Ocimum basilicum
Ocimum
Oils, Volatile
Isolation of additional bacteriophages with genomes of segmented double-stranded RNA. (1/40)
Eight different bacteriophages were isolated from leaves of Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Lycopersicon esculentum, Daucus carota sativum, Raphanus sativum, and Ocimum basilicum. All contain three segments of double-stranded RNA and have genomic-segment sizes that are similar but not identical to those of previously described bacteriophage phi6. All appear to have lipid-containing membranes. The base sequences of some of the viruses are very similar but not identical to those of phi6. Three of the viruses have little or no base sequence identity to phi6. Two of the viruses, phi8 and phi12, contain proteins with a size distribution very different from that of phi6 and do not package genomic segments of phi6. Whereas phi6 attaches to host cells by means of a pilus, several of the new isolates attach directly to the outer membrane. Although the normal hosts of these viruses seem to be pseudomonads, those viruses that attach directly to the outer membrane can establish carrier states in Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium. One of the isolates, phi8, can form plaques on heptoseless strains of S. typhimurium. (+info)Anthocyanin inheritance and instability in purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). (2/40)
The instability of the purple pigments (anthocyanins) in purple basil varieties (Ocimum basilicum L.) limits their use as ornamental plants and as a potential anthocyanin source. Several self-pollinated generations of all purple plants were unsuccessful in stabilizing anthocyanin expression. In this study we investigated the inheritance and stability patterns of leaf traits using the Purple Ruffles variety. The results from the complete diallele crosses indicated anthocyanin expression in vegetative tissue is controlled by two dominant genes and ruffled leaf texture is controlled by a single recessive gene. Genes controlling leaf margin and leaf base structures were tightly linked to leaf texture. Essential oil production and oil constituents in leaves did not change as a result of the reversion in color. Color stability in cuttings was affected by the environment and the location where cuttings were taken. An accumulation of secondary metabolites (apigenin, genistein, and kaempferol) in green-reverted sectors on purple leaves was detected using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis; this suggested a potential block in the anthocyanin pathway. We hypothesize the reversion mutation is occurring in an anthocyanin regulatory gene. (+info)An investigation of the storage and biosynthesis of phenylpropenes in sweet basil. (3/40)
Plants that contain high concentrations of the defense compounds of the phenylpropene class (eugenol, chavicol, and their derivatives) have been recognized since antiquity as important spices for human consumption (e.g. cloves) and have high economic value. Our understanding of the biosynthetic pathway that produces these compounds in the plant, however, has remained incomplete. Several lines of basil (Ocimum basilicum) produce volatile oils that contain essentially only one or two specific phenylpropene compounds. Like other members of the Lamiaceae, basil leaves possess on their surface two types of glandular trichomes, termed peltate and capitate glands. We demonstrate here that the volatile oil constituents eugenol and methylchavicol accumulate, respectively, in the peltate glands of basil lines SW (which produces essentially only eugenol) and EMX-1 (which produces essentially only methylchavicol). Assays for putative enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway leading to these phenylpropenes localized many of the corresponding enzyme activities almost exclusively to the peltate glands in leaves actively producing volatile oil. An analysis of an expressed sequence tag database from leaf peltate glands revealed that known genes for the phenylpropanoid pathway are expressed at very high levels in these structures, accounting for 13% of the total expressed sequence tags. An additional 14% of cDNAs encoded enzymes for the biosynthesis of S-adenosyl-methionine, an important substrate in the synthesis of many phenylpropenes. Thus, the peltate glands of basil appear to be highly specialized structures for the synthesis and storage of phenylpropenes, and serve as an excellent model system to study phenylpropene biosynthesis. (+info)Outbreak of cyclosporiasis associated with basil in Missouri in 1999. (4/40)
During the summer of 1999, an outbreak of cyclosporiasis occurred among attendees of 2 events held on 24 July in different counties in Missouri. We conducted retrospective cohort studies of the 2 clusters of cases, which comprised 62 case patients. The chicken pasta salad served at one event (relative risk [RR], 4.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80-10.01) and the tomato basil salad served at the other event (RR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.72-5.07) were most strongly associated with illness. The most likely vehicle of infection was fresh basil, which was included in both salads and could have been grown either in Mexico or the United States. Leftover chicken pasta salad was found to be positive for Cyclospora DNA by means of polymerase chain reaction analysis, and 1 sporulated Cyclospora oocyst was found by use of microscopy. This is the second documented outbreak of cyclosporiasis in the United States linked to fresh basil and the first US outbreak for which Cyclospora has been detected in an epidemiologically implicated food item. (+info)Characterization of phenylpropene O-methyltransferases from sweet basil: facile change of substrate specificity and convergent evolution within a plant O-methyltransferase family. (5/40)
Some basil varieties are able to convert the phenylpropenes chavicol and eugenol to methylchavicol and methyleugenol, respectively. Chavicol O-methyltransferase (CVOMT) and eugenol O-methyltransferase (EOMT) cDNAs were isolated from the sweet basil variety EMX-1 using a biochemical genomics approach. These cDNAs encode proteins that are 90% identical to each other and very similar to several isoflavone O-methyltransferases such as IOMT, which catalyzes the 4'-O-methylation of 2,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavanone. On the other hand, CVOMT1 and EOMT1 are related only distantly to (iso)eugenol OMT from Clarkia breweri, indicating that the eugenol O-methylating enzymes in basil and C. breweri evolved independently. Transcripts for CVOMT1 and EOMT1 were highly expressed in the peltate glandular trichomes on the surface of the young basil leaves. The CVOMT1 and EOMT1 cDNAs were expressed in Escherichia coli, and active proteins were produced. CVOMT1 catalyzed the O-methylation of chavicol, and EOMT1 also catalyzed the O-methylation of chavicol with equal efficiency to that of CVOMT1, but it was much more efficient in O-methylating eugenol. Molecular modeling, based on the crystal structure of IOMT, suggested that a single amino acid difference was responsible for the difference in substrate discrimination between CVOMT1 and EOMT1. This prediction was confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis, in which the appropriate mutants of CVOMT1 (F260S) and EOMT1 (S261F) were produced that exhibited the opposite substrate preference relative to the respective native enzyme. (+info)UV-B is required for normal development of oil glands in Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil). (6/40)
Plants of Ocimum basilicum L. grown under glass were exposed to short treatments with supplementary UV-B. The effect of UV-B on volatile essential oil content was analysed and compared with morphological effects on the peltate and capitate glandular trichomes. In the absence of UV-B, both peltate and capitate glands were incompletely developed in both mature and developing leaves, the oil sacs being wrinkled and only partially filled. UV-B was found to have two main effects on the glandular trichomes. During the first 4 d of treatment, both peltate and capitate glands filled and their morphology reflected their 'normal' mature development as reported in the literature. During the following days there was a large increase in the number of broken oil sacs among the peltate glands as the mature glands broke open, releasing volatiles. Neither the number of glands nor the qualitative or quantitative composition of the volatiles was affected by UV-B. There seems to be a requirement for UV-B for the filling of the glandular trichomes of basil. (+info)Differential production of meta hydroxylated phenylpropanoids in sweet basil peltate glandular trichomes and leaves is controlled by the activities of specific acyltransferases and hydroxylases. (7/40)
Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) peltate glandular trichomes produce a variety of small molecular weight phenylpropanoids, such as eugenol, caffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid, that result from meta hydroxylation reactions. Some basil lines do not synthesize eugenol but instead synthesize chavicol, a phenylpropanoid that does not contain a meta hydroxyl group. Two distinct acyltransferases, p-coumaroyl-coenzyme A:shikimic acid p-coumaroyl transferase and p-coumaroyl-coenzyme A:4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid p-coumaroyl transferase, responsible for the production of p-coumaroyl shikimate and of p-coumaroyl 4-hydroxyphenyllactate, respectively, were partially purified and shown to be specific for their substrates. p-Coumaroyl-coenzyme A:shikimic acid p-coumaroyl transferase is expressed in basil peltate glands that are actively producing eugenol and is not active in glands of noneugenol-producing basil plants, suggesting that the levels of this activity determine the levels of synthesis of some meta-hydroxylated phenylpropanoids in these glands such as eugenol. Two basil cDNAs encoding isozymes of cytochrome P450 CYP98A13, which meta hydroxylates p-coumaroyl shikimate, were isolated and found to be highly similar (90% identity) to the Arabidopsis homolog, CYP98A3. Like the Arabidopsis enzyme, the basil enzymes were found to be very specific for p-coumaroyl shikimate. Finally, additional hydroxylase activities were identified in basil peltate glands that convert p-coumaroyl 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid to its caffeoyl derivative and p-coumaric acid to caffeic acid. (+info)Effects on humans elicited by inhaling the fragrance of essential oils: sensory test, multi-channel thermometric study and forehead surface potential wave measurement on basil and peppermint. (8/40)
The effects on humans inhaling the fragrance of essential oils were examined in terms of a sensory test, a multi-channel skin thermometer study and a portable forehead surface electroencephalographic (IBVA-EEG) measurement. The essential oils examined in this study were those of basil and peppermint, because our previous sensory test had indicated an opposite effect of these essential oils when mental work was undertaken; the inhalation of basil produced a more favorable impression after work than before work, whereas peppermint produced an unfavorable impression under these circumstances. For subjects administered basil or peppermint before and after mental work using an inhalator, a series of multi-channel skin thermometer studies and IBVA-EEG measurements were conducted. Using such paired odorants, our results showed that when compared between before and after mental work assigned to subjects: (1) the inhalation of basil, in which a favorable impression was predominant on the whole in terms of the sensory evaluation spectrum, was shown to be associated upward tendency in finger-tip skin temperature; (2) whereas these situations were opposite in the case of peppermint, in which the reversed (unfavorable) feature in sensory profiling was accompanied by a decrease in the magnitude of beta waves and a decrease in the finger-tip skin temperature both based on Welch's method, even at p < 0.01, implying a decreasing propensity of the aroused state and of the arousal response. The elucidation of such sensory and physiological endpoints of paired odorants would be of primary importance for human chemoreception science, because these are only rarely recorded during the same experiments, and this paradigm is highly informative about non-verbal responses to odorants. (+info)'Ocimum basilicum' is the scientific name for the herb commonly known as sweet basil. While it is not a medical term itself, basil has been used in various traditional medicinal practices for its supposed benefits. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support many of these claims. It is more widely recognized as a culinary herb and essential oil source.
"Ocimum" is the scientific name for a genus of plants that includes sweet basil, holy basil, and other varieties of basil. These herbs are part of the mint family (Lamiaceae) and are native to tropical regions of Africa and Asia. They are widely used in cooking for their aromatic leaves, which have a strong, pungent flavor. Holy basil, also known as tulsi, is considered sacred in Hinduism and has been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for its potential health benefits. However, it's important to note that while some herbs and plants can have medicinal properties, they should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice or treatment.
"Mentha piperita" is the scientific name for peppermint, which is a hybrid plant that's a cross between watermint and spearmint. It is a commonly used herb in medicine, particularly in the form of peppermint oil. The oil has been found to have several medicinal properties including antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic effects. It is often used to treat gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), nausea, and vomiting. Additionally, it has been found to be effective in providing relief from headaches and muscle pain.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are a type of organic compound that are naturally produced in plants. They are called "volatile" because they evaporate quickly at room temperature due to their high vapor pressure. These oils are composed of complex mixtures of various compounds, including terpenes, terpenoids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and alcohols. They are responsible for the characteristic aroma and flavor of many plants and are often used in perfumes, flavors, and aromatherapy. In a medical context, volatile oils may have therapeutic properties and be used in certain medications or treatments, but it's important to note that they can also cause adverse reactions if not used properly.
Eugenol is defined in medical terms as a phenolic compound that is the main active component of oil of cloves, which is derived from the clove tree (Syzygium aromaticum). It has been used in dentistry for its analgesic and antibacterial properties. In addition, eugenol is used in perfumes, flavorings, and as a local antiseptic and anesthetic in medical applications. It's also used in some mouthwashes and toothpastes. However, it can cause allergic reactions in some people, so its use should be monitored carefully.
'Origanum' is not a medical term itself, but it is the genus name for a group of plants that includes oregano and marjoram. These plants are part of the Lamiaceae family, also known as the mint family.
Oregano, specifically Origanum vulgare, has been used in traditional medicine for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The essential oil of oregano is rich in carvacrol and thymol, which are believed to contribute to its medicinal effects. However, it's important to note that the scientific evidence supporting these uses is limited, and more research is needed before any definitive medical claims can be made.
Marjoram, Origanum majorana, has also been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, including as a digestive aid, an antispasmodic, and a sedative. Its essential oil contains compounds such as terpinen-4-ol and γ-terpinene, which may have medicinal properties. However, similarly to oregano, more research is needed before any firm medical conclusions can be drawn about the use of marjoram in treatment.
Ocimum basilicum var. minimum
Flora of Malta
List of basil cultivars
Flora of Minas Gerais
Mrs. Burns' Lemon basil
Albahaca
Van herbed cheese
Psara dorcalis
Cinnamon basil
Thai basil
Chicoric acid
Mariniluteicoccus endophyticus
Spicy globe basil
Downy mildew
Fino verde basil
Basil seed
Magical Michael
Coleus scutellarioides
Peronospora belbahrii
Purple ruffles basil
Euglossa dilemma
Lettuce leaf basil
Mammoth basil
Red rubin basil
Tamulotoxin
Pelargonium graveolens
Eugenol
Osmin purple basil
Linalool
Genovese basil
Ocimum basilicum var. minimum - Wikipedia
Ocimum basilicum ( Cinnamon Sweet Basil ) - Backyard Gardener
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Basil - Italian Large Leaf - Ocimum basilicum - Roger's Gardens
VH29. Amethyst Basil, Ocimum basilicum 'Amethyst Improved' - Buffalo Botanical Gardens
Basil 'Everleaf Emerald Towers' - Ocimum basilicum seeds - Select Seeds
Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
Unification of the Quadratic Model Equations of the Inhibition Characteristics of Acidified Ocimum Basilicum on the Corrosion...
Yield and composition of Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum sanctum L. grown at four locations | College of Agricultural Sciences
Organic versus conventional fertilization effects on sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ) growth in a greenhouse system | College...
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Ocimum basilicum 'Minette', Basil 'Minette' - uploaded by @Naomi126
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Bosiljak/ Ocimum basilicum - MB Natural - Ljekovito bilje - Čajne mješavine
Basil17
- Eugenol is a vanilloid contained in relatively high amounts in clove oil from Eugenia caryophyllata, as well as cinnamon leaf oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and oil from the clove basil Ocimum gratissimum. (wikipedia.org)
- 1999). "Substantial UV-B-mediated induction of essential oils in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)". Phytochemistry. (wikipedia.org)
- Part I. Basil, Ocimum basilicum L.". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. (wikipedia.org)
- N. Kumpawat, A. Chaturvedi and R. K. Upadhyay, "Comparative Study of Corrosion Inhibition Efficiency of Stem and Leaves Extract of Ocimum Sanctum (Holy Basil) for Mild Steel in HCl Solution," Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, Vol. 46, No. 2, 2010, pp. 267-270. (scirp.org)
- An improved Thai basil or tropical basil, Ocimum basilicum 'Siam Queen' is a vigorous annual herb boasting highly aromatic, glossy green leaves rich with a licorice basil aroma. (gardenia.net)
- Not sure which Ocimum (Basil) to pick? (gardenia.net)
- This Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum ), once native to India & Persia, is said to be considered by Hindus as a passport to heaven when buried with them. (efloraofindia.com)
- Grow a garden filled with Dark Opal Basil herbs, from freshly harvested Ocimum basilicum herb seeds. (seedneeds.com)
- The activity of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) in the chloroplasts of leaves of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) was followed during the growth and development of the plants and following exposure to cold stress. (agri.gov.il)
- Experiments with sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L. (agri.gov.il)
- Ocimum basilicum L. (basil), which is known in Sudan as Rihan, belong to the plant family Lamiaceae. (openaccesspub.org)
- The purpose of the study was to investigate mosquito repellent activities of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Lemon Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora) extracts. (entomoljournal.com)
- Common basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) is a member of the Lamiaceae family which is cultivated commercially in many countries grows in several regions around the world and that has been extensively utilized in food as a flavoring agent (Sajjadi, 2006). (ac.ir)
- The Effect of Basil Leaf Extract (Ocimum basilicium L.) on Reducing Fungal Infections and Improving Hatching Rates of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Eggs: Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) terhadap Daya Tetas Telur Ikan Lele Mutiara (Clarias gariepinus) yang Terserang Jamur. (untad.ac.id)
- Ocimum basilicum (Sweet basil) is an erect herb that grows up to a height of 90 cm. (ijpsr.com)
- Ocimum gratissimum (Wild basil) is also a perennial herb with erect stem and can grow up to 1-3 m tall. (ijpsr.com)
- This study investigated the efficiency of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) foliar spraying on basil (Ocimum basilucum) growth and oxidative stress alleviation under drought conditions. (journalcra.com)
Lamiaceae2
Activities of Ocimum2
- Pages that link to Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Ocimum basilicum L. cv. (phcogj.com)
- Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Ocimum basilicum L. cv. (phcogj.com)
Americanum2
Genovese1
- The name "Basilico Genovese" is protected by the European Union with the Denominazione di Origine Protetta certification. (rogersgardens.com)
Labiatae1
- ocimum basilicum, labiatae. (perflavory.com)
Species1
- Complete set of Keys for Indian Species available on efi page Ocimum . (efloraofindia.com)
Gratissimum2
- Fresh leaves of the plants were subjected to hydro distillation to obtain the volatile oils OBV and OGV from O. basilicum and O. gratissimum respectively. (ijpsr.com)
- The whole plant and the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum have many applications in traditional medicine, especially in Africa and India. (ijpsr.com)
Oils1
- The essential oils of Ocimum basilician L. var. (unime.it)
Thai1
- Basilikum 'Thai' har blader som har en aroma av anis og krydder. (gardenliving.no)
Leaves1
- The leaves of Ocimum basilicum have been used in ethnomedicine for a variety of ailments ranging from respiratory disorders 3 , fever 4 , as remedy for gonorrhoea, catarrh conditions, cough, constipation, dysentery, ringworm, carminative and hypertension 4, 5 . (ijpsr.com)
Pale1
- Steam distilled from the flowering tops of the Ocimum Basilicum L. The oil is a pale yellow or almost colorless with a sweet spicy, slightly green, fresh, with a faint balsamic woody backnote and a lasting sweetness. (perflavory.com)
Green1
- Ocimum basilicum mucilage as a new green polymer support for silver in magnetic nanocomposites: production and characterization. (ac.ir)
Plant1
- This study was carried out at Shendi area with main objective to assess the amount of ME extracted from Ocimum basilicum plant to evaluate its potentiality as fruit fly attractant. (openaccesspub.org)
Journal1
- M. Nwankwo, P. Nwobasi, P. Offor and N. Idenyi, "Unification of the Quadratic Model Equations of the Inhibition Characteristics of Acidified Ocimum Basilicum on the Corrosion Behaviour of Mild Steel," Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering , Vol. 1 No. 6, 2013, pp. 367-373. (scirp.org)
Quality of sweet basil1
- 13. Improvement in Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids Production and Pharmaceutical Quality of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) by Ultraviolet-B Irradiation. (nih.gov)
Linalool2
- Ocimum basilicum (linalool type) Fresh Invigorating oil, good for clearing the mind and aiding concentration especially when tired. (kobashi.co.uk)
- Basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) contains linalool, 1,8 cineole (eucalyptol), methylchavicol, methylcinnamate and an essential oil with high estragole content. (nih.gov)
Genus3
- The exact taxonomy of basil is uncertain due to the immense number of cultivars, its ready polymorphy, and frequent cross-pollination (resulting in new hybrids) with other members of the genus Ocimum and within the species. (seeds-gallery.shop)
- Within the Ocimum genus there occur about 200 species in different varieties and forms. (lublin.pl)
- A plant species of the genus OCIMUM , family LAMIACEAE . (nih.gov)
Aromatic1
- Ocimum is a group of aromatic plants found in the Mint family, Lamiaceae. (gardentags.com)
Herb2
- Basil (Ocimum basilicum), also called basil herb or royal herb, is a spice plant from the labiates family. (anderswelt-import.eu)
- [2] Ocimum basilicum ), also called great basil or Saint-Joseph's-wort , is a culinary herb of the family Lamiaceae (mints). (seeds-gallery.shop)
Eugenol1
- Eugenol is a vanilloid contained in relatively high amounts in clove oil from Eugenia caryophyllata, as well as cinnamon leaf oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and oil from the clove basil Ocimum gratissimum. (wikipedia.org)
Varieties2
- Ocimum basilicum has at least 60 varieties, which further complicates taxonomy. (seeds-gallery.shop)
- This article presents the results of research on the study of the growth, development and productivity of different forms and varieties ( Ocimum basilicum L.) in different growing conditions and the content of essential oils in the aboveground mass of the plant. (e3s-conferences.org)
Tenuiflorum2
- thyrsiflora ), lemon basil ( O. × citriodorum ), and holy basil ( Ocimum tenuiflorum ). (seeds-gallery.shop)
- Ocimum tenuiflorum (100 days) Open-pollinated. (fedcoseeds.com)
Essential oil4
- Hydrodistillation of Brazilian basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) yielded 0.4% of essential oil (EO), with activity against eight important postharvest deteriorating fungi. (ccsenet.org)
- The direct toxicity of the essential oil, Ocimum basilicum L. to females of six species of predacious mites of the family phytoseiidae was tested. (mtak.hu)
- Differences in Essential Oil Composition of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Italian Cultivars related to Morphological Characteristics. (lublin.pl)
- Fresh basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is used in food, phytotherapic industry, and in traditional therapeutic, due to its essential oil content and composition. (scielo.br)
Sect1
- Analiza zawartości i składu chemicznego olejku dwóch form bazylii wonnej (Ocimum basilicum L.). Annales UMCS, Sect. (lublin.pl)
Species1
- Several other basils, including some other Ocimum species, are grown in many regions of Asia. (seeds-gallery.shop)
Plants1
- 2022. Ocimum basilicum in Kew Science Plants of the World Online . (wikimedia.org)
Leaf1
- The Basil Italian Large Leaf, 'Ocimum basilicum', is a sweet basil that is particularly good for pesto and is also excellent for fresh use. (ecrater.com)
Minimum1
- Ocimum basilicum minimum (70 days) Open-pollinated. (fedcoseeds.com)
Sweet3
- 1999). "Substantial UV-B-mediated induction of essential oils in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)". Phytochemistry. (wikipedia.org)
- Effect of increasing nitrogen doses and harvest terms on the growth and development of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Part I. (lublin.pl)
- 8. Effect of methyl jasmonate on secondary metabolites of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L. (nih.gov)
Effects1
- This study was performed to assess the effects of Plantago psyllium (PP) and Ocimum basilicum (OB) on anthropometric measurements in people with hepatic steatosis. (ac.ir)