Nuchal Cord
Umbilical Cord
Spinal Cord
Ultrasonography, Prenatal
Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
Obstetric Labor Complications
Pregnancy Trimester, Third
Spinal Cord Injuries
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Trimester, First
Pregnancy Outcome
Gestational Age
Predictive Value of Tests
TNF-alpha gene promoter -238G>A and -308G>A polymorphisms alter risk of psoriasis vulgaris: a meta-analysis. (1/11)
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a major proinflammatory cytokine and involved in the etiology of psoriasis. The -238G>A and -308G>A polymorphisms influence the transcription of the TNF-alpha gene and have been implicated in psoriasis risk. However, the results from the published studies on the association between TNF-alpha polymorphisms and psoriasis risk are conflicting. Our meta-analysis of a total of 997 psoriasis cases and 943 control subjects from eight published case-control studies for the -238G>A polymorphism and of 1,156 psoriasis cases and 1,083 control subjects from 10 published case-control studies for the -308G>A polymorphism showed that a significantly increased risk was associated with the variant GA+AA genotypes of -238G>A, compared with the GG genotype (odds ratio (OR) 2.60, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.48-4.56), whereas a significantly reduced psoriasis risk was associated with the variant GA+AA genotypes of the -308G>A compared with the GG genotype (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.45-0.71). Our findings suggest that TNF-alpha -238G>A and -308G>A polymorphisms might be used as biomarkers for psoriasis risk prediction. A single larger study with thousands of subjects and biochemical and biological characterization is warranted to evaluate further the role of -238G>A and -308G>A polymorphisms and psoriasis risk in a population of various ethnicities. (+info)Impact of nuchal cord on measurement of fetal nuchal translucency thickness. (2/11)
OBJECTIVE: To define the impact of nuchal cord on the measurement of fetal nuchal translucency thickness (NT). METHODS: Between December 2004 and June 2006, we examined prospectively 53 fetuses that were observed on routine first-trimester ultrasound examination between 11 + 3 and 13 + 6 weeks of gestation to have nuchal cord causing an indentation in the skin in the nuchal region. The fetuses were re-examined after a median interval of 132 min, when the cord was no longer around the neck and indentation of the skin had resolved. Various NT measurements (highest, lowest, mean) with the cord located around the neck (nuchal cord) were compared with NT measurements in the absence of nuchal cord ('true' NT) in the same fetuses. Measurements were considered to be equal when they were within mean +/- 1.96 SD, defined by our own intraobserver repeatability according to the method of Bland and Altman. RESULTS: The mean of the largest and the smallest of six measurements in the presence of nuchal cord fell within the mean +/- 1.96 SD of our own intraobserver repeatability, i.e. gave a correct estimate of the true NT, in 80% of fetuses, while the NT was overestimated in 10% and underestimated in 10% of fetuses. The largest and the smallest of six measurements in the presence of nuchal cord gave an underestimate of the true NT in 2% of fetuses and an overestimate in 4% of fetuses, respectively. CONCLUSION: There is a wide scattering of measurements in fetuses with nuchal cord in comparison to the same fetuses in the absence of nuchal cord. This prevents accurate prediction of the true NT, although the largest and smallest of repeat measurements with nuchal cord can allow calculation of the highest and lowest possible risks, respectively. These facts must be taken into consideration in counseling patients. (+info)Perinatal features and umbilical cord blood gases in newborns complicated with nuchal cord. (3/11)
Presence of nuchal cord (NC) is associated with transient decrease of umbilical cord blood flow. However, the exact perinatal effect of presence of NC in a newborn is still under debate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perinatal complications and umbilical cord blood gases of deliveries complicated with NC and summarize the associated literature. Gestational age-matched term singleton pregnancies complicated with NC (n=160) were compared with neonates without NC (n=160). Patients' files and Labor and Delivery Unit database were used to extract maternal age, gestational age, presence of NC, number of nuchal loops around fetal neck, intrapartum complications and umbilical cord blood gases. pH, pO2, pCO2, HCO3-, O2 saturation, and base excess were determined in all patients. Mean maternal age, mean gestational age, and birth weight were not significantly different between the two groups (p > 0.05). Occurrence of oligohydramnios, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), intrapartum abnormalities and Apgar scores < 7 at 1 minute were not significantly different between the groups (p>0.05). However, umbilical cord blood pH (7.32 vs. 7.30, p = 0.048), pO2 (37.4 +/- 18.1 vs. 31.7 +/- 14.4, p = 0.01) and O2 saturation (57.4 +/- 21.8 vs. 48.3 +/- 20.4, p = 0.005) were significantly lower in the NC group compared with the controls. Furthermore, the number of Apgar scores < 7 at 1 minute was significantly higher in neonates with multiple NC (28.1% vs. 9.2%, p = 0.007), and intrapartum abnormalities were more frequently seen in newborns with multiple NC (31.3% vs.15.6%, p = 0.04). The results of this study suggest that presence of single NC may negatively affect the umbilical cord blood gases without significant perinatal complications. However, multiple NC may also increase the development of intrapartum complications and lower Apgar scores. Perinatal effects of NC should be investigated with a large prospective study. (+info)Cord entanglement and perinatal outcome in monoamniotic twin pregnancies. (4/11)
(+info)Influence of nuchal cord on ductus venosus assessment at 11 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation. (5/11)
(+info)Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism in China. (6/11)
(+info)Multi-drug resistance 1 genetic polymorphism and prediction of chemotherapy response in Hodgkin's Lymphoma. (7/11)
(+info)The impact of vitamin A restriction and ADH1C genotype on marbling in feedlot steers. (8/11)
(+info)A nuchal cord is a medical term that refers to the situation where the umbilical cord wraps around the neck of the fetus. This can happen at any time during pregnancy or delivery. In most cases, a nuchal cord does not cause harm to the baby, especially if it is loose and slippery. However, if the cord is tight or wrapped multiple times around the neck, it may affect the baby's oxygen supply and lead to complications such as fetal distress, low heart rate, or even stillbirth in rare cases.
Healthcare providers typically monitor the baby's heart rate during labor and delivery to detect any signs of distress caused by a nuchal cord. If necessary, they may perform an assisted delivery or cesarean section to ensure the safe delivery of the baby.
The umbilical cord is a flexible, tube-like structure that connects the developing fetus to the placenta in the uterus during pregnancy. It arises from the abdomen of the fetus and transports essential nutrients, oxygen, and blood from the mother's circulation to the growing baby. Additionally, it carries waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the fetus back to the placenta for elimination. The umbilical cord is primarily composed of two arteries (the umbilical arteries) and one vein (the umbilical vein), surrounded by a protective gelatinous substance called Wharton's jelly, and enclosed within a fibrous outer covering known as the umbilical cord coating. Following birth, the umbilical cord is clamped and cut, leaving behind the stump that eventually dries up and falls off, resulting in the baby's belly button.
In medical terms, the "neck" is defined as the portion of the body that extends from the skull/head to the thorax or chest region. It contains 7 cervical vertebrae, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and glands (such as the thyroid gland). The neck is responsible for supporting the head, allowing its movement in various directions, and housing vital structures that enable functions like respiration and circulation.
The spinal cord is a major part of the nervous system, extending from the brainstem and continuing down to the lower back. It is a slender, tubular bundle of nerve fibers (axons) and support cells (glial cells) that carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord primarily serves as a conduit for motor information, which travels from the brain to the muscles, and sensory information, which travels from the body to the brain. It also contains neurons that can independently process and respond to information within the spinal cord without direct input from the brain.
The spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column (spine) and is divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each segment corresponds to a specific region of the body and gives rise to pairs of spinal nerves that exit through the intervertebral foramina at each level.
The spinal cord is responsible for several vital functions, including:
1. Reflexes: Simple reflex actions, such as the withdrawal reflex when touching a hot surface, are mediated by the spinal cord without involving the brain.
2. Muscle control: The spinal cord carries motor signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement and muscle tone regulation.
3. Sensory perception: The spinal cord transmits sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, and vibration, from the body to the brain for processing and awareness.
4. Autonomic functions: The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system originate in the thoracolumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord, respectively, controlling involuntary physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.
Damage to the spinal cord can result in various degrees of paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury, depending on the severity and location of the damage.
Prenatal ultrasonography, also known as obstetric ultrasound, is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid inside the uterus. It is a non-invasive and painless test that is widely used during pregnancy to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, detect any potential abnormalities or complications, and determine the due date.
During the procedure, a transducer (a small handheld device) is placed on the mother's abdomen and moved around to capture images from different angles. The sound waves travel through the mother's body and bounce back off the fetus, producing echoes that are then converted into electrical signals and displayed as images on a screen.
Prenatal ultrasonography can be performed at various stages of pregnancy, including early pregnancy to confirm the pregnancy and detect the number of fetuses, mid-pregnancy to assess the growth and development of the fetus, and late pregnancy to evaluate the position of the fetus and determine if it is head down or breech. It can also be used to guide invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.
Overall, prenatal ultrasonography is a valuable tool in modern obstetrics that helps ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.
Ultrasonography, Doppler, color is a type of diagnostic ultrasound technique that uses the Doppler effect to produce visual images of blood flow in vessels and the heart. The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wave. In this context, it refers to the change in frequency of the ultrasound waves as they reflect off moving red blood cells.
In color Doppler ultrasonography, different colors are used to represent the direction and speed of blood flow. Red typically represents blood flowing toward the transducer (the device that sends and receives sound waves), while blue represents blood flowing away from the transducer. The intensity or brightness of the color is proportional to the velocity of blood flow.
Color Doppler ultrasonography is often used in conjunction with grayscale ultrasound imaging, which provides information about the structure and composition of tissues. Together, these techniques can help diagnose a wide range of conditions, including heart disease, blood clots, and abnormalities in blood flow.
Obstetric labor complications refer to any physical or physiological difficulties that arise during the process of childbirth (labor) and can pose risks to the health of the mother, baby, or both. These complications may result from various factors such as pre-existing medical conditions, fetal distress, prolonged labor, abnormal positioning of the fetus, or issues related to the size or weight of the baby.
Some examples of obstetric labor complications include:
1. Fetal distress: This occurs when the fetus is not receiving adequate oxygen supply or is in danger during labor. It can be caused by various factors such as umbilical cord compression, placental abruption, or maternal anemia.
2. Prolonged labor: When labor lasts for more than 20 hours in first-time mothers or more than 14 hours in subsequent pregnancies, it is considered prolonged labor. This can lead to fatigue, infection, and other complications for both the mother and baby.
3. Abnormal positioning of the fetus: Normally, the fetus should be positioned head-down (vertex) before delivery. However, if the fetus is in a breech or transverse position, it can lead to difficult labor and increased risk of complications during delivery.
4. Shoulder dystocia: This occurs when the baby's shoulders get stuck behind the mother's pubic bone during delivery, making it challenging to deliver the baby. It can cause injuries to both the mother and the baby.
5. Placental abruption: This is a serious complication where the placenta separates from the uterus before delivery, leading to bleeding and potential oxygen deprivation for the fetus.
6. Uterine rupture: A rare but life-threatening complication where the uterus tears during labor, causing severe bleeding and potentially endangering both the mother and baby's lives.
7. Preeclampsia/eclampsia: This is a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder that can lead to complications such as seizures, organ failure, or even maternal death if left untreated.
8. Postpartum hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding after delivery can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
9. Infections: Maternal infections during pregnancy or childbirth can lead to complications for both the mother and baby, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and even fetal death.
10. Anesthesia complications: Adverse reactions to anesthesia during delivery can cause respiratory depression, allergic reactions, or other complications that may endanger the mother's life.
The third trimester of pregnancy is the final stage of pregnancy that lasts from week 29 until birth, which typically occurs around the 40th week. During this period, the fetus continues to grow and mature, gaining weight rapidly. The mother's body also prepares for childbirth by dilating the cervix and producing milk in preparation for breastfeeding. Regular prenatal care is crucial during this time to monitor the health of both the mother and the developing fetus, as well as to prepare for delivery.
Spinal cord injuries (SCI) refer to damage to the spinal cord that results in a loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. This injury can be caused by direct trauma to the spine or by indirect damage resulting from disease or degeneration of surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels. The location and severity of the injury on the spinal cord will determine which parts of the body are affected and to what extent.
The effects of SCI can range from mild sensory changes to severe paralysis, including loss of motor function, autonomic dysfunction, and possible changes in sensation, strength, and reflexes below the level of injury. These injuries are typically classified as complete or incomplete, depending on whether there is any remaining function below the level of injury.
Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal cord injuries to prevent further damage and improve the chances of recovery. Treatment usually involves immobilization of the spine, medications to reduce swelling and pressure, surgery to stabilize the spine, and rehabilitation to help regain lost function. Despite advances in treatment, SCI can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.
Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.
The first trimester of pregnancy is defined as the period of gestational development that extends from conception (fertilization of the egg by sperm) to the end of the 13th week. This critical phase marks significant transformations in both the mother's body and the growing embryo/fetus.
During the first trimester, the fertilized egg implants into the uterine lining (implantation), initiating a series of complex interactions leading to the formation of the placenta - an organ essential for providing nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus while removing waste products. Simultaneously, the embryo undergoes rapid cell division and differentiation, giving rise to various organs and systems. By the end of the first trimester, most major structures are present, although they continue to mature and grow throughout pregnancy.
The mother may experience several physiological changes during this time, including:
- Morning sickness (nausea and vomiting)
- Fatigue
- Breast tenderness
- Frequent urination
- Food aversions or cravings
- Mood swings
Additionally, hormonal shifts can cause various symptoms and prepare the body for potential changes in lactation, posture, and pelvic alignment as pregnancy progresses. Regular prenatal care is crucial during this period to monitor both maternal and fetal wellbeing, identify any potential complications early on, and provide appropriate guidance and support throughout the pregnancy.
Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:
1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.
The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.
Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.
It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.
The Predictive Value of Tests, specifically the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV), are measures used in diagnostic tests to determine the probability that a positive or negative test result is correct.
Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the proportion of patients with a positive test result who actually have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true positives divided by the total number of positive results (true positives + false positives). A higher PPV indicates that a positive test result is more likely to be a true positive, and therefore the disease is more likely to be present.
Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of patients with a negative test result who do not have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true negatives divided by the total number of negative results (true negatives + false negatives). A higher NPV indicates that a negative test result is more likely to be a true negative, and therefore the disease is less likely to be present.
The predictive value of tests depends on the prevalence of the disease in the population being tested, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A test with high sensitivity and specificity will generally have higher predictive values than a test with low sensitivity and specificity. However, even a highly sensitive and specific test can have low predictive values if the prevalence of the disease is low in the population being tested.
Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.
* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.
In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.
It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.
Nuchal cord
Perinatal asphyxia
The Past Is Red
Obstetric labor complication
Maickel Melamed
Outdoor emergency care
Multiple birth
Zara Larsson
Mohammed Dewji
Umbilical cord
Fetal distress
Umbilical cord compression
Emergency childbirth
Neck stiffness
Stillbirth
Plesiorycteropus
Phorcys dubei
Fibroma
Kelenken
Obstetric ultrasonography
Acorn worm
Teuthidodrilus
Anomaly scan
Turtle shell
Sipuncula
Glossary of dinosaur anatomy
3C syndrome
Neurosarcoidosis
Chorionic villus sampling
Solo Man
Nuchal cord - Wikipedia
Nuchal Cord - Women's Health Issues - Merck Manuals Consumer Version
Umbilical Cord Complications: Overview, Cord Length, Single Umbilical Artery
Nuchal Cord - Women's Health Issues - MSD Manual Consumer Version
Nuchal Cord Birth Injury | Nuchal Cord Lawyer | Honolulu, HI
Abnormal Umbilical Cord - Nuchal Cord - Medical Illustration, Human Anatomy Drawing, Anatomy Illustration
Coping with Nuchal Chord Diagnosis: Support and Resources for Expecting Parents
Is fetal nuchal cord associated with autism spectrum disorder? A meta-analysis
Secondhand smoke and incidence of dental caries in deciduous teeth among children in Japan: population based retrospective...
Obstetrics And care Of The Newborn Ch 37 - ProProfs Quiz
View of Perinatal outcome in pregnancies with nuchal cord: prospective cross-sectional study at tertiary care institute
Midwifery Today Midwifery Today, Issue 66, Summer 2003 The heart and science of birth
Danielah Andre G Ashtier, MD| Obstetrics And Gynecology | MedStar Health
Umbilical Cord Conditions Causing Birth Injuries | Wilson Kehoe Winingham
Chicago Birth Injury Attorneys | Pfaff, Gill & Ports, Ltd
Outcomes of planned home births with certified professional midwives: large prospective study in North America | The BMJ
Searching for "infants" - SMART Imagebase
PakMediNet - Journal of Medical Sciences
David HUTCHON | Research student | Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield | SHU | Materials and Engineering Research Institute ...
Natural childbirth I:is home birth more dangerous than hospital birth?
High Prevalence of Hypertension and Placental Insufficiency, but No In Utero HIV Transmission, among Women on HAART with...
Pregnancy and fetal outcomes of chronic hepatitis C mothers with viremia in China
Genetic testing ethical -legal psycho-socio aspects and genetic counselling | PPT
Umbilical Cord Birth Injury Lawyer NJ | New Jersey Umbilical Cord Problem Attorneys
Nuchal Rigidity: What Is It?
5 Umbilical Cord Accidents that Can Lead to Birth Injuries | Latona Law
Pittsburgh Umbilical Cord Birth Injury Lawyer | Matzus Law, LLC
Namespace
Amniotic fluid4
- Otherwise, a nuchal chord may be misdiagnosed as foetal skin folds, amniotic fluid pockets, posterior cystic neck mass, or even a chord that is simply near the foetal neck but not encircling it. (imumz.com)
- It is also more prevalent with long umbilical cords, polyhydramnios (excess amniotic fluid), manually ruptured membranes, and multiple births. (fronzutolaw.com)
- We detected amniotic fluid with meconium in 506 (13.1%) patients with a nuchal cord and 270 (1.3%) without a nuchal cord, and the difference was found to be significant. (dergipark.org.tr)
- Conclusions: There is no significant relationship between vaginal deliveries with the nuchal cord and poor perinatal outcomes, except for meconium amniotic fluid. (dergipark.org.tr)
Complications8
- This article outlines the risk factors for known umbilical cord complications and the available courses of action to avert their associated morbidity and mortality. (medscape.com)
- Brain damage is one of the most severe complications from nuchal cord birth injuries. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
- There are several types of umbilical cord conditions, and each come with their own set of complications. (wkw.com)
- As such, conditions affecting the umbilical cord may be detected through ultrasound during pregnancy and must be planned for appropriately to prevent severe complications. (fronzutolaw.com)
- Although complications from umbilical cord prolapse are not particularly common, this condition is more likely to occur in premature babies, those with low birthweight, and when the child is in a breech position. (fronzutolaw.com)
- There are some common well-known cord-related pregnancy complications that compromise or restrict oxygen supply to the baby. (matzuslaw.com)
- For this reason, pregnant women diagnosed with nuchal cord in the third trimester can deliver vaginally, but they should be carefully monitored in terms of meconium and related complications. (dergipark.org.tr)
- The umbilical cord complications of true knots, nuchal coils, and cords around the body. (dergipark.org.tr)
Wrapping around the baby's neck1
- However, later in pregnancy, many women fear the thought of the umbilical cord wrapping around the baby's neck and the possibility of problems during delivery or even a stillbirth. (imumz.com)
Wrapped around a baby's neck2
- An umbilical chord that is wrapped around a baby's neck in the womb is called a nuchal chord. (imumz.com)
- The umbilical cord can even be wrapped around a baby's neck multiple times. (latonalaw.com)
Ultrasound14
- citation needed] Ultrasound diagnosis of a cord around the neck was first described in 1982. (wikipedia.org)
- There are currently three recent texts on ultrasonography which demonstrate the ability of ultrasound to identify umbilical cord issues with reliability as of 2009. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] A study published in 2004 was done to establish the sensitivity of ultrasound in the diagnosis of a nuchal cord. (wikipedia.org)
- Only 18 of the 52 cords or 35% of the nuchal cords were detected on ultrasound done immediately before delivery, and 65% of nuchal cords were not detected. (wikipedia.org)
- Of the 237 cases where there was no cord at delivery, ultrasound had false positive results, i.e. diagnosed a cord in 44 of the 237 cases (19%) in which there was no cord present at all. (wikipedia.org)
- In this study, ultrasound was only 35% accurate at finding a single loop, and only 60% accurate at detecting a nuchal cord wrapped multiple times around the neck. (wikipedia.org)
- In no study was it possible by ultrasound to distinguish between a loose or a tight cord, although at least 3 attempted to do so. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Peregrine concludes that ultrasound diagnosis of nuchal cords will only be useful if doctors are able to do so reliably and predict which of those fetuses are likely to have a problem. (wikipedia.org)
- Ultrasound measurement of the velocity of flow in the cord may be useful in the management of twins and chronically growth-retarded fetuses. (wikipedia.org)
- To date there are no ultrasound courses which teach the identification of nuchal cord to physicians or technicians. (wikipedia.org)
- To see a nuchal chord, your doctor will take many ultrasound images from multiple angles. (imumz.com)
- Your doctor should be able to detect this on an ultrasound and slip the cord off the baby's neck during labor and birth. (wkw.com)
- In a case where the doctor has any concern that the umbilical cord might be entangled,the standard practice is to take an ultrasound. (matzuslaw.com)
- 13. Peregrine E, O'Brien P, Jauniaux E. Ultrasound detection of nuchal cord prior to labor induction and the risk of Cesarean section. (dergipark.org.tr)
Fetus's neck2
- A nuchal cord is when the umbilical cord becomes wrapped around the fetus's neck. (wikipedia.org)
- Included fetal abnormalities are an unusually short cord and a nuchal cord, where the umbilical cord wraps around the fetus's neck. (medicalillustration.com)
Placenta14
- [ 16 ] The incidence can be overestimated with gross examination of the cord, especially if the portion close to the placenta is examined, because the arteries may fuse close to the placenta. (medscape.com)
- The placenta receives deoxygenated blood from the umbilical cord, which carries back oxygenated blood to the baby and nutrient-poor blood from the baby to the placenta. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
- Running from the baby's abdomen to the placenta, the umbilical chord usually contains three blood vessels It provides oxygen, blood, and nutrients to the developing foetus. (imumz.com)
- When the mum is having contractions, it means that the uterus is 'shrinking' down (contracting) moving the baby downwards, along with their attached placenta and chord. (imumz.com)
- Potentially umbilical cord problems and conditions include the umbilical cord being too short or too long, not connecting properly to the placenta, or becoming knotted or compressed. (wkw.com)
- Vasa previa occurs when one or more of the blood vessels from the umbilical cord or placenta cross the cervix. (wkw.com)
- This means that the vessels are not protected by the Wharton's jelly in the umbilical cord or the tissue in the placenta. (wkw.com)
- You may also be at risk if your baby's umbilical cord doesn't connect properly to the placenta, or if you have other placenta problems like placenta previa. (wkw.com)
- When the cord gets tangled or compressed, grows too much or not enough, or connects poorly to the placenta, known as velamentous insertion, allowing this condition to go undetected or unaddressed may result in catastrophic harm in the form of a birth injury . (fronzutolaw.com)
- The umbilical cord is essentially the womb's jelly-wrapped lifeline, connecting the fetus at the stomach to its mother by the placenta. (fronzutolaw.com)
- The umbilical cord connects the baby to the placenta in the mother's womb, transporting oxygen and nutrients to the baby, and carrying away waste products, such as carbon dioxide. (matzuslaw.com)
- First, if the cord is unclamped until pulsation stops, how much blood is actually provided to the infant or flows back to the placenta? (medela.us)
- During this time, some cords had bi-directional flow and others had unidirectional flow back to the placenta independent of pulsations in the cord (or at least pulsations could not be felt by the providers). (medela.us)
- Premature cord clamping (clamping before placental transfusion is complete) has been the norm since 'active management' of the placenta became routine. (midwifethinking.com)
True knots2
- Excessively long cords are associated with fetal entanglement, true knots, and thrombi. (medscape.com)
- This substance helps to protect the cord against compression as well as true knots as a result of the baby's normal movements. (imumz.com)
Long umbilical cords2
- The short or long umbilical cords may not be associated with the adverse perinatal outcomes in Japanese singleton pregnancies delivered at ≥ 34 weeks' gestation. (jcgo.org)
- To date, some authors have agreed that excessively short and long umbilical cords have been suggested to correlate with a variety of fetal problems such as intrapartum distress and/or demise [ 1 - 6 ], while some authors have denied any relation to fetal distress and poor fetal outcome from problems of umbilical cord length in their literatures [ 7 - 9 ]. (jcgo.org)
Occurs13
- A nuchal cord occurs in about one fourth of deliveries. (merckmanuals.com)
- Single umbilical artery occurs in less than 1% of cords in singletons and 5% of cords in at least one twin. (medscape.com)
- A nuchal cord (or "cord coil") is an umbilical cord complication that occurs when the cord wraps around a baby's neck. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
- Umbilical cord prolapse occurs when there is pressure put on the umbilical cord and it becomes compressed. (wkw.com)
- This can occur during pregnancy or during labor, but it typically occurs when the umbilical cord enters the birth canal before your baby. (wkw.com)
- One condition requiring emergency preparation is umbilical cord prolapse, which occurs when the umbilical cord enters the vaginal canal before the baby does, pinching off the cord and thus restricting oxygen flow to the baby. (fronzutolaw.com)
- Umbilical cord prolapse may represent a serious problem if oxygen restriction occurs and is severe enough to cause brain damage or fetal death (still birth) if the baby is not delivered immediately. (fronzutolaw.com)
- Another cord condition, known as single umbilical artery, occurs more commonly in multiple rather than singular pregnancies. (fronzutolaw.com)
- When medical negligence occurs, umbilical cord issues might not be fixed on time and can have devastating effects on the baby. (latonalaw.com)
- Umbilical cord compression occurs when there is pressure on the umbilical cord, which can occur for a number of reasons. (latonalaw.com)
- When cord torsion occurs, the umbilical cord can twist so much that it coils over itself. (latonalaw.com)
- Most of the time when cord torsion occurs it isn't serious and babies are born safely. (latonalaw.com)
- This occurs when the cord is wrapped around the baby's neck. (matzuslaw.com)
Cerebral palsy1
- Nuchal cord can lead to acidosis, an increased need for cesarean section, a low Apgar score, growth restriction, and severe spastic cerebral palsy [ 9 ]. (e-cep.org)
Pregnancies5
- Problems with umbilical cords are actually a common part of pregnancies, many of which cause no health concerns for the baby. (latonalaw.com)
- While nuchal cords are common, they occur more frequently in pregnancies with multiple babies or when the cord is especially long. (latonalaw.com)
- Approximately 15-35% of pregnancies involve a nuchal cord. (matzuslaw.com)
- 12. Gonzalez-Quintero VH, Tolaymat L, Muller AC, Izquierdo L, O'Sullivan MJ, Martin D. Outcomes of pregnancies with sonographically detected nuchal cords remote from delivery. (dergipark.org.tr)
- We examined the relation between the length of the umbilical cord and perinatal outcomes in Japanese singleton pregnancies delivered at ≥ 34 weeks' gestation. (jcgo.org)
Deliveries5
- Nuchal cords occur in about a quarter of deliveries. (wikipedia.org)
- Short cords are associated with reduced fetal movement or intrauterine constraint, as well as placental abruption, cord rupture, and emergent cesarean deliveries (ECDs) for nonreassuring fetal heart rate (NRFHR). (medscape.com)
- Reports tell us that almost 20 to 30 percent of all deliveries involve a nuchal cord. (imumz.com)
- Objectives: To investigate the frequency of cord entanglement and neonatal outcomes in vaginal deliveries. (dergipark.org.tr)
- 8. Schaffer L, Burkhardt T, Zimmermann R, Kurmanavicius J. Nuchal Cords in term and Postterm Deliveries- do we need to know? (dergipark.org.tr)
Vaginal1
- Slightly before delivery, a baby's umbilical cord may drop into the vaginal canal, putting it in front of the baby. (latonalaw.com)
Placental7
- In cases of placental abruption , oligohydramnios , or breech presentation , consideration may be given to measurement and documentation of cord length after birth, because an abnormal cord length argues for a long-term fetal condition. (medscape.com)
- The placental end of the chord goes under the umbilical end of the chord, potentially leading to another type of umbilical chord complication known as a "true knot. (imumz.com)
- Delayed cord clamping, the common term used to denote placental-to-newborn transfusion at birth, is a practice now endorsed by the major governing bodies affiliated with maternal-newborn care. (researchgate.net)
- In addition, early cord clamping was used for active management of the third stage of labor, to aid in placental separation and prevent hemorrhage. (medela.us)
- If there truly is no effect of infant position on amount of placental transfusion, this may make both the delivery in term, healthy infants and infants who need resuscitation prior to cord clamping easier. (medela.us)
- In recent years, research has highlighted the harms caused by cutting the umbilical cord before placental transfusion of the baby. (midwifethinking.com)
- After birth, the 'placental' blood volume is transferred through the pulsing cord into the baby, increasing the baby's circulating blood volume. (midwifethinking.com)
Knots in the umbilical cord2
- Umbilical cord knots are knots in the umbilical cord that are formed during delivery when a baby with a nuchal cord is pulled through the loop, or during pregnancy when the baby moves around. (wkw.com)
- When babies move in the womb, knots in the umbilical cord can easily form. (latonalaw.com)
Cutting of the umbilical cord1
- Immediate clamping and cutting of the umbilical cord have been associated with death and/or neurodisability [1-5]. (researchgate.net)
Pregnancy10
- Here is what you need to know - nuchal cords are surprisingly common and unlikely to cause problems during pregnancy or at birth. (imumz.com)
- Be assured: nuchal chords are surprisingly common and unlikely to cause problems during pregnancy or at birth. (imumz.com)
- The umbilical cord begins to form around the fourth week of pregnancy and typically grows to around 22 to 24 inches long. (wkw.com)
- The umbilical cord plays a vital role during pregnancy, delivering essential oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the developing fetus. (fronzutolaw.com)
- Sometimes, however, the umbilical cord causes slight to serious problems for mother and baby during pregnancy or at delivery. (fronzutolaw.com)
- Medical professionals are trained to monitor the baby throughout pregnancy as well as during delivery in order to identify and monitor umbilical cord issues. (matzuslaw.com)
- Because the umbilical cord is critical for the baby to receive adequate oxygen, it is important that no problems occur involving the umbilical cord during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. (matzuslaw.com)
- Umbilical cord problems can occur during pregnancy and adversely affect the fetus. (matzuslaw.com)
- Because of how dangerous an umbilical cord compilation can be, a pregnant mother's obstetrician must closely and thoroughly listen to the fetal heartbeat every time there is a medical appointment during the pregnancy. (matzuslaw.com)
- The umbilical cord supplies the baby with oxygen and nutrients during pregnancy. (matzuslaw.com)
Outcomes5
- citation needed] To date, there is no prospective case control double-blind study looking at nuchal cords and observational studies vary in opinion as to the degree of poor outcomes. (wikipedia.org)
- Studies have shown an improvement in outcomes where cord entanglement was prenatally identified in these cases. (wikipedia.org)
- Both increased or decreased umbilical cord coiling has been associated with abnormal outcomes. (medscape.com)
- Outcomes of trial of labour of nuchal cord. (pakmedinet.com)
- The characteristics and perinatal outcomes of groups with and without nuchal cord were compared. (dergipark.org.tr)
Occur8
- Birth asphyxia can occur when these processes are impeded by a nuchal cord, which can cause the umbilical cord to become compressed or restrict the blood flow in the baby's neck arteries and veins. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
- Umbilical cord conditions are not considered birth injuries, as most of these conditions occur due to causes that can't be prevented. (wkw.com)
- Umbilical cords, however, are also the cause of some birth injuries if problems with it occur. (latonalaw.com)
- Umbilical cord problems can occur naturally just by the baby moving around and there is often no way of preventing them. (latonalaw.com)
- If serious problems with the umbilical cord occur, blood and oxygen can be cut off from the baby. (latonalaw.com)
- Nuchal cords occur when the umbilical cord wraps itself around a baby's neck. (latonalaw.com)
- When most nuchal cords occur, they very rarely cause any problems. (latonalaw.com)
- Most cases of umbilical cord compression are only mild and tend to occur more frequently during labor. (latonalaw.com)
Oxygen and nutrients1
- When knots do tighten similar to nuchal cords, they can cut off oxygen and nutrients from the baby, which can result in brain damage and possibly become life-threatening. (latonalaw.com)
Babies6
- Most babies with a nuchal cord had just a single loop around the neck. (imumz.com)
- Typically, babies with nuchal cord are born healthy, but it can impact heart rate. (wkw.com)
- Background Recent studies suggest that delayed cord clamping (DCC) is advantageous for achieving hemodynamic stability and improving oxygenation compared to the immediate cord clamping (ICC) during fetal-to-neonatal transition yet there is no quantitative information on hemodynamics and respiration, particularly for pre-term babies and fetal diseas. (researchgate.net)
- The cause of a missing umbilical cord artery is unknown but 20% of babies born with this condition suffer from health problems, such as difficult digestion, heart conditions and kidney dysfunction, along with genetic abnormalities, such as cleft lip. (fronzutolaw.com)
- Umbilical cords provide babies in the womb with nutrients and oxygen, as well as help babies get rid of waste. (latonalaw.com)
- Severe umbilical cord compression can lead to serious health concerns for babies. (latonalaw.com)
Tighten1
- Even in these cases, it's rare for the chord to tighten enough to become dangerous. (imumz.com)
Neck18
- Nuchal cords are typically checked for by running the finger over the baby's neck once the head has delivered. (wikipedia.org)
- Petechiae and subconjunctival bleeding due to tight nuchal cord Petechiae on face due to tight nuchal cord Facial duskiness due to tight nuchal cord Abrasion from a nuchal cord In 1962, J. Selwyn Crawford MD from the British Research Council defined a nuchal cord as one that is wrapped 360 degrees around the fetal neck. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Williams Obstetrics 16th Edition, has only one single sentence in the entire textbook regarding cords around the neck. (wikipedia.org)
- Presence of the cord was sought in the transverse and sagittal plane of the neck. (wikipedia.org)
- A nuchal cord was diagnosed if the cord was visualized lying around at least 3 of the 4 sides of the neck. (wikipedia.org)
- It is also possible for the umbilical cord to become compressed against itself or against the baby's neck, which reduces the amount of oxygenated blood that flows through the umbilical cord. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
- When the umbilical cord is wrapped tightly around the baby's neck, it can cause a lack of oxygen to the brain. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
- The baby moves around quite a bit and that may end up in the chord wrapping around its neck. (imumz.com)
- Firstly, it is based on how many times the chord is wrapped around the foetal neck which leads to the terms single nuchal chord, double nuchal chord, etc. (imumz.com)
- A "tight" nuchal chord is defined as one that cannot be slipped over the baby's head during delivery, and may compress the fetal neck. (imumz.com)
- Nuchal cord is defined as the umbilical cord being wound around the fetal neck [ 7 ]. (e-cep.org)
- Nuchal cord, also called nuchal loops, is when the umbilical cord is wrapped around the baby's neck or other parts of the body (such as a foot or hand). (wkw.com)
- Nuchal rigidity refers to neck stiffness caused by bacterial meningitis and other serious medical conditions. (webmd.com)
- A person with nuchal rigidity has tightness and inability to move the neck muscles - or feels pain while trying to do so. (webmd.com)
- Nuchal rigidity can range from minor pain to complete inability to extend or turn your neck from side to side. (webmd.com)
- It is possible for the umbilical cord to get wrapped around the baby's neck and prevent the necessary blood flow and oxygen to the baby. (matzuslaw.com)
- When the umbilical cord is wrapped around the baby's neck it can be very dangerous because it can literally strangle the baby. (matzuslaw.com)
- Also, even if the cord isn't wrapped around the baby's neck, it can become compressed against itself or against the baby's neck, and this too can restrict or limit normal oxygen delivery to the baby. (matzuslaw.com)
Child's2
- If you believe medical malpractice caused your child's nuchal cord injury, seek legal advice immediately with an experienced Hawaii nuchal cord injury attorney. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
- A problem with the umbilical cord could pose a serious threat to your health and your child's well-being. (fronzutolaw.com)
Umbilical Cord Compression3
- Umbilical cord compression causes the umbilical cord to flatten out and prevents blood and oxygen from getting to the baby. (latonalaw.com)
- If severe umbilical cord compression goes untreated, it can lead to brain damage or death. (latonalaw.com)
- This condition, known as umbilical cord prolapse, is a common cause of umbilical cord compression. (latonalaw.com)
Third trimester2
- [ 2 ] Umbilical cord length was not significantly different when measured at different points in the third trimester. (medscape.com)
- This medical illustration contrasts a normal third trimester fetus in utero with one experiencing abnormalities of the umbilical cord. (medicalillustration.com)
Cysts2
- Umbilical cord cysts are sacs of fluid in the umbilical cord. (wkw.com)
- Adverse umbilical cord conditions such as a prolapsed cord, nuchal cord, umbilical cysts, knotted cord, or single umbilical artery, can seriously compromise the health of your baby and may lead to permanent harm if your doctor fails to diagnose or adequately manage the condition. (fronzutolaw.com)
Infant3
- Second, at what level should the infant be held during the period of time that the cord is still providing a connection to the infant? (medela.us)
- 3 Cord milking has sometimes been the preferred method for basically getting more blood to the preterm infant in less time. (medela.us)
- Both obstetricians and the neonatal team have a hard time waiting even 30 seconds to clamp the cord in a blue, limp infant. (medela.us)
Tightly1
- Sometimes if the cord is tightly wrapped, it is clamped and cut before the shoulders are delivered. (merckmanuals.com)
Entanglement1
- By contrast, the First Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica from 1770 had 20 pages of information about Umbilical Cord Pathology with drawings of Umbilical Cord Entanglement. (wikipedia.org)
Artery2
- It is possible for the umbilical cord to "strangle" a baby by blocking the flow of oxygen to the brain or by compressing the carotid artery. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
- Single umbilical artery is when the umbilical cord contains only two blood vessels, or when one artery in the umbilical cord is missing. (wkw.com)
Neonates1
- However, neonates with nuchal cord do not have significantly longer neonatal hospital stays, and thus the adverse effects of nuchal cord may be transient. (dergipark.org.tr)
Baby's head1
- If they feel it, they can slip the cord over the baby's head. (merckmanuals.com)
Diagnosis1
- 4. Collins JH, Collins CL, Weckwerth SR, De Angelis L. Nuchal cords: timing of prenatal diagnosis and duration. (dergipark.org.tr)
Spinal cord3
- Meningitis is caused by inflammation of the tissue encasing the brain and spinal cord. (webmd.com)
- On autopsy, gross examination revealed massive cerebral edema with uncal herniation and intracytoplasmic inclusions in the brain and spinal cord. (cdc.gov)
- According to Steele's rule of thirds, at the level of the atlas, the odontoid process, the subarachnoid space, and spinal cord each occupy one third of the area of the spinal canal. (medscape.com)
Prolapse3
- Doctors can detect cord prolapse by the baby's heart rate and a pelvic exam, thereby locating the umbilical cord in the birth canal. (fronzutolaw.com)
- In an umbilical cord prolapse, the umbilical cord slips ahead of the fetus and moves into the cervical canal, vagina, or comes out of the birth canal before the baby. (matzuslaw.com)
- In a cord prolapse case, an emergency cesarean section is often necessary. (matzuslaw.com)
Adverse perinatal1
- 5. Sheiner E, Abramowicz JS, Levy A, Silberstein T, Mazor M, Hershkovitz R. Nuchal cord is not associated with adverse perinatal outcome. (dergipark.org.tr)
Birth injury lawyer1
- Our credible birth injury lawyer works with nuchal cord injury cases. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
Womb1
- The baby is connected to its mother through the umbilical cord while still in the womb. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
Fetuses1
- The prevalence of nuchal cord is about 10%-29% of fetuses and increases with increasing gestational age [ 9 ]. (e-cep.org)
Lifeline2
- We all know that the umbilical chord is a lifeline for a baby. (imumz.com)
- While the umbilical cord is the baby's lifeline as it grows and develops, it could also be the source of issues that endanger their life. (fronzutolaw.com)
Labour2
Twins1
- However, perinatologists routinely look for umbilical cord issues in monoamniotic twins. (wikipedia.org)
Doppler1
- Color Doppler imaging is also more accurate at detecting nuchal chords than grey-scale ultrasounds. (imumz.com)
Coil1
- [ 3 ] For unknown reasons, most cords coil to the left. (medscape.com)
Outcome1
- 6. Shrestha NS, Singh N. Nuchal cord and perinatal outcome. (dergipark.org.tr)
Premature1
- This post explores the practice of premature cord clamping when a baby is perceived to need resuscitation. (midwifethinking.com)
Incidence1
- The incidence of nuchal cord was determined in the study group. (dergipark.org.tr)