birds and humans. Vaccination programs are widely used to control the disease in poultry populations.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "HN protein" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. HN is an abbreviation commonly used in virology to refer to the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein found on the surface of certain viruses, such as the paramyxoviridae family which includes viruses like parainfluenza and Hendra virus.

The HN protein plays a crucial role in the virus's ability to infect host cells. It helps the virus attach to and enter the host cell, and also assists in the release of new virus particles from infected cells. However, without more specific context, it's difficult to provide a more precise definition of "HN protein." If you have more details about the context in which this term was used, I'd be happy to try to provide a more specific answer.

Viral fusion proteins are specialized surface proteins found on the envelope of enveloped viruses. These proteins play a crucial role in the viral infection process by mediating the fusion of the viral membrane with the target cell membrane, allowing the viral genetic material to enter the host cell and initiate replication.

The fusion protein is often synthesized as an inactive precursor, which undergoes a series of conformational changes upon interaction with specific receptors on the host cell surface. This results in the exposure of hydrophobic fusion peptides or domains that insert into the target cell membrane, bringing the two membranes into close proximity and facilitating their merger.

A well-known example of a viral fusion protein is the gp120/gp41 complex found on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The gp120 subunit binds to CD4 receptors and chemokine coreceptors on the host cell surface, triggering conformational changes in the gp41 subunit that expose the fusion peptide and enable membrane fusion. Understanding the structure and function of viral fusion proteins is important for developing antiviral strategies and vaccines.

"Chickens" is a common term used to refer to the domesticated bird, Gallus gallus domesticus, which is widely raised for its eggs and meat. However, in medical terms, "chickens" is not a standard term with a specific definition. If you have any specific medical concern or question related to chickens, such as food safety or allergies, please provide more details so I can give a more accurate answer.

Poultry diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious disorders that affect domesticated birds, particularly those raised for meat, egg, or feather production. These diseases can be caused by various factors including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, genetic predisposition, environmental conditions, and management practices.

Infectious poultry diseases are often highly contagious and can lead to significant economic losses in the poultry industry due to decreased production, increased mortality, and reduced quality of products. Some examples of infectious poultry diseases include avian influenza, Newcastle disease, salmonellosis, colibacillosis, mycoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and coccidiosis.

Non-infectious poultry diseases can be caused by factors such as poor nutrition, environmental stressors, and management issues. Examples of non-infectious poultry diseases include ascites, fatty liver syndrome, sudden death syndrome, and various nutritional deficiencies.

Prevention and control of poultry diseases typically involve a combination of biosecurity measures, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, good management practices, and monitoring for early detection and intervention. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of poultry diseases is crucial to implementing effective treatment and prevention strategies, and can help minimize the impact of disease outbreaks on both individual flocks and the broader poultry industry.

A chick embryo refers to the developing organism that arises from a fertilized chicken egg. It is often used as a model system in biological research, particularly during the stages of development when many of its organs and systems are forming and can be easily observed and manipulated. The study of chick embryos has contributed significantly to our understanding of various aspects of developmental biology, including gastrulation, neurulation, organogenesis, and pattern formation. Researchers may use various techniques to observe and manipulate the chick embryo, such as surgical alterations, cell labeling, and exposure to drugs or other agents.

Struthioniformes is an order of large, flightless birds that includes ostriches, emus, cassowaries, and rheas. These birds are characterized by their inability to fly, long necks, and strong legs adapted for running. They are found in various parts of the world, with ostriches native to Africa, emus to Australia, cassowaries to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, and rheas to South America. Struthioniformes birds are known for their fast running speed, with the ostrich being the fastest bird on land, capable of reaching speeds up to 60 miles per hour. They also lay large, hard-shelled eggs that are among the largest in the animal kingdom.

Hemadsorption is a medical procedure that involves the use of a device to remove certain substances, such as toxic byproducts or excess amounts of cytokines (proteins involved in immune responses), from the bloodstream. This is accomplished by passing the patient's blood through an external filter or adsorbent column, which contains materials that selectively bind to the target molecules. The clean blood is then returned to the patient's circulation.

Hemadsorption can be used as a supportive treatment in various clinical scenarios, such as poisoning, sepsis, and other critical illnesses, where rapid removal of harmful substances from the bloodstream may help improve the patient's condition and outcomes. However, its effectiveness and safety are still subjects of ongoing research and debate.

Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or tumor cells. They belong to the larger family of cytokines and are crucial for the innate immune system's defense against infections. Interferons exist in multiple forms, classified into three types: type I (alpha and beta), type II (gamma), and type III (lambda). These proteins play a significant role in modulating the immune response, inhibiting viral replication, regulating cell growth, and promoting apoptosis of infected cells. Interferons are used as therapeutic agents for various medical conditions, including certain viral infections, cancers, and autoimmune diseases.

A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.

Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.

It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.

Neuraminidase is an enzyme that occurs on the surface of influenza viruses. It plays a crucial role in the life cycle of the virus by helping it to infect host cells and to spread from cell to cell within the body. Neuraminidase works by cleaving sialic acid residues from glycoproteins, allowing the virus to detach from infected cells and to move through mucus and other bodily fluids. This enzyme is a major target of antiviral drugs used to treat influenza, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza). Inhibiting the activity of neuraminidase can help to prevent the spread of the virus within the body and reduce the severity of symptoms.

Hemagglutination is a process where red blood cells (RBCs) agglutinate or clump together. Viral hemagglutination refers to the ability of certain viruses to bind to and agglutinate RBCs. This is often due to viral surface proteins known as hemagglutinins, which can recognize and attach to specific receptors on the surface of RBCs.

In virology, viral hemagglutination assays are commonly used for virus identification and quantification. For example, the influenza virus is known to hemagglutinate chicken RBCs, and this property can be used to identify and titrate the virus in a sample. The hemagglutination titer is the highest dilution of a virus that still causes visible agglutination of RBCs. This information can be useful in understanding the viral load in a patient or during vaccine production.

Paramyxoviridae is a family of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that include several medically important pathogens. These viruses are characterized by their enveloped particles and helical symmetry. The paramyxoviruses can cause respiratory infections, neurological disorders, and other systemic diseases in humans, animals, and birds.

Some notable members of the Paramyxoviridae family include:

* Human respirovirus (also known as human parainfluenza virus): causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children and adults.
* Human orthopneumovirus (also known as respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV): a major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children.
* Measles morbillivirus: causes measles, a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, rash, and cough.
* Mumps virus: causes mumps, an acute infectious disease that primarily affects the salivary glands.
* Hendra virus and Nipah virus: zoonotic paramyxoviruses that can cause severe respiratory and neurological disease in humans and animals.

Effective vaccines are available for some paramyxoviruses, such as measles and mumps, but there are currently no approved vaccines for others, such as RSV and Nipah virus. Antiviral therapies are also limited, with only a few options available for the treatment of severe paramyxovirus infections.

A cloaca is a common cavity or channel in some animals, including many birds and reptiles, that serves as the combined endpoint for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Feces, urine, and in some cases, eggs are all expelled through this single opening. In humans and other mammals, these systems have separate openings. Anatomical anomalies can result in a human born with a cloaca, which is very rare and typically requires surgical correction.

Hemagglutinins are glycoprotein spikes found on the surface of influenza viruses. They play a crucial role in the viral infection process by binding to sialic acid receptors on host cells, primarily in the respiratory tract. After attachment, hemagglutinins mediate the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes, allowing the viral genome to enter the host cell and initiate replication.

There are 18 different subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1-H18) identified in influenza A viruses, which naturally infect various animal species, including birds, pigs, and humans. The specificity of hemagglutinins for particular sialic acid receptors can influence host range and tissue tropism, contributing to the zoonotic potential of certain influenza A virus subtypes.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays are commonly used in virology and epidemiology to measure the antibody response to influenza viruses and determine vaccine effectiveness. In these assays, hemagglutinins bind to red blood cells coated with sialic acid receptors, forming a diffuse mat of cells that can be observed visually. The addition of specific antisera containing antibodies against the hemagglutinin prevents this binding and results in the formation of discrete buttons of red blood cells, indicating a positive HI titer and the presence of neutralizing antibodies.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "poultry" is not a medical term. It is a agricultural and culinary term that refers to domestic birds (such as chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys) that are kept for their eggs, meat, or feathers. The study and care of these birds would fall under the field of veterinary medicine, but "poultry" itself is not a medical term.

Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human (HPIV-1) is a type of respiratory virus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Respirovirus. It is one of the four serotypes of human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs), which are important causes of acute respiratory infections in children, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly.

HPIV-1 primarily infects the upper respiratory tract, causing symptoms such as cough, runny nose, sore throat, and fever. However, it can also cause lower respiratory tract infections, including bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, particularly in young children and infants.

HPIV-1 is transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected individuals. The incubation period for HPIV-1 infection ranges from 2 to 7 days, after which symptoms can last for up to 10 days. There is no specific antiviral treatment available for HPIV-1 infections, and management typically involves supportive care such as hydration, fever reduction, and respiratory support if necessary.

Prevention measures include good hand hygiene, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, and practicing cough etiquette. Vaccines are not currently available for HPIV-1 infections, but research is ongoing to develop effective vaccines against these viruses.

Avulavirus is a genus of viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae, order Mononegavirales. Avulaviruses are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that primarily infect birds, causing various clinical manifestations such as respiratory, digestive, and reproductive diseases. Some avulaviruses have been associated with sporadic human infections, usually resulting in mild or asymptomatic illnesses. The most well-known avulavirus is the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), which can cause severe disease in birds and poses a significant threat to the poultry industry worldwide.

Interferon inducers are substances or agents that stimulate the production of interferons, which are a type of signaling protein released by host cells in response to the presence of viruses, bacteria, parasites, or other pathogens. Interferons play a crucial role in the immune system's defense against infections by inhibiting viral replication and promoting the activation of immune cells.

Interferon inducers can be synthetic or natural compounds that activate specific signaling pathways in the cell leading to the production of interferons. Examples of interferon inducers include:

1. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) analogs, such as polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), which mimic viral RNA and activate Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) pathways.
2. Small molecule activators of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, such as DMXAA and c-di-GMP, which activate the production of type I interferons in response to cytosolic DNA.
3. Protein kinase R (PKR) activators, such as dsRNA and certain viral proteins, which induce interferon production through the activation of PKR and eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α).
4. Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) activators, such as amycin and resveratrol, which directly activate IRFs leading to the induction of interferons.

Interferon inducers have potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of various diseases, including viral infections, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. However, their use is limited by potential side effects, such as inflammation and immune activation, which may lead to tissue damage and other adverse events.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hemadsorption Inhibition Tests" is not a widely recognized or established medical term or concept in hematology or any other field of medicine. It seems that the term may be a combination of two concepts: hemadsorption and inhibition tests.

Hemadsorption refers to the adherence of red blood cells (RBCs) to endothelial cells, which can occur in various medical conditions such as viral infections. Inhibition tests are laboratory methods used to detect the presence or activity of an antibody, antigen, or enzyme by observing its ability to inhibit a specific reaction.

If you're looking for information on a specific experimental procedure or assay that involves hemadsorption and inhibition tests, I would need more context or details to provide an accurate definition or explanation.

Reverse genetics is a term used in molecular biology that refers to the process of creating or modifying an organism's genetic material (DNA or RNA) to produce specific phenotypic traits or characteristics. In contrast to traditional forward genetics, where researchers start with an organism and identify the gene responsible for a particular trait, reverse genetics begins with a known gene or DNA sequence and creates an organism that expresses that gene.

In virology, reverse genetics is often used to study viruses by creating infectious clones of their genomes. This allows researchers to manipulate the virus's genetic material and study the effects of specific mutations on viral replication, pathogenesis, and host immune response. By using reverse genetics, scientists can gain insights into the function of individual genes and how they contribute to viral infection and disease.

Overall, reverse genetics is a powerful tool for understanding gene function and developing new strategies for treating genetic diseases or preventing viral infections.

Avulavirus infections are veterinary medical conditions caused by Avulaviruses, a genus of viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae. These viruses are responsible for causing a variety of important diseases in birds and mammals, including Newcastle disease in birds and several different illnesses in humans, such as:

1. Madagascar pneumonia or meningopneumonitis (caused by Avulavirus serotype 12, also known as MAPV-12)
2. Tubular lung disease (caused by Avulavirus serotype 4, also known as A/turkey/England/50-92/91)

Avulavirus infections can lead to respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms in both birds and mammals. The severity of the disease depends on various factors, including the specific Avulavirus serotype involved, the host's age and immune status, and the route of infection.

In birds, Newcastle disease is a highly contagious and often fatal illness affecting domestic poultry and wild birds worldwide. It can cause severe economic losses in the poultry industry due to high mortality rates and trade restrictions.

In humans, Avulavirus infections are rare but have been associated with contact with infected birds or their droppings. The majority of human cases have been reported in Australia, although sporadic cases have also been documented in other countries. Human illnesses caused by Avulaviruses typically present as respiratory or neurological symptoms and can range from mild to severe, depending on the individual's age and overall health status.

Preventive measures for Avulavirus infections include maintaining good biosecurity practices, such as proper hand hygiene, wearing protective clothing, and limiting contact with potentially infected birds or their droppings. Vaccination is available for some Avulavirus serotypes and is widely used in the poultry industry to control Newcastle disease.

Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Virus cultivation, also known as virus isolation or viral culture, is a laboratory method used to propagate and detect viruses by introducing them to host cells and allowing them to replicate. This process helps in identifying the specific virus causing an infection and studying its characteristics, such as morphology, growth pattern, and sensitivity to antiviral agents.

The steps involved in virus cultivation typically include:

1. Collection of a clinical sample (e.g., throat swab, blood, sputum) from the patient.
2. Preparation of the sample by centrifugation or filtration to remove cellular debris and other contaminants.
3. Inoculation of the prepared sample into susceptible host cells, which can be primary cell cultures, continuous cell lines, or embryonated eggs, depending on the type of virus.
4. Incubation of the inoculated cells under appropriate conditions to allow viral replication.
5. Observation for cytopathic effects (CPE), which are changes in the host cells caused by viral replication, such as cell rounding, shrinkage, or lysis.
6. Confirmation of viral presence through additional tests, like immunofluorescence assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or electron microscopy.

Virus cultivation is a valuable tool in diagnostic virology, vaccine development, and research on viral pathogenesis and host-virus interactions. However, it requires specialized equipment, trained personnel, and biosafety measures due to the potential infectivity of the viruses being cultured.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geese" is not a medical term. It refers to various waterbirds constituting the family Anatidae and the genus Branta, characterized by a long neck, wide wings, and a honking call. They are not related to human health or medicine. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I'd be happy to help you with those!

Virulence, in the context of medicine and microbiology, refers to the degree or severity of damage or harm that a pathogen (like a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can cause to its host. It is often associated with the ability of the pathogen to invade and damage host tissues, evade or suppress the host's immune response, replicate within the host, and spread between hosts.

Virulence factors are the specific components or mechanisms that contribute to a pathogen's virulence, such as toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and capsules. These factors enable the pathogen to establish an infection, cause tissue damage, and facilitate its transmission between hosts. The overall virulence of a pathogen can be influenced by various factors, including host susceptibility, environmental conditions, and the specific strain or species of the pathogen.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

Culture techniques are methods used in microbiology to grow and multiply microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses, in a controlled laboratory environment. These techniques allow for the isolation, identification, and study of specific microorganisms, which is essential for diagnostic purposes, research, and development of medical treatments.

The most common culture technique involves inoculating a sterile growth medium with a sample suspected to contain microorganisms. The growth medium can be solid or liquid and contains nutrients that support the growth of the microorganisms. Common solid growth media include agar plates, while liquid growth media are used for broth cultures.

Once inoculated, the growth medium is incubated at a temperature that favors the growth of the microorganisms being studied. During incubation, the microorganisms multiply and form visible colonies on the solid growth medium or turbid growth in the liquid growth medium. The size, shape, color, and other characteristics of the colonies can provide important clues about the identity of the microorganism.

Other culture techniques include selective and differential media, which are designed to inhibit the growth of certain types of microorganisms while promoting the growth of others, allowing for the isolation and identification of specific pathogens. Enrichment cultures involve adding specific nutrients or factors to a sample to promote the growth of a particular type of microorganism.

Overall, culture techniques are essential tools in microbiology and play a critical role in medical diagnostics, research, and public health.

A viral plaque assay is a laboratory technique used to measure the infectivity and concentration of viruses in a sample. This method involves infecting a monolayer of cells (usually in a petri dish or multi-well plate) with a known volume of a virus-containing sample, followed by overlaying the cells with a nutrient-agar medium to restrict viral spread and enable individual plaques to form.

After an incubation period that allows for viral replication and cell death, the cells are stained, and clear areas or "plaques" become visible in the monolayer. Each plaque represents a localized region of infected and lysed cells, caused by the progeny of a single infectious virus particle. The number of plaques is then counted, and the viral titer (infectious units per milliliter or PFU/mL) is calculated based on the dilution factor and volume of the original inoculum.

Viral plaque assays are essential for determining viral titers, assessing virus-host interactions, evaluating antiviral agents, and studying viral pathogenesis.

'Bird diseases' is a broad term that refers to the various medical conditions and infections that can affect avian species. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or toxic substances and can affect pet birds, wild birds, and poultry. Some common bird diseases include:

1. Avian influenza (bird flu) - a viral infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, decreased appetite, and sudden death in birds.
2. Psittacosis (parrot fever) - a bacterial infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, fever, and lethargy in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
3. Aspergillosis - a fungal infection that can cause respiratory symptoms and weight loss in birds.
4. Candidiasis (thrush) - a fungal infection that can affect the mouth, crop, and other parts of the digestive system in birds.
5. Newcastle disease - a viral infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, neurological signs, and decreased egg production in birds.
6. Salmonellosis - a bacterial infection that can cause diarrhea, lethargy, and decreased appetite in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
7. Trichomoniasis - a parasitic infection that can affect the mouth, crop, and digestive system in birds.
8. Chlamydiosis (psittacosis) - a bacterial infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, lethargy, and decreased appetite in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
9. Coccidiosis - a parasitic infection that can affect the digestive system in birds.
10. Mycobacteriosis (avian tuberculosis) - a bacterial infection that can cause chronic weight loss, respiratory symptoms, and skin lesions in birds.

It is important to note that some bird diseases can be transmitted to humans and other animals, so it is essential to practice good hygiene when handling birds or their droppings. If you suspect your bird may be sick, it is best to consult with a veterinarian who specializes in avian medicine.

Hemagglutination tests are laboratory procedures used to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens in a sample, typically in blood serum. These tests rely on the ability of certain substances, such as viruses or bacteria, to agglutinate (clump together) red blood cells.

In a hemagglutination test, a small amount of the patient's serum is mixed with a known quantity of red blood cells that have been treated with a specific antigen. If the patient has antibodies against that antigen in their serum, they will bind to the antigens on the red blood cells and cause them to agglutinate. This clumping can be observed visually, indicating a positive test result.

Hemagglutination tests are commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases caused by viruses or bacteria that have hemagglutinating properties, such as influenza, parainfluenza, and HIV. They can also be used in blood typing and cross-matching before transfusions.

I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "birds." Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, and lightweight but strong skeletons. Some birds, such as pigeons and chickens, have been used in medical research, but the term "birds" itself does not have a specific medical definition.

Paramyxovirinae is a subfamily of viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae, order Mononegavirales. These viruses are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that cause various diseases in animals and humans. The subfamily includes several important human pathogens such as:

1. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): A major cause of respiratory tract infections in infants, young children, and older adults.
2. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV): Another common cause of respiratory illness, particularly in children.
3. Parainfluenza viruses (PIVs): Responsible for upper and lower respiratory tract infections, including croup, bronchitis, and pneumonia.
4. Mumps virus: Causes the infectious disease mumps, characterized by swelling of the salivary glands.
5. Measles virus: A highly contagious virus that causes measles, a serious respiratory illness with characteristic rash.
6. Hendra virus and Nipah virus: Zoonotic viruses that can cause severe respiratory and neurological diseases in humans and animals.

These viruses share common structural and genetic features, such as an enveloped virion with a helical nucleocapsid, and a genome consisting of non-segmented, negative-sense single-stranded RNA. They also utilize similar replication strategies and have related gene arrangements.

A Cytopathic Effect (CPE) is a visible change in the cell or group of cells due to infection by a pathogen, such as a virus. When the cytopathic effect is caused specifically by a viral infection, it is referred to as a "Viral Cytopathic Effect" (VCPE).

The VCPE can include various changes in the cell's morphology, size, and structure, such as rounding, shrinkage, multinucleation, inclusion bodies, and formation of syncytia (multinucleated giant cells). These changes are often used to identify and characterize viruses in laboratory settings.

The VCPE is typically observed under a microscope after the virus has infected cell cultures, and it can help researchers determine the type of virus, the degree of infection, and the effectiveness of antiviral treatments. The severity and timing of the VCPE can vary depending on the specific virus and the type of cells that are infected.

Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:

1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.

The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests are a type of serological assay used in medical laboratories to detect and measure the amount of antibodies present in a patient's serum. These tests are commonly used to diagnose viral infections, such as influenza or HIV, by identifying the presence of antibodies that bind to specific viral antigens and prevent hemagglutination (the agglutination or clumping together of red blood cells).

In an HI test, a small amount of the patient's serum is mixed with a known quantity of the viral antigen, which has been treated to attach to red blood cells. If the patient's serum contains antibodies that bind to the viral antigen, they will prevent the antigen from attaching to the red blood cells and inhibit hemagglutination. The degree of hemagglutination inhibition can be measured and used to estimate the amount of antibody present in the patient's serum.

HI tests are relatively simple and inexpensive to perform, but they have some limitations. For example, they may not detect early-stage infections before the body has had a chance to produce antibodies, and they may not be able to distinguish between different strains of the same virus. Nonetheless, HI tests remain an important tool for diagnosing viral infections and monitoring immune responses to vaccination or infection.

Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus that belongs to the family Rhabdoviridae and genus Vesiculovirus. It is the causative agent of vesicular stomatitis (VS), a viral disease that primarily affects horses and cattle, but can also infect other species including swine, sheep, goats, and humans.

The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their saliva, as well as through insect vectors such as black flies and sandflies. The incubation period for VS ranges from 2 to 8 days, after which infected animals develop fever, lethargy, and vesicular lesions in the mouth, nose, and feet. These lesions can be painful and may cause difficulty eating or walking.

In humans, VSIV infection is typically asymptomatic or causes mild flu-like symptoms such as fever, muscle aches, and headache. Occasionally, individuals may develop vesicular lesions on their skin or mucous membranes, particularly if they have had contact with infected animals.

Diagnosis of VSIV infection is typically made through virus isolation from lesion exudates or blood, as well as through serological testing. Treatment is generally supportive and aimed at relieving symptoms, as there are no specific antiviral therapies available for VS. Prevention measures include vaccination of susceptible animals, vector control, and biosecurity measures to prevent the spread of infection between animals.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

'Avian influenza' refers to the infection caused by avian (bird) influenza A viruses. These viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species. Avian influenza viruses do not normally infect humans, but rare cases of human infection have occurred mainly after close contact with infected birds or heavily contaminated environments.

There are many different subtypes of avian influenza viruses based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). There are 16 known HA subtypes and 9 known NA subtypes, creating a vast number of possible combinations. Some of these combinations cause severe disease and death in birds (e.g., H5N1, H7N9), while others only cause mild illness (e.g., H9N2).

Most avian influenza viruses do not infect humans. However, some forms are zoonotic, meaning they can infect animals and humans. The risk to human health is generally low. When human infections with avian influenza viruses have occurred, most have resulted from direct contact with infected poultry or surfaces contaminated by their feces.

Avian influenza viruses have caused several pandemics in the past, including the 1918 Spanish flu (H1N1), which was an H1N1 virus containing genes of avian origin. The concern is that a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus could mutate to become easily transmissible from human to human, leading to another pandemic. This is one of the reasons why avian influenza viruses are closely monitored by public health authorities worldwide.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Respirovirus is not typically used as a formal medical term in modern taxonomy. However, historically, it was used to refer to a genus of viruses within the family Paramyxoviridae, order Mononegavirales. This genus included several important human and animal pathogens that cause respiratory infections.

Human respiroviruses include:
1. Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) types 1, 2, and 3: These viruses are a common cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, such as croup, bronchitis, and pneumonia, particularly in young children.
2. Sendai virus (also known as murine respirovirus): This virus primarily infects rodents but can occasionally cause mild respiratory illness in humans, especially those who work closely with these animals.

The term "respirovirus" is not officially recognized by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) anymore, and these viruses are now classified under different genera within the subfamily Pneumovirinae: Human parainfluenza viruses 1 and 3 belong to the genus Orthorubulavirus, while Human parainfluenza virus 2 is placed in the genus Metapneumovirus.

Oncolytic virotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses genetically modified viruses to selectively infect and destroy cancer cells, while leaving healthy cells unharmed. The virus used in oncolytic virotherapy can replicate inside cancer cells, causing them to rupture and release new viruses that can then infect nearby cancer cells.

The process continues in a cascading manner, leading to the destruction of many cancer cells in the treated area. Additionally, some oncolytic viruses can also stimulate an immune response against cancer cells, further enhancing their therapeutic effect. Oncolytic virotherapy is still an experimental treatment approach and is being studied in clinical trials for various types of cancer.

Membrane fusion is a fundamental biological process that involves the merging of two initially separate lipid bilayers, such as those surrounding cells or organelles, to form a single continuous membrane. This process plays a crucial role in various physiological events including neurotransmitter release, hormone secretion, fertilization, viral infection, and intracellular trafficking of proteins and lipids. Membrane fusion is tightly regulated and requires the participation of specific proteins called SNAREs (Soluble NSF Attachment Protein REceptors) and other accessory factors that facilitate the recognition, approximation, and merger of the membranes. The energy required to overcome the repulsive forces between the negatively charged lipid headgroups is provided by these proteins, which undergo conformational changes during the fusion process. Membrane fusion is a highly specific and coordinated event, ensuring that the correct membranes fuse at the right time and place within the cell.

Oncolytic viruses are a type of viruses that preferentially infect and kill cancer cells, while leaving normal cells relatively unharmed. These viruses can replicate inside the cancer cells, causing them to rupture and ultimately leading to their death. The release of new virus particles from the dead cancer cells allows the infection to spread to nearby cancer cells, resulting in a potential therapeutic effect.

Oncolytic viruses can be genetically modified to enhance their ability to target specific types of cancer cells and to increase their safety and efficacy. They may also be used in combination with other cancer therapies, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, to improve treatment outcomes. Oncolytic virus therapy is a promising area of cancer research, with several clinical trials underway to evaluate its potential benefits for patients with various types of cancer.

Fowlpox is a viral disease that primarily affects birds, particularly poultry such as chickens and turkeys. It is caused by the Avipoxvirus and is characterized by the development of wart-like lesions on the skin and mucous membranes of infected birds. The virus can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected bird or via contaminated feed, water, and equipment.

In chickens, fowlpox typically presents as a cutaneous form, characterized by the development of scabby, raised lesions on the unfeathered skin of the bird's face, wattles, and comb. In more severe cases, the virus can also cause a diphtheritic form, which affects the respiratory system and results in the formation of caseous lesions in the trachea and lungs.

Fowlpox is not generally considered a significant threat to human health, but it can have serious economic consequences for poultry farmers due to reduced egg production, decreased growth rates, and increased mortality in infected birds. Vaccination is available for controlling fowlpox in commercial poultry operations.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rheiformes" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in zoology, specifically an order that includes only one family, Rheidae, and two living species, both commonly known as rheas. They are large flightless birds native to South America, similar to ostriches and emus.

'Cercopithecus aethiops' is the scientific name for the monkey species more commonly known as the green monkey. It belongs to the family Cercopithecidae and is native to western Africa. The green monkey is omnivorous, with a diet that includes fruits, nuts, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates. They are known for their distinctive greenish-brown fur and long tail. Green monkeys are also important animal models in biomedical research due to their susceptibility to certain diseases, such as SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus), which is closely related to HIV.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Togo" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country in West Africa, known officially as the Togolese Republic. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, please don't hesitate to ask!

Cell fusion is the process by which two or more cells combine to form a single cell with a single nucleus, containing the genetic material from all of the original cells. This can occur naturally in certain biological processes, such as fertilization (when a sperm and egg cell fuse to form a zygote), muscle development (where multiple muscle precursor cells fuse together to create multinucleated muscle fibers), and during the formation of bone (where osteoclasts, the cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue, are multinucleated).

Cell fusion can also be induced artificially in laboratory settings through various methods, including chemical treatments, electrical stimulation, or viral vectors. Induced cell fusion is often used in research to create hybrid cells with unique properties, such as cybrid cells (cytoplasmic hybrids) and heterokaryons (nuclear hybrids). These hybrid cells can help scientists study various aspects of cell biology, genetics, and disease mechanisms.

In summary, cell fusion is the merging of two or more cells into one, resulting in a single cell with combined genetic material. This process occurs naturally during certain biological processes and can be induced artificially for research purposes.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

The Mumps virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus that belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family and Rubulavirus genus. It is the causative agent of mumps, an acute infectious disease characterized by painful swelling of the salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands.

The Mumps virus has a spherical or pleomorphic shape with a diameter of approximately 150-250 nanometers. It is surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane derived from the host cell, which contains viral glycoproteins that facilitate attachment and entry into host cells.

The M protein, located beneath the envelope, plays a crucial role in virus assembly and budding. The genome of the Mumps virus consists of eight genes encoding nine proteins, including two major structural proteins (nucleocapsid protein and matrix protein) and several non-structural proteins involved in viral replication and pathogenesis.

Transmission of the Mumps virus occurs through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected saliva. After infection, the incubation period ranges from 12 to 25 days, followed by a prodromal phase characterized by fever, headache, malaise, and muscle pain. The characteristic swelling of the parotid glands usually appears 1-3 days after the onset of symptoms.

Complications of mumps can include meningitis, encephalitis, orchitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis, and deafness. Prevention relies on vaccination with the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, which is highly effective in preventing mumps and its complications.

Poly(I):C is a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule made up of polycytidylic acid (poly C) and polyinosinic acid (poly I), joined by a 1:1 ratio of their phosphodiester linkages. It is used in research as an immunostimulant, particularly to induce the production of interferons and other cytokines, and to activate immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Poly(I):C has been studied for its potential use in cancer immunotherapy and as a vaccine adjuvant. It can also induce innate antiviral responses and has been explored as an antiviral agent itself.

Giant cells are large, multinucleated cells that result from the fusion of monocytes or macrophages. They can be found in various types of inflammatory and degenerative lesions, including granulomas, which are a hallmark of certain diseases such as tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. There are several types of giant cells, including:

1. Langhans giant cells: These have a horseshoe-shaped or crescentic arrangement of nuclei around the periphery of the cell. They are typically found in granulomas associated with infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and histoplasmosis.
2. Foreign body giant cells: These form in response to the presence of foreign material, such as a splinter or suture, in tissue. The nuclei are usually scattered throughout the cell cytoplasm.
3. Touton giant cells: These are found in certain inflammatory conditions, such as xanthomatosis and granulomatous slack skin. They have a central core of lipid-laden histiocytes surrounded by a ring of nuclei.
4. Osteoclast giant cells: These are multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption. They can be found in conditions such as giant cell tumors of bone and Paget's disease.

It is important to note that the presence of giant cells alone does not necessarily indicate a specific diagnosis, and their significance must be interpreted within the context of the overall clinical and pathological findings.

Columbidae is the family that includes all pigeons and doves. According to the medical literature, there are no specific medical definitions associated with Columbidae. However, it's worth noting that some species of pigeons and doves are commonly kept as pets or used in research, and may be mentioned in medical contexts related to avian medicine, zoonoses (diseases transmissible from animals to humans), or public health concerns such as bird-related allergies.

"Ducks" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to a group of birds that belong to the family Anatidae, which also includes swans and geese. Some ducks are hunted for their meat, feathers, or down, but they do not have any specific medical relevance. If you have any questions about a specific medical term or concept, I would be happy to help if you could provide more information!

Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) is a single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus belonging to the genus Gammacoronavirus and family Coronaviridae. It is the causative agent of infectious bronchitis (IB), a highly contagious respiratory disease in birds, particularly in chickens. The virus primarily affects the upper respiratory tract, causing tracheitis, bronchitis, and sinusitis. In addition to respiratory issues, IBV can also lead to decreased egg production, poor growth rates, and impaired immune response in infected birds. Several serotypes and variants of IBV exist worldwide, making vaccine development and disease control challenging.

The disease is caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avulavirus. Strains of Newcastle disease virus have been used to ... "Newcastle disease: Newcastle disease outbreaks in Great Britain". DEFRA. Archived from the original on 2007-06-27. "Newcastle ... Virulent Newcastle disease (VND), formerly exotic Newcastle disease, is a contagious viral avian disease affecting many ... Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Archived 2017-11-01 at the Wayback Machine. avianbiotech.com Newcastle Disease Vaccine, B1 Type, ...
Marek's Disease (Serotypes 1,2, 3); Mycoplasma gallisepticum; Mycoplasma synoviae; Newcastle Disease LaSota; ... Infectious Bursal Disease Type 1; Infectious Bursal Disease Type 2; Infectious Laryngotracheitis; Lymphoid Leukosis A, B; Avian ... Use of SPF animals ensures that specified diseases do not interfere with an experiment. For example, absence of respiratory ... the population is said to have minimal disease status. The population is regularly checked to ensure the status still holds. ...
Mazatlan, 2013 Newcastle Disease. Argentina, 2013 More than 500 lectures given in more than 40 countries. Year 1, Number 1, ... 1960-1964 Specialization Degree in Poultry Viral Diseases at the University of Liverpool, England in 1968 Master of Veterinary ...
"Disease factsheet: Newcastle disease". DEFRA. 30 April 2007. Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Boden, Edward; Andrews ... Animal viral diseases, Bovine diseases, Sheep and goat diseases, Infectious diseases with eradication efforts, Health disasters ... Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) or hoof-and-mouth disease (HMD) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects ... Viruses portal Animal virology Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) Swine vesicular disease (SVD) Blain, an archaic disease of ...
... the cause of Newcastle disease (ND).[citation needed] Avian metaavulavirus 2 has been known to cause disease, specifically mild ... Alexander, D.J (2000). "Newcastle disease and other avian paramyxoviruses" (PDF). Revue Scientifique et Technique ( ... "Requirements for the Assembly and Release of Newcastle Disease Virus-Like Particles". Journal of Virology. 80 (22): 11062-11073 ... Avian metaavulavirus 2 has reservoirs in feral avian species and is known to cause respiratory disease and have economic ...
Newcastle disease: One of GALVmed's projects has focused on the prevention of Newcastle disease in the chickens kept by poor ... African swine fever Poultry diseases: Newcastle disease Multi-species diseases: Rift Valley fever (zoonotic) Twenty different ... Specific diseases targeted were Newcastle disease, RVF, CBPP, ECF and CCPP. Furtherwork on porcine cysticercosis was funded ... and Newcastle disease, that affects poultry. For these diseases, GALVmed and partners aimed to identify suitable mechanisms for ...
His first order made Newcastle disease a scheduled disease. His second imposed import controls, and his third order legislated ... "FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 1922-02-23. Retrieved 2022-03-02. "FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE". Hansard ... Kelland sat on the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Committee and was associated with the investigational aspect of the disease ... In 1919 Kelland, while acting as secretary of the FMD Disease Committee, conducted research into the disease on an isolated ...
doi:10.1016/S1461-5347(98)00029-7. Jorgensen, Ellen (1985-09-01). "Partial nucleotide sequence op newcastle disease virus HN ... Jorgensen, Ellen; L. Collins, Peter; T. Lomedico, Peter (1987-02-01). "Cloning and nucleotide sequence of newcastle disease ... researching early biomarkers of tobacco-related lung disease. In 2009, she co-founded the community biohacker space, Genspace. ...
"Newcastle United legend Charlie Crowe dies". BBC News. February 28, 2010. "Jan Frans De Blaes († 27/2/2010)". InMemoriam.be (in ... Barton Childs, Who Studied Inherited Diseases, Is Dead at 93". The New York Times. "Noted economist Amlan Datta passes away in ... Richard Devon, 84, American character actor (Lassie), vascular disease. Charles le Gai Eaton, 89, Swiss-born British diplomat ... Jake Hanna, 78, American jazz drummer, blood disease. Adriel Johnson, 52, American biologist, shot. Athan Karras, 82, Greek- ...
Chu, H.P.; E.W. Trow; A.G. Greenwood; A.R. Jennings & I.F. Keymer (1976). "Isolation of Newcastle disease virus from birds of ... Captive birds can be affected by Newcastle disease virus, as well as many parasites including Trichomonas (in subsp. ruficollis ...
Later, Hirst also studied other vertebrate RNA viruses, including poliovirus, mumps and Newcastle disease virus. Although ... Hirst GK (1962). "Genetic recombination with Newcastle disease virus, polioviruses, and influenza". Cold Spring Harbor Symposia ... 1962) Genetic recombination with Newcastle disease virus, polioviruses, and influenza. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on ... He became head of the Infectious Diseases and Virology Divisions, and in 1956 succeeded L. Whittington Gorham as director of ...
Controlling Newcastle Disease in Village Chickens: A Training Manual, 2002; 2nd Edition, 2003. Success story on the control of ... From July 2011 to May 2012, Alders was the Team Leader of a Newcastle disease control project in Angola implemented by the ... It was apparent that viral Newcastle disease (ND) was endemic and causing significant mortality and loss of production in these ... Bensink, Z. Spradbrow, P. B. (1999). "Newcastle disease virus strain I2 - a prospective thermostable vaccine for use in ...
Brugh, M (1977). "Butylated hydroxytoluene protects chickens exposed to Newcastle disease virus". Science. 197 (4310): 1291-2. ... Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Retrieved 12 March 2020. No results found Chemistry of BHA and BHT Food ... Moreover, as of March 2020, no guidance from any of the internationally recognized associations of infectious disease ... International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Retrieved 12 March 2020. There are 0 results for 'BHT' "ESCMID-Search- ...
"USPTO - Recombinant newcastle disease virus RNA expression systems and vaccines". Archived from the original on 21 November ... "Use of Reverse Genetics to Enhance the Oncolytic Properties of Newcastle Disease Virus". Cancer Research. 67 (17): 8285-8292. ... included the generation and evaluation of influenza virus vectors as potential vaccine candidates against infectious diseases, ...
... infectious bursal disease virus, Neisseria meningitidis, Newcastle disease virus, and porcine circovirus type 2. Kennedy, David ... The best known cases of vaccine resistance are for the following diseases animal diseases Marek's disease where actually more ... Witter, R. L. (1997). "Increased Virulence of Marek's Disease Virus Field Isolates". Avian Diseases. 41 (1): 149-163. doi: ... "Herd immunity to Newcastle disease virus in poultry by vaccination". Avian Pathology. 37 (1): 1-5. doi:10.1080/ ...
Newcastle disease is a contagious bird disease affecting many domestic and wild avian species. The disease is contagious ... Newcastle disease was first identified in Java, Indonesia, in 1926, and in 1927, in Newcastle upon Tyne, England (whence it got ... "1. Newcastle disease vaccines: an overview". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2015-10-29. "Chytrid Fungus". www.savethefrogs.com. 2015-02 ... Newcastle disease spreads quickly among birds kept in captivity, such as commercially raised chickens. Symptoms include ...
In vitro, there was no significant difference between NAs from Newcastle disease virus, SeV and mumps virus with respect to ... Variable sialidases can cause this effect, including NA from Newcastle disease virus that have been shown to cleave 2,3-, 2,6 ... Liu H, de Almeida RS, Gil P, Albina E (November 2017). "Comparison of the efficiency of different newcastle disease virus ... Altomonte J, Marozin S, Schmid RM, Ebert O (February 2010). "Engineered newcastle disease virus as an improved oncolytic agent ...
Newcastle disease virus infected splenocytes express the pro-opiomelanocortin gene. J. Exp. Med. 163:1589-1594. Kent, S., R.M. ... Newcastle disease virus infected splenocytes express the pro-opiomelanocortin gene. J. Exp. Med. 163:1589 1594. Edwards, C.K., ... In 1976, when he completed his Ph.D., the immune system was considered only to protect against infectious diseases. He reshaped ... He and his team utilized an infectious disease model using Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a mycobacteria that is a potent ...
They have also partnered with Galvmed on vaccines for Newcastle disease. The Company is planning to increase its exports to the ... Brucellosis Vaccine Goat Pox Vaccine Poultry disease FAO "Hester Biosciences Q2 net up 48%". "Hester Company Profile". Hester. ...
Weiss, Susan R (1976). Analysis of Newcastle disease virus messenger RNA and poly (A) (Thesis). OCLC 77001271. "Penn ... where she studied Virulent Newcastle disease. Weiss started studying coronaviruses during her postdoctoral research at the ... a paradigm of new emerging zoonotic diseases". Pathogens and Disease. 77 (9). doi:10.1093/femspd/ftaa006. ISSN 2049-632X. PMC ... In March 2020, Weiss was awarded certification from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to work with the SARS- ...
In Newcastle, his research interests were cardiovascular disease, asthma and tobacco. Leeder became Professor of Community ... The Rockefeller Foundation awarded a grant to the University of Newcastle to establish the centre as part of the International ... The report, "A Race against Time: the challenge of cardiovascular disease in developing economies", focussed on the ... His research interests as a clinical epidemiologist have been primarily asthma and cardiovascular disease. Leeder's interest in ...
306 people died of the disease in Newcastle and 234 in Gateshead. The link between the use of river water and the disease was ... The Newcastle and Gateshead Water Company supplied drinking water to the towns of Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead, in the ... The Newcastle Subscription Water Company was first proposed in November 1832, at the same time as the Newcastle Fire Office ... Newcastle were supportive of the plans for Newcastle and Gateshead Union Water Company, but Gateshead appointed a committee to ...
"Paediatric Immunology, Bone Marrow Transplantation and Infectious Diseases". Newcastle Hospitals. Retrieved 15 April 2018. "The ... The hospital has strong links with University of Newcastle upon Tyne which had the first academic unit of child health in ... The hospital is managed by the Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and is a teaching hospital for the University ... The Great North Children's Hospital (GNCH) is a tertiary referral centre in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. ...
The species is potentially threatened by outbreaks of Newcastle Disease and Tuberculosis. The natural habitat is tall ...
A poultry disease first discovered in Ranikhet, also known as Newcastle disease. Ranikhet's economy is based on the cantonment ...
Some airborne diseases can affect non-humans. For example, Newcastle disease is an avian disease that affects many types of ... "Effect of negative air ionization on airborne transmission of Newcastle disease virus". Avian Diseases. 38 (4): 725-732. doi: ... This is the transmission of diseases via transmission of an infectious agent, and does not include diseases caused by air ... Socioeconomics has a minor role in airborne disease transmission. In cities, airborne disease spreads more rapidly than in ...
December 2020). "Newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressing the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 as a live virus vaccine candidate". ... December 2020). "Newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressing the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 as a live virus vaccine candidate". ... December 2020). "A Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Expressing a Membrane-Anchored Spike as a Cost-Effective Inactivated SARS-CoV- ... The name NDV-HXP-S comes from the terms Newcastle disease virus, HexaPro, and spike protein. The stabilization of the S protein ...
... and persistent newcastle disease virus. Youngner is responsible for the first equine influenza vaccine, based upon cold-adapted ... Role in Maintenance of Persistent Newcastle Disease Virus Infections of L Cells". Journal of Virology. 12 (3): 481-491. doi: ... "Temperature-Sensitive Defect of Mutants Isolated from L Cells Persistently Infected with Newcastle Disease Virus". Journal of ... "Temperature-Sensitive Mutants Isolated from L Cells Persistently Infected with Newcastle Disease Virus". Journal of Virology. 9 ...
... such as PMV 1 that causes of Newcastle disease may be spread by Corvus splendens. Outbreaks of Newcastle disease in India were ... Roy, P., Venugopalan, A.T., Manvell, R. 1998 Isolation of Newcastle disease virus from an Indian house crow. Tropical animal ... and their relation to disease. Calcutta: Government Press. p. 71. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corvus splendens. ... health and production 30 (3):177-178 Blount, W.P. (1949). Diseases of Poultry. (London, Balliere, Tindall and Cox). S. ...
"A Live Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus-vectored COVID-19 Vaccine Phase 1 Study". ClinicalTrials.gov. 25 January 2022. ... "A Live Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus-vectored COVID-19 Vaccine Phase 1 Study". ClinicalTrials.gov. 6 January 2022. ... "Principles of epidemiology, Section 8: Concepts of disease occurrence". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). ... Vaccine efficacy reflects disease prevention, a poor indicator of transmissibility of SARS‑CoV‑2 since asymptomatic people can ...
Working party for early childhood deaths in Newcastle". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 52 (11): 828-835. November 1977. doi: ... There is variable evidence of an effect in ICU and psychiatry; and no evidence of an effect in disease group-specific studies ... Stroke With myocardial infarction and UGIB, the most well studied disease is stroke, with varying results regarding the weekend ... 13 (4): 355-9. doi:10.1016/0019-2791(76)90347-5. PMID 59692."Newcastle survey of deaths in early childhood 1974/76, with ...
"Disease fighting superfood". The University of Newcastle, Australia. 28 September 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2022. ... In October 2016, he was awarded the Young Alumni Award by The University of Newcastle. In 2015, he patented the process and ... "University of Newcastle spins off antioxidant, without IP fights". Australian Financial Review. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 22 ... Candrawinata undertook a research project with The University of Newcastle from 2011 to 2014 to determine the possibility of ...
The disease is caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avulavirus. Strains of Newcastle disease virus have been used to ... "Newcastle disease: Newcastle disease outbreaks in Great Britain". DEFRA. Archived from the original on 2007-06-27. "Newcastle ... Virulent Newcastle disease (VND), formerly exotic Newcastle disease, is a contagious viral avian disease affecting many ... Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Archived 2017-11-01 at the Wayback Machine. avianbiotech.com Newcastle Disease Vaccine, B1 Type, ...
Funding available to help improve Rare Disease research at Newcastle University ... Our current funding opportunities that are available to help progress research in Rare Disease at Newcastle University. ... Andrew Blamire - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of motor unit dynamics as a non-invasive disease biomarker in Spinal Muscular ... Helen Devine - Targeting Bile Acid Receptors in Motor Neuron Disease: Pre-clinical Modelling to Assess the Potential of ...
The highly contagious poultry virus Newcastle Disease has been found at a poultry farm in northern Sweden. According to Swedish ... Newcastle Disease in Sweden SWEDEN - The highly contagious poultry virus Newcastle Disease has been found at a poultry farm in ...
Learn about the veterinary topic of Newcastle Disease in Poultry. Find specific details on this topic and related topics from ... Newcastle Disease in Poultry (Avian Pneumoencephalitis, Exotic Newcastle Disease). By Kiril Dimitrov , DVM, PhD, Texas A&M ... Prevention of Newcastle Disease in Poultry No medication has been shown to impact the course of virulent Newcastle disease ... Epidemiology of Newcastle Disease in Poultry Virulent Newcastle disease strains are endemic in poultry in most of Asia, Africa ...
SAINT HELENA - There has been two new outbreaks of Newcastle disease on the South Atlantic island, Saint Helena. ... Two New Outbreaks of Newcastle Disease on Saint Helena SAINT HELENA - There has been two new outbreaks of Newcastle disease on ... There were 83 cases of the disease, which resulted in 68 deaths and the destruction of 90 birds. ...
Virulent Newcastle Disease means backyard chicken craze needs to clean up its act. By Dan Flynn on June 21, 2018. ... Virulent Newcastle Disease or vND is not a foodborne illness, but humans working with or around sick birds can be infected and ... If the disease migrates to commercial flocks from the backyard flocks in California, international markets could be shutdown ... Homeowners with backyard chickens have now given federal agriculture officials reason to worry. A contagious viral disease ...
Typically, Newcastle Disease is an avian disease. However, it can cause conjunctivitis (pink eye) in humans. This is the first ... Virulent Newcastle Disease in Ohio birds. by Krysten Bennett , Posted on 11.02.10. 01.23.15. ... Virulent Newcastle disease has not yet been detected in Ohio poultry flocks. Many birds may be affected and mortality may be ... The Ohio ADDL found the bird to be positive for Newcastle Disease on a PCR screen test. Samples were forwarded to USDA NVSL in ...
Using the current influenza virus vaccine production capacity to manufacture an egg-based inactivated Newcastle disease virus ( ... as a potent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine in mice and hamsters. The inactivated NDV-S vaccine was immunogenic, ... A Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Expressing a Membrane-Anchored Spike as a Cost-Effective Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine by ... Liu, R.Q.; Ge, J.Y.; Wang, J.L.; Shao, Y.; Zhang, H.L.; Wang, J.L.; Wen, Z.Y.; Bu, Z.G. Newcastle disease virus-based MERS-CoV ...
General information on disease. Newcastle disease is a devastating malady in unvaccinated chickens of any age. This paramyxo ... Foreign Animal Diseases. "The Gray Book" Online-version. *Joint FAO/IAEA Programme: Newcastle Disease control of chicken ... World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) - Technical disease card on Newcastle disease, www.oie.int ... Newcastle disease is a devastating malady in unvaccinated chickens of any age. This often results in high mortality (up to 95 ...
... is a viral disease that can affect a wide variety of avian species, both wild birds and domestic fowl. ... Newcastle Disease. Newcastle disease (ND) is a viral disease that can affect a wide variety of avian species, both wild birds ... The most severe forms of the disease, known as velogenic Newcastle disease (VND), are caused by highly pathogenic strains of ... In Canada, ND is a reportable disease under the Health of Animals Act, and all cases must be reported to the Canadian Food ...
Newcastle disease virus strain Queensland/66). Find diseases associated with this biological target and compounds tested ...
Viable Newcastle Disease Vaccine Strains in a Pharmaceutical Dump Antonella Amendola*. , Silvia Bianchi*, Marta Canuti*, ... Amino acid sequences at the F protein cleavage site of lentogenic and velogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus.. † ... Viable Newcastle Disease Vaccine Strains in a Pharmaceutical Dump. ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. ...
December 2018 California Newcastle Disease Update. December 18, 2018 Uncategorized 12-2018 California Newcastle Disease update: ... Since May 2018, USDA has confirmed 380 cases of virulent Newcastle Disease (vND) in backyard birds in southern California. ... www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/avian-influenza-disease/birdbiosecurity ... To keep this disease from spreading, and to keep it out of the commercial poultry industry, the USDA implements quarantine and ...
Immune response, Newcastle disease, ND vaccines, broiler chickens Abstract. A study was undertaken to determine the immune ... Determination of immune response of imported Newcastle disease virus vaccines in broiler chickens Authors. * MS Islam ... Newcastle Disease vaccine Fortdodge® and Avipro® ND LaSota vaccine respectively at day 21 of age by single eye instillation ... Newcastle-Bronchitis Vaccine Fortdodge® and Avipro® ND LaSota vaccine respectively at day 5 of age and secondarily with ...
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Centers RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.. ...
... is a disease of major importance for poultry and other birds. It is caused by specified viruses of the avian paramyxovirus type ... Description of the disease. Newcastle disease (ND) is a disease of major importance for poultry and other birds. It is caused ... Newcastle Disease is a notifiable disease, according to Council Directive 82/894/EEC on the notification of animal diseases ... Council Directive 92/66/EEC introduced Community measures to control Newcastle disease. ...
Virulent Newcastle Disease is a highly contagious respiratory virus in poultry that is nearly always fatal. The only way to ... State Veterinarian Calls for Cancellations of Poultry Exhibitions due to Virulent Newcastle Disease. FilmLA. January 17, 2019. ... According to the California Department of Food & Agriculture an outbreak of Virulent Newcastle Disease (VND) was discovered in ... For questions about Virulent Newcastle Disease, please contact the 1-866-922-2473 or visit their website. ...
The Basics of Alzheimers Disease. 21st September 2017. Articlesalzheimers, biology, brain, disease, medicine, neuroscience, ... The disease is associated with serious cognitive decline, including typical memory and language impairment. The disease has now ... STEM Newcastle. Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths. Menu. Skip to content *About Us ... Today is World Alzheimers Day, a day to raise awareness for a disease that is likely to affect 1 million people in the UK by ...
Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and haemagglutination inhibition test for the detection of Newcastle disease ... Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and haemagglutination inhibition test for the detection of Newcastle disease ... techniques for the detection of antibodies against Newcastle disease virus in sera from persons working in poultry farms and ...
Mutational analysis of the leucine zipper motif in the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein. J Virol. 1995 Oct; 69(10):5995- ... Mutational analysis of the leucine zipper motif in the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein. ... Mutational analysis of the leucine zipper motif in the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein. ...
The transmembrane domain sequence affects the structure and function of the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein. J Virol. ... The transmembrane domain sequence affects the structure and function of the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein. ... The transmembrane domain sequence affects the structure and function of the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein. ...
In order to understand the fusion mechanism and identify fusion inhibitors of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a member of the ... Young J. K., Li D., Abramowitz M. C., Morrison T. G. 1999; Interaction of peptides with sequences from the Newcastle disease ... Sergel T. A., McGinnes L. W., Morrison T. G. 2000; A single amino acid change in the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein ... Reitter J., Sergel T., Morrison T. G. 1995; Mutational analysis of the leucine zipper motif in the Newcastle disease virus ...
A proven reference for the reduction of Newcastle disease ... Indeed, a velogenic Newcastle disease virus was provided with a ... Oro-nasal swabs and cloacal swabs were collected daily for 14 days post-challenge; velogenic Newcastle disease virus amount was ... In conclusion, Vectormune ND is a strong tool to break the uncontrolled transmission of Newcastle disease virus among chickens ... Hence, Vectormune ND helps to prevent and control Newcastle disease outbreaks in the poultry industry and protects the ...
As a major infectious disease in chickens, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes considerable economic losses in the poultry ... As a major infectious disease in chickens, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes considerable economic losses in the poultry ... Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Inhibitory Effects of Lentogenic Newcastle Disease Virus on Cell Survival and Immune Function in ...
... is a highly contagious viral disease that affects various species of birds, causing severe respiratory distress, neurological ... Virulent Newcastle Diseasemesa2023-07-04T14:39:09+00:00 Virulent Newcastle Disease. ... Newcastle disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects many species of domestic poultry including chickens, ducks ... Properly disposing of dead birds is also key in preventing outbreaks as Newcastle disease is highly contagious and can spread ...
This is where Always Best Care Senior Services in Newcastle, CA comes in. ... Since 1996 Always Best Care Senior Services has helped seniors in Newcastle, CA remain in the comfort of their own home by ... What is Virulent Newcastle Disease (VND)?. Virulent Newcastle Disease (aka VND, Exotic Newcastle Disease, END) is caused by a ... Virulent Newcastle Disease (VND) detected in Los Angeles County (2018-2020). California Free of Virulent Newcastle Disease - ...
UNLABELLED: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) avirulent strain LaSota was used to coexpress gp160 Env and p55 Gag from a single ... Mucosal Immunization with Newcastle Disease Virus Vector Coexpressing HIV-1 Env and Gag Proteins Elicits Potent Serum, Mucosal ... "Mucosal Immunization with Newcastle Disease Virus Vector Coexpressing HIV-1 Env and Gag Proteins Elicits Potent Serum, Mucosal ... Mucosal Immunization with Newcastle Disease Virus Vector Coexpressing HIV-1 Env and Gag Proteins Elicits Potent Serum, Mucosal ...
Mga ka-Salto, isa sa symtomas sa Newcastle Disease ay kapag ang kulay ng ipot ng alaga ninyo ay berde. Alamin sa ating Usapang ...
Newcastle University Library, NE2 4HQ, United Kingdom. Tel: 0044 (191) 208 2920 Contact ePrints admin , Accessibility ...
Alcoholic liver disease. Lookup NU author(s): Professor Alastair BurtORCiD Downloads. Full text for this publication is not ... Newcastle University Library, NE2 4HQ, United Kingdom. Tel: 0044 (191) 208 2920 Contact ePrints admin , Accessibility ... Alcohol excess is associated with a spectrum of disease ranging from simple steatosis through steatohepatitis to cirrhosis and ... Several authors have drawn attention to additional components of the spectrum of alcoholic liver disease, including vascular ...
  • In a current outbreak, backyard poultry flocks infected with six strains of Salmonella are responsible for 124 illnesses across 36 states, according to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) conducted an exposure assessment (EA) from in and around the City of New Castle in New Castle County, Delaware, near New Castle Air National Guard Base. (cdc.gov)
  • SAINT HELENA - There has been two new outbreaks of Newcastle disease on the South Atlantic island, Saint Helena. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • This publication helps us to understand that the innovative vector vaccine controls and prevents Newcastle disease outbreaks despite a different genotype between challenge strain and vaccine insert. (poultryworld.net)
  • Hence, Vectormune ND helps to prevent and control Newcastle disease outbreaks in the poultry industry and protects the performance of the birds. (poultryworld.net)
  • Properly disposing of dead birds is also key in preventing outbreaks as Newcastle disease is highly contagious and can spread quickly through contaminated surfaces or even airborne particles. (wellfarmvets.com)
  • Isolation, identification and molecular characterization of highly pathogenic Newcastle disease viruses from field outbreaks. (polbangtanmanokwari.ac.id)
  • Isolation and identification of Newcastle disease viruses from field outbreaks in chicken and pigeon. (polbangtanmanokwari.ac.id)
  • We provide a range of diagnostic and investigative services including testing for suspect notifiable disease outbreaks, as well as testing to facilitate animal movement, including import/export. (www.csiro.au)
  • The interspecies transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus to poultry populations often results in devastating disease outbreaks. (who.int)
  • Vaccines prevent clinical signs but not infection, and the control of the disease is challenging in enzootic regions. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Besides biosecurity, there is a need to get access to vaccines with the best features in terms of protection, but also prevention against the uncontrolled circulation of avian paramyxovirus type 1, also known as Newcastle disease virus in its pathogenic ('velogenic') form. (poultryworld.net)
  • Now vaccines against Newcastle disease, IB and Gumboro are available for day-old vaccination. (kenchic.com)
  • Vaccines to control Newcastle disease (ND) were introduced more than 60 years ago. (upm.edu.my)
  • A contagious viral disease affecting the respiratory, nervous and digestive systems of birds and poultry is spreading through backyard exhibition chickens in Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties in California. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Newcastle disease is a devastating malady in unvaccinated chickens of any age. (infonet-biovision.org)
  • Indeed, a velogenic Newcastle disease virus was provided with a reproduction ratio (R0) figure of 3.20, which basically means that 10 infected chickens are able to transmit the disease to 32 new birds, hence explaining the spreading capacity of this disease to neighbouring houses. (poultryworld.net)
  • In conclusion, Vectormune ND is a strong tool to break the uncontrolled transmission of Newcastle disease virus among chickens in a house, in between houses, and ultimately among farms in a densely populated poultry area. (poultryworld.net)
  • A Herpesvirus of Turkey-Based Vector Vaccine Reduces Transmission of Newcastle Disease Virus in Commercial Broiler Chickens with Maternally Derived Antibodies. (poultryworld.net)
  • As a major infectious disease in chickens, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes considerable economic losses in the poultry industry, especially in developing countries where there is limited access to effective vaccination. (escholarship.org)
  • Newcastle disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects many species of domestic poultry including chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys. (wellfarmvets.com)
  • Newcastle disease (ND) is a systemic, viral respiratory disease that is acute and easily transmitted which affects various types of poultry, especially chickens. (ugm.ac.id)
  • This research was aimed to detect Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) in chickens suspected with ND using the Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Isolation and characterization od Newcatle disease virus from vaccinated commercial layer chickens. (polbangtanmanokwari.ac.id)
  • Isolation and detection of Newcatle disease virus from field outbreak in broiler and layer chickens by reverse trancriptation polymerase chain reaction. (polbangtanmanokwari.ac.id)
  • Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of Newcastle disease and infection bursal disease of chickens. (polbangtanmanokwari.ac.id)
  • Isolation, isolation and molecular characterization of Newcastle disease viruses in vaccinated chickens from commercial farms in the Sultanate of Oman. (polbangtanmanokwari.ac.id)
  • It's long been known that HVT is not only an e﫿ective vaccine for Marek's disease (MD) in chickens, it can serve as a vector for delivering avian antigens that protect against other diseases. (poultryhealthtoday.com)
  • The village chickens also have unrestricted access to water and feed sources that may be utilized by wild birds, thus increasing the risk of exotic disease transmission. (who.int)
  • For now, however, the agency wants to remind all owners of backyard poultry to strictly follow "solid biosecurity practices" to protect their birds from infectious diseases. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Through a combination of our world-leading infrastructure, research programs and scientific expertise, the research we enable helps protect Australia's valuable livestock and aquaculture industries, and the community, from exotic and emerging infectious diseases. (www.csiro.au)
  • Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML) di National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases merilis gambar pertama virus SARS-CoV-2 pada 13 Februari 2020. (theconversation.com)
  • Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Inhibitory Effects of Lentogenic Newcastle Disease Virus on Cell Survival and Immune Function in Spleen of Commercial Layer Chicks. (escholarship.org)
  • Molecular epidemiology investigation of lentogenic Newcastle disease virus from domestic birds at live birds at live bird market in Korea. (polbangtanmanokwari.ac.id)
  • Strains of Newcastle disease virus have also been used to create viral vector vaccine candidates against Ebola and Covid-19. (wikipedia.org)
  • A comparison of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques for the detection of antibodies against Newcastle disease virus in sera from persons working in poultry farms and veterinary vaccine institutes and from the general population revealed that 22% more sera were positive by ELISA compared to HI. (bmj.com)
  • He said that the Newcastle spray vaccine was more effective to save the chicks from the disease. (agrihunt.com)
  • View of Serological responses in commercial chicken to a Newcastle Disease I2 thermostable vaccine in Uganda. (naro.go.ug)
  • Immune response to two methods of Newcastle disease virus vaccine, one inactivated and the other attenuated was observed and the data presented. (kjvr.org)
  • 1) Administration of inactivated virus vaccine in an amount of 1.0 ml. by intramuscular route gave an appreciable immunity to Newcastle disease for a period of at least three-and-half months. (kjvr.org)
  • Rigorous research and the application of cutting-edge technology by Zoetis scientists were behind the development of the newest recombinant vaccine to protect broilers from Newcastle and Marek's disease viruses. (poultryhealthtoday.com)
  • Since May 2018, USDA has confirmed 380 cases of virulent Newcastle Disease (vND) in backyard birds in southern California. (umaine.edu)
  • According to the California Department of Food & Agriculture an outbreak of Virulent Newcastle Disease (VND) was discovered in May 2018. (filmla.com)
  • In mid-May 2018, virulent Newcastle disease (vND) was detected in Los Angeles County, California when a sick exhibition chicken was brought to a local veterinary clinic. (msstate.edu)
  • Newcastle disease is a severe, systemic, and fatal viral disease of poultry due to virulent strains of avian paramyxovirus type 1. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Newcastle disease (ND) is an infection of domestic poultry and other bird species with virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV). (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Virulent NDV is capable of producing a devastating disease in domestic fowl, with vast social and economic consequences. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Real-time RT-PCR is the test of choice to detect viral RNA typical of virulent NDV and confirm infection in birds with clinical signs of disease. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Virulent Newcastle Disease or vND is not a foodborne illness, but humans working with or around sick birds can be infected and develop mild symptoms. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Sequencing analysis indicated that the isolate is a virulent strain of Newcastle Disease virus. (ohiovma.org)
  • These birds were found to be positive for virulent Newcastle Disease by the National Wildlife Health Center in Madison, Wisc. (ohiovma.org)
  • Around the same time, a virulent strain of Newcastle disease was also reported to be responsible for the death of nearly 1,000 gulls and 500 cormorants in Minnesota. (ohiovma.org)
  • Virulent Newcastle disease has not yet been detected in Ohio poultry flocks. (ohiovma.org)
  • This is the first reported case of virulent Newcastle Disease in waterfowl in Ohio. (ohiovma.org)
  • Virulent Newcastle Disease is a highly contagious respiratory virus in poultry that is nearly always fatal. (filmla.com)
  • Vaccination programs can help protect flocks from Newcastle disease but it's important for poultry producers to practice good biosecurity protocols such as using clean footwear when entering poultry houses to prevent the spread of infection. (wellfarmvets.com)
  • Apart from vaccination, it is important for farmers to know what causes most chicken diseases so that they can maintain their health. (theveterinarysite.com)
  • Kenchic has introduced hatchery vaccination in all day-old broilers against Gumboro, Newcastle and Infectious Bronchitis diseases. (kenchic.com)
  • Kenchic has subsequently introduced TRANSMUNE vaccination against Gumboro and VITABRON against Newcastle and Infectious Bronchitis diseases in day-old chicks at the hatchery. (kenchic.com)
  • The farmer will only do one single Newcastle disease vaccination in the Broiler farm at day 14 instead of 2 vaccinations as done previously. (kenchic.com)
  • We strongly recommend this vaccination to all farmers and with acquisition of automatic vaccinators, all Kenchic day-old broiler chicks will be vaccinated at the hatchery against Gumboro, Newcastle and Infectious bronchitis diseases. (kenchic.com)
  • The antibody (Ab) responses in chicks vaccinated against infectious bursal disease (IBD) and Newcastle disease (ND) using combined and single vaccination regimes were determined. (medwelljournals.com)
  • If possible, apply a disinfectant regularly to kill any disease-causing germs or viruses. (theveterinarysite.com)
  • Class II of Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) can be divided into 10 different genotypes based on the F gene. (upm.edu.my)
  • Viral diseases likely encountered on the job include animal respiratory viruses, poxviruses, enteroviruses, and arboviruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Glycoprotein from Sendai, para-influenza, Newcastle Disease, and other viruses that participates in binding the virus to cell-surface receptors. (bvsalud.org)
  • The most severe forms of the disease, known as velogenic Newcastle disease (VND), are caused by highly pathogenic strains of the virus. (canada.ca)
  • Amino acid sequences at the F protein cleavage site of lentogenic and velogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Figure - Kinetics of velogenic Newcastle disease virus shedding in vaccinated and unvaccinated birds after direct infection (seeder subgroups) or contact infection (contact subgroups). (poultryworld.net)
  • of velogenic Newcastle disease virus intra-nasally. (poultryworld.net)
  • velogenic Newcastle disease virus amount was quantified by RT-qPCR. (poultryworld.net)
  • Strains of Newcastle disease virus have been used to treat cancer in humans, since the virus appears to preferentially infect and kill cancerous cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Virulence of the disease can also vary greatly, with some strains causing very high mortality rates. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • The disease is transmitted through infected birds' droppings and secretions from the nose, mouth, and eyes. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is no treatment for Newcastle disease, and, in many countries, infected and susceptible birds in the vicinity of an outbreak are culled to contain transmission of the disease. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • There were 83 cases of the disease, which resulted in 68 deaths and the destruction of 90 birds. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Symptoms of the disease Ð which may vary among birds Ð include difficulty breathing, profuse diarrhea, discharge from eyes and beak, swelling and darkening of tissues around the eyes, tremors, spasms, circling, twisting of the head and neck, paralysis and death within two to three days. (ohiovma.org)
  • If birds show clinical signs suggestive of this disease, producers should immediately contact their veterinarian or State Veterinarian. (ohiovma.org)
  • The owners of the local chicken are aware of the clinical signs of the disease and as soon as some birds start to die of the disease, the rest are sold off or given out as gifts. (infonet-biovision.org)
  • Newcastle disease (ND) is a viral disease that can affect a wide variety of avian species, both wild birds and domestic fowl. (canada.ca)
  • Newcastle disease is a highly contagious disease affecting wild and domestic birds. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • Newcastle disease is an infectious disease of domestic poultry and wild birds that is caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a paramyxovirus 1 . (msstate.edu)
  • Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects birds all over the world, although not constantly present in all countries. (cabi.org)
  • It further reduces stress on the birds in the farm and ensures early and improved disease resistance/immunity. (kenchic.com)
  • Isolation of Newcastle disease virus from wild migration birds in Eygypt. (polbangtanmanokwari.ac.id)
  • Chicken are vulnerable to diseases. (theveterinarysite.com)
  • Exotic Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) is one of the most common diseases in chicken. (theveterinarysite.com)
  • Most chicken species do not show any or only limited signs of disease if they become infected. (theveterinarysite.com)
  • Description: Qualitativeindirect ELISA kit for measuring Chicken newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody in samples from serum. (stainingkit.com)
  • Newcastle disease viru detection from chicken organ samples using reverse transciptase polymerase chain reaction. (polbangtanmanokwari.ac.id)
  • AMAs can be found in 90-95% of patients with PBC, and they have a specificity of 98% for this disease. (medscape.com)
  • The structure of the fusion glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus suggests a novel paradigm for the molecular mechanism of membrane fusion. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • If you have or suspect Exotic Newcastle disease, initiate a self-imposed quarantine. (theveterinarysite.com)
  • Symptoms of the disease vary greatly, depending on the strain of virus and the species, age and health of the bird. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • Because several diseases affecting humans can be caused by other species of Chlamydia, the disease resulting from the infection of humans with C. psittaci frequently is referred to as psittacosis rather than chlamydia. (cdc.gov)
  • Newcastle Disease merupakan penyakit viral menular pada unggas yang disebabkan oleh strain virulen Avian Paramyxovirus-1 (vAPMV-1), bisa menyebab kematian yang besar pada unggas tertular. (polbangtanmanokwari.ac.id)
  • Mouse anti Newcastle Disease Virus antibody, clone 8H2 recognizes the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • Newcastle Disease Virus Antibody Elisa Kit - 96*2wells - 1 kit is backordered and will ship as soon as it is back in stock. (karlan.com)
  • Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Pig Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) Antibody (IgG) in samples from serum, plasma, cell culture supernates, tissue homogenates. (stainingkit.com)
  • Human IgG antibody Laboratories manufactures the newcastle disease serology interpretation elisa idexx reagents distributed by Genprice. (stainingkit.com)
  • Newcastle upon Tyne, 31 March and 1 April 1978. (bmj.com)
  • If the disease migrates to commercial flocks from the backyard flocks in California, international markets could be shutdown overnight. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • To keep this disease from spreading, and to keep it out of the commercial poultry industry, the USDA implements quarantine and eradication of infected flocks. (umaine.edu)
  • This disease, like avian influenza, can be swiftly fatal to affected flocks, and is hard to eradicate from the premises. (umaine.edu)
  • UNLABELLED: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) avirulent strain LaSota was used to coexpress gp160 Env and p55 Gag from a single vector to enhance both Env-specific and Gag-specific immune responses. (duke.edu)
  • Amazon parrots are carriers of the disease, but do not show symptoms, and are capable of shedding NDV for more than 400 days. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is no cure for Alzheimer's Disease, and treatments can only target the cognitive decline and other symptoms associated with the disease. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Non-motor symptoms such as dementia and visual hallucinations are key determinants of long-term outcome and quality of life in Parkinson's disease (PD). (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Newcastle disease virus isolation and its prevalence in Uganda poultry farms. (polbangtanmanokwari.ac.id)
  • Despite that, ND is still one of the most significant avian diseases affecting major poultry farms in various countries. (upm.edu.my)
  • Newcastle Disease (Infection with Newcastle Disease Virus. (polbangtanmanokwari.ac.id)
  • In humans, the resulting infection is referred to as psittacosis (also known as parrot disease, parrot fever, and ornithosis). (cdc.gov)
  • HHV-2, also known as HSV-2, causes genital herpes and occasionally causes oral disease that is clinically similar to that of HHV-1 infection. (medscape.com)
  • HHV-3, also known as varicella-zoster virus (VZV), causes the primary infection chickenpox and the secondary reactivation disease herpes zoster. (medscape.com)
  • HHV-4, also known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), causes the primary infection infectious mononucleosis , and it is implicated in various diseases, such as African Burkitt lymphoma , other immunoproliferative disorders, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • Newcastle disease virus, synonymous with avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1), is an RNA virus and the most important of the 22 known APMV serotypes as a pathogen for poultry. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • The Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP) plays a vital role in maintaining the health of Australia's animals, the international competitiveness of Australian agriculture and trade, the well-being of Australians and the quality of our environment. (www.csiro.au)
  • The Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP, formerly AAHL) provides Australia's highest level of biocontainment within a purpose-built biosecurity infrastructure. (www.csiro.au)
  • ACDP is a World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) designated Reference Centre for several diseases and areas of expertise, and our research is focussed on these. (www.csiro.au)
  • USDA's "Red Book" says vND "is a zoonotic disease, though not one that poses a significant threat to public health. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Gallbladder diseases can impact your health significantly by causing severe abdominal pain and decreased quality of life. (colorectalsurgeonsnewcastle.com.au)
  • Gallbladder disease leads to severe abdominal pain. (colorectalsurgeonsnewcastle.com.au)
  • Professor Pasha said that poultry industry was the second largest and fastest growing industry in Pakistan but it unfortunately had faced severe challenges like Newcastle disease (Rani khet) in recent years. (agrihunt.com)
  • Psittacosis -- also known as parrot disease, parrot fever, and ornithosis -- can cause severe pneumonia and other serious health problems among humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and haemagglutination inhibition test for the detection of Newcastle disease virus antibodies in human sera. (bmj.com)
  • In Canada, ND is a reportable disease under the Health of Animals Act , and all cases must be reported to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). (canada.ca)
  • Avian bordetellosis is an acute disease of the upper respiratory tract of young turkeys (Kersters et al. (cabi.org)
  • CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES AND INJURIES I. INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC DISEASES (001-139) Includes: diseases generally recognized as communicable or transmissible as well as a few diseases of unknown but possibly infectious origin Excludes: acute respiratory infections (460-466) influenza (487. (cdc.gov)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Mucosal Immunization with Newcastle Disease Virus Vector Coexpressing HIV-1 Env and Gag Proteins Elicits Potent Serum, Mucosal, and Cellular Immune Responses That Protect against Vaccinia Virus Env and Gag Challenges. (duke.edu)
  • Herpesviruses establish latent permanent infections in their hosts, although clinical signs of disease may not be detected. (medscape.com)
  • This commitment to invest in poultry production led us to making available an extensive range of solutions for prevention of major diseases, such as ND, IBD, IB or Salmonella. (poultryworld.net)
  • He was addressing the inaugural session of a national workshop on "Newcastle disease, its prevention and control" arranged by the university in collaboration with the Higher Education Commission and Pakistan Poultry Association (PPA). (agrihunt.com)
  • A leading poultry farmer Dr Mustfa Kamal gave a detailed presentation on Newcastle disease and recommended valuable suggestions for its prevention. (agrihunt.com)
  • Punjab Agriculture Research Board Chief Executive Officer Dr Mubarik Ali, Punjab Livestock and Dairy Development Department Additional Secretary Ramzan Shahid, PPA North-zone President Dr Ghulam Mehboob, Poultry Consultant Dr Hanif Chaudhry and experts from NARC, Veterinary Research Institute and UVAS also spoke about various aspects of the disease, its prevention and control. (agrihunt.com)
  • He said that the purpose of the conference was to make a combined strategy in collaboration with the industry to control and prevent the fatal Newcastle disease. (agrihunt.com)
  • With proper treatment, the disease is rarely fatal. (cdc.gov)
  • The Newcastle Disease Serology Interpretation Elisa Idexx reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab samples. (stainingkit.com)
  • But there's a lot of other common diseases where you cannot pinpoint a single cause," he said. (newcastleherald.com.au)
  • It is believed to chronically persist in salivary gland tissue in some hosts, and oral shedding is the probable route of disease transmission. (medscape.com)
  • Late in August, a male double-crested cormorant was submitted to the Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (ADDL) by a veterinarian from Northeast Ohio. (ohiovma.org)
  • ACDP is Australia's National Reference Laboratory for all notifiable animal diseases, including those which may affect wildlife. (www.csiro.au)
  • Working closely with our colleagues in CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Manufacturing, Data61 and Land & Water, we continue to equip Australia with the capacity to predict, prepare, prevent and respond to disease. (www.csiro.au)
  • Andrew Blamire - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of motor unit dynamics as a non- invasive disease biomarker in Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Retinal structure, as assessed by optical coherence tomography, was not significantly altered in PD and our results would caution against the use of this technique as a disease biomarker until more is known about the limitations of this method. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), formerly known as primary biliary cirrhosis, is a chronic disease of the liver, presumably autoimmune in nature, that leads to progressive cholestasis and often end-stage liver disease (see the image below). (medscape.com)