Oculomotor Nerve Injuries
Oculomotor Nerve Diseases
Oculomotor Nerve
Ophthalmoplegia
Mydriasis
Trochlear Nerve
Abducens Nerve
Anisocoria
Ink
Parasympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic
Sciatic Nerve
Cerebral Aqueduct
Cranial Nerves
Neurotization of oculomotor, trochlear and abducent nerves in skull base surgery. (1/6)
OBJECTIVE: To anatomically reconstruct the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, and abducent nerve by skull base surgery. METHODS: Seventeen cranial nerves (three oculomotor nerves, eight trochlear nerves and six abducent nerves) were injured and anatomically reconstructed in thirteen skull base operations during a period from 1994 to 2000. Repair techniques included end-to-end neurosuture or fibrin glue adhesion, graft neurosuture or fibrin glue adhesion. The relationships between repair techniques and functional recovery and the related factors were analyzed. RESULTS: Functional recovery began from 3 to 8 months after surgery. During a follow-up period of 4 months to 6 years, complete recovery of function was observed in 6 trochlear nerves (75%) and 4 abducent nerves (67%), while partial functional recovery was observed in the other cranial nerves including 2 trochlear nerves, 2 abducent nerves, and 3 oculomotor nerves. CONCLUSIONS: Complete or partial functional recovery could be expected after anatomical neurotization of an injured oculomotor, trochlear or abducent nerve. Our study demonstrated that, in terms of functional recovery, trochlear and abducent nerves are more responsive than oculomotor nerves, and that end-to-end reconstruction is more efficient than graft reconstruction. These results encourage us to perform reconstruction for a separated cranial nerve as often as possible during skull base surgery. (+info)Incomplete oculomotor nerve palsy caused by an unruptured internal carotid-anterior choroidal artery aneurysm--case report--. (2/6)
A 59-year-old woman visited our institute with the chief complaint of dizziness which persisted whenever she tried to focus on objects. She had not experienced apparent double vision and had no history of intracranial bleeding. Neurological examination revealed no abnormality except for exotropia at the mid-position and at upper gaze. Cerebral angiography revealed that the intracranial portion of the left internal carotid artery ran more horizontally and also identified an unruptured left internal carotid-anterior choroidal artery (IC-AChA) aneurysm of 3.0 mm diameter. The aneurysm at the origin of the AChA was confirmed during surgery. The proximal lateral wall of the aneurysm was in contact with the oculomotor nerve. This contact was released after complete obliteration of the aneurysm. The exotropia resolved 3 months later. Oculomotor nerve palsy usually indicates the presence of internal carotid-posterior communicating artery (IC-PcomA) aneurysm. Since sacrifice of the AChA will result in severe neurological deficits, accurate neuroimaging information is needed prior to the operation. Conventional angiography and/or three-dimensional computed tomography angiography should be performed to ascertain whether the aneurysm is an IC-PcomA or IC-AChA aneurysm, even if some neurosurgeons insist that conventional angiography is not always needed before surgery for an unruptured aneurysm. (+info)Comparison of the risk of oculomotor nerve deficits between detachable balloons and coils in the treatment of direct carotid cavernous fistulas. (3/6)
(+info)Isolated third nerve palsy from mild closed head trauma. (4/6)
(+info)Retrograde horseradish peroxidase transport after oculomotor nerve injury. (5/6)
We studied the distribution of somatic motor neurons innervating the cat superior rectus 3-6 months after oculomotor nerve injury using intramuscular horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In normal cats, 98% or more of the labelled superior rectus motoneurons were in the contralateral oculomotor subnucleus. Two experimental cats who exhibited little or no evidence of recovery showed few labelled cells (4% of controls) which were distributed in both the ipsilateral and contralateral oculomotor nucleus. The other three experimental cats demonstrated definite signs of recovery, and HRP injections labelled more cells (20% of controls) also distributed in the ipsilateral and contralateral oculomotor subnuclei. This study shows that, after sectioning, the oculomotor nerve regenerates and anomalous connections develop between the somatic motoneurons of the ipsilateral oculomotor nucleus and the superior rectus. These findings support the hypothesis that acquired oculomotor synkinesis developing after third nerve injury results from misdirection of regenerating axons. (+info)Traumatic third nerve palsy. (6/6)
Twenty patients with a traumatic third nerve palsy had sustained a closed head injury with prolonged loss of consciousness in a high-speed deceleration accident. Sixteen were male, and the average age was 25 years. Seven had skull or facial fractures, 15 damage to the anterior visual pathways, and 16 other permanent neurological damage. Nineteen developed the misdirection/regeneration syndrome. Thirteen had strabismus surgery, and an area of binocular single vision was enlarged or achieved in three. (+info)Oculomotor nerve injuries refer to damage or trauma to the oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve (CN III). This nerve originates in the midbrain and controls several important functions of the eye. These functions include:
1. Constriction of the pupil (parasympathetic function)
2. Elevation of the eyelid (levator palpebrae superioris muscle)
3. Movement of the eye inward (medial rectus muscle), upward (superior rectus muscle), and downward (inferior rectus muscle)
4. Rotation of the eye outward (inferior oblique muscle) when looking downward
Injuries to the oculomotor nerve can result in various symptoms, such as:
1. Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid)
2. Diplopia (double vision) due to misalignment of the eyes
3. Mydriasis (dilated pupil) on the affected side
4. Poor or absent convergence (inability to bring both eyes inward to focus on a nearby object)
5. Eyeball position may be turned down and out (known as "down and out" position)
Oculomotor nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as head trauma, aneurysms, tumors, or other neurological conditions. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the injury and may include surgical intervention, medications, or observation.
The oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve (CN III), is responsible for controlling several important eye movements and functions. Oculomotor nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and can lead to various symptoms related to eye movement and function. Here's a medical definition of oculomotor nerve diseases:
Oculomotor nerve diseases are a group of medical disorders characterized by the dysfunction or damage to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), resulting in impaired eye movements, abnormalities in pupillary response, and potential effects on eyelid position. These conditions can be congenital, acquired, or traumatic in nature and may lead to partial or complete paralysis of the nerve. Common oculomotor nerve diseases include oculomotor nerve palsy, third nerve ganglionopathies, and compressive oculomotor neuropathies caused by various pathologies such as aneurysms, tumors, or infections.
The oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve (CN III), is a motor nerve that originates from the midbrain. It controls the majority of the eye muscles, including the levator palpebrae superioris muscle that raises the upper eyelid, and the extraocular muscles that enable various movements of the eye such as looking upward, downward, inward, and outward. Additionally, it carries parasympathetic fibers responsible for pupillary constriction and accommodation (focusing on near objects). Damage to this nerve can result in various ocular motor disorders, including strabismus, ptosis, and pupillary abnormalities.
Peripheral nerve injuries refer to damage or trauma to the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves transmit information between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, including sensory, motor, and autonomic functions. Peripheral nerve injuries can result in various symptoms, depending on the type and severity of the injury, such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or paralysis in the affected area.
Peripheral nerve injuries are classified into three main categories based on the degree of damage:
1. Neuropraxia: This is the mildest form of nerve injury, where the nerve remains intact but its function is disrupted due to a local conduction block. The nerve fiber is damaged, but the supporting structures remain intact. Recovery usually occurs within 6-12 weeks without any residual deficits.
2. Axonotmesis: In this type of injury, there is damage to both the axons and the supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium). The nerve fibers are disrupted, but the connective tissue sheaths remain intact. Recovery can take several months or even up to a year, and it may be incomplete, with some residual deficits possible.
3. Neurotmesis: This is the most severe form of nerve injury, where there is complete disruption of the nerve fibers and supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium). Recovery is unlikely without surgical intervention, which may involve nerve grafting or repair.
Peripheral nerve injuries can be caused by various factors, including trauma, compression, stretching, lacerations, or chemical exposure. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the injury and may include conservative management, such as physical therapy and pain management, or surgical intervention for more severe cases.
Ophthalmoplegia is a medical term that refers to the paralysis or weakness of the eye muscles, which can result in double vision (diplopia) or difficulty moving the eyes. It can be caused by various conditions, including nerve damage, muscle disorders, or neurological diseases such as myasthenia gravis or multiple sclerosis. Ophthalmoplegia can affect one or more eye muscles and can be partial or complete. Depending on the underlying cause, ophthalmoplegia may be treatable with medications, surgery, or other interventions.
Mydriasis is a medical term that refers to the dilation or enlargement of the pupil, which is the black circular opening in the center of the iris (the colored part) of the eye. The pupil normally adjusts its size in response to changes in light levels and emotional state. In mydriasis, the pupil becomes widely dilated and less responsive to light. This can occur naturally due to factors such as strong emotions, fear, or physical exertion, but it can also be caused by certain medications, eye drops, or medical conditions like brain injuries or neurological disorders. It is important to note that mydriasis can affect one or both eyes and may have different clinical significance depending on the context.
The trochlear nerve, also known as the fourth cranial nerve (CN IV), is a nerve that originates in the midbrain and innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye. This muscle helps with the downward and outward movement of the eye, playing a crucial role in controlling eye movements and maintaining binocular vision. The trochlear nerve's main function is to provide motor (efferent) innervation to the superior oblique muscle, enabling fine-tuning of eye movements during activities such as reading, writing, or driving. Damage to this nerve can result in vertical diplopia (double vision), strabismus (eye misalignment), and other visual impairments.
The abducens nerve, also known as the sixth cranial nerve (CN VI), is a motor nerve that controls the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. This muscle is responsible for moving the eye away from the midline (towards the temple) and enables the eyes to look towards the side while keeping them aligned. Any damage or dysfunction of the abducens nerve can result in strabismus, where the eyes are misaligned and point in different directions, specifically an adduction deficit, also known as abducens palsy or sixth nerve palsy.
Anisocoria is a medical term that refers to an inequality in the size of the pupils in each eye. The pupil is the black, circular opening in the center of the iris (the colored part of the eye) that allows light to enter and strike the retina. Normally, the pupils are equal in size and react similarly when exposed to light or darkness. However, in anisocoria, one pupil is larger or smaller than the other.
Anisocoria can be caused by various factors, including neurological conditions, trauma, eye diseases, or medications that affect the pupillary reflex. In some cases, anisocoria may be a normal variant and not indicative of any underlying medical condition. However, if it is a new finding or associated with other symptoms such as pain, headache, vision changes, or decreased level of consciousness, it should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "ink" is not a term that has a medical definition. Ink is a substance used for writing or printing, typically consisting of a colored pigment mixed with a liquid to make it flow. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!
Parasympathetic fibers, postganglionic, refer to the portion of the parasympathetic nervous system's peripheral nerves that arise from ganglia (clusters of neurons) located near or within the target organs. These postganglionic fibers are responsible for transmitting signals from the ganglia to the effector organs such as glands, smooth muscles, and heart, instructing them to carry out specific functions.
The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system (the other being the sympathetic nervous system). Its primary role is to conserve energy and maintain homeostasis during rest or digestion. The preganglionic fibers originate in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord, synapsing in the ganglia located near or within the target organs. Upon receiving signals from the preganglionic fibers, the postganglionic fibers release neurotransmitters like acetylcholine to activate muscarinic receptors on the effector organ, leading to responses such as decreased heart rate, increased gastrointestinal motility and secretion, and contraction of the urinary bladder.
The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, running from the lower back through the buttocks and down the legs to the feet. It is formed by the union of the ventral rami (branches) of the L4 to S3 spinal nerves. The sciatic nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and skin areas in the lower limbs, including the hamstrings, calf muscles, and the sole of the foot. Sciatic nerve disorders or injuries can result in symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the lower back, hips, legs, and feet, known as sciatica.
The cerebral aqueduct, also known as the aqueduct of Sylvius, is a narrow canal that connects the third and fourth ventricles (cavities) of the brain. It allows for the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle. The cerebral aqueduct is a critical component of the ventricular system of the brain, and any obstruction or abnormality in this region can result in an accumulation of CSF and increased pressure within the brain, which can lead to serious neurological symptoms and conditions such as hydrocephalus.
Cranial nerves are a set of twelve pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and skull, rather than the spinal cord. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory information (such as sight, smell, hearing, and taste) to the brain, as well as controlling various muscles in the head and neck (including those involved in chewing, swallowing, and eye movement). Each cranial nerve has a specific function and is named accordingly. For example, the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) transmits visual information from the eyes to the brain, while the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) controls parasympathetic functions in the body such as heart rate and digestion.
The red nucleus is a round-shaped collection of neurons located in the midbrain, specifically in the rostral part of the mesencephalon. It is called "red" due to its deep red color, which comes from the rich vascularization and numerous iron-containing red blood cells present in the region.
The red nucleus plays a crucial role in the motor system, primarily involved in controlling and coordinating movements, particularly on the contralateral side of the body. It is part of the rubrospinal tract, which descends from the red nucleus to the spinal cord and helps regulate fine motor movements and muscle tone.
There are two main types of neurons present in the red nucleus: magnocellular (large cells) and parvocellular (small cells). Magnocellular neurons form the rubrospinal tract, while parvocellular neurons project to the inferior olivary nucleus, which is part of the cerebellum. The connections between the red nucleus, cerebellum, and spinal cord allow for the integration and coordination of motor information and the execution of smooth movements.
Damage to the red nucleus can result in various motor impairments, such as ataxia (lack of muscle coordination), tremors, and weakness on the contralateral side of the body.
Palsy20
- In people with diabetes and older than 50 years of age, an oculomotor nerve palsy, in the classical sense, occurs with sparing (or preservation) of the pupillary reflex. (wikipedia.org)
- Localizing an isolated third cranial nerve palsy, particularly one that causes a "down and out" position of the ipsilateral eye is relatively straightforward when there is complete involvement of the levator palpebrae superioris (causing complete ptosis), complete paralysis of innervated extraocular muscles, and complete pupillary mydriasis. (medscape.com)
- Illustration of a complete right oculomotor palsy demonstrating the classic "down and out" appearance, complete ptosis and mydriasis of the right eye. (medscape.com)
- Illustration of a partial right oculomotor nerve palsy demonstrating incomplete ptosis, hypotropia and mydriasis of the right eye. (medscape.com)
- [ 4 ] Its close proximity to other midbrain structures means that fascicular lesions often co-associate with neurological findings, in addition to oculomotor palsy. (medscape.com)
- This includes, in particular, the diagnosis of eye movement disorders such as oculomotor nerve palsy and conjugate gaze palsy. (fh-salzburg.ac.at)
- Introduction: Oculomotor nerve (OMN) palsy is a neurological deficit very frequently encountered in clinical practice. (bvsalud.org)
- [2] Damage to the oculomotor nerve or any of its branches could lead to oculomotor motor nerve palsy (Third nerve palsy). (physio-pedia.com)
- With unilateral third cranial nerve palsy (ie, oculomotor nerve palsy), the involved eye usually is deviated "down and out" (ie, infraducted and abducted), and there may be partial or complete ptosis. (physio-pedia.com)
- [8] A complete third nerve palsy presents with ipsilateral mydriasis, bilateral ptosis, contralateral elevation deficit, and ipsilateral adduction and depression deficits. (physio-pedia.com)
- Total oculomotor nerve palsy implies involvement of all muscles innervated by the oculomotor nerve with pupillary involvement. (physio-pedia.com)
- ie, left eye), complete oculomotor nerve palsy OS, and partial abducens nerve palsy OS. (medscape.com)
- Third cranial nerve palsy (oculomotor nerve that runs from the brain to the eye and controls the position of the eyelid, the movement of the eyeball and the size of the pupil): in these cases, pupillary dilation is usually associated with ptosis (droopy eyelid) , double vision and/or visibly misaligned eyes. (barraquer.com)
- A palsy of the 3rd cranial nerve can impair eye movements, the response of pupils to light, or both. (merckmanuals.com)
- 2017) Bilateral Oculomotor Nerve Palsy after Head Trauma: A Case Report. (manualofmedicine.com)
- A painful oculomotor nerve palsy is considered a neurosurgical emergency. (surgical-neurology.com)
- In some cases, ptosis results from an injury, long-term contact lens use, previous eye surgery, or medical conditions such as oculomotor nerve palsy. (hudsonfaceandeye.com)
- Benedict syndrome (BS) is caused by a stroke in the midbrain and usually presents as an ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy with contralateral hemi- tremor . (symptoma.com)
- Also called third nerve palsy. (allaboutvision.com)
- Here, the cause of Clivuskanten syndrome is referred to as external or internal oculomotor palsy. (topbbacolleges.com)
Third nerve6
- The oculomotor nerve originates from the third nerve nucleus at the level of the superior colliculus in the midbrain. (wikipedia.org)
- The third nerve nucleus is located ventral to the cerebral aqueduct, on the pre-aqueductal grey matter. (wikipedia.org)
- The fibers from the two third nerve nuclei located laterally on either side of the cerebral aqueduct then pass through the red nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
- [ 4 ] Lesions of the cavernous sinus often produce third nerve palsies that are accompanied by one or more other neurologic findings including palsies of the fourth, fifth (first division), and sixth cranial nerves, with or without an associated Horner syndrome. (medscape.com)
- TNP can be due to pressure on the third nerve from an artery aneurysm. (idairco.com)
- People with diabetes may also develop a neuropathy of the third nerve . (medlineplus.gov)
Trauma9
- Injury to the eye, such as blunt force trauma, may damage the nerves controlling the pupils or the iris, the pigmented part of your eye. (healthline.com)
- Typical causes for this type of injury include a trauma injury, tumor, or stroke. (healthline.com)
- Eye diseases or injuries in which the iris can be damaged: eye trauma, inflammation of the iris (iritis or uveitis ), glaucoma , etc. (barraquer.com)
- Typically blown pupils occur as a response to a brain injury, such as head trauma or stroke. (allaboutvision.com)
- Trauma or compression of the upper brain stem and third cranial nerve, which is responsible for eye muscles and movement (oculomotor function). (allaboutvision.com)
- Constricted, or small pupils, can occur for a variety of reasons including eye injuries, brain trauma, medication side effects and stroke. (papasindiagrill.com)
- Objetivo: Generar recomendaciones basadas en la mejor evidencia disponible acerca del manejo de personas con trauma ocular. (bvsalud.org)
- Injuries to the optic nerve induced by a trauma to the face or head. (uchicago.edu)
- Relatively minor compression of the superior aspect of orbit may also result in trauma to the optic nerve. (uchicago.edu)
Traumatic8
- Mydriasis caused by traumatic brain injury is sometimes called a "blown pupil. (healthline.com)
- Traumatic injuries to the OCULOMOTOR NERVE . (nih.gov)
- Below is a glossary of important terms that can help you better understand traumatic brain injury. (casperdetoledo.com)
- A clinical case is reported in which the arterial gas embolism occurred after a traumatic brain injury, and the most relevant aspects of diagnosis and aetiopathogenesis are reviewed. (bvsalud.org)
- Robust clinical assessment tools to identify mild traumatic brain injuries are needed to assist with timely diagnosis for return-to-field decisions and appropriately guide rehabilitation. (mit.edu)
- Etiology Traumatic iritis is typically caused by blunt eye injury, but has been reported after injury from other sources including [1]including firecrackers, pellet gun projectiles, motor vehicle accidents , amongst many others. (papasindiagrill.com)
- The causes of Clivuskanten syndrome are traumatic brain injuries and tumors. (topbbacolleges.com)
- A traumatic brain injury usually occurs due to brain injuries caused by external forces. (topbbacolleges.com)
Brainstem6
- From the red nucleus fibers then pass via the substantia nigra[citation needed] to emerge from the substance of the brainstem at the oculomotor sulcus (a groove on the lateral wall of the interpeduncular fossa). (wikipedia.org)
- On emerging from the brainstem, the nerve is invested with a sheath of pia mater, and enclosed in a prolongation from the arachnoid. (wikipedia.org)
- It originates from the oculomotor nucleus and the Edinger-Westphal nucleus within the midbrain of the brainstem . (physio-pedia.com)
- The oculomotor nerve exits the brainstem near midline at the base of the midbrain just caudal to the mammillary bodies. (physio-pedia.com)
- This anatomic location is uniquely difficult to approach surgically because it is very closely surrounded by multiple neurovascular structures, including the brainstem, basilar artery, cranial nerves (CNs) III-VIII, the cavernous sinus, and the sella. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
- The clinical course is insidious, with subtle onset of cranial nerve, cerebellar, and brainstem dysfunction. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
Nucleus9
- There are two nuclei for the oculomotor nerve: The oculomotor nucleus originates at the level of the superior colliculus. (wikipedia.org)
- Owing to its elegant anatomical organization and course, third cranial nerve deficits can be readily localised to specific site (nucleus, fascicular portion, cavernous sinus segment, or orbit), depending on the pattern of oculomotor dysfunction observed and associated clinical findings. (medscape.com)
- Broadly speaking, nuclear third cranial nerve palsies may be isolated, or accompanied by other neurologic symptoms given the proximity of the oculomotor nucleus to other important structures in the midbrain tegmentum. (medscape.com)
- Infarctions of the red nucleus, cerebral peduncle, oculomotor fascicles, and the lower oculomotor nucleus are most commonly observed. (symptoma.com)
- Disruptions in the third cranial nerve, the red nucleus, the corticospinal tracts, the brachium conjunctivum, and the superior cerebellar peduncle decussation are normally associated with BS manifestations [1]. (symptoma.com)
- The pathway of pupillary constriction begins at the Edinger-Westphal nucleus near the occulomotor nerve nucleus. (papasindiagrill.com)
- There is only one nucleus for each of the abducent nerves that is present in the upper pons (seen in the cut section of upper pons) at the level of facial colliculi. (brainmadesimple.com)
- This fasciculus connects the abducent nerve nucleus with the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), and vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII). (brainmadesimple.com)
- State the extent and subdivisions of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. (dentaldevotee.com)
Fibers10
- The nerve also contains fibers that innervate the intrinsic eye muscles that enable pupillary constriction and accommodation (ability to focus on near objects as in reading). (wikipedia.org)
- From the ciliary ganglion postganglionic fibers pass through the short ciliary nerve to the constrictor pupillae of the iris and the ciliary muscles. (wikipedia.org)
- fibers controlling the pupillary function are superficial and spared from ischemic injuries typical of diabetes. (wikipedia.org)
- The inner somatic fibers of the third cranial nerve supply the levator palpebrae superioris in the eyelid (controlling upper eyelid elevation), and four extraocular muscles that govern ocular motility (the superior, medial, and inferior recti muscles, and the inferior oblique muscle). (medscape.com)
- Pupillary dysfunction may be present and is related to injury to the sympathetic fibers in the cavernous portion of ICA or parasympathetic fibers that surround the oculomotor nerve. (medscape.com)
- It is the motor nerve for the muscles of mastication and contains proprioceptive fibers. (medscape.com)
- Facial colliculi are actually rounded, bulged structures that are formed by the winding of fibers of the facial nerve around the nuclei of abducent nerves. (brainmadesimple.com)
- A nerve is a bundle of fibers that receives and sends messages between the body and the brain. (healthline.com)
- It contains numerous nerve fibers that connect the medulla to the pons and cerebellum respectively. (com.ng)
- These are two round masses of nerve fibers located on either side of the median fissure. (com.ng)
Trigeminal nerve7
- citation needed] It traverses the cavernous sinus, above the other orbital nerves receiving in its course one or two filaments from the cavernous plexus of the sympathetic nervous system, and a communicating branch from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. (wikipedia.org)
- The cornea is innervated primarily by the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve and the oculomotor nerve. (medscape.com)
- Trigeminal nerve involvement (primarily V1) may cause paresthesias of the forehead. (medscape.com)
- Other conflicts with cranial nerves are rare but are known to occur e.g.: visual loss as a result of compression of the optic nerve and facial pain resulting from trigeminal nerve compression. (surgical-neurology.com)
- The trigeminal nerve is the largest and most complex of the 12 cranial nerves (CNs). (medscape.com)
- Schematic representation of the trigeminal nerve with its central connections. (medscape.com)
- The semilunar (gasserian or trigeminal) ganglion is the great sensory ganglion of CN V. It contains the sensory cell bodies of the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve (the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary divisions). (medscape.com)
Paralysis4
- In the later course, an oculomotor paralysis appears, which is accompanied by an absolute rigidity of the pupils and a unilateral mydriasis. (topbbacolleges.com)
- This clinical picture is called complete oculomotor paralysis. (topbbacolleges.com)
- Later the oculomotor paralysis occurs, which is accompanied by a dilated and light-rigid pupil. (topbbacolleges.com)
- In the later stage of the disease, complete oculomotor paralysis occurs, and an additional dilation of the contralateral pupil occurs. (topbbacolleges.com)
Nuclei of the crania2
- Several nerve fiber tracts and nuclei of the cranial nerves are located in different regions of the midbrain. (jptrs.org)
- The nuclei of the cranial nerves are the collection of cell bodies of axons forming that cranial nerve. (brainmadesimple.com)
Muscles10
- The oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve, cranial nerve III, or simply CN III, is a cranial nerve that enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure and innervates extraocular muscles that enable most movements of the eye and that raise the eyelid. (wikipedia.org)
- All these branches enter the muscles on their ocular surfaces, with the exception of the nerve to the inferior oblique, which enters the muscle at its posterior border. (wikipedia.org)
- The oculomotor nerve includes axons of type GSE, general somatic efferent, which innervate skeletal muscle of the levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles. (wikipedia.org)
- This eye position reflects the unopposed actions of depression and abduction of the globe, which are governed by superior oblique (innervated by the fourth cranial nerve) and lateral rectus (innervated by the sixth cranial nerve) muscles, respectively. (medscape.com)
- The oculomotor nerve is the chief motor nerve to the ocular and extraocular muscles . (physio-pedia.com)
- [1] The oculomotor nerves send somatic motor fibres to all extraocular muscles, except the superior oblique and lateral rectus. (physio-pedia.com)
- With the assistance of oculomotor nerves, these muscles are regulated in turn. (globalstemcellcare.com)
- It is a long, slender, motor nerve and supplies only one of the extraocular muscles of the eye and functions in the movement of the eyeball within the orbit. (brainmadesimple.com)
- All the extraocular muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III) except the superior oblique and lateral rectus muscles, which are innervated by the trochlear nerve (CN IV) and abducent nerve (CN VI), respectively. (brainmadesimple.com)
- This nerve has numerous external eye muscles, which, depending on the extent of the damage, can be impaired in their function in complex ways. (topbbacolleges.com)
Diplopia6
- Accordingly, damage to the third cranial nerve may cause diplopia, pupil mydriasis, and/or upper eyelid ptosis. (medscape.com)
- The occurrence of diplopia is closely associated with the cranial nerves. (targetwoman.com)
- Binocular diplopia is caused by neurogenic impairments related to Oculomotor nerve damage, which is an important nerve in facilitating the movement of eye. (targetwoman.com)
- In most cases binocular diplopia is caused because of head injuries leading to cranial damage or traumas caused to the eyes. (targetwoman.com)
- Since diplopia is associated with cranial nerves predominantly the oculomotor nerve, a gaze test is administered by the optometrist to estimate the functionality of nine cardinal vision factors. (targetwoman.com)
- Eye movement disorders: third, fourth, and sixth nerve palsies and other causes of diplopia and ocular misalignment. (medlineplus.gov)
Clinical1
- The clinical manifestations of third cranial nerve dysfunction reflect its constituent parts. (medscape.com)
Midbrain4
- The oculomotor nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic midbrain. (wikipedia.org)
- The oculomotor nerve (CN III) arises from the anterior aspect of the mesencephalon (midbrain). (wikipedia.org)
- [ 4 ] The cisternal portion of the third cranial nerve travels in the subarachnoid space anterior to the midbrain after exiting between the superior cerebellar and posterior cerebral arteries (Figure 3). (medscape.com)
- Midbrain infarctions present with a wide range of symptoms, including motor deficits, sensory disturbances, cranial nerve dysfunction, coordination and balance problems, eye movement abnormalities, and impaired consciousness. (jptrs.org)
Ptosis2
- Ptosis can also be caused by injury to the oculomotor nerve (the nerve that stimulates the levator muscle), or the tendon connecting the levator muscle to the eyelid. (neuroeyeorbit.com)
- Ptosis is also present in people with Horner's syndrome, a neurologic condition that affects one side of the face and indicates injury to part of the sympathetic nervous system. (neuroeyeorbit.com)
Pupil8
- The oculomotor (third) cranial nerve plays an important role in the efferent visual system by controlling ipsilateral eye movements, pupil constriction, and upper eyelid elevation. (medscape.com)
- Unequal pupil sizes of more than 1 mm that develop later in life and do not return to equal size may be a sign of an eye, brain, blood vessel, or nerve disease. (adam.com)
- If you have differing pupil size after an eye or head injury, get medical help immediately. (adam.com)
- The pupil is often affected when the cause is compression of the 3rd cranial nerve. (merckmanuals.com)
- When the pupil is not affected, the cause is often inadequate blood flow to the nerve. (merckmanuals.com)
- The oculomotor nerve also contains fibres that constrict the pupil. (surgical-neurology.com)
- In most cases where an aneurysm is pressing on the nerve these fibres malfunction and the pupil enlarges. (surgical-neurology.com)
- The first symptom is an ipsilateral pupil dilation, which occurs due to the stretching and irritation of the affected nerve in the so-called tentorium slit. (topbbacolleges.com)
Neuropathy4
- Cranial nerve neuropathy refers to gradual damage of the nerves that go to the eye. (healthline.com)
- Cranial nerve neuropathy can affect one or both eyes. (healthline.com)
- If you have cranial nerve neuropathy, you may also experience other symptoms in your eyes, such as impaired vision. (healthline.com)
- Haemodilution and head-down tilting induce functional injury in the rat optic nerve: A model for peri-operative ischemic optic neuropathy. (uchicago.edu)
Abducens nerves2
- The superior oblique and the lateral rectus are supplied by the trochlear and abducens nerves respectively. (physio-pedia.com)
- If the oculomotor nerve is affected in concert with the other nerves controlling the globe of the eye- the trochlear and abducens nerves- then the aneurysm is most likely to be located in the skull base (see below under Cavernous Sinus Syndromes. (surgical-neurology.com)
Ocular1
- If there is any history or signs of globe injury with violation of ocular contents, a plastic or metal shield should be placed, and an ophthalmologist should be called urgently. (medscape.com)
Abducent5
- In their walls intimately assosciated with the arteries run the oculomotor, abducent, trochlear and trigeminal which control the movement of the eyes and sensation from the face. (surgical-neurology.com)
- For the internal strabismus, the defect sometimes is due to any damage to the abducent nerve, the sixth cranial nerve. (brainmadesimple.com)
- In the following text, we shall have a look at the origin, course, classification, and functional component(s) of the abducent nerve. (brainmadesimple.com)
- Last but not least, we shall have a look at the diseases caused by damage to the abducent nerve. (brainmadesimple.com)
- The abducent or abducent nerve is the sixth cranial nerve (CN VI). (brainmadesimple.com)
Compression3
- Median Answer: C Its a compression of the median nerve on the elbow Reference. (ehd.org)
- A brain catastrophe, or a rapidly increasing brain mass, can cause compression of the oculomotor nerve. (papasindiagrill.com)
- Presenting symptoms are usually a result of cranial nerve compression with CN V most frequently involved. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
Cavernous5
- Sympathetic postganglionic fibres also join the nerve from the plexus on the internal carotid artery in the wall of the cavernous sinus and are distributed through the nerve, e.g., to the smooth muscle of superior tarsal (Mueller's) muscle. (wikipedia.org)
- The oculomotor nerve runs through the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. (medscape.com)
- Usually, the third cranial nerve branches into superior and inferior divisions within the posterior orbit, but, occasionally, divisional branching occurs in cavernous sinus. (medscape.com)
- The oculomotor nerve divides into superior and inferior branches in the anterior part of the cavernous sinus. (physio-pedia.com)
- patients experience unilateral onset of acute orbital pain and ophthalmoparesis, and the disorder may threaten sight if untreated inflammation extends beyond the cavernous sinus to affect the optic nerve. (medscape.com)
Trochlear nerve1
- The trochlear nerve is a pure motor nerve having no sensory component. (brainmadesimple.com)
Posterior2
- Abducens nerve emerges from the brain stem in the posterior cranial fossa from a groove at the junction of the pons and medulla oblongata medial to the facial nerve exit. (brainmadesimple.com)
- Greater and lesser palatine foramina (for palatine nerves and arteries) and posterior nasal spine Vomer 1. (slideshare.net)
Branches4
- The inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve or the inferior division, the larger, divides into three branches. (wikipedia.org)
- Ultimately, there is a total failure of all outer oculomotor branches. (topbbacolleges.com)
- 6. Enumerate the functional components, nuclei, and branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve. (dentaldevotee.com)
- The many sensory nerves that bring sensation from the skin and internal organs merge together to form the sensory branches of the cranial and spinal nerves. (healthline.com)
Impairments1
- Usually, oculomotor nerve impairments may interfere with normal vision, which can irreversible or permanent. (physio-pedia.com)
Symptoms2
- Other symptoms will vary depending on the cause of your injury. (healthline.com)
- Considering the location of the infarction, the presenting symptoms were the result of an impairment of the dopaminergic pathway in addition to lesions in the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve. (jptrs.org)
Sensory10
- The ophthalmic and maxillary nerves are purely sensory. (medscape.com)
- The mandibular nerve has sensory and motor functions. (medscape.com)
- The motor root passes under the ganglion to join the sensory division of the mandibular nerve and exits the skull through foramen ovale. (medscape.com)
- The sensory and motor innervation to the structures in the head and neck region of the body is exclusively provided by the cranial nerves. (brainmadesimple.com)
- Amongst the functions are the six senses: sight, smell, proprioception, touch, taste and hearing covered last month where the brain receives nerve impulses via neurons from the sensory organs. (hafsaabbas.com)
- The cranial nerves can have sensory functions, motor functions, or both. (healthline.com)
- The olfactory nerve has sensory function. (healthline.com)
- The facial nerve has both sensory and motor function. (healthline.com)
- Spinal nerves have both sensory and motor function. (healthline.com)
- All but one of your spinal nerves transmits sensory information from this area back to the CNS. (healthline.com)
Brain stem3
- Inadequate blood flow in very small blood vessels that supply the nerve or in larger ones in the brain stem is more common. (merckmanuals.com)
- Most of the cranial nerves originate from the brain stem. (brainmadesimple.com)
- In this way, the brain stem is pressed downwards against the cranial bones, so that the so-called oculomotor nerve is also pressed holistically against the bone structure of the clivus edge. (topbbacolleges.com)
Occur4
- Tetanus associated with corneal injuries may rarely occur. (medscape.com)
- Ophthalmoparesis or disordered eye movements occur when cranial nerves III, IV, and VI are damaged by granulomatous inflammation. (medscape.com)
- These palsies can occur when pressure is put on the nerve or the nerve does not get enough blood. (merckmanuals.com)
- These may occur with closed or penetrating injuries. (uchicago.edu)
Sheath3
- The focus of the present study is to investigate the potential for oculomotor features to complement existing diagnostic tools, such as measurements of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter (ONSD) and Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT). (mit.edu)
- It is important not to confuse this subtype of meningioma with primary meningiomas arising from the optic nerve sheath, from which they in turn can extend to the sphenoid wing [ 10 ]. (springeropen.com)
- The internal carotid artery, along with its sympathetic plexus and abducents nerve, is wrapped in a sheath called a carotid sheath. (brainmadesimple.com)
Impulses3
- Use of anticholinergic drugs , which block neurotransmitters and suppress nerve impulses that cause involuntary muscle movements. (allaboutvision.com)
- Via these nerve impulses, separate input from the left and right eyes is directed to the brain. (globalstemcellcare.com)
- Your neurons work to conduct nerve impulses. (healthline.com)
Motor nerve1
- As we know, the abducens nerve is a motor nerve. (brainmadesimple.com)
Neurological1
- These can lead to disturbing double vision after accidents, brain injuries, and neurological or internal diseases. (fh-salzburg.ac.at)
Internal caroti2
- Irritation of one particular nerve - the oculomotor nerve- generates particular concern that an aneurysm of the internal carotid artery is enlarging and at-risk of rupture. (surgical-neurology.com)
- Total resection of the tumor was achieved in 10 cases (45.5%), subtotal in 6 (27.3%), partial in 5 (22.7%), and in 1 case, injury to the internal carotid artery lead to premature termination of surgery. (springeropen.com)
Optic Nerve In3
- Optic Nerve Injuries" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Optic Nerve Injuries" by people in this website by year, and whether "Optic Nerve Injuries" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uchicago.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Optic Nerve Injuries" by people in Profiles. (uchicago.edu)
Orbit3
- As the oculomotor nerve enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure it then divides into a superior and an inferior branch. (wikipedia.org)
- [ 4 ] Finally, the oculomotor nerve enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure adjacent to the fourth cranial nerve. (medscape.com)
- Abducens nerve leaves the cranial cavity and enters into the cavity of bony orbit via the superior orbital fissure. (brainmadesimple.com)
Innervate1
- The oculomotor nerve has no direct function, but sympathetic fibres run with the oculomotor nerve to innervate the superior tarsal muscle (helps to raise the eyelid). (physio-pedia.com)
Movements2
- Occasionally an aneurysm will present by irritating one of the nerves that control movements of the eye. (surgical-neurology.com)
- It also interacts with the third and fourth cranial nerves, oculomotor and trochlear, respectively, as well as with the eighth cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve) to perform conjugate eye movements (discussed later). (brainmadesimple.com)
Pupils2
- The oculomotor nerve affects the constriction and dilation of the pupils, so damage to it could lead to mydriasis. (healthline.com)
- Because the 3rd cranial nerve also raises the eyelids and controls the pupils, the eyelid droops. (merckmanuals.com)
Lateral1
- The lateral aspect of the tumor is often draped by thinly splayed cranial nerves lying between the surgeon and the tumor. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
Involuntary1
- There are two primary functions of the autonomic parasympathetic (involuntary) oculomotor nerve. (physio-pedia.com)
Eyelid1
- Both upper and lower eyelids should be flipped in order to look for foreign bodies that may be lodged in the upper eyelid, causing injury with eye blinking. (medscape.com)
Partial1
- In reality, however, third cranial nerve palsies are often incomplete and result in partial deficits that may be relatively subtle and easily overlooked (Figure 2). (medscape.com)
Vagus2
- The Vagus nerve is one exception that provides innervation to structures in the head and neck region as well as in the abdomen and chest cavity. (brainmadesimple.com)
- The exception to this is the vagus nerve , which is the longest cranial nerve. (healthline.com)