A complication of pregnancy in which the UMBILICAL CORD wraps around the fetal neck once or multiple times. In some cases, cord entanglement around fetal neck may not affect pregnancy outcome significantly. In others, the nuchal cord may lead to restricted fetal blood flow, oxygen transport, fetal development, fetal movement, and complicated delivery at birth.
The flexible rope-like structure that connects a developing FETUS to the PLACENTA in mammals. The cord contains blood vessels which carry oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and waste products away from the fetus.
The part of a human or animal body connecting the HEAD to the rest of the body.
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
The visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. The procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image. This type of ultrasonography is well-suited to identifying the location of high-velocity flow (such as in a stenosis) or of mapping the extent of flow in a certain region.
Medical problems associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR, such as BREECH PRESENTATION; PREMATURE OBSTETRIC LABOR; HEMORRHAGE; or others. These complications can affect the well-being of the mother, the FETUS, or both.
The last third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 29th through the 42nd completed week (197 to 294 days) of gestation.
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The beginning third of a human PREGNANCY, from the first day of the last normal menstrual period (MENSTRUATION) through the completion of 14 weeks (98 days) of gestation.
Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

TNF-alpha gene promoter -238G>A and -308G>A polymorphisms alter risk of psoriasis vulgaris: a meta-analysis. (1/11)

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a major proinflammatory cytokine and involved in the etiology of psoriasis. The -238G>A and -308G>A polymorphisms influence the transcription of the TNF-alpha gene and have been implicated in psoriasis risk. However, the results from the published studies on the association between TNF-alpha polymorphisms and psoriasis risk are conflicting. Our meta-analysis of a total of 997 psoriasis cases and 943 control subjects from eight published case-control studies for the -238G>A polymorphism and of 1,156 psoriasis cases and 1,083 control subjects from 10 published case-control studies for the -308G>A polymorphism showed that a significantly increased risk was associated with the variant GA+AA genotypes of -238G>A, compared with the GG genotype (odds ratio (OR) 2.60, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.48-4.56), whereas a significantly reduced psoriasis risk was associated with the variant GA+AA genotypes of the -308G>A compared with the GG genotype (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.45-0.71). Our findings suggest that TNF-alpha -238G>A and -308G>A polymorphisms might be used as biomarkers for psoriasis risk prediction. A single larger study with thousands of subjects and biochemical and biological characterization is warranted to evaluate further the role of -238G>A and -308G>A polymorphisms and psoriasis risk in a population of various ethnicities.  (+info)

Impact of nuchal cord on measurement of fetal nuchal translucency thickness. (2/11)

OBJECTIVE: To define the impact of nuchal cord on the measurement of fetal nuchal translucency thickness (NT). METHODS: Between December 2004 and June 2006, we examined prospectively 53 fetuses that were observed on routine first-trimester ultrasound examination between 11 + 3 and 13 + 6 weeks of gestation to have nuchal cord causing an indentation in the skin in the nuchal region. The fetuses were re-examined after a median interval of 132 min, when the cord was no longer around the neck and indentation of the skin had resolved. Various NT measurements (highest, lowest, mean) with the cord located around the neck (nuchal cord) were compared with NT measurements in the absence of nuchal cord ('true' NT) in the same fetuses. Measurements were considered to be equal when they were within mean +/- 1.96 SD, defined by our own intraobserver repeatability according to the method of Bland and Altman. RESULTS: The mean of the largest and the smallest of six measurements in the presence of nuchal cord fell within the mean +/- 1.96 SD of our own intraobserver repeatability, i.e. gave a correct estimate of the true NT, in 80% of fetuses, while the NT was overestimated in 10% and underestimated in 10% of fetuses. The largest and the smallest of six measurements in the presence of nuchal cord gave an underestimate of the true NT in 2% of fetuses and an overestimate in 4% of fetuses, respectively. CONCLUSION: There is a wide scattering of measurements in fetuses with nuchal cord in comparison to the same fetuses in the absence of nuchal cord. This prevents accurate prediction of the true NT, although the largest and smallest of repeat measurements with nuchal cord can allow calculation of the highest and lowest possible risks, respectively. These facts must be taken into consideration in counseling patients.  (+info)

Perinatal features and umbilical cord blood gases in newborns complicated with nuchal cord. (3/11)

Presence of nuchal cord (NC) is associated with transient decrease of umbilical cord blood flow. However, the exact perinatal effect of presence of NC in a newborn is still under debate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perinatal complications and umbilical cord blood gases of deliveries complicated with NC and summarize the associated literature. Gestational age-matched term singleton pregnancies complicated with NC (n=160) were compared with neonates without NC (n=160). Patients' files and Labor and Delivery Unit database were used to extract maternal age, gestational age, presence of NC, number of nuchal loops around fetal neck, intrapartum complications and umbilical cord blood gases. pH, pO2, pCO2, HCO3-, O2 saturation, and base excess were determined in all patients. Mean maternal age, mean gestational age, and birth weight were not significantly different between the two groups (p > 0.05). Occurrence of oligohydramnios, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), intrapartum abnormalities and Apgar scores < 7 at 1 minute were not significantly different between the groups (p>0.05). However, umbilical cord blood pH (7.32 vs. 7.30, p = 0.048), pO2 (37.4 +/- 18.1 vs. 31.7 +/- 14.4, p = 0.01) and O2 saturation (57.4 +/- 21.8 vs. 48.3 +/- 20.4, p = 0.005) were significantly lower in the NC group compared with the controls. Furthermore, the number of Apgar scores < 7 at 1 minute was significantly higher in neonates with multiple NC (28.1% vs. 9.2%, p = 0.007), and intrapartum abnormalities were more frequently seen in newborns with multiple NC (31.3% vs.15.6%, p = 0.04). The results of this study suggest that presence of single NC may negatively affect the umbilical cord blood gases without significant perinatal complications. However, multiple NC may also increase the development of intrapartum complications and lower Apgar scores. Perinatal effects of NC should be investigated with a large prospective study.  (+info)

Cord entanglement and perinatal outcome in monoamniotic twin pregnancies. (4/11)

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Influence of nuchal cord on ductus venosus assessment at 11 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation. (5/11)

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Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism in China. (6/11)

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Multi-drug resistance 1 genetic polymorphism and prediction of chemotherapy response in Hodgkin's Lymphoma. (7/11)

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The impact of vitamin A restriction and ADH1C genotype on marbling in feedlot steers. (8/11)

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A nuchal cord is a medical term that refers to the situation where the umbilical cord wraps around the neck of the fetus. This can happen at any time during pregnancy or delivery. In most cases, a nuchal cord does not cause harm to the baby, especially if it is loose and slippery. However, if the cord is tight or wrapped multiple times around the neck, it may affect the baby's oxygen supply and lead to complications such as fetal distress, low heart rate, or even stillbirth in rare cases.

Healthcare providers typically monitor the baby's heart rate during labor and delivery to detect any signs of distress caused by a nuchal cord. If necessary, they may perform an assisted delivery or cesarean section to ensure the safe delivery of the baby.

The umbilical cord is a flexible, tube-like structure that connects the developing fetus to the placenta in the uterus during pregnancy. It arises from the abdomen of the fetus and transports essential nutrients, oxygen, and blood from the mother's circulation to the growing baby. Additionally, it carries waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the fetus back to the placenta for elimination. The umbilical cord is primarily composed of two arteries (the umbilical arteries) and one vein (the umbilical vein), surrounded by a protective gelatinous substance called Wharton's jelly, and enclosed within a fibrous outer covering known as the umbilical cord coating. Following birth, the umbilical cord is clamped and cut, leaving behind the stump that eventually dries up and falls off, resulting in the baby's belly button.

In medical terms, the "neck" is defined as the portion of the body that extends from the skull/head to the thorax or chest region. It contains 7 cervical vertebrae, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and glands (such as the thyroid gland). The neck is responsible for supporting the head, allowing its movement in various directions, and housing vital structures that enable functions like respiration and circulation.

The spinal cord is a major part of the nervous system, extending from the brainstem and continuing down to the lower back. It is a slender, tubular bundle of nerve fibers (axons) and support cells (glial cells) that carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord primarily serves as a conduit for motor information, which travels from the brain to the muscles, and sensory information, which travels from the body to the brain. It also contains neurons that can independently process and respond to information within the spinal cord without direct input from the brain.

The spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column (spine) and is divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each segment corresponds to a specific region of the body and gives rise to pairs of spinal nerves that exit through the intervertebral foramina at each level.

The spinal cord is responsible for several vital functions, including:

1. Reflexes: Simple reflex actions, such as the withdrawal reflex when touching a hot surface, are mediated by the spinal cord without involving the brain.
2. Muscle control: The spinal cord carries motor signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement and muscle tone regulation.
3. Sensory perception: The spinal cord transmits sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, and vibration, from the body to the brain for processing and awareness.
4. Autonomic functions: The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system originate in the thoracolumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord, respectively, controlling involuntary physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.

Damage to the spinal cord can result in various degrees of paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury, depending on the severity and location of the damage.

Prenatal ultrasonography, also known as obstetric ultrasound, is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid inside the uterus. It is a non-invasive and painless test that is widely used during pregnancy to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, detect any potential abnormalities or complications, and determine the due date.

During the procedure, a transducer (a small handheld device) is placed on the mother's abdomen and moved around to capture images from different angles. The sound waves travel through the mother's body and bounce back off the fetus, producing echoes that are then converted into electrical signals and displayed as images on a screen.

Prenatal ultrasonography can be performed at various stages of pregnancy, including early pregnancy to confirm the pregnancy and detect the number of fetuses, mid-pregnancy to assess the growth and development of the fetus, and late pregnancy to evaluate the position of the fetus and determine if it is head down or breech. It can also be used to guide invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.

Overall, prenatal ultrasonography is a valuable tool in modern obstetrics that helps ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.

Ultrasonography, Doppler, color is a type of diagnostic ultrasound technique that uses the Doppler effect to produce visual images of blood flow in vessels and the heart. The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wave. In this context, it refers to the change in frequency of the ultrasound waves as they reflect off moving red blood cells.

In color Doppler ultrasonography, different colors are used to represent the direction and speed of blood flow. Red typically represents blood flowing toward the transducer (the device that sends and receives sound waves), while blue represents blood flowing away from the transducer. The intensity or brightness of the color is proportional to the velocity of blood flow.

Color Doppler ultrasonography is often used in conjunction with grayscale ultrasound imaging, which provides information about the structure and composition of tissues. Together, these techniques can help diagnose a wide range of conditions, including heart disease, blood clots, and abnormalities in blood flow.

Obstetric labor complications refer to any physical or physiological difficulties that arise during the process of childbirth (labor) and can pose risks to the health of the mother, baby, or both. These complications may result from various factors such as pre-existing medical conditions, fetal distress, prolonged labor, abnormal positioning of the fetus, or issues related to the size or weight of the baby.

Some examples of obstetric labor complications include:

1. Fetal distress: This occurs when the fetus is not receiving adequate oxygen supply or is in danger during labor. It can be caused by various factors such as umbilical cord compression, placental abruption, or maternal anemia.
2. Prolonged labor: When labor lasts for more than 20 hours in first-time mothers or more than 14 hours in subsequent pregnancies, it is considered prolonged labor. This can lead to fatigue, infection, and other complications for both the mother and baby.
3. Abnormal positioning of the fetus: Normally, the fetus should be positioned head-down (vertex) before delivery. However, if the fetus is in a breech or transverse position, it can lead to difficult labor and increased risk of complications during delivery.
4. Shoulder dystocia: This occurs when the baby's shoulders get stuck behind the mother's pubic bone during delivery, making it challenging to deliver the baby. It can cause injuries to both the mother and the baby.
5. Placental abruption: This is a serious complication where the placenta separates from the uterus before delivery, leading to bleeding and potential oxygen deprivation for the fetus.
6. Uterine rupture: A rare but life-threatening complication where the uterus tears during labor, causing severe bleeding and potentially endangering both the mother and baby's lives.
7. Preeclampsia/eclampsia: This is a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder that can lead to complications such as seizures, organ failure, or even maternal death if left untreated.
8. Postpartum hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding after delivery can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
9. Infections: Maternal infections during pregnancy or childbirth can lead to complications for both the mother and baby, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and even fetal death.
10. Anesthesia complications: Adverse reactions to anesthesia during delivery can cause respiratory depression, allergic reactions, or other complications that may endanger the mother's life.

The third trimester of pregnancy is the final stage of pregnancy that lasts from week 29 until birth, which typically occurs around the 40th week. During this period, the fetus continues to grow and mature, gaining weight rapidly. The mother's body also prepares for childbirth by dilating the cervix and producing milk in preparation for breastfeeding. Regular prenatal care is crucial during this time to monitor the health of both the mother and the developing fetus, as well as to prepare for delivery.

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) refer to damage to the spinal cord that results in a loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. This injury can be caused by direct trauma to the spine or by indirect damage resulting from disease or degeneration of surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels. The location and severity of the injury on the spinal cord will determine which parts of the body are affected and to what extent.

The effects of SCI can range from mild sensory changes to severe paralysis, including loss of motor function, autonomic dysfunction, and possible changes in sensation, strength, and reflexes below the level of injury. These injuries are typically classified as complete or incomplete, depending on whether there is any remaining function below the level of injury.

Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal cord injuries to prevent further damage and improve the chances of recovery. Treatment usually involves immobilization of the spine, medications to reduce swelling and pressure, surgery to stabilize the spine, and rehabilitation to help regain lost function. Despite advances in treatment, SCI can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

The first trimester of pregnancy is defined as the period of gestational development that extends from conception (fertilization of the egg by sperm) to the end of the 13th week. This critical phase marks significant transformations in both the mother's body and the growing embryo/fetus.

During the first trimester, the fertilized egg implants into the uterine lining (implantation), initiating a series of complex interactions leading to the formation of the placenta - an organ essential for providing nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus while removing waste products. Simultaneously, the embryo undergoes rapid cell division and differentiation, giving rise to various organs and systems. By the end of the first trimester, most major structures are present, although they continue to mature and grow throughout pregnancy.

The mother may experience several physiological changes during this time, including:
- Morning sickness (nausea and vomiting)
- Fatigue
- Breast tenderness
- Frequent urination
- Food aversions or cravings
- Mood swings

Additionally, hormonal shifts can cause various symptoms and prepare the body for potential changes in lactation, posture, and pelvic alignment as pregnancy progresses. Regular prenatal care is crucial during this period to monitor both maternal and fetal wellbeing, identify any potential complications early on, and provide appropriate guidance and support throughout the pregnancy.

Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:

1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.

The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.

Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.

It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.

The Predictive Value of Tests, specifically the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV), are measures used in diagnostic tests to determine the probability that a positive or negative test result is correct.

Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the proportion of patients with a positive test result who actually have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true positives divided by the total number of positive results (true positives + false positives). A higher PPV indicates that a positive test result is more likely to be a true positive, and therefore the disease is more likely to be present.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of patients with a negative test result who do not have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true negatives divided by the total number of negative results (true negatives + false negatives). A higher NPV indicates that a negative test result is more likely to be a true negative, and therefore the disease is less likely to be present.

The predictive value of tests depends on the prevalence of the disease in the population being tested, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A test with high sensitivity and specificity will generally have higher predictive values than a test with low sensitivity and specificity. However, even a highly sensitive and specific test can have low predictive values if the prevalence of the disease is low in the population being tested.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

... nuchal cord Petechiae on face due to tight nuchal cord Facial duskiness due to tight nuchal cord Abrasion from a nuchal cord In ... Nuchal cord - free sliding Nuchal cord - locked pattern Management of a presenting nuchal cord should be tailored to prevent ... A nuchal cord was diagnosed if the cord was visualized lying around at least 3 of the 4 sides of the neck. A cord was actually ... Techniques to preserve an intact nuchal cord depend on how tightly the cord is wrapped around the infant's neck. If the cord is ...
Dhar, KK; Ray, SN; Dhall, GI (1995). "Significance of nuchal cord". Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 93 (12): 451-3. ... with a pH less than 7.20 on umbilical cord arterial blood sample, persistence of an APGAR score of 3 at the 5th minute, ... Intra partum causes Inadequate relaxation of uterus due to excess oxytocin Prolonged delivery Knotting of umbilical cord around ...
Tetley was born with a nuchal cord; her parents did not believe she would survive and neglected her in favor of her twin ...
A nuchal cord is a complication that occurs when the umbilical cord becomes wrapped around the fetal neck. Perinatal asphyxia ... Treatment is immediate delivery (C-section). Causes of perinatal asphyxia include umbilical cord prolapse, nuchal cord, and ... Umbilical cord prolapse occurs when the umbilical cord comes out of the uterus with or before the presenting part of the fetus ... Umbilical cord prolapse should always be considered a possibility when there is a sudden decrease in fetal heart rate or ...
As a consequence of complicated delivery due to nuchal cord, Melamed has generalized muscle hypotonia. Melamed is an economist ...
Assisting in the uncomplicated delivery of an infant, including managing conditions such as nuchal cord, prolapsed cord, and ...
... resulting in risk of umbilical cord compression and nuchal cord. In very rare cases, there may be conjoined twins, possibly ...
In an interview with Svenska Dagbladet, she said that she was born "dead" due to a lack of oxygen from nuchal cord. Larsson ...
... a condition known as nuchal cord. By the time Dewji started school, his father had built a family shop into a thriving import- ... Dewji attested that he almost died at birth due to having the umbilical cord wrapped around his neck, ...
... entanglement of the cord, a knot in the cord, or a nuchal cord, (which is the wrapping of the umbilical cord around the fetal ... Velamentous cord insertion Single umbilical artery Umbilical cord prolapse Vasa praevia The cord can be clamped at different ... These clamps are safer and faster, allowing one to first apply the cord clamp and then cut the umbilical cord. After the cord ... the mother leaves the cord in place and nurses her young with the cord and placenta attached until the cord dries out and ...
Anemia Abnormal position and presentation of the fetus Multiple births Shoulder dystocia Umbilical cord prolapse Nuchal cord ...
Nuchal cord, when the umbilical cord is (tightly) around the neck of the fetus Entanglement of the cord Knot in the cord Cord ... Umbilical cord compression is the obstruction of blood flow through the umbilical cord secondary to pressure from an external ... umbilical cord compression can present with variable decelerations in fetal heart rate. Umbilical cord compression may be ... "How Umbilical Cord Complications Can Endanger A Baby's Life". www.holtonlaw.com. (Articles with short description, Short ...
Cord check. The presence of an umbilical cord (nuchal cord) is checked to determine if it is around the baby's neck. If it is ... Cut cord. The umbilical cord is clamped and cut. The cord is clamped in two places about 6 cm to 8 cm from the baby. The clamps ... In the United States home births, umbilical cord wrapped around the head happens 12-37% of the time (nuchal cord). Insufficient ... and umbilical cord wrapped around the baby's neck (nuchal cord). The newborn is evaluated at 1 and 5 minutes after birth using ...
Nuchal rigidity due to irritation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord is one of the main symptoms of meningitis. Neck ... Neck stiffness, stiff neck and nuchal rigidity are terms often used interchangeably to describe the medical condition when one ... "Nuchal rigidity". RightDiagnosis.com. Healthgrades. Retrieved 28 October 2015. Liebeskind, David S (8 January 2015). " ...
When the cord is wrapped around the neck of the fetus, it is called a nuchal cord. These entanglements can cause constriction ... A hyperactive fetus should be evaluated with ultrasound to rule out cord entanglement. Cord entanglement - The umbilical cord ... but it is not a natural state of the umbilical cord. The umbilical cord can be untwisted at delivery. The average cord has ... Umbilical cord length - A short umbilical cord (. 72 cm) can affect the fetus depending on the way the fetus interacts with the ...
The nuchal crest, a projection on the occiput, is straight in P. madagascariensis, but in P. germainepetterae it is interrupted ... Plesiorycteropus lacks notches above the foramen magnum (the opening that connects the brain to the spinal cord), which are ...
The occiput also sports a prominent nuchal crest running vertically down the centre and widening from the skull roof down to ... the circular foramen magnum (the opening for the spinal cord, bordered by the occipital condyle beneath). This crest is common ...
It appears in the sex cord-stromal tumour group of ovarian neoplasms. Ovary fibromas are most frequent during middle age, and ... Other fibromas: chondromyxoid fibroma, desmoplasmic fibroma, nonossifying fibroma, ossifying fibroma, nuchal fibroma, ...
The holotype skull is about 716 mm (2.3 ft) long from the tip of the beak to the center of the sagittal nuchal crest at the ... The foramen magnum (the large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord enters) is almost triangular, ... The subtemporal fossa further behind is broad and its back is defined by a blunt, sidewards extension of the nuchal crest. The ... the large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord enters). Phorusrhacids are thought to have been ground ...
Perhaps the most common such test uses a measurement of the nuchal translucency thickness ("NT-test", or "Nuchal Scan"). ... including site of umbilical cord insertion when possible Amniotic fluid volume Gestational age assessment Fetal weight ... and surrounding structures Evaluation of the fetal nuchal fold, with consideration of fetal nuchal translucency assessment In ... the nuchal scan). Performing an ultrasound at this early stage of pregnancy can more accurately confirm the timing of the ...
While the ventral cord runs only as far as the collar, the dorsal cord reaches into the proboscis, and is partially separated ... Acorn worms have a Y-shaped nuchal skeleton that starts their proboscis and collar on their ventral side. The length of the ... This part of the dorsal nerve cord is often hollow, and may well be homologous with the brain of vertebrates. In acorn worms, ... A plexus of nerves lies underneath the skin, and is concentrated into both dorsal and ventral nerve cords. ...
They are arranged along the upper and side ridges of the head, arising from the pair of feather-like nuchal organs which ... Two parallel ventral nerve cords run lengthwise throughout the body, fusing into two pairs of ganglia in each segment. The gut ...
Nuchal scan Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (December 2016). " ... Additionally, placental and umbilical cord abnormalities are also associated with certain fetal genetic abnormalities. Fetal ... including site of umbilical cord insertion Amnionic fluid volume Gestational age assessment Fetal weight estimation Fetal ...
Outside of this at the anterior of the shell is the single nuchal bone, a series of twelve paired periphals then extend along ... Beneath the neural bone is the neural arch which forms the upper half of the encasement for the spinal cord. Below this the ... At the anterior of the shell there may be a cervical scute (sometimes incorrectly called a nuchal scute) however the presence ... "Homology of the enigmatic nuchal bone reveals novel reorganization of the shoulder girdle in the evolution of the turtle shell ...
... surrounding the nuchal organ, also located at the tip of the introvert. The tentacles each have a deep groove along which food ... which links the brain with the single ventral nerve cord that runs the length of the body. Lateral nerves lead off this to ... and the nuchal organ, located posterior to the brain. Similar light-sensing tubes have been reported in the fauveliopsid ...
nuchal crest The transverse nuchal crest is a ridge at the back of the skull found in many theropods. Oriented transversally ( ... The spinal cord of the nervous system runs through the spinal canal of each vertebra in the backbone. The cervical, dorsal, and ... The transverse nuchal crest is not to be confused with the sagittal nuchal crest, a midline ridge on the supraoccipital.: 82 : ... 117 : 167 nuchal ligament The nuchal ligament is an elastic ligament that stretches from the back of the skull to the rear part ...
A fetus with 3C syndrome may have an umbilical cord with one umbilical artery instead of two. 3C syndrome is an autosomal ... Rusnak, A. J., Hadfield, M. I., Chudley, A. E., Marles, S. L., Reid, G. J., & Chodirker, B. N. (2008). Increased Nuchal ... First-trimester ultrasounds can detected nuchal abnormalities Second-trimester ultrasounds can pick up characteristic major ...
Involvement of the spinal cord is rare, but can lead to abnormal sensation or weakness in one or more limbs, or cauda equina ... Symptoms may include headache and nuchal rigidity (being unable to bend the head forward). It may be acute or chronic. ... It is unknown which characteristics predispose sarcoidosis patients to brain or spinal cord involvement. The diagnosis of ... brain and spinal cord). Neurosarcoidosis can have many manifestations, but abnormalities of the cranial nerves (a group of ...
Possible reasons for having a CVS can include: Abnormal first trimester screen results Increased nuchal translucency or other ... CVS usually takes place at 10-12 weeks' gestation, earlier than amniocentesis or percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling. It ... Amniocentesis Cell-free fetal DNA Elective genetic and genomic testing Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling Prenatal ...
... where the spinal cord passes into the skull). Large, irregular bony projections lie directly behind the occipital condyles.: ... which marks a clear separation between the occipital and nuchal planes. The occipital torus projects the most at the part ...
... nuchal cord Petechiae on face due to tight nuchal cord Facial duskiness due to tight nuchal cord Abrasion from a nuchal cord In ... Nuchal cord - free sliding Nuchal cord - locked pattern Management of a presenting nuchal cord should be tailored to prevent ... A nuchal cord was diagnosed if the cord was visualized lying around at least 3 of the 4 sides of the neck. A cord was actually ... Techniques to preserve an intact nuchal cord depend on how tightly the cord is wrapped around the infants neck. If the cord is ...
Nuchal Cord - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the Merck Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... A nuchal cord is an umbilical cord that is wrapped around the fetuss neck. ... Before birth, a nuchal cord can sometimes be detected by ultrasonography, but no action is required. Doctors routinely check ... A nuchal cord occurs in about one fourth of deliveries. Normally, the baby is not harmed. ...
Umbilical cord abnormalities are numerous, ranging from false knots, which have no clinical significance, to vasa previa, which ... Cord Knots, Nuchal Cord, and Cord Stricture. Cord knots. True knots and false knots can form in the umbilical cord. True knots ... Cord Hematoma, Cord Ulceration, Cord Cysts, and Cord Varix. Cord hematoma. A cord hematoma is extravasation of blood into the ... Nuchal cord. The cord may become coiled around various parts of the body of the fetus, usually around the neck. Nuchal cord is ...
Nuchal Cord - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... A nuchal cord is an umbilical cord that is wrapped around the fetuss neck. ... Before birth, a nuchal cord can sometimes be detected by ultrasonography, but no action is required. Doctors routinely check ... A nuchal cord occurs in about one fourth of deliveries. Normally, the baby is not harmed. ...
Did your child sustain a nuchal cord injury? Our Hawaii birth injury attorney provides unmatched medical malpractice legal ... A nuchal cord (or "cord coil") is an umbilical cord complication that occurs when the cord wraps around a babys neck. ... Nuchal cords are dangerous umbilical cord complications. If you can prove that nuchal cord malpractice did take place, then you ... Signs and Symptoms of a Nuchal Cord In most cases, a nuchal cord does not cause any symptoms for the pregnant woman who carries ...
In a study of 2530 women 23.5% had a nuchal chord and of those only 1.9% had a tight nuchal chord.If a nuchal chord is loose ... In a study of 2530 women 23.5% had a nuchal chord and of those only 1.9% had a tight nuchal chord.If a nuchal chord is loose ... the chord is especially long. 10 Facts to Know About Nuchal chords:. Fact 1: There are three ways of classifying nuchal chords: ... the chord is especially long. 10 Facts to Know About Nuchal chords:. Fact 1: There are three ways of classifying nuchal chords: ...
The search algorithm was performed as follows: (fetal nuchal cord OR nuchal cord OR umbilical cord around neck) AND (autism ... The prevalence of nuchal cord is about 10%-29% of fetuses and increases with increasing gestational age [9]. Nuchal cord can ... and cesarean section are associated with type B nuchal cord [9]. Babies with nuchal cord more often require neonatal intensive ... Nuchal cord is defined as the umbilical cord being wound around the fetal neck [7]. This phenomenon increases the risk of fetal ...
Included fetal abnormalities are an unusually short cord and a nuchal cord, where the umbilical cord wraps around the fetuss ... illustration contrasts a normal third trimester fetus in utero with one experiencing abnormalities of the umbilical cord. ... Included fetal abnormalities are an unusually short cord and a nuchal cord, where the umbilical cord wraps around the fetuss ... Fetal Distress Due to Nuchal Cord (Umbilical Cord Wrapped Around Neck) - BL00004-nl. Medical Illustration. Add to my lightbox. ...
In this population based retrospective cohort study of 76 920 Japanese children, exposure to tobacco smoke was associated with an approximately twofold increased risk of caries in deciduous teeth. The risk of caries was also increased, by 1.5-fold, among infants exposed to smoking in the household, whereas the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy was only 1.1-fold. Differences in behaviour patterns were apparent between those exposed to and not exposed to smoking, such as lack of tooth brushing and irregular consumption of sweets. We confirmed our findings through sensitivity analysis using information about behaviour patterns during the ages of 4 months to 3 years, but we cannot completely exclude the possibility of bias due to residual confounding. Secondhand smoke was operationally defined in previous studies as exposure to smoking by one or both parents or family members, maternal smoking during pregnancy, or high serum cotinine levels. We used three definitions for secondhand ...
A. Cord around infants neck Explanation. A nuchal cord refers to a situation where the umbilical cord is wrapped around the ... It is important to monitor and address nuchal cords during childbirth to ensure the safety of the baby. ... When cutting the umbilical cord it should be cut.... inches from the infant. *. A. ...
Return to Article Details Perinatal outcome in pregnancies with nuchal cord: prospective cross-sectional study at tertiary care ...
Drumming for the Childbearing Year Protecting the Birth Environment Nuchal Cord Short Stories Shoulder Dystocia: The Basics An ... Nuchal Cord Short Stories. *Shoulder Dystocia: The Basics. *An Ethnographic Account of Lotus Birth ...
Nuchal Cord * Oligomenorrhea * Ovarian Cyst * Ovarian Endometriosis * Ovarian Failure * Ovarian Mass * Ovarian Torsion ...
If your child had an umbilical cord condition and suffers from a birth injury, your doctor could be the one to blame. Learn ... Nuchal Cord. Nuchal cord, also called nuchal loops, is when the umbilical cord is wrapped around the babys neck or other parts ... Umbilical cord knots are knots in the umbilical cord that are formed during delivery when a baby with a nuchal cord is pulled ... Umbilical Cord Cysts. Umbilical cord cysts are sacs of fluid in the umbilical cord. Most cysts wont harm the baby, but if they ...
Nuchal cord. Our dedicated attorneys conduct thorough investigations into birth injuries, consulting with respected experts in ...
Post-term pregnancy at 42 weeks three days, nuchal cord 6X and a true knot ... Term pregnancy, transferred in first stage, cord prolapse discovered with artificial rupture of membranes in hospital ...
This 3D medical animation shows the presence of a nuchal cord, a condition that occurs when the umbilical cord becomes wrapped ... This 3D medical animation shows a rotating fetus (baby) with umbilical cord in a head down position. The animation may be ... normal placenta to brain blood flow with decreased placenta to brain blood flow due to a compression of the umbilical cord. The ...
Three fetuses were excluded from the study because of nuchal cord presentations. The animals were separated into two anesthesia ...
Although nuchal cord is a common occurrence at birth, there is little attention to its importance or management at birth, and ... delayed cord clamping or umbilical cord milking) compared with early cord clamping on outcomes among premature neonates of less ... Although grade 1 evidence is lacking, the optimal management of the nuchal cord, the Somersault manoeuvre is not taught or ... especially those delivered by caesarean section and those with a nuchal cord also benefit from delayed clamping at birth. ...
Outcomes of trial of labour of nuchal cord. J Med Sci Apr 2014;22(2):66-8. ...
Nuchal cord was described in 13% of deliveries, but placental pathology suggested an alternate underlying cause of the ... Pinar H, Carpenter M (2010) Placenta and Umbilical Cord Abnormalities Seen with Stillbirth. Clin Obstet Gynecol 53: 656-72. * ... The placentas were grossly examined, weighed, and trimmed of cord and membranes. The placentas were sampled making duplicate ... or cord diameter ,1 cm. Infection was defined as any of the following findings: acute chorioamnionitis with fetal vascular ...
A nuchal cord (the umbilical cord wrapped around the babys neck) doesnt necessitate medical intervention, except in extreme ... A nuchal cord occurs in 20 to 30 percent of births, and is usually easily loosened, or the baby can be "somersaulted" through, ... Often the cord around the neck is not a danger at all as the oxygen supply is still coming to the baby through the cord and ... And finally, a loop of cord around babys neck is extremely common! Its one of the safest places for the cord to be… it is ...
... and she demonstrated nine times the brain activity that this nuchal cord knucklehead exhibits. ...
... and nuchal cords. These findings increase the need for close antenatal surveillance in HCV mothers with viremia for maternal ...
Stephen Glass, M.D., a pediatric neurologist, testified that Andrade suffered acute asphyxia that was caused by the nuchal cord ... When Andrade was delivered at 1:33 a.m., Martinez observed that the umbilical cord was tightly wrapped around his neck, ... VRMCs expert, Michael Ross, M.D., agreed that Andrade was asphyxiated by the umbilical cord. Ross also agreed in excluding ... the umbilical cord itself was twisted and inflamed, possibly indicating that less oxygen was flowing to Andrade; and (7) ...
FETAL NUCHAL TRANSLUCENCY(FNT)……….  A nuchal scan or nuchal translucency (NT) scan/procedure is a sonographic prenatal ... FETOSCOPY………  Fetal blood sample from the umbilical cord can be obtained and tested for congenital blood disorders such as ... FETAL NUCHAL TRANSLUCENCY(FNT)………..  A serum blood test is performed to determine the level of two hormones, PAPP-A and β-HCG ... FETAL NUCHAL TRANSLUCENCY(FNT)………..  During this early ultrasound other markers may be looked at such as presence of,  Nasal ...
Our attorneys assist clients who suffer birth injuries from umbilical cord issues such as prolapsed and nuchal cord, knots, ... Nuchal Cord. Nuchal cord and umbilical cord knots are also known pregnancy and delivery complications. A cord around the babys ... Adverse umbilical cord conditions such as a prolapsed cord, nuchal cord, umbilical cysts, knotted cord, or single umbilical ... called a nuchal cord, can be easily removed if detected in advance via ultrasound. However, nuchal cord can affect fetal heart ...
Get A Free Consultation With An Umbilical Cord Injury Attorney in PA at Matzus Law, LLC. ... Contact A Pittsburgh Umbilical Cord Birth Injury Lawyer Today At (412) 206-5300. ... How do you diagnose a nuchal cord?. Nuchal cords are often diagnosed by looking at ultrasound images which may be able to show ... Sometimes, nuchal cords can be fixed by having a doctor reach into the birth canal to maneuver the cord so that it is no longer ...
Learn more about five of the most common umbilical cord accidents. ... Problems with the umbilical cord can lead to devastating birth injuries. ... 1. Nuchal Cord. Nuchal cords occur when the umbilical cord wraps itself around a babys neck. This happens in as many as one in ... 5. Cord Torsion. When cord torsion occurs, the umbilical cord can twist so much that it coils over itself. If cord torsion ...
  • [ 16 ] The incidence can be overestimated with gross examination of the cord, especially if the portion close to the placenta is examined, because the arteries may fuse close to the placenta. (medscape.com)
  • The placenta receives deoxygenated blood from the umbilical cord, which carries back oxygenated blood to the baby and nutrient-poor blood from the baby to the placenta. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
  • Running from the baby's abdomen to the placenta, the umbilical chord usually contains three blood vessels It provides oxygen, blood, and nutrients to the developing foetus. (imumz.com)
  • When the mum is having contractions, it means that the uterus is 'shrinking' down (contracting) moving the baby downwards, along with their attached placenta and chord. (imumz.com)
  • Potentially umbilical cord problems and conditions include the umbilical cord being too short or too long, not connecting properly to the placenta, or becoming knotted or compressed. (wkw.com)
  • Vasa previa occurs when one or more of the blood vessels from the umbilical cord or placenta cross the cervix. (wkw.com)
  • This means that the vessels are not protected by the Wharton's jelly in the umbilical cord or the tissue in the placenta. (wkw.com)
  • You may also be at risk if your baby's umbilical cord doesn't connect properly to the placenta, or if you have other placenta problems like placenta previa. (wkw.com)
  • When the cord gets tangled or compressed, grows too much or not enough, or connects poorly to the placenta, known as velamentous insertion, allowing this condition to go undetected or unaddressed may result in catastrophic harm in the form of a birth injury . (fronzutolaw.com)
  • The umbilical cord is essentially the womb's jelly-wrapped lifeline, connecting the fetus at the stomach to its mother by the placenta. (fronzutolaw.com)
  • The umbilical cord connects the baby to the placenta in the mother's womb, transporting oxygen and nutrients to the baby, and carrying away waste products, such as carbon dioxide. (matzuslaw.com)
  • First, if the cord is unclamped until pulsation stops, how much blood is actually provided to the infant or flows back to the placenta? (medela.us)
  • During this time, some cords had bi-directional flow and others had unidirectional flow back to the placenta independent of pulsations in the cord (or at least pulsations could not be felt by the providers). (medela.us)
  • Premature cord clamping (clamping before placental transfusion is complete) has been the norm since 'active management' of the placenta became routine. (midwifethinking.com)
  • Petechiae and subconjunctival bleeding due to tight nuchal cord Petechiae on face due to tight nuchal cord Facial duskiness due to tight nuchal cord Abrasion from a nuchal cord In 1962, J. Selwyn Crawford MD from the British Research Council defined a nuchal cord as one that is wrapped 360 degrees around the fetal neck. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, later in pregnancy, many women fear the thought of the umbilical cord wrapping around the baby's neck and the possibility of problems during delivery or even a stillbirth. (imumz.com)
  • Otherwise, a nuchal chord may be misdiagnosed as foetal skin folds, amniotic fluid pockets, posterior cystic neck mass, or even a chord that is simply near the foetal neck but not encircling it. (imumz.com)
  • It is also more prevalent with long umbilical cords, polyhydramnios (excess amniotic fluid), manually ruptured membranes, and multiple births. (fronzutolaw.com)
  • This article outlines the risk factors for known umbilical cord complications and the available courses of action to avert their associated morbidity and mortality. (medscape.com)
  • Brain damage is one of the most severe complications from nuchal cord birth injuries. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
  • There are several types of umbilical cord conditions, and each come with their own set of complications. (wkw.com)
  • As such, conditions affecting the umbilical cord may be detected through ultrasound during pregnancy and must be planned for appropriately to prevent severe complications. (fronzutolaw.com)
  • Although complications from umbilical cord prolapse are not particularly common, this condition is more likely to occur in premature babies, those with low birthweight, and when the child is in a breech position. (fronzutolaw.com)
  • There are some common well-known cord-related pregnancy complications that compromise or restrict oxygen supply to the baby. (matzuslaw.com)
  • If your doctor failed to recognize or treat one of these complications, consider working with our Glendale umbilical cord birth injury lawyer on your case. (birthinjurylawyer.com)
  • An umbilical chord that is wrapped around a baby's neck in the womb is called a nuchal chord. (imumz.com)
  • The umbilical cord can even be wrapped around a baby's neck multiple times. (latonalaw.com)
  • A nuchal cord is when the umbilical cord becomes wrapped around the fetus's neck. (wikipedia.org)
  • Included fetal abnormalities are an unusually short cord and a nuchal cord, where the umbilical cord wraps around the fetus's neck. (medicalillustration.com)
  • A nuchal cord occurs in about one fourth of deliveries. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Single umbilical artery occurs in less than 1% of cords in singletons and 5% of cords in at least one twin. (medscape.com)
  • A nuchal cord (or "cord coil") is an umbilical cord complication that occurs when the cord wraps around a baby's neck. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
  • Umbilical cord prolapse occurs when there is pressure put on the umbilical cord and it becomes compressed. (wkw.com)
  • This can occur during pregnancy or during labor, but it typically occurs when the umbilical cord enters the birth canal before your baby. (wkw.com)
  • One condition requiring emergency preparation is umbilical cord prolapse, which occurs when the umbilical cord enters the vaginal canal before the baby does, pinching off the cord and thus restricting oxygen flow to the baby. (fronzutolaw.com)
  • Umbilical cord prolapse may represent a serious problem if oxygen restriction occurs and is severe enough to cause brain damage or fetal death (still birth) if the baby is not delivered immediately. (fronzutolaw.com)
  • Another cord condition, known as single umbilical artery, occurs more commonly in multiple rather than singular pregnancies. (fronzutolaw.com)
  • This occurs when the cord is wrapped around the baby's neck. (matzuslaw.com)
  • When medical negligence occurs, umbilical cord issues might not be fixed on time and can have devastating effects on the baby. (latonalaw.com)
  • Umbilical cord compression occurs when there is pressure on the umbilical cord, which can occur for a number of reasons. (latonalaw.com)
  • When cord torsion occurs, the umbilical cord can twist so much that it coils over itself. (latonalaw.com)
  • Most of the time when cord torsion occurs it isn't serious and babies are born safely. (latonalaw.com)
  • Since the umbilical cord facilitates the flow of oxygen and nutrients, the baby can suffer damage to their brain or other major organs when an issue occurs. (birthinjurylawyer.com)
  • Approximately 15-35% of pregnancies involve a nuchal cord. (matzuslaw.com)
  • Problems with umbilical cords are actually a common part of pregnancies, many of which cause no health concerns for the baby. (latonalaw.com)
  • While nuchal cords are common, they occur more frequently in pregnancies with multiple babies or when the cord is especially long. (latonalaw.com)
  • Problems with the umbilical cord are common among many pregnancies and deliveries. (birthinjurylawyer.com)
  • We examined the relation between the length of the umbilical cord and perinatal outcomes in Japanese singleton pregnancies delivered at ≥ 34 weeks' gestation. (jcgo.org)
  • The short or long umbilical cords may not be associated with the adverse perinatal outcomes in Japanese singleton pregnancies delivered at ≥ 34 weeks' gestation. (jcgo.org)
  • Nuchal cord can lead to acidosis, an increased need for cesarean section, a low Apgar score, growth restriction, and severe spastic cerebral palsy [ 9 ]. (e-cep.org)
  • citation needed] Ultrasound diagnosis of a cord around the neck was first described in 1982. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are currently three recent texts on ultrasonography which demonstrate the ability of ultrasound to identify umbilical cord issues with reliability as of 2009. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] A study published in 2004 was done to establish the sensitivity of ultrasound in the diagnosis of a nuchal cord. (wikipedia.org)
  • Only 18 of the 52 cords or 35% of the nuchal cords were detected on ultrasound done immediately before delivery, and 65% of nuchal cords were not detected. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of the 237 cases where there was no cord at delivery, ultrasound had false positive results, i.e. diagnosed a cord in 44 of the 237 cases (19%) in which there was no cord present at all. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, ultrasound was only 35% accurate at finding a single loop, and only 60% accurate at detecting a nuchal cord wrapped multiple times around the neck. (wikipedia.org)
  • In no study was it possible by ultrasound to distinguish between a loose or a tight cord, although at least 3 attempted to do so. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Peregrine concludes that ultrasound diagnosis of nuchal cords will only be useful if doctors are able to do so reliably and predict which of those fetuses are likely to have a problem. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ultrasound measurement of the velocity of flow in the cord may be useful in the management of twins and chronically growth-retarded fetuses. (wikipedia.org)
  • To date there are no ultrasound courses which teach the identification of nuchal cord to physicians or technicians. (wikipedia.org)
  • To see a nuchal chord, your doctor will take many ultrasound images from multiple angles. (imumz.com)
  • Your doctor should be able to detect this on an ultrasound and slip the cord off the baby's neck during labor and birth. (wkw.com)
  • In a case where the doctor has any concern that the umbilical cord might be entangled,the standard practice is to take an ultrasound. (matzuslaw.com)
  • The placental end of the chord goes under the umbilical end of the chord, potentially leading to another type of umbilical chord complication known as a "true knot. (imumz.com)
  • When an umbilical cord complication is identified, it is their medical and legal obligation to act quickly to protect the baby from preventable harm. (matzuslaw.com)
  • If your baby suffered a significant injury due to the umbilical cord complication, they might need additional medical care in the long-term or for the rest of their life. (birthinjurylawyer.com)
  • Short cords are associated with reduced fetal movement or intrauterine constraint, as well as placental abruption, cord rupture, and emergent cesarean deliveries (ECDs) for nonreassuring fetal heart rate (NRFHR). (medscape.com)
  • In cases of placental abruption , oligohydramnios , or breech presentation , consideration may be given to measurement and documentation of cord length after birth, because an abnormal cord length argues for a long-term fetal condition. (medscape.com)
  • Delayed cord clamping, the common term used to denote placental-to-newborn transfusion at birth, is a practice now endorsed by the major governing bodies affiliated with maternal-newborn care. (researchgate.net)
  • In addition, early cord clamping was used for active management of the third stage of labor, to aid in placental separation and prevent hemorrhage. (medela.us)
  • If there truly is no effect of infant position on amount of placental transfusion, this may make both the delivery in term, healthy infants and infants who need resuscitation prior to cord clamping easier. (medela.us)
  • In recent years, research has highlighted the harms caused by cutting the umbilical cord before placental transfusion of the baby. (midwifethinking.com)
  • After birth, the 'placental' blood volume is transferred through the pulsing cord into the baby, increasing the baby's circulating blood volume. (midwifethinking.com)
  • The umbilical cord plays a vital role during pregnancy, delivering essential oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the developing fetus. (fronzutolaw.com)
  • The umbilical cord supplies the baby with oxygen and nutrients during pregnancy. (matzuslaw.com)
  • When knots do tighten similar to nuchal cords, they can cut off oxygen and nutrients from the baby, which can result in brain damage and possibly become life-threatening. (latonalaw.com)
  • When the umbilical cord stretches too far, it can also compress the flow of oxygen and nutrients. (birthinjurylawyer.com)
  • Nuchal cords occur in about a quarter of deliveries. (wikipedia.org)
  • Reports tell us that almost 20 to 30 percent of all deliveries involve a nuchal cord. (imumz.com)
  • Umbilical cord knots are knots in the umbilical cord that are formed during delivery when a baby with a nuchal cord is pulled through the loop, or during pregnancy when the baby moves around. (wkw.com)
  • When babies move in the womb, knots in the umbilical cord can easily form. (latonalaw.com)
  • Immediate clamping and cutting of the umbilical cord have been associated with death and/or neurodisability [1-5]. (researchgate.net)
  • In many cases, problems with the umbilical cord can be fixed with proper medical care. (latonalaw.com)
  • If serious problems with the umbilical cord occur, blood and oxygen can be cut off from the baby. (latonalaw.com)
  • If a medical professional fails to diagnose and treat problems with the umbilical cord, you could be entitled to compensation for the injuries your baby sustains as a result. (birthinjurylawyer.com)
  • However, problems with the umbilical cord can threaten the health of both the mother and child. (birthinjurylawyer.com)
  • Doctors can detect cord prolapse by the baby's heart rate and a pelvic exam, thereby locating the umbilical cord in the birth canal. (fronzutolaw.com)
  • In an umbilical cord prolapse, the umbilical cord slips ahead of the fetus and moves into the cervical canal, vagina, or comes out of the birth canal before the baby. (matzuslaw.com)
  • In a cord prolapse case, an emergency cesarean section is often necessary. (matzuslaw.com)
  • This condition, known as umbilical cord prolapse, is a common cause of umbilical cord compression. (latonalaw.com)
  • Prolapse is when the umbilical cord enters the birth canal before the baby has been delivered. (birthinjurylawyer.com)
  • Here is what you need to know - nuchal cords are surprisingly common and unlikely to cause problems during pregnancy or at birth. (imumz.com)
  • Be assured: nuchal chords are surprisingly common and unlikely to cause problems during pregnancy or at birth. (imumz.com)
  • The umbilical cord begins to form around the fourth week of pregnancy and typically grows to around 22 to 24 inches long. (wkw.com)
  • Sometimes, however, the umbilical cord causes slight to serious problems for mother and baby during pregnancy or at delivery. (fronzutolaw.com)
  • Medical professionals are trained to monitor the baby throughout pregnancy as well as during delivery in order to identify and monitor umbilical cord issues. (matzuslaw.com)
  • Because the umbilical cord is critical for the baby to receive adequate oxygen, it is important that no problems occur involving the umbilical cord during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. (matzuslaw.com)
  • Umbilical cord problems can occur during pregnancy and adversely affect the fetus. (matzuslaw.com)
  • Because of how dangerous an umbilical cord compilation can be, a pregnant mother's obstetrician must closely and thoroughly listen to the fetal heartbeat every time there is a medical appointment during the pregnancy. (matzuslaw.com)
  • Birth asphyxia can occur when these processes are impeded by a nuchal cord, which can cause the umbilical cord to become compressed or restrict the blood flow in the baby's neck arteries and veins. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
  • Umbilical cord conditions are not considered birth injuries, as most of these conditions occur due to causes that can't be prevented. (wkw.com)
  • Umbilical cords, however, are also the cause of some birth injuries if problems with it occur. (latonalaw.com)
  • Umbilical cord problems can occur naturally just by the baby moving around and there is often no way of preventing them. (latonalaw.com)
  • Nuchal cords occur when the umbilical cord wraps itself around a baby's neck. (latonalaw.com)
  • When most nuchal cords occur, they very rarely cause any problems. (latonalaw.com)
  • Most cases of umbilical cord compression are only mild and tend to occur more frequently during labor. (latonalaw.com)
  • Various issues could occur with an umbilical cord. (birthinjurylawyer.com)
  • Sometimes if the cord is tightly wrapped, it is clamped and cut before the shoulders are delivered. (merckmanuals.com)
  • When the umbilical cord is wrapped tightly around the baby's neck, it can cause a lack of oxygen to the brain. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
  • Martinez observed that the umbilical cord was tightly wrapped around his neck, resulting in oxygen and blood loss to his brain. (findlaw.com)
  • Most babies with a nuchal cord had just a single loop around the neck. (imumz.com)
  • Typically, babies with nuchal cord are born healthy, but it can impact heart rate. (wkw.com)
  • Background Recent studies suggest that delayed cord clamping (DCC) is advantageous for achieving hemodynamic stability and improving oxygenation compared to the immediate cord clamping (ICC) during fetal-to-neonatal transition yet there is no quantitative information on hemodynamics and respiration, particularly for pre-term babies and fetal diseas. (researchgate.net)
  • The cause of a missing umbilical cord artery is unknown but 20% of babies born with this condition suffer from health problems, such as difficult digestion, heart conditions and kidney dysfunction, along with genetic abnormalities, such as cleft lip. (fronzutolaw.com)
  • Umbilical cords provide babies in the womb with nutrients and oxygen, as well as help babies get rid of waste. (latonalaw.com)
  • Severe umbilical cord compression can lead to serious health concerns for babies. (latonalaw.com)
  • Even in these cases, it's rare for the chord to tighten enough to become dangerous. (imumz.com)
  • Nuchal cords are typically checked for by running the finger over the baby's neck once the head has delivered. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Williams Obstetrics 16th Edition, has only one single sentence in the entire textbook regarding cords around the neck. (wikipedia.org)
  • Presence of the cord was sought in the transverse and sagittal plane of the neck. (wikipedia.org)
  • A nuchal cord was diagnosed if the cord was visualized lying around at least 3 of the 4 sides of the neck. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is also possible for the umbilical cord to become compressed against itself or against the baby's neck, which reduces the amount of oxygenated blood that flows through the umbilical cord. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
  • The baby moves around quite a bit and that may end up in the chord wrapping around its neck. (imumz.com)
  • Firstly, it is based on how many times the chord is wrapped around the foetal neck which leads to the terms single nuchal chord, double nuchal chord, etc. (imumz.com)
  • A "tight" nuchal chord is defined as one that cannot be slipped over the baby's head during delivery, and may compress the fetal neck. (imumz.com)
  • Nuchal cord is defined as the umbilical cord being wound around the fetal neck [ 7 ]. (e-cep.org)
  • Nuchal cord, also called nuchal loops, is when the umbilical cord is wrapped around the baby's neck or other parts of the body (such as a foot or hand). (wkw.com)
  • It is possible for the umbilical cord to get wrapped around the baby's neck and prevent the necessary blood flow and oxygen to the baby. (matzuslaw.com)
  • When the umbilical cord is wrapped around the baby's neck it can be very dangerous because it can literally strangle the baby. (matzuslaw.com)
  • Also, even if the cord isn't wrapped around the baby's neck, it can become compressed against itself or against the baby's neck, and this too can restrict or limit normal oxygen delivery to the baby. (matzuslaw.com)
  • Nuchal rigidity refers to neck stiffness caused by bacterial meningitis and other serious medical conditions. (webmd.com)
  • A person with nuchal rigidity has tightness and inability to move the neck muscles - or feels pain while trying to do so. (webmd.com)
  • Nuchal rigidity can range from minor pain to complete inability to extend or turn your neck from side to side. (webmd.com)
  • If you believe medical malpractice caused your child's nuchal cord injury, seek legal advice immediately with an experienced Hawaii nuchal cord injury attorney. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
  • A problem with the umbilical cord could pose a serious threat to your health and your child's well-being. (fronzutolaw.com)
  • By contrast, the First Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica from 1770 had 20 pages of information about Umbilical Cord Pathology with drawings of Umbilical Cord Entanglement. (wikipedia.org)
  • Umbilical cord cysts are sacs of fluid in the umbilical cord. (wkw.com)
  • Adverse umbilical cord conditions such as a prolapsed cord, nuchal cord, umbilical cysts, knotted cord, or single umbilical artery, can seriously compromise the health of your baby and may lead to permanent harm if your doctor fails to diagnose or adequately manage the condition. (fronzutolaw.com)
  • Symptoms present in the baby shortly after birth from a prior nuchal cord may include duskiness of face, facial petechia, and bleeding in the whites of the eye. (wikipedia.org)
  • Before birth, a nuchal cord can sometimes be detected by ultrasonography, but no action is required. (merckmanuals.com)
  • It is beneficial to clearly understand what nuchal cord birth injury is and what actions you can take. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
  • It is absolutely horrifying for expecting parents to learn that their child suffered a nuchal cord injury at birth. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
  • Our credible birth injury lawyer works with nuchal cord injury cases. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
  • If you or your child was injured due to a doctor or hospital's negligence handling umbilical cord problems in New Jersey, you may wish to discuss your case with an experienced birth injury attorney who can investigate the circumstances and advise you of your rights. (fronzutolaw.com)
  • When its job is complete, the umbilical cord is cut at delivery, either immediately or soon after birth upon the mother and baby's initial bonding. (fronzutolaw.com)
  • Still attached to the baby's abdomen at birth, the umbilical cord is 0.5 to 0.75 inches in diameter, and approximately 20 inches long. (matzuslaw.com)
  • Umbilical cord knots can result in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and other birth injuries. (latonalaw.com)
  • 3 Even though cord clamping was performed as late as 5 minutes after birth on average with a range up to just over 10 minutes, pulsations continued in some of the cords. (medela.us)
  • A Glendale umbilical cord birth injury lawyer from our team can help you determine how to recover compensation. (birthinjurylawyer.com)
  • You could get compensation for any additional medical expenses you had due to the umbilical cord birth injury. (birthinjurylawyer.com)
  • You could be compensated for the physical and emotional stress both you and your baby have had to go through because of the umbilical cord birth injury. (birthinjurylawyer.com)
  • Second, at what level should the infant be held during the period of time that the cord is still providing a connection to the infant? (medela.us)
  • 3 Cord milking has sometimes been the preferred method for basically getting more blood to the preterm infant in less time. (medela.us)
  • Both obstetricians and the neonatal team have a hard time waiting even 30 seconds to clamp the cord in a blue, limp infant. (medela.us)
  • Studies have shown an improvement in outcomes where cord entanglement was prenatally identified in these cases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Excessively long cords are associated with fetal entanglement, true knots, and thrombi. (medscape.com)
  • It is possible for the umbilical cord to "strangle" a baby by blocking the flow of oxygen to the brain or by compressing the carotid artery. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
  • Single umbilical artery is when the umbilical cord contains only two blood vessels, or when one artery in the umbilical cord is missing. (wkw.com)
  • If they feel it, they can slip the cord over the baby's head. (merckmanuals.com)
  • If severe umbilical cord compression goes untreated, it can lead to brain damage or death. (latonalaw.com)
  • Meningitis is caused by inflammation of the tissue encasing the brain and spinal cord. (webmd.com)
  • On autopsy, gross examination revealed massive cerebral edema with uncal herniation and intracytoplasmic inclusions in the brain and spinal cord. (cdc.gov)
  • According to Steele's rule of thirds, at the level of the atlas, the odontoid process, the subarachnoid space, and spinal cord each occupy one third of the area of the spinal canal. (medscape.com)
  • The baby is connected to its mother through the umbilical cord while still in the womb. (srbhawaiilaw.com)
  • The prevalence of nuchal cord is about 10%-29% of fetuses and increases with increasing gestational age [ 9 ]. (e-cep.org)
  • We all know that the umbilical chord is a lifeline for a baby. (imumz.com)
  • While the umbilical cord is the baby's lifeline as it grows and develops, it could also be the source of issues that endanger their life. (fronzutolaw.com)
  • A nuchal cord does not get tighter as labour progresses. (imumz.com)
  • It's not like the baby is descending down during labour and the chord remains up there. (imumz.com)
  • Outcomes of trial of labour of nuchal cord. (pakmedinet.com)
  • However, perinatologists routinely look for umbilical cord issues in monoamniotic twins. (wikipedia.org)
  • To date, some authors have agreed that excessively short and long umbilical cords have been suggested to correlate with a variety of fetal problems such as intrapartum distress and/or demise [ 1 - 6 ], while some authors have denied any relation to fetal distress and poor fetal outcome from problems of umbilical cord length in their literatures [ 7 - 9 ]. (jcgo.org)
  • [ 3 ] For unknown reasons, most cords coil to the left. (medscape.com)
  • citation needed] To date, there is no prospective case control double-blind study looking at nuchal cords and observational studies vary in opinion as to the degree of poor outcomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both increased or decreased umbilical cord coiling has been associated with abnormal outcomes. (medscape.com)
  • This substance helps to protect the cord against compression as well as true knots as a result of the baby's normal movements. (imumz.com)
  • Umbilical cord compression causes the umbilical cord to flatten out and prevents blood and oxygen from getting to the baby. (latonalaw.com)
  • This post explores the practice of premature cord clamping when a baby is perceived to need resuscitation. (midwifethinking.com)
  • Around 1 in 2,000 births will have a true knot in the chord, in which case there are some associated risks. (imumz.com)
  • An average umbilical cord is 55 cm long, with a diameter of 1-2 cm and 11 helices. (medscape.com)
  • This phenomenon increases the risk of fetal distress and is usually associated with a long umbilical cord [ 8 ]. (e-cep.org)
  • The cord runs approximately 20 to 22 inches long, containing 3 vital blood vessels, 2 arteries and 1 vein, through which the baby exchanges carbon dioxide-filled blood with nutrient and oxygen-rich blood. (fronzutolaw.com)
  • Most umbilical cords have been reported to be 50 - 60 cm, and very few have been observed to be abnormally short or long [ 1 , 2 ]. (jcgo.org)
  • however, the length of the cord is thought to reflect movement of the fetus in utero. (medscape.com)