The 1st cranial nerve. The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB.
Traumatic injuries to the OLFACTORY NERVE. It may result in various olfactory dysfunction including a complete loss of smell.
Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here.
Diseases of the first cranial (olfactory) nerve, which usually feature anosmia or other alterations in the sense of smell and taste. Anosmia may be associated with NEOPLASMS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; inherited conditions; toxins; METABOLIC DISEASES; tobacco abuse; and other conditions. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp229-31)
Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN.
The ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS.
A ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS of all VERTEBRATES. It is a modulator of the olfactory SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY.
That portion of the nasal mucosa containing the sensory nerve endings for SMELL, located at the dome of each NASAL CAVITY. The yellow-brownish olfactory epithelium consists of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS; brush cells; STEM CELLS; and the associated olfactory glands.
The volatile portions of substances perceptible by the sense of smell. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. It includes the OLFACTORY NERVE; OLFACTORY BULB; OLFACTORY TRACT; OLFACTORY TUBERCLE; ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE; and OLFACTORY CORTEX.
Loss of or impaired ability to smell. This may be caused by OLFACTORY NERVE DISEASES; PARANASAL SINUS DISEASES; viral RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SMOKING; and other conditions.
Determination of the energy distribution of gamma rays emitted by nuclei. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the NASAL SEPTUM. Nasal cavities, extending from the nares to the NASOPHARYNX, are lined with ciliated NASAL MUCOSA.
Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.
Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. The large number of different odorant receptors appears to arise from several gene families or subfamilies rather than from DNA rearrangement.
The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.
The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
The mucous lining of the NASAL CAVITY, including lining of the nostril (vestibule) and the OLFACTORY MUCOSA. Nasal mucosa consists of ciliated cells, GOBLET CELLS, brush cells, small granule cells, basal cells (STEM CELLS) and glands containing both mucous and serous cells.
Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.
A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.
Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Delivery of medications through the nasal mucosa.
The performance of surgical procedures with the aid of a microscope.
Cell adhesion molecule involved in a diverse range of contact-mediated interactions among neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and myotubes. It is widely but transiently expressed in many tissues early in embryogenesis. Four main isoforms exist, including CD56; (ANTIGENS, CD56); but there are many other variants resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications. (From Pigott & Power, The Adhesion Molecule FactsBook, 1993, pp115-119)
A species of the family Ranidae (true frogs). The only anuran properly referred to by the common name "bullfrog", it is the largest native anuran in North America.
Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.
The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)
Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.
Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.
Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.
Inbred ICR mice are a strain of albino laboratory mice that have been selectively bred for consistent genetic makeup and high reproductive performance, making them widely used in biomedical research for studies involving reproduction, toxicology, pharmacology, and carcinogenesis.
The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
A branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot.
A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand.
The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.
Treatment of muscles and nerves under pressure as a result of crush injuries.
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot.
A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm.
The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.
The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION and project to the TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication.
The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Development of the chick olfactory nerve. (1/262)

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced and secreted by neurons dispersed throughout the septal-preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas in adult birds and mammals. These neurons, essential for a functional brain-pituitary-gonadal axis, differentiate in the olfactory placode, the superior aspect of which forms the olfactory epithelium. To reach their final placement within the brain, GnRH neurons migrate out of the epithelium and along the olfactory nerve to the CNS. This nerve is essential for the entrance of GnRH neurons into the CNS. Due to the importance of the nerve for the proper migration of these neurons, we have used immunocytochemistry, DiI labeling and 1 microm serial plastic-embedded sections to characterize the nerve's earliest development in the embryonic chick (stages 17-21). Initially (stage 17) the zone between the placode and prosencephalon is a cellular mass contiguous with the placode. This cluster, known as epithelioid cells, is positive for some but not all neuronal markers studied. The epithelium itself is negative for all neuronal and glial markers at this early stage. By stage 18, the first neurites emerge from the epithelium; this was confirmed at stage 19 by examination of serial 1 microm plastic sections. There is sequential acquisition of immunoreactivity to neuronal markers from stage 18 to 21. The glial component of the nerve appears at stage 21. Axons originating from epithelium, extend to the border of the CNS as confirmed by DiI labeling at stage 21. Small fascicles have entered the CNS at this stage. As previously reported, GnRH neurons begin their migration between stages 20-21 and have also arrived at the border of the brain at stage 21. Despite the penetration of neurites from the olfactory nerve into the CNS, GnRH neurons pause at the nerve-brain junction until stage 29 (2 1/2 days later) before entering the brain. Subsequent studies will examine the nature of the impediment to continued GnRH neuronal migration.  (+info)

Single-channel kinetics of the rat olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channel expressed in Xenopus oocytes. (2/262)

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels are nonselective cation channels activated by intracellular cAMP and/or cGMP. It is not known how the binding of agonists opens the channel, or how the presumed four binding sites, one on each subunit, interact to generate cooperativity. We expressed the rat olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha subunit in Xenopus oocytes and recorded the single-channel currents. The channel had a single conductance state, and flickers at -60 mV showed the same power spectrum for cAMP and cGMP. At steady state, the distribution patterns of open and closed times were relatively simple, containing one or two exponential components. The conductance properties and the dwell-time distributions were adequately described by models that invoke only one or two binding events to open the channel, followed by an additional binding event that prolongs the openings and helps to explain apparent cooperativity. In a comparison between cAMP and cGMP, we find that cGMP has clearly higher binding affinity than cAMP, but only modestly higher probability of inducing the conformational transition that opens the channel.  (+info)

Effects of olfactory stimuli on urge reduction in smokers. (3/262)

This study examined the possibility that exposure to olfactory stimuli can reduce self-reported urge to smoke. After an initial assessment of self-reported urge, nicotine-deprived smokers evaluated the pleasantness of a series of 8 odors. Facial expressions during odor presentations were coded with P. Ekman and W. V. Friesen's (1978a) Facial Action Coding System. After odor administration, participants were exposed to smoking cues. Next, participants were administered their most pleasant, least pleasant, or a control odor (water) and reported their urge to smoke. Results indicated that sniffing either a pleasant or unpleasant odor reduced reported urge to smoke relative to the control odor. Reported pleasantness of the odors did not differentially affect urge reduction. Odors eliciting negative-affect-related expressions, however, were less effective than odors that did not elicit negative-affect-related expressions in reducing reported urge. Results of this preliminary investigation provide support for the consideration of odor stimuli as an approach to craving reduction.  (+info)

Dopamine depresses synaptic inputs into the olfactory bulb. (4/262)

Both observations in humans with disorders of dopaminergic transmission and molecular studies point to an important role for dopamine in olfaction. In this study we found that dopamine receptor activation in the olfactory bulb causes a significant depression of synaptic transmission at the first relay between olfactory receptor neurons and mitral cells. This depression was found to be caused by activation of the D2 subtype of dopamine receptor and was reversible by a specific D2 receptor antagonist. A change in paired-pulse modulation during the depression suggests a presynaptic locus of action. The depression was found to occur independent of synaptic activity. These results provide the first evidence for dopaminergic control of inputs to the main olfactory bulb. The magnitude and locus of dopamine's modulatory capabilities in the bulb suggest important roles for dopamine in odorant processing.  (+info)

Long-term effects on the olfactory system of exposure to hydrogen sulphide. (5/262)

OBJECTIVE: To study chronic effects of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) on cranial nerve I (nervi olfactorii), which have been only minimally described. METHODS: Chemosensations (smell and taste) were evaluated in eight men who complained of continuing dysfunction 2-3 years after the start of occupational exposure to H2S. Various bilateral (both nostrils) and unilateral (one nostril at a time) odour threshold tests with standard odorants as well as the Chicago smell test, a three odour detection and identification test and the University of Pennsylvania smell identification test, a series of 40 scratch and sniff odour identification tests were administered. RESULTS: Six of the eight patients showed deficits of various degrees. Two had normal scores on objective tests, but thought that they continued to have problems. H2S apparently can cause continuing, sometimes unrecognised olfactory deficits. CONCLUSION: Further exploration into the extent of such problems among workers exposed to H2S is warranted.  (+info)

Sites of plasticity in the neural circuit mediating tentacle withdrawal in the snail Helix aspersa: implications for behavioral change and learning kinetics. (6/262)

The tentacle withdrawal reflex of the snail Helix aspersa exhibits a complex combination of habituation and sensitization consistent with the dual-process theory of plasticity. Habituation, sensitization, or a combination of both were elicited by varying stimulation parameters and lesion condition. Analysis of response plasticity shows that the late phase of the response is selectively enhanced by sensitization, whereas all phases are decreased by habituation. Previous data have shown that tentacle withdrawal is mediated conjointly by parallel monosynaptic and polysynaptic pathways. The former mediates the early phase, whereas the latter mediates the late phase of the response. Plastic loci were identified by stimulating and recording at different points within the neural circuit, in combination with selective lesions. Results indicate that depression occurs at an upstream locus, before circuit divergence, and is therefore expressed in all pathways, whereas facilitation requires downstream facilitatory neurons and is selectively expressed in polysynaptic pathways. Differential expression of plasticity between pathways helps explain the behavioral manifestation of depression and facilitation. A simple mathematical model is used to show how serial positioning of depression and facilitation can explain the kinetics of dual-process learning. These results illustrate how the position of cellular plasticity in the network affects behavioral change and how forms of plasticity can interact to determine the kinetics of the net changes.  (+info)

Relationships between odor-elicited oscillations in the salamander olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb. (7/262)

Oscillations in neuronal population activity, or the synchronous neuronal spiking that underlies them, are thought to play a functional role in sensory processing in the CNS. In the olfactory system, stimulus-induced oscillations are observed both in central processing areas and in the peripheral receptor epithelium. To examine the relationship between these peripheral and central oscillations, we recorded local field potentials simultaneously from the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). Stimulus-induced oscillations recorded at these two sites were matched in frequency and slowed concurrently over the time course of the response, suggesting that the oscillations share a common source or are modulated together. Both the power and duration of oscillations increased over a range of amyl acetate concentrations from 2.5 x 10(-2) to 1 x 10(-1) dilution of saturated vapor, but peak frequency was not affected. The frequency of the oscillation did vary with different odorant compounds in both olfactory epithelium and bulb (OE and OB): amyl acetate, ethyl fenchol and d-carvone elicited oscillations of significantly different frequencies, and there was no difference in OE and OB oscillation frequencies. No change in the power or frequency of OE oscillations was observed after sectioning the olfactory nerve, indicating that the OE oscillations have a peripheral source. Finally, application of 1.0 and 10 microM tetrodotoxin to the epithelium blocked OE oscillations in a dose-dependent and reversible manner, suggesting that peripheral olfactory oscillations are related to receptor neuron spiking.  (+info)

Transplantation of human olfactory ensheathing cells elicits remyelination of demyelinated rat spinal cord. (8/262)

Human olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) were prepared from adult human olfactory nerves, which were removed during surgery for frontal base tumors, and were transplanted into the demyelinated spinal cord of immunosuppressed adult rats. Extensive remyelination was observed in the lesion site: In situ hybridization using a human DNA probe (COT-1) indicated a similar number of COT-1-positive cells and OEC nuclei within the repaired lesion. The myelination was of a peripheral type with large nuclei and cytoplasmic regions surrounding the axons, characteristic of Schwann cell and OEC remyelination. These results provide evidence that adult human OECs are able to produce Schwann cell-like myelin sheaths around demyelinated axons in the adult mammalian CNS in vivo.  (+info)

The olfactory nerve, also known as the first cranial nerve (I), is a specialized sensory nerve that is responsible for the sense of smell. It consists of thin, delicate fibers called olfactory neurons that are located in the upper part of the nasal cavity. These neurons have hair-like structures called cilia that detect and transmit information about odors to the brain.

The olfactory nerve has two main parts: the peripheral process and the central process. The peripheral process extends from the olfactory neuron to the nasal cavity, where it picks up odor molecules. These molecules bind to receptors on the cilia, which triggers an electrical signal that travels along the nerve fiber to the brain.

The central process of the olfactory nerve extends from the olfactory bulb, a structure at the base of the brain, to several areas in the brain involved in smell and memory, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus. Damage to the olfactory nerve can result in a loss of smell (anosmia) or distorted smells (parosmia).

Olfactory nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma inflicted on the olfactory nerve, which is the first cranial nerve (CN I) responsible for the sense of smell. The olfactory nerve has sensory receptors in the nasal cavity that detect and transmit smell signals to the brain.

Olfactory nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as head trauma, viral infections, exposure to toxic chemicals, or neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. The injury may result in a reduced or complete loss of the sense of smell (anosmia) or distorted smells (parosmia).

The diagnosis of olfactory nerve injuries typically involves a thorough clinical evaluation, including a detailed medical history, physical examination, and specific tests like those assessing the ability to identify and discriminate between various odors. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or rehabilitation strategies aimed at improving sensory function.

The olfactory bulb is the primary center for the sense of smell in the brain. It's a structure located in the frontal part of the brain, specifically in the anterior cranial fossa, and is connected to the nasal cavity through tiny holes called the cribriform plates. The olfactory bulb receives signals from olfactory receptors in the nose that detect different smells, processes this information, and then sends it to other areas of the brain for further interpretation and perception of smell.

Olfactory nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the olfactory nerve, which is the first cranial nerve responsible for the sense of smell. These diseases can result in impaired or loss of smell (anosmia) and taste (ageusia), as well as distorted perception of smells (parosmia). The causes of olfactory nerve diseases can include trauma, infection, inflammation, neurological disorders, and exposure to certain chemicals. Some examples of specific olfactory nerve diseases include sinusitis, upper respiratory infections, head injuries, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Treatment for these conditions depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are specialized sensory nerve cells located in the olfactory epithelium, a patch of tissue inside the nasal cavity. These neurons are responsible for detecting and transmitting information about odors to the brain. Each ORN expresses only one type of olfactory receptor protein, which is specific to certain types of odor molecules. When an odor molecule binds to its corresponding receptor, it triggers a signal transduction pathway that generates an electrical impulse in the neuron. This impulse is then transmitted to the brain via the olfactory nerve, where it is processed and interpreted as a specific smell. ORNs are continuously replaced throughout an individual's lifetime due to their exposure to environmental toxins and other damaging agents.

In medical terms, the sense of smell is referred to as olfaction. It is the ability to detect and identify different types of chemicals in the air through the use of the olfactory system. The olfactory system includes the nose, nasal passages, and the olfactory bulbs located in the brain.

When a person inhales air containing volatile substances, these substances bind to specialized receptor cells in the nasal passage called olfactory receptors. These receptors then transmit signals to the olfactory bulbs, which process the information and send it to the brain's limbic system, including the hippocampus and amygdala, as well as to the cortex. The brain interprets these signals and identifies the various scents or smells.

Impairment of the sense of smell can occur due to various reasons such as upper respiratory infections, sinusitis, nasal polyps, head trauma, or neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Loss of smell can significantly impact a person's quality of life, including their ability to taste food, detect dangers such as smoke or gas leaks, and experience emotions associated with certain smells.

The olfactory marker protein (OMP) is a specific type of protein that is primarily found in the olfactory sensory neurons of the nose. These neurons are responsible for detecting and transmitting information about odors to the brain. The OMP plays a crucial role in the function of these neurons, as it helps to maintain their structure and stability. It also contributes to the process of odor detection by helping to speed up the transmission of signals from the olfactory receptors to the brain.

The presence of OMP is often used as a marker for mature olfactory sensory neurons, as it is not typically found in other types of cells. Additionally, changes in the expression levels of OMP have been associated with various neurological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, making it a potential target for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

The olfactory mucosa is a specialized mucous membrane that is located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, near the septum and the superior turbinate. It contains the olfactory receptor neurons, which are responsible for the sense of smell. These neurons have hair-like projections called cilia that are covered in a mucus layer, which helps to trap and identify odor molecules present in the air we breathe. The olfactory mucosa also contains supporting cells, blood vessels, and nerve fibers that help to maintain the health and function of the olfactory receptor neurons. Damage to the olfactory mucosa can result in a loss of smell or anosmia.

In the context of medicine, "odors" refer to smells or scents that are produced by certain medical conditions, substances, or bodily functions. These odors can sometimes provide clues about underlying health issues. For example, sweet-smelling urine could indicate diabetes, while foul-smelling breath might suggest a dental problem or gastrointestinal issue. However, it's important to note that while odors can sometimes be indicative of certain medical conditions, they are not always reliable diagnostic tools and should be considered in conjunction with other symptoms and medical tests.

The olfactory pathways refer to the neural connections and structures involved in the sense of smell. The process begins with odor molecules that are inhaled through the nostrils, where they bind to specialized receptor cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium.

These receptor cells then transmit signals via the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I) to the olfactory bulb, a structure at the base of the brain. Within the olfactory bulb, the signals are processed and relayed through several additional structures, including the olfactory tract, lateral olfactory striae, and the primary olfactory cortex (located within the piriform cortex).

From there, information about odors is further integrated with other sensory systems and cognitive functions in higher-order brain regions, such as the limbic system, thalamus, and hippocampus. This complex network of olfactory pathways allows us to perceive and recognize various scents and plays a role in emotional responses, memory formation, and feeding behaviors.

Olfaction disorders, also known as smell disorders, refer to conditions that affect the ability to detect or interpret odors. These disorders can be categorized into two main types:

1. Anosmia: This is a complete loss of the sense of smell. It can be caused by various factors such as nasal polyps, sinus infections, head injuries, and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
2. Hyposmia: This is a reduced ability to detect odors. Like anosmia, it can also be caused by similar factors including aging and exposure to certain chemicals.

Other olfaction disorders include parosmia, which is a distortion of smell where individuals may perceive a smell as being different from its original scent, and phantosmia, which is the perception of a smell that isn't actually present.

Gamma spectrometry is a type of spectrometry used to identify and measure the energy and intensity of gamma rays emitted by radioactive materials. It utilizes a device called a gamma spectrometer, which typically consists of a scintillation detector or semiconductor detector, coupled with electronic circuitry that records and analyzes the energy of each detected gamma ray.

Gamma rays are a form of ionizing radiation, characterized by their high energy and short wavelength. When they interact with matter, such as the detector in a gamma spectrometer, they can cause the ejection of electrons from atoms or molecules, leading to the creation of charged particles that can be detected and measured.

In gamma spectrometry, the energy of each detected gamma ray is used to identify the radioactive isotope that emitted it, based on the characteristic energy levels associated with different isotopes. The intensity of the gamma rays can also be measured, providing information about the quantity or activity of the radioactive material present.

Gamma spectrometry has a wide range of applications in fields such as nuclear medicine, radiation protection, environmental monitoring, and nuclear non-proliferation.

The nasal cavity is the air-filled space located behind the nose, which is divided into two halves by the nasal septum. It is lined with mucous membrane and is responsible for several functions including respiration, filtration, humidification, and olfaction (smell). The nasal cavity serves as an important part of the upper respiratory tract, extending from the nares (nostrils) to the choanae (posterior openings of the nasal cavity that lead into the pharynx). It contains specialized structures such as turbinate bones, which help to warm, humidify and filter incoming air.

Cranial nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma to one or more of the twelve cranial nerves (CN I through CN XII). These nerves originate from the brainstem and are responsible for transmitting sensory information (such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, and balance) and controlling various motor functions (like eye movement, facial expressions, swallowing, and speaking).

Cranial nerve injuries can result from various causes, including head trauma, tumors, infections, or neurological conditions. The severity of the injury may range from mild dysfunction to complete loss of function, depending on the extent of damage to the nerve. Treatment options vary based on the type and location of the injury but often involve a combination of medical management, physical therapy, surgical intervention, or rehabilitation.

An axon is a long, slender extension of a neuron (a type of nerve cell) that conducts electrical impulses (nerve impulses) away from the cell body to target cells, such as other neurons or muscle cells. Axons can vary in length from a few micrometers to over a meter long and are typically surrounded by a myelin sheath, which helps to insulate and protect the axon and allows for faster transmission of nerve impulses.

Axons play a critical role in the functioning of the nervous system, as they provide the means by which neurons communicate with one another and with other cells in the body. Damage to axons can result in serious neurological problems, such as those seen in spinal cord injuries or neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis.

Nerve fibers are specialized structures that constitute the long, slender processes (axons) of neurons (nerve cells). They are responsible for conducting electrical impulses, known as action potentials, away from the cell body and transmitting them to other neurons or effector organs such as muscles and glands. Nerve fibers are often surrounded by supportive cells called glial cells and are grouped together to form nerve bundles or nerves. These fibers can be myelinated (covered with a fatty insulating sheath called myelin) or unmyelinated, which influences the speed of impulse transmission.

The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, running from the lower back through the buttocks and down the legs to the feet. It is formed by the union of the ventral rami (branches) of the L4 to S3 spinal nerves. The sciatic nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and skin areas in the lower limbs, including the hamstrings, calf muscles, and the sole of the foot. Sciatic nerve disorders or injuries can result in symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the lower back, hips, legs, and feet, known as sciatica.

Nerve regeneration is the process of regrowth and restoration of functional nerve connections following damage or injury to the nervous system. This complex process involves various cellular and molecular events, such as the activation of support cells called glia, the sprouting of surviving nerve fibers (axons), and the reformation of neural circuits. The goal of nerve regeneration is to enable the restoration of normal sensory, motor, and autonomic functions impaired due to nerve damage or injury.

Odorant receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that are primarily found in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons in the nose. These receptors are responsible for detecting and transmitting information about odorants, or volatile molecules that we perceive as smells.

Each odorant receptor can bind to a specific set of odorant molecules, and when an odorant binds to its corresponding receptor, it triggers a signaling cascade that ultimately leads to the generation of an electrical signal in the olfactory sensory neuron. This signal is then transmitted to the brain, where it is processed and interpreted as a particular smell.

There are thought to be around 400 different types of odorant receptors in humans, each with its own unique binding profile. The combinatorial coding of these receptors allows for the detection and discrimination of a vast array of different smells, from sweet to sour, floral to fruity, and everything in between.

Overall, the ability to detect and respond to odorants is critical for many important functions, including the identification of food, mates, and potential dangers in the environment.

Peripheral nerves are nerve fibers that transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS, consisting of the brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body. These nerves convey motor, sensory, and autonomic information, enabling us to move, feel, and respond to changes in our environment. They form a complex network that extends from the CNS to muscles, glands, skin, and internal organs, allowing for coordinated responses and functions throughout the body. Damage or injury to peripheral nerves can result in various neurological symptoms, such as numbness, weakness, or pain, depending on the type and severity of the damage.

The skull base is the lower part of the skull that forms the floor of the cranial cavity and the roof of the facial skeleton. It is a complex anatomical region composed of several bones, including the frontal, sphenoid, temporal, occipital, and ethmoid bones. The skull base supports the brain and contains openings for blood vessels and nerves that travel between the brain and the face or neck. The skull base can be divided into three regions: the anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, and posterior cranial fossa, which house different parts of the brain.

The optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, is the nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. It is composed of approximately one million nerve fibers that carry signals related to vision, such as light intensity and color, from the eye's photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) to the visual cortex in the brain. The optic nerve is responsible for carrying this visual information so that it can be processed and interpreted by the brain, allowing us to see and perceive our surroundings. Damage to the optic nerve can result in vision loss or impairment.

Electric stimulation, also known as electrical nerve stimulation or neuromuscular electrical stimulation, is a therapeutic treatment that uses low-voltage electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles. It is often used to help manage pain, promote healing, and improve muscle strength and mobility. The electrical impulses can be delivered through electrodes placed on the skin or directly implanted into the body.

In a medical context, electric stimulation may be used for various purposes such as:

1. Pain management: Electric stimulation can help to block pain signals from reaching the brain and promote the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body.
2. Muscle rehabilitation: Electric stimulation can help to strengthen muscles that have become weak due to injury, illness, or surgery. It can also help to prevent muscle atrophy and improve range of motion.
3. Wound healing: Electric stimulation can promote tissue growth and help to speed up the healing process in wounds, ulcers, and other types of injuries.
4. Urinary incontinence: Electric stimulation can be used to strengthen the muscles that control urination and reduce symptoms of urinary incontinence.
5. Migraine prevention: Electric stimulation can be used as a preventive treatment for migraines by applying electrical impulses to specific nerves in the head and neck.

It is important to note that electric stimulation should only be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as improper use can cause harm or discomfort.

Nasal mucosa refers to the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity. It is a delicate, moist, and specialized tissue that contains various types of cells including epithelial cells, goblet cells, and glands. The primary function of the nasal mucosa is to warm, humidify, and filter incoming air before it reaches the lungs.

The nasal mucosa produces mucus, which traps dust, allergens, and microorganisms, preventing them from entering the respiratory system. The cilia, tiny hair-like structures on the surface of the epithelial cells, help move the mucus towards the back of the throat, where it can be swallowed or expelled.

The nasal mucosa also contains a rich supply of blood vessels and immune cells that help protect against infections and inflammation. It plays an essential role in the body's defense system by producing antibodies, secreting antimicrobial substances, and initiating local immune responses.

Sensory receptor cells are specialized structures that convert physical stimuli from our environment into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain for interpretation. These receptors can be found in various tissues throughout the body and are responsible for detecting sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature, taste, and smell. They can be classified into two main types: exteroceptors, which respond to stimuli from the external environment, and interoceptors, which react to internal conditions within the body. Examples of sensory receptor cells include hair cells in the inner ear, photoreceptors in the eye, and taste buds on the tongue.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. The term "fishes" is not typically used in a medical context. "Fish" or "fishes" refers to any aquatic organism belonging to the taxonomic class Actinopterygii (bony fish), Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays), or Agnatha (jawless fish).

However, if you are referring to a condition related to fish or consuming fish, there is a medical issue called scombroid fish poisoning. It's a foodborne illness caused by eating spoiled or improperly stored fish from the Scombridae family, which includes tuna, mackerel, and bonito, among others. The bacteria present in these fish can produce histamine, which can cause symptoms like skin flushing, headache, diarrhea, and itchy rash. But again, this is not related to the term "fishes" itself but rather a condition associated with consuming certain types of fish.

Afferent neurons, also known as sensory neurons, are a type of nerve cell that conducts impulses or signals from peripheral receptors towards the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. These neurons are responsible for transmitting sensory information such as touch, temperature, pain, sound, and light to the CNS for processing and interpretation. Afferent neurons have specialized receptor endings that detect changes in the environment and convert them into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the CNS via synapses with other neurons. Once the signals reach the CNS, they are processed and integrated with other information to produce a response or reaction to the stimulus.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Intranasal administration refers to the delivery of medication or other substances through the nasal passages and into the nasal cavity. This route of administration can be used for systemic absorption of drugs or for localized effects in the nasal area.

When a medication is administered intranasally, it is typically sprayed or dropped into the nostril, where it is absorbed by the mucous membranes lining the nasal cavity. The medication can then pass into the bloodstream and be distributed throughout the body for systemic effects. Intranasal administration can also result in direct absorption of the medication into the local tissues of the nasal cavity, which can be useful for treating conditions such as allergies, migraines, or pain in the nasal area.

Intranasal administration has several advantages over other routes of administration. It is non-invasive and does not require needles or injections, making it a more comfortable option for many people. Additionally, intranasal administration can result in faster onset of action than oral administration, as the medication bypasses the digestive system and is absorbed directly into the bloodstream. However, there are also some limitations to this route of administration, including potential issues with dosing accuracy and patient tolerance.

Microsurgery is a surgical technique that requires the use of an operating microscope and fine instruments to perform precise surgical manipulations. It is commonly used in various fields such as ophthalmology, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, and plastic and reconstructive surgery. The magnification provided by the microscope allows surgeons to work on small structures like nerves, blood vessels, and tiny bones. Some of the most common procedures that fall under microsurgery include nerve repair, replantation of amputated parts, and various types of reconstructions such as free tissue transfer for cancer reconstruction or coverage of large wounds.

Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules (NCAMs) are a group of glycoproteins that play crucial roles in the development, function, and repair of the nervous system. They are located on the surface of neurons and other cells in the nervous system and mediate cell-cell recognition and adhesion. NCAMs are involved in various processes such as neuronal migration, axon guidance, synaptic plasticity, and nerve regeneration. They exist in different isoforms generated by alternative splicing, and their functions can be modulated by post-translational modifications like glycosylation. NCAMs have been implicated in several neurological disorders, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis.

"Rana catesbeiana" is the scientific name for the American bullfrog, which is not a medical term or concept. It belongs to the animal kingdom, specifically in the order Anura and family Ranidae. The American bullfrog is native to North America and is known for its large size and distinctive loud call.

However, if you are looking for a medical definition, I apologize for any confusion. Please provide more context or specify the term you would like me to define.

Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron that receive and process signals from other neurons. They are typically short and highly branching, increasing the surface area for receiving incoming signals. Dendrites are covered in small protrusions called dendritic spines, which can form connections with the axon terminals of other neurons through chemical synapses. The structure and function of dendrites play a critical role in the integration and processing of information in the nervous system.

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is called the "central" system because it receives information from, and sends information to, the rest of the body through peripheral nerves, which make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

The CNS is responsible for processing sensory information, controlling motor functions, and regulating various autonomic processes like heart rate, respiration, and digestion. The brain, as the command center of the CNS, interprets sensory stimuli, formulates thoughts, and initiates actions. The spinal cord serves as a conduit for nerve impulses traveling to and from the brain and the rest of the body.

The CNS is protected by several structures, including the skull (which houses the brain) and the vertebral column (which surrounds and protects the spinal cord). Despite these protective measures, the CNS remains vulnerable to injury and disease, which can have severe consequences due to its crucial role in controlling essential bodily functions.

An action potential is a brief electrical signal that travels along the membrane of a nerve cell (neuron) or muscle cell. It is initiated by a rapid, localized change in the permeability of the cell membrane to specific ions, such as sodium and potassium, resulting in a rapid influx of sodium ions and a subsequent efflux of potassium ions. This ion movement causes a brief reversal of the electrical potential across the membrane, which is known as depolarization. The action potential then propagates along the cell membrane as a wave, allowing the electrical signal to be transmitted over long distances within the body. Action potentials play a crucial role in the communication and functioning of the nervous system and muscle tissue.

Axonal transport is the controlled movement of materials and organelles within axons, which are the nerve fibers of neurons (nerve cells). This intracellular transport system is essential for maintaining the structural and functional integrity of axons, particularly in neurons with long axonal processes. There are two types of axonal transport: anterograde transport, which moves materials from the cell body toward the synaptic terminals, and retrograde transport, which transports materials from the synaptic terminals back to the cell body. Anterograde transport is typically slower than retrograde transport and can be divided into fast and slow components based on velocity. Fast anterograde transport moves vesicles containing neurotransmitters and their receptors, as well as mitochondria and other organelles, at speeds of up to 400 mm/day. Slow anterograde transport moves cytoskeletal elements, proteins, and RNA at speeds of 1-10 mm/day. Retrograde transport is primarily responsible for recycling membrane components, removing damaged organelles, and transmitting signals from the axon terminal to the cell body. Dysfunctions in axonal transport have been implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

A nerve block is a medical procedure in which an anesthetic or neurolytic agent is injected near a specific nerve or bundle of nerves to block the transmission of pain signals from that area to the brain. This technique can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, such as identifying the source of pain, providing temporary or prolonged relief, or facilitating surgical procedures in the affected region.

The injection typically contains a local anesthetic like lidocaine or bupivacaine, which numbs the nerve, preventing it from transmitting pain signals. In some cases, steroids may also be added to reduce inflammation and provide longer-lasting relief. Depending on the type of nerve block and its intended use, the injection might be administered close to the spine (neuraxial blocks), at peripheral nerves (peripheral nerve blocks), or around the sympathetic nervous system (sympathetic nerve blocks).

While nerve blocks are generally safe, they can have side effects such as infection, bleeding, nerve damage, or in rare cases, systemic toxicity from the anesthetic agent. It is essential to consult with a qualified medical professional before undergoing this procedure to ensure proper evaluation, technique, and post-procedure care.

Nerve endings, also known as terminal branches or sensory receptors, are the specialized structures present at the termination point of nerve fibers (axons) that transmit electrical signals to and from the central nervous system (CNS). They primarily function in detecting changes in the external environment or internal body conditions and converting them into electrical impulses.

There are several types of nerve endings, including:

1. Free Nerve Endings: These are unencapsulated nerve endings that respond to various stimuli like temperature, pain, and touch. They are widely distributed throughout the body, especially in the skin, mucous membranes, and visceral organs.

2. Encapsulated Nerve Endings: These are wrapped by specialized connective tissue sheaths, which can modify their sensitivity to specific stimuli. Examples include Pacinian corpuscles (responsible for detecting deep pressure and vibration), Meissner's corpuscles (for light touch), Ruffini endings (for stretch and pressure), and Merkel cells (for sustained touch).

3. Specialised Nerve Endings: These are nerve endings that respond to specific stimuli, such as auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, and vestibular information. They include hair cells in the inner ear, photoreceptors in the retina, taste buds in the tongue, and olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity.

Nerve endings play a crucial role in relaying sensory information to the CNS for processing and initiating appropriate responses, such as reflex actions or conscious perception of the environment.

Evoked potentials (EPs) are medical tests that measure the electrical activity in the brain or spinal cord in response to specific sensory stimuli, such as sight, sound, or touch. These tests are often used to help diagnose and monitor conditions that affect the nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis, brainstem tumors, and spinal cord injuries.

There are several types of EPs, including:

1. Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs): These are used to assess the function of the visual pathway from the eyes to the back of the brain. A patient is typically asked to look at a patterned image or flashing light while electrodes placed on the scalp record the electrical responses.
2. Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEPs): These are used to evaluate the function of the auditory nerve and brainstem. Clicking sounds are presented to one or both ears, and electrodes placed on the scalp measure the response.
3. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEPs): These are used to assess the function of the peripheral nerves and spinal cord. Small electrical shocks are applied to a nerve at the wrist or ankle, and electrodes placed on the scalp record the response as it travels up the spinal cord to the brain.
4. Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs): These are used to assess the function of the motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. A magnetic or electrical stimulus is applied to the brain or spinal cord, and electrodes placed on a muscle measure the response as it travels down the motor pathway.

EPs can help identify abnormalities in the nervous system that may not be apparent through other diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies or clinical examinations. They are generally safe, non-invasive procedures with few risks or side effects.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are electrical signals that occur in the dendrites and cell body of a neuron, or nerve cell. They are caused by the activation of excitatory synapses, which are connections between neurons that allow for the transmission of information.

When an action potential, or electrical impulse, reaches the end of an axon, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, the small gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes. The excitatory neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, causing a local depolarization of the membrane potential. This depolarization is known as an EPSP.

EPSPs are responsible for increasing the likelihood that an action potential will be generated in the postsynaptic neuron. When multiple EPSPs occur simultaneously or in close succession, they can summate and cause a large enough depolarization to trigger an action potential. This allows for the transmission of information from one neuron to another.

It's important to note that there are also inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) which decrease the likelihood that an action potential will be generated in the postsynaptic neuron, by causing a local hyperpolarization of the membrane potential.

ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) is a strain of albino Swiss mice that are widely used in scientific research. They are an outbred strain, which means that they have been bred to maintain maximum genetic heterogeneity. However, it is also possible to find inbred strains of ICR mice, which are genetically identical individuals produced by many generations of brother-sister mating.

Inbred ICR mice are a specific type of ICR mouse that has been inbred for at least 20 generations. This means that they have a high degree of genetic uniformity and are essentially genetically identical to one another. Inbred strains of mice are often used in research because their genetic consistency makes them more reliable models for studying biological phenomena and testing new therapies or treatments.

It is important to note that while inbred ICR mice may be useful for certain types of research, they do not necessarily represent the genetic diversity found in human populations. Therefore, it is important to consider the limitations of using any animal model when interpreting research findings and applying them to human health.

Neuroglia, also known as glial cells or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection for neurons in the nervous system. They maintain homeostasis, form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers, and provide structural support. They also play a role in the immune response of the central nervous system. Some types of neuroglia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.

The sural nerve is a purely sensory peripheral nerve in the lower leg and foot. It provides sensation to the outer ( lateral) aspect of the little toe and the adjacent side of the fourth toe, as well as a small portion of the skin on the back of the leg between the ankle and knee joints.

The sural nerve is formed by the union of branches from the tibial and common fibular nerves (branches of the sciatic nerve) in the lower leg. It runs down the calf, behind the lateral malleolus (the bony prominence on the outside of the ankle), and into the foot.

The sural nerve is often used as a donor nerve during nerve grafting procedures due to its consistent anatomy and relatively low risk for morbidity at the donor site.

The median nerve is one of the major nerves in the human body, providing sensation and motor function to parts of the arm and hand. It originates from the brachial plexus, a network of nerves that arise from the spinal cord in the neck. The median nerve travels down the arm, passing through the cubital tunnel at the elbow, and continues into the forearm and hand.

In the hand, the median nerve supplies sensation to the palm side of the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and half of the ring finger. It also provides motor function to some of the muscles that control finger movements, allowing for flexion of the fingers and opposition of the thumb.

Damage to the median nerve can result in a condition called carpal tunnel syndrome, which is characterized by numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and fingers.

The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. Its functions include controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and secretomotor function to the lacrimal and salivary glands.

The facial nerve originates from the brainstem and exits the skull through the internal acoustic meatus. It then passes through the facial canal in the temporal bone before branching out to innervate various structures of the face. The main branches of the facial nerve include:

1. Temporal branch: Innervates the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi muscles responsible for eyebrow movements and eyelid closure.
2. Zygomatic branch: Supplies the muscles that elevate the upper lip and wrinkle the nose.
3. Buccal branch: Innervates the muscles of the cheek and lips, allowing for facial expressions such as smiling and puckering.
4. Mandibular branch: Controls the muscles responsible for lower lip movement and depressing the angle of the mouth.
5. Cervical branch: Innervates the platysma muscle in the neck, which helps to depress the lower jaw and wrinkle the skin of the neck.

Damage to the facial nerve can result in various symptoms, such as facial weakness or paralysis, loss of taste sensation, and dry eyes or mouth due to impaired secretion.

A nerve crush injury is a type of peripheral nerve injury that occurs when there is excessive pressure or compression applied to a nerve, causing it to become damaged or dysfunctional. This can happen due to various reasons such as trauma from accidents, surgical errors, or prolonged pressure on the nerve from tight casts, clothing, or positions.

The compression disrupts the normal functioning of the nerve, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or pain in the affected area. In severe cases, a nerve crush injury can cause permanent damage to the nerve, leading to long-term disability or loss of function. Treatment for nerve crush injuries typically involves relieving the pressure on the nerve, providing supportive care, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair the damaged nerve.

Peripheral nerve injuries refer to damage or trauma to the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves transmit information between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, including sensory, motor, and autonomic functions. Peripheral nerve injuries can result in various symptoms, depending on the type and severity of the injury, such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or paralysis in the affected area.

Peripheral nerve injuries are classified into three main categories based on the degree of damage:

1. Neuropraxia: This is the mildest form of nerve injury, where the nerve remains intact but its function is disrupted due to a local conduction block. The nerve fiber is damaged, but the supporting structures remain intact. Recovery usually occurs within 6-12 weeks without any residual deficits.
2. Axonotmesis: In this type of injury, there is damage to both the axons and the supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium). The nerve fibers are disrupted, but the connective tissue sheaths remain intact. Recovery can take several months or even up to a year, and it may be incomplete, with some residual deficits possible.
3. Neurotmesis: This is the most severe form of nerve injury, where there is complete disruption of the nerve fibers and supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium). Recovery is unlikely without surgical intervention, which may involve nerve grafting or repair.

Peripheral nerve injuries can be caused by various factors, including trauma, compression, stretching, lacerations, or chemical exposure. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the injury and may include conservative management, such as physical therapy and pain management, or surgical intervention for more severe cases.

A synapse is a structure in the nervous system that allows for the transmission of signals from one neuron (nerve cell) to another. It is the point where the axon terminal of one neuron meets the dendrite or cell body of another, and it is here that neurotransmitters are released and received. The synapse includes both the presynaptic and postsynaptic elements, as well as the cleft between them.

At the presynaptic side, an action potential travels down the axon and triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft through exocytosis. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic side, which can either excite or inhibit the receiving neuron. The strength of the signal between two neurons is determined by the number and efficiency of these synapses.

Synapses play a crucial role in the functioning of the nervous system, allowing for the integration and processing of information from various sources. They are also dynamic structures that can undergo changes in response to experience or injury, which has important implications for learning, memory, and recovery from neurological disorders.

The Tibial nerve is a major branch of the sciatic nerve that originates in the lower back and runs through the buttock and leg. It provides motor (nerve impulses that control muscle movement) and sensory (nerve impulses that convey information about touch, temperature, and pain) innervation to several muscles and skin regions in the lower limb.

More specifically, the Tibial nerve supplies the following structures:

1. Motor Innervation: The Tibial nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles in the back of the leg (posterior compartment), including the calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) and the small muscles in the foot (intrinsic muscles). These muscles are responsible for plantarflexion (pointing the foot downward) and inversion (turning the foot inward) of the foot.
2. Sensory Innervation: The Tibial nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin on the sole of the foot, as well as the heel and some parts of the lower leg.

The Tibial nerve travels down the leg, passing behind the knee and through the calf, where it eventually joins with the common fibular (peroneal) nerve to form the tibial-fibular trunk. This trunk then divides into several smaller nerves that innervate the foot's intrinsic muscles and skin.

Damage or injury to the Tibial nerve can result in various symptoms, such as weakness or paralysis of the calf and foot muscles, numbness or tingling sensations in the sole of the foot, and difficulty walking or standing on tiptoes.

The Ulnar nerve is one of the major nerves in the forearm and hand, which provides motor function to the majority of the intrinsic muscles of the hand (except for those innervated by the median nerve) and sensory innervation to the little finger and half of the ring finger. It originates from the brachial plexus, passes through the cubital tunnel at the elbow, and continues down the forearm, where it runs close to the ulna bone. The ulnar nerve then passes through the Guyon's canal in the wrist before branching out to innervate the hand muscles and provide sensation to the skin on the little finger and half of the ring finger.

Neural inhibition is a process in the nervous system that decreases or prevents the activity of neurons (nerve cells) in order to regulate and control communication within the nervous system. It is a fundamental mechanism that allows for the balance of excitation and inhibition necessary for normal neural function. Inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and glycine, are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, reducing its likelihood of firing an action potential. This results in a decrease in neural activity and can have various effects depending on the specific neurons and brain regions involved. Neural inhibition is crucial for many functions including motor control, sensory processing, attention, memory, and emotional regulation.

The trigeminal nerve, also known as the fifth cranial nerve or CNV, is a paired nerve that carries both sensory and motor information. It has three major branches: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3). The ophthalmic branch provides sensation to the forehead, eyes, and upper portion of the nose; the maxillary branch supplies sensation to the lower eyelid, cheek, nasal cavity, and upper lip; and the mandibular branch is responsible for sensation in the lower lip, chin, and parts of the oral cavity, as well as motor function to the muscles involved in chewing. The trigeminal nerve plays a crucial role in sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and pressure in the face and mouth, and it also contributes to biting, chewing, and swallowing functions.

Electrophysiology is a branch of medicine that deals with the electrical activities of the body, particularly the heart. In a medical context, electrophysiology studies (EPS) are performed to assess abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) and to evaluate the effectiveness of certain treatments, such as medication or pacemakers.

During an EPS, electrode catheters are inserted into the heart through blood vessels in the groin or neck. These catheters can record the electrical activity of the heart and stimulate it to help identify the source of the arrhythmia. The information gathered during the study can help doctors determine the best course of treatment for each patient.

In addition to cardiac electrophysiology, there are also other subspecialties within electrophysiology, such as neuromuscular electrophysiology, which deals with the electrical activity of the nervous system and muscles.

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... olfactory nerve; cnV +vcm-trigeminal nerve and vena capitis medialis; cnVI, abducens nerve; cnVII, facial nerve; cnIX-XI, ... left olfactory bulb; ob, olfactory bulb; ot, olfactory tract; pg, pituitary gland; pgll, pituitary gland lateral lobes; pf, ... glossopharyngeal and vagoaccessory nerves; cnXII, hypoglossal nerve; en, epiphyseal nerve; fb, forebrain; fcl, flocculus; ibic ... Gorgonopsians possessed a vomeronasal organ ("Jacobson's organ")-a part of the accessory olfactory system-which would have been ...
Optic and olfactory nerves. Inferior view. Deep dissection. Cerebrum. Inferior view. Deep dissection. Meninges and superficial ... Damage to the nerve past the optic chiasm, will cause loss or impairment to the corresponding eye. If the right side of the ... This is shown in (figure 4.) with the optic chiasm, which takes the nerve from the right eye to the left hemisphere and the ... The longitudinal fissure allows for this misdirection and crossover of nerves. The crossover seems to be counterintuitive, ...
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An ethmoid fracture can also sever the olfactory nerve. This injury results in anosmia (loss of smell). A reduction in the ... Pinto, Jayant; Wroblewski, Kristen; Kern, David; Schumm, Phillip; McClintock, Martha (2014). "Olfactory Dysfunction Predicts 5- ...
Birds, 17: 451-470 Keeton, William & Hermayer, K. L. (1979). Homing behavior of pigeons subjected to bilateral olfactory nerve ... Keeton speculated that there may be an effect on initial orientation based on an olfactory map, but the experiment was too ... Many scientists hypothesized that pigeons were using olfactory information as part of the process in finding their way back to ... Keeton, William & Brown, A. I. (1976). Homing behavior of pigeons not disturbed by application of an olfactory stimulus. J. ...
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... such as damage to the olfactory nerve through lysis of nerve cells and demyelination. Specifically, the olfactory nerve and ... There, it migrates to the olfactory bulbs and subsequently other regions of the brain, where it feeds on the nerve tissue. The ... The amoeba follows the olfactory nerve fibers through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone into the skull. ... and enters the central nervous system after insufflation of infected water by attaching itself to the olfactory nerve. It then ...
Olfactory bulb - The olfactory bulbs are the first cranial nerves. They are involved in smell (olfaction) and memory that is ... Tong, Michelle T.; Peace, Shane T.; Cleland, Thomas A. (2014-07-07). "Properties and mechanisms of olfactory learning and ... Cousens, G.A.; Kearns, A.; Laterza, F.; Tundidor, J. (2012). "Excitotoxic lesions of the medial amygdala attenuate olfactory ... Imai, Takeshi (2014). "Construction of functional neuronal circuitry in the olfactory bulb". Seminars in Cell & Developmental ...
Activated olfactory receptors trigger nerve impulses which transmit information about odor to the brain. These receptors are ... Olfactory Receptor Database Human Olfactory Receptor Data Exploratorium (HORDE) Olfactory+Receptor+Protein at the U.S. National ... In vertebrates, the olfactory receptors are located in both the cilia and synapses of the olfactory sensory neurons and in the ... Olfactory receptors (ORs), also known as odorant receptors, are chemoreceptors expressed in the cell membranes of olfactory ...
doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1958.tb00568.x. Gagliardo, A.; Ioale, P.; Savini, M.; Wild, J.M. (2006). "Having the nerve to home: ... Perhaps a common fault of the olfactory mosaic and gradient model of olfactory navigation is that each model is over simplistic ... On the basis of their results, the hypothesis of 'olfactory navigation' was proposed. Two models for olfactory navigation have ... Olfactory navigation is a hypothesis that proposes the usage of the sense of smell by pigeons, in particular the mail pigeon, ...
It has no olfactory nerves or olfactory lobe in the brain. Bottlenose dolphins are able to detect salty, sweet, bitter (quinine ... Some researchers hypothesize that the number of nerve cells (neurons) in the cortex of the brain predicts intelligence in ...
They can travel through the nose, up the olfactory nerve, and lodge ... in the brain. They can form deposits on the lining of ...
He was the first to describe the workings of the olfactory nerve. Bartholin was married to Anna Fincke, daughter of the ...
The information is sent via the olfactory nerve (Cranial Nerve I) to the olfactory bulb. After the processing in the bulb the ... "1-4". Cranial Nerves. Yale School of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. NIF Search - Anterior Olfactory ... The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON; also called the anterior olfactory cortex) is a portion of the forebrain of vertebrates. ... The AON is found behind the olfactory bulb and in front of the piriform cortex (laterally) and olfactory tubercle (medially) in ...
The prefrontals are moderately large, rounded, each with a small olfactory nerve foramen; frontals wide over orbit; sphenotic ...
The fall affected his olfactory nerve centre, robbing him his sense of smell. "Low Thia Khiang: From teacher to opposition icon ...
Olfactory axons invade the basal lamina of the glia limitans and the olfactory bulb to create the olfactory nerve and ... In the peripheral nervous system OECs are dispersed within the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory nerve. In the central ... A fraction of the epithelial migrating precursors give rise to olfactory ensheathing glia that inhabit the olfactory nerve and ... Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), also known as olfactory ensheathing glia or olfactory ensheathing glial cells, are a type ...
Tyrannosaurs had large olfactory bulbs and olfactory nerves (relative to their brain size). These suggest a highly developed ... Tyrannosaurus had very large olfactory bulbs and olfactory nerves relative to their brain size, the organs responsible for a ... Research on the olfactory bulbs has shown that T. rex had the most highly developed sense of smell of 21 sampled non-avian ... Research on the olfactory bulbs of dinosaurs has shown that Tyrannosaurus had the most highly developed sense of smell of 21 ...
Gagliardo, A.; Ioale, P.; Savini, M.; Wild, J. M. (2006). "Having the nerve to home: trigeminal magnetoreceptor versus ... Wallraff, H.G. (2004). "Avian olfactory navigation: its empirical foundation and conceptual state". Animal Behaviour. 67 (2): ... known as olfactory navigation. Other research indicates that homing pigeons also navigate through visual landmarks by following ... but developments have implicated the trigeminal nerve in magnetoreception. Research by Floriano Papi (Italy, early 1970s) and ...
... is mediated by the olfactory nerve. The olfactory receptor (OR) cells are neurons present in the olfactory epithelium, which is ... The olfactory bulb acts as a relay station connecting the nose to the olfactory cortex in the brain. Olfactory information is ... initiating electric signals that travel along the olfactory nerve's axons to the brain. When an electrical signal reaches a ... The olfactory system does not interpret a single compound, but instead the whole odorous mix. This does not correspond to the ...
Author of textbooks on anatomy and the discoverer of the workings of the olfactory nerve. Olaus Wormius (1588-1655), Danish ...
In the garfish olfactory nerve, the action potential is associated with a biphasic temperature change; however, there is a net ... Tasaki, K; Kusano, K; Byrne, PM (1989). "Rapid thermal and mechanical changes in garfish olfactory nerve associated with a ... Tasaki, Ichiji (1949). "Collision of two nerve impulses in the nerve fiber". Biochim Biophys Acta. 3: 494-497. doi:10.1016/0006 ... "The heat production associated with the passage of a single impulse in pike olfactory nerve fibres". The Journal of Physiology ...
The olfactory nerve, similar to the optic nerve, is part of the Central Nervous System. This nerve terminates in the olfactory ... The retina nerve fiber layer (RNFL) is thinner than normal in MS patients The procedure by which the MS underlying condition ... Nevertheless, nerve damage and irreversible loss of neurons occur early in MS. The oligodendrocytes that originally formed a ... Pueyo V, Martin J, Fernandez J, Almarcegui C, Ara J, Egea C, Pablo L, Honrubia F (2008). "Axonal loss in the retinal nerve ...
Except for the olfactory system, they receive sensory information from thalamic nerve projections. The term primary comes from ... Olfaction: The olfactory cortex is located in the uncus which is found along the ventral surface of the temporal lobe. ...
It attacks the olfactory and/or trigeminal nerves of the person introduced to the chemical. These compounds are usually ...
Herpes Encephalitis at eMedicine van Riel, Debby; Verdijk, Rob; Kuiken, Thijs (January 2015). "The olfactory nerve: a shortcut ... After infection, the viruses are transported along sensory nerves to the nerve cell bodies, where they reside lifelong. Causes ... Following a primary infection, the virus enters the nerves at the site of primary infection, migrates to the cell body of the ... The double-stranded DNA of the virus is incorporated into the cell physiology by infection of the nucleus of a nerve's cell ...
... and is thought to enter via the olfactory system. Cranial nerve (including facial nerve and vagus nerve, which mediate taste) ... Olfactory training helps to "teach" the new olfactory neurons how to link with the brain so that odors can be noticed and then ... SARS-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) directly infects olfactory neurons (smell) and nerve cells expressing taste receptors. Although ... The nerve cells controlling taste, termed the gustatory nerve cells, turn over even faster, being renewed in about 10 days. ...
The olfactory nerve, located in the nose, provides a direct and relatively short route to the brain. Importantly, this route ... Nose picking, however, should not affect the sense of smell, as the nasal cavity where the olfactory nerves are located is too ... They have found evidence that a specific bacterium (Chlamydia pneumoniae) is capable of traveling through the olfactory nerve ... "Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to ...
The olfactory region consists of the mucosal membrane consisting of the olfactory nerve connected to olfactory bulb. When ... particles are transmitted via the nerve fibers to olfactory bulb, they have direct access to the brain. Intranasal particles ... Targeting the olfactory region increases efficiency of nose-to-brain drug delivery. ...
The olfactory nerve, also known as the first cranial nerve, cranial nerve I, or simply CN I, is a cranial nerve that contains ... The olfactory nerve is the shortest of the twelve cranial nerves and, similar to the optic nerve, does not emanate from the ... 548 The specialized olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory nerve are located in the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of ... The olfactory nerves consist of a collection of many sensory nerve fibers that extend from the olfactory epithelium to the ...
The olfactory system represents one of the oldest sensory modalities in the phylogenetic history of mammals. (See the image ... Olfactory Nerve and the Cribriform Plate. The small, unmyelinated axons of the olfactory receptor cells form the fine fibers of ... Olfactory Bulb. The olfactory bulb lies inferior to the basal frontal lobe. The olfactory bulb is a highly organized structure ... Olfactory Tract and Central Pathways. Mitral cell axons project to the olfactory cortex via the olfactory tract. Medial fibers ...
Olfactory nerve, trout - histology slide This is a histology slide of the olfactory nerve of a trout in cross section. 400x ...
We can relish in these fragrances thanks to a bundle of nerves deep inside each nostril called an olfactory bulb - or so we ... These Women Can Somehow Still Smell Odours, Despite Missing Their Olfactory Nerves. Health07 November 2019. By Mike McRae ... Its hard to tell exactly whats going on, and what - if any - olfactory nerves these women might have retained. But it does ... The olfactory bulbs, located deep inside most of our skulls, could be described as a pair of upside-down toothbrushes. Their ...
Breathlessness, Inspiratory neural drive, Nasal mucosa, Olfactory nerve, Trigeminal nerve, TRPM8 channels. in Respiratory ... Olfactory nerve; Trigeminal nerve; TRPM8 channels}}, language = {{eng}}, publisher = {{Elsevier}}, series = {{Respiratory ... Impact of trigeminal and/or olfactory nerve stimulation on measures of inspiratory neural drive : Implications for ... Impact of trigeminal and/or olfactory nerve stimulation on measures of inspiratory neural drive : Implications for ...
Olfactory Nerve -- blood supply ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Olfactory Nerve -- blood supply Titles Section through the ... Olfactory Nerve -- blood supply. Lymphatic Vessels -- blood supply. Rabbits -- physiology. Key, Axel, 1832-1901. ... Section through the olfactory tissue of a rabbit, with blood vessels in red, lymph ducts in blue✖[remove]1 ... 1. Section through the olfactory tissue of a rabbit, with blood vessels in red, lymph ducts in blue ...
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Olfactory NerveOlfactory Nerve InjuriesOlfactory BulbOlfactory Nerve DiseasesOlfactory Receptor NeuronsSmellOlfactory Marker ... Olfactory NerveOlfactory BulbOlfactory Receptor NeuronsOlfactory MucosaOlfactory PathwaysNasal CavityAxonsNerve FibersSciatic ... Olfactory nerve. The olfactory nerve, also known as the first cranial nerve, cranial nerve I, or simply CN I, is a cranial ... Olfactory nerve. The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is the first of twelve cranial nerves. It is instrumental in the ... ...
Olfactory nerve. The olfactory nerve, around the area of the optic chiasm, divides into three striae (trigone). These are the ... an isolated unilateral stroke in the primary olfactory area will not yield any clinically significant olfactory symptoms - the ... The olfactory bulb is said to receive its blood supply from the branches of the anterior cerebral artery, whereas the primary ... Additionally, it appears the olfactory bulbs talk to each other via the medial striae, and a fair amount of neural processing ...
The Global Water Alliance is a Philadelphia-USA based non-government 501c3 organization. We are comprised of professionals and students from many disciplines, who apply an integrated water management perspective in the pursuit of its goals, targeting specifically drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) challenges with special attention to the global equity issues. We provide assistance to others who work on ameliorating the water needs of poor and underserved peoples everywhere, we mentor the next generation of professionals, and we promote a "water footprint mindset" among our youth ...
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First, olfactory dreamers experience both visual and olfactory imagery more vividly than non-olfactory dreamers. Second, people ... Roubys team found that good visual and olfactory imagery go hand in hand. They also found that good olfactory imagers rate ... A follow-up experiment found a third link: olfactory dreamers are better at identifying odors in a smell test. All of this ... Maybe I could make First Nerve - for the true perfumphile. :) February 10, 2010 at 5:25 AM Nukapai said... You know, I was ...
The Coffee Bean Meme: Olfactory Palate Cleanser? One of the cultural myths of smell that I blew up in What the Nose Knows ... The idea is that sniffing coffee beans acts as an olfactory palate cleanser, or a "reset button for the nose.". There is a ...
The olfactory system represents one of the oldest sensory modalities in the phylogenetic history of mammals. (See the image ... Olfactory Nerve and the Cribriform Plate. The small, unmyelinated axons of the olfactory receptor cells form the fine fibers of ... Olfactory Bulb. The olfactory bulb lies inferior to the basal frontal lobe. The olfactory bulb is a highly organized structure ... Olfactory Tract and Central Pathways. Mitral cell axons project to the olfactory cortex via the olfactory tract. Medial fibers ...
The olfactory system represents one of the oldest sensory modalities in the phylogenetic history of mammals. (See the image ... Olfactory Nerve and the Cribriform Plate. The small, unmyelinated axons of the olfactory receptor cells form the fine fibers of ... Olfactory Bulb. The olfactory bulb lies inferior to the basal frontal lobe. The olfactory bulb is a highly organized structure ... Olfactory Tract and Central Pathways. Mitral cell axons project to the olfactory cortex via the olfactory tract. Medial fibers ...
... ... A pool of cells that line the basal surface of the olfactory epithelium gives rise to new olfactory neurons both during normal ... A pool of cells that line the basal surface of the olfactory epithelium gives rise to new olfactory neurons both during normal ... To model neural regeneratio n strategies in the olfactory nervous system we need to understand the normal olfactory system ...
Nerve cells, olfactory bulbs. * Sulla fina anatomia degli organi centrali del sistema nervoso. Studi. Reggio-Emilia, tipografia ...
Examining the Cranial Nerves in the Neurologic Examination of Animals Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory Nerve) Olfaction is tested ... The facial nerve controls closure of the eyelid, so if the menace response is absent, the facial nerve Cranial Nerve VII ( ... Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve) The facial nerves principal role is to provide motor innervation to the muscles of facial ... Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal Nerve) The trigeminal nerve provides sensory innervation to the face and motor innervation to the ...
This was for two reasons: (1) mice have a thin olfactory nerve layer compared to rats and this will favor drug access to the ... C, Depth profile of LFP responses to olfactory nerve stimulation. D, LFP responses to 2-butanol (0.5%) were glomerular-specific ... Axon terminals from the olfactory nerve were labeled with Oregon Green dextran with a molecular weight (MW) of 10 kDa using the ... We thus further investigated the role of postsynaptic activation in the mouse where the olfactory nerve layer is thin and ...
Head anatomy with olfactory nerve. View Media Gallery Terminology. The disorders of smell are classified as "-osmias" and those ... Treatment of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction. Treatment of olfactory dysfunction. Any treatment of olfactory disorders must ... the anterior olfactory nucleus, connecting the 2 olfactory bulbs through the anterior commissure, (2) the olfactory tubercle, ( ... the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve, the glossopharyngeal nerve, the vagus nerve) or their ganglia may cause a ...
Olfactory Nerve;. Optic Nerve;. Oculomotor Nerve;. Trochlear Nerve;. Trigeminal Nerve;. Abducens Nerve;. Facial Nerve;. ... Vestibulocochlear Nerve;. Glossopharyngeal Nerve;. Vagus Nerve;. Accessory Nerve;. Hypoglossal Nerve…" For more information see ... Multimedia Cranial Nerves Lessons (Text & Images).. Cranial Nerves "…are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate. from ... Multimedia Cranial Nerves Course, Cranial Nerves Atlas (Text & Images).. Cranial Nerves is ...
hidden message from v3 (new repo)". ...
As it passes over the specialized cells of the olfactory system, the brain recognizes and identifies smells. ... Olfactory nerves. Medically reviewed by the Healthline Medical Network. Also known as CN1, the olfactory nerve is the first of ... Cochlear nerve. Medically reviewed by the Healthline Medical Network. The cochlear nerve, also known as the acoustic nerve, is ... As it passes over the specialized cells of the olfactory system, the brain recognizes and identifies smells. Hairs in the nose ...
acts_upstream_of_or_within olfactory nerve formation IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype. more info ... Acts upstream of or within several processes, including embryonic morphogenesis; fin development; and olfactory nerve formation ... acts_upstream_of_or_within olfactory placode morphogenesis IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype. more info ...
Malignant neoplasm of unspecified olfactory nerve C72.21 Malignant neoplasm of right olfactory nerve ... Malignant neoplasm of peripheral nerves of head, face and neck C47.10 Malignant neoplasm of peripheral nerves of unspecified ... Malignant neoplasm of peripheral nerves of right lower limb, including hip C47.22 Malignant neoplasm of peripheral nerves of ... Malignant neoplasm of peripheral nerves of right upper limb, including shoulder C47.12 Malignant neoplasm of peripheral nerves ...
Cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve). This is the nerve of smell. The person may be asked to identify different smells with their ... Cranial nerve VIII (acoustic nerve). This nerve is the nerve of hearing. A hearing test may be performed on the person. This ... Cranial nerve II (optic nerve). This nerve carries vision to the brain. A visual test may be given, and the persons eye may be ... Cranial nerve VI (abducens nerve). This nerve helps with the movement of the eyes. The person may be asked to follow a light or ...
... but a well-developed olfactory sense. Endocast shape analysis indicates that an increase in size and regionalization of the ... but a well-developed olfactory sense. Endocast shape analysis indicates that an increase in size and regionalization of the ... olfactory nerve; II, optic nerve canal; III, oculomotor nerve canal; IV, trochlear nerve canal; V, trigeminal nerve canal; VI, ... but a clear distinction between the base of the olfactory nerve and the cerebral hemispheres is not visible. The olfactory ...
Olfactory nerve endings. *Skin cells. *Human embryo. Obtaining stem cells from a human embryo is highly unethical. There is ... In Alzheimers, it is the degeneration of the nerve cells that cause the problem because they lose their ability to connect ...
  • The olfactory nerves consist of a collection of many sensory nerve fibers that extend from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb, passing through the many openings of the cribriform plate, a sieve-like structure of the ethmoid bone. (wikipedia.org)
  • These stimulants are transduced into electrical activity in the olfactory neurons, which then transmit these impulses to the olfactory bulb and from there they reach the olfactory areas of the brain via the olfactory tract. (wikipedia.org)
  • The small, unmyelinated axons of the olfactory receptor cells form the fine fibers of the first cranial nerve and travel centrally toward the ipsilateral olfactory bulb to make contact with the second-order neurons. (medscape.com)
  • The olfactory bulb lies inferior to the basal frontal lobe. (medscape.com)
  • The olfactory bulb is a highly organized structure composed of several distinct layers and synaptic specializations. (medscape.com)
  • Mitral cells are second-order neurons contacted by the olfactory nerve fibers at the glomerular layer of the bulb. (medscape.com)
  • We can relish in these fragrances thanks to a bundle of nerves deep inside each nostril called an olfactory bulb - or so we thought, anyway. (sciencealert.com)
  • The purpose of this bulb of sensory nerves is to catch volatile particles floating about in the air we inhale and send messages into various parts of the brain, including sections responsible for memory and emotion. (sciencealert.com)
  • More detailed scans of the volunteers' brains found their entire olfactory bulb structures were indeed diminished. (sciencealert.com)
  • The simplest interpretation of our findings is that these women were born without an olfactory bulb, but thanks to the extreme plasticity of the developing brain, they developed an alternative glomeruli map somewhere else in the brain, not in the olfactory bulb," says Sobel . (sciencealert.com)
  • It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB. (lookformedical.com)
  • The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. (lookformedical.com)
  • The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here. (lookformedical.com)
  • Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN. (lookformedical.com)
  • The olfactory bulb is said to receive its blood supply from the branches of the anterior cerebral artery, whereas the primary olfactory cortices are irrigated by the lenticulostriate arteries arising from the first segment of the MCA, by the posterior temporal branches of the MCA, and possibly others. (neurologyneeds.com)
  • Here, we use two animal models and several techniques (two-photon imaging of CBF and neuronal calcium dynamics, intracellular and extracellular recordings, local pharmacology) to analyze the relationship between neuronal activity and local CBF during odor stimulation in the rodent olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
  • To block synaptic transmission more widely, we then superfused glutamate antagonists over the surface of the olfactory bulb in transgenic G-CaMP2 mice. (jneurosci.org)
  • We conclude that activation of postsynaptic glutamate receptors and rises in dendritic calcium are major steps for neurovascular coupling in olfactory bulb glomeruli. (jneurosci.org)
  • A craniotomy was performed above the two olfactory bulb hemispheres, the posterior cisterna drained, and the dura removed. (jneurosci.org)
  • A craniotomy was performed above approximately half of one olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
  • Aijón, J. (1994) Histochemical localization of NADPH-diaphorase in the rat accessory olfactory bulb. (uv.es)
  • Alonso J.R. (1995) Colocalization of NADPH-diaphorase and acetylcholinesterase in the rat olfactory bulb. (uv.es)
  • Alonso J.R. (1995) Calbindin D-28k immunoreactivity in the rat accessory olfactory bulb. (uv.es)
  • Aijón, J. (1996) Neurocalcin immunoreactivity in the rat accessory olfactory bulb. (uv.es)
  • Alonso J.R. (1996) Nitric oxide synthase activity in the olfactory bulb of anuran and urodele amphibians. (uv.es)
  • Aijón, J. (1997) Calretinin- and parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat main olfactory bulb do not express NADPH-diaphorase activity. (uv.es)
  • These nerve cells originate in the developing nose and then migrate together to a structure in the front of the brain called the olfactory bulb, which is critical for the perception of odors. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If olfactory nerve cells do not extend to the olfactory bulb, a person's sense of smell will be impaired or absent. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The afferent nerve fibers of the olfactory receptor neurons transmit nerve impulses about odors to the central nervous system (olfaction). (wikipedia.org)
  • 548 The specialized olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory nerve are located in the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. (wikipedia.org)
  • The specialized olfactory epithelial cells characterize the only group of neurons capable of regeneration. (medscape.com)
  • The continuous turnover and new supply of these neurons are unique to the olfactory system. (medscape.com)
  • The receptor cells are actually bipolar neurons, each possessing a thin dendritic rod that contains specialized cilia extending from the olfactory vesicle and a long central process that forms the fila olfactoria. (medscape.com)
  • Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. (lookformedical.com)
  • The ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS. (lookformedical.com)
  • A ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS of all VERTEBRATES. (lookformedical.com)
  • Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. (lookformedical.com)
  • A pool of cells that line the basal surface of the olfactory epithelium gives rise to new olfactory neurons both during normal olfactory nervous system turnover and to a greater extent following injury. (edu.au)
  • If we can mimic the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for maintenance andregeneration of the olfactory neurons, we can promote regeneration and facilitate the reestablishment of connectivity in damaged neural tracts. (edu.au)
  • As humans age, the number of olfactory neurons steadily decreases. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
  • The messages are sent by chemical and electrical changes in the cells, technically called neurons , that make up the nerves. (healthline.com)
  • While no one knows exactly, it's safe to say humans have hundreds of nerves - and billions of neurons! (healthline.com)
  • Read on to learn more about the numbered and named cranial and spinal nerves, as well as what neurons are composed of, and some fun facts about your nervous system. (healthline.com)
  • Your neurons work to conduct nerve impulses. (healthline.com)
  • Although some of their specific functions are unclear, these genes appear to be involved in the formation and movement (migration) of a group of nerve cells that are specialized to process the sense of smell (olfactory neurons). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Like olfactory neurons, GnRH-producing neurons migrate from the developing nose to the front of the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Derived from the embryonic nasal placode, the olfactory nerve is somewhat unusual among cranial nerves because it is capable of some regeneration if damaged. (wikipedia.org)
  • The olfactory nerve is sensory in nature and originates on the olfactory mucosa in the upper part of the nasal cavity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lesions of the olfactory nerve do not lead to a reduced ability to sense pain from the nasal epithelium. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is because pain from the nasal epithelium is not carried to the central nervous system by the olfactory nerve - it is carried to the central nervous system by the trigeminal nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • In naegleriasis, "brain-eating" amoeba enter through the olfactory mucosa of the nasal tissues and follow the olfactory nerve fibers into the olfactory bulbs and then the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Within the nasal cavity , the turbinates or nasal conchae serve to direct the inspired air toward the olfactory epithelium in the upper posterior region. (medscape.com)
  • The trigeminal nerve innervates the posterior nasal cavity to detect noxious stimuli. (medscape.com)
  • That portion of the nasal mucosa containing the sensory nerve endings for SMELL, located at the dome of each NASAL CAVITY. (lookformedical.com)
  • The olfactory neuroepithelium is located at the upper area of each nasal chamber adjacent to the cribriform plate, superior nasal septum, and superior-lateral nasal wall. (medscape.com)
  • To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)
  • Another possible explanation is that congestion and drainage associated with the acute illness can block smells from traveling through the nasal cavity to the nerves in the olfactory area. (boystownhospital.org)
  • Head injury can damage or destroy fibers of the olfactory nerves (the pair of cranial nerves that connect smell receptors to the brain) where they pass through the roof of the nasal cavity. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The olfactory epithelium consists of 3 cell types: basal, supporting, and olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
  • As previously mentioned, the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) sends fibers to the olfactory epithelium to detect caustic chemicals, such as ammonia. (medscape.com)
  • There are olfactory testing packets in which strong odors are embedded into cards and the responses of the patient to each odor can be determined. (wikipedia.org)
  • These signals, which are not detected consciously as odors by the olfactory system, mediate human autonomic, psychological, and endocrine responses. (medscape.com)
  • A follow-up experiment found a third link: olfactory dreamers are better at identifying odors in a smell test. (firstnerve.com)
  • That's a more precise and graceful way of saying that good olfactory imagers are "more tuned into odors. (firstnerve.com)
  • It is possible for smell nerves to grow back, but they may regrow in a different way, resulting in the same odors somehow smelling different to you. (boystownhospital.org)
  • The olfactory nerve, also known as the first cranial nerve, cranial nerve I, or simply CN I, is a cranial nerve that contains sensory nerve fibers relating to the sense of smell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Damage to this nerve leads to impairment or total loss anosmia of the sense of smell To simply test the function of the olfactory nerve, each nostril is tested with a pungent odor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Having now stumbled across two volunteers who had no olfactory bulbs and still seemed to have a sense of smell, neurologists had an opportunity. (sciencealert.com)
  • The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. (lookformedical.com)
  • Diseases of the first cranial (olfactory) nerve, which usually feature anosmia or other alterations in the sense of smell and taste. (lookformedical.com)
  • The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)
  • This bone, the cribriform plate, transmits the olfactory nerves that carry the sense of smell. (britannica.com)
  • Though the nerves are still working, the scent never reaches them and therefore you temporarily lose your sense of smell. (boystownhospital.org)
  • The 1st cranial nerve. (lookformedical.com)
  • and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries. (lookformedical.com)
  • The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. (lookformedical.com)
  • The exception to this is the vagus nerve , which is the longest cranial nerve. (healthline.com)
  • So one spinal or cranial nerve may divide into anywhere from 2 to 30 peripheral nerves. (healthline.com)
  • Cranial Nerves: Anatomy, Function and Clinical Significance opens with a summary of the current data on the clinical anatomy and developmental anomalies of the first cranial nerve, the olfactory nerve. (novapublishers.com)
  • Following this, the authors provide an overview of the second cranial nerve, the optic nerve, which is a vital component of the visual pathway. (novapublishers.com)
  • The seventh cranial nerve, the facial nerve, which contains the somatic motor and visceral motor, as well as special sensory and general sensory fibers is discussed. (novapublishers.com)
  • A cranial nerve. (mcgill.ca)
  • Stiver created a template based on the dimensions of actual trading cards, and changed the background color and feature image for each cranial nerve. (mcgill.ca)
  • Generally speaking, an isolated unilateral stroke in the primary olfactory area will not yield any clinically significant olfactory symptoms - the contralateral area should still receive bilateral olfactory information. (neurologyneeds.com)
  • The need to develop therapies for neurodegenerative diseases and spinal cord injuries has led researchers to study the primary olfactory system, as it continuously renews itself throughout life, and completely regenerates after injury. (edu.au)
  • It is a specialized pseudostratified neuroepithelium containing the primary olfactory receptors. (medscape.com)
  • From the olfactory mucosa, the nerve (actually many small nerve fascicles) travels up through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to reach the surface of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, separated at the midline by the crista galli, contains multiple small foramina through which the olfactory nerve fibers, or fila olfactoria, traverse. (medscape.com)
  • Fracture of the cribriform plate in traumatic settings can disrupt these fine fibers and lead to olfactory dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. (lookformedical.com)
  • Damage to the olfactory nerves can also result from infections (such as abscesses) or tumors near the cribriform plate. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It may result in various olfactory dysfunction including a complete loss of smell. (lookformedical.com)
  • With smell, when a substance is inhaled through your nose, the nerves in the olfactory (smell) area lets you know what it smells like. (boystownhospital.org)
  • Professionals believe the primary cause of loss of 'taste' and smell related to COVID-19 is an inflammatory reaction that causes cell damage in the olfactory (smell) area high inside the nose at the base of the brain. (boystownhospital.org)
  • As a result, the nerves (which are essential for communicating smell messages to the brain) stop working. (boystownhospital.org)
  • can damage the olfactory nerves, commonly causing loss of smell. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. (medscape.com)
  • Application of glutamate receptor antagonists or tetrodotoxin directly into single rat olfactory glomeruli blocked postsynaptic responses but did not affect the local odor-evoked CBF increases. (jneurosci.org)
  • Alonso J.R. (1996) Segregated distribution of nitric oxide synthase-positive cells in the periglomerular region of typical and atypical olfactory glomeruli. (uv.es)
  • Aijón, J. (1997) Calcium-binding proteins in the periglomerular region of typical and atypical olfactory glomeruli. (uv.es)
  • Aijón, J. (1997) Segregated distribution of TH-immunoreactivity in olfactory glomeruli. (uv.es)
  • Some of this decrease results from repeated damage to the olfactory nerve receptors due likely to repeated upper respiratory infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • Olfactory receptors. (medscape.com)
  • Stimulation of upper airway cold receptors on the trigeminal nerve (TGN) with TGN agonists such as menthol or cool air to the face/nose has been hypothesized to reduce breathlessness by decreasing IND. (lu.se)
  • Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. (lookformedical.com)
  • The unique, growth promoting olfactory system environment is crucial for this neurogenesis and regeneration. (edu.au)
  • Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)
  • The lateral striae travels to the ipsilateral olfactory cortex in the uncus, and the anterior stria cross the anterior commissure to communicate with the contralateral olfactory cortex. (neurologyneeds.com)
  • from the bulbs (one on each side) the olfactory information is transmitted into the brain via the olfactory tract. (wikipedia.org)
  • Significantly glial scarring (as is typically seen in neurodegeneration and neural damage elsewhere in the nervous system) is largely absent following injury to the olfactory tract. (edu.au)
  • Arnold's nerve , also known as the auricular branch or mastoid branch , of the vagus nerve (CN X) is a small sensory nerve supplying the skin of the external acoustic meatus. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Arnold's nerve originates from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve and also has a small contribution from the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve . (radiopaedia.org)
  • It is also responsible for the referred otalgia through the vagus nerve (CN X), in the case of laryngeal pathology. (radiopaedia.org)
  • 8. Kuntz, A.: Nerve Fibers of Spinal and Vagus Origin Associated with the Cephalic Sympathetic Nerves , Ann. (deepdyve.com)
  • It's the basic bureaucracy of the brain- all sensory nerves have to synapse through the thalamus before they get to the neocortex and we process them properly. (quinnnorton.com)
  • If the odor is smelled, the olfactory nerve is likely functioning. (wikipedia.org)
  • On the other hand, the nerve is only one of several reasons that could explain if the odor is not smelled. (wikipedia.org)
  • To the French team these results support "the hypothesis of deeper or more complete odor processing and better access to odor semantics in good olfactory imagers. (firstnerve.com)
  • However, although its strong odor is readily identified, olfactory fatigue occurs at high concentrations and at continuous low concentrations. (cdc.gov)
  • The olfactory nerve is the shortest of the twelve cranial nerves and, similar to the optic nerve, does not emanate from the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurologists from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health in Australia initially stumbled across two strange cases of missing olfactory bulbs while reviewing MRIs for a different study. (sciencealert.com)
  • The olfactory bulbs, located deep inside most of our skulls, could be described as a pair of upside-down toothbrushes. (sciencealert.com)
  • Even when olfactory bulbs have been eaten away by lesions, or removed altogether , researchers have found their lab animals could still respond to scent-oriented tasks. (sciencealert.com)
  • To confirm suspicions, the team went back to their original two volunteers and recruited a third woman who lacked olfactory bulbs but also happened to have anosmia - an inability to detect scents. (sciencealert.com)
  • The team concluded that they had to be tiny, if the women had any olfactory bulbs at all. (sciencealert.com)
  • Their results were compared with those taken from 140 other women who all had completely functional olfactory bulbs. (sciencealert.com)
  • Additionally, it appears the olfactory bulbs talk to each other via the medial striae, and a fair amount of neural processing seems to occur in the bulbs themselves. (neurologyneeds.com)
  • Basal cells are stem cells that give rise to the olfactory receptor cells (seen in the image below). (medscape.com)
  • This area (only a few centimeters wide) contains more than 100 million olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
  • The PNS is made up of nerves that branch off from your CNS. (healthline.com)
  • The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, made up of nerves and ganglia. (khanacademy.org)
  • However, case reports demonstrate that the olfactory cortex shares some vascular real estate with the gustatory cortex, and abnormalities of taste perception may develop with isolated strokes of the insula. (neurologyneeds.com)
  • The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. (lookformedical.com)
  • These nerves may be divided for our present purpose into two main groups-afferent and autonomic. (deepdyve.com)
  • Some nanoparticles entering the nose are transported to the brain via olfactory nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • In What the Nose Knows , I spend a chapter describing three traits of creative olfactory genius, drawing on the work of writers, musicians, and other artists. (firstnerve.com)
  • The idea is that sniffing coffee beans acts as an olfactory palate cleanser, or a "reset button for the nose. (firstnerve.com)
  • In the same way, when some of the nerves in your nose are damaged, your body will continue to use the other nerves to relay the message so your brain may process it differently. (boystownhospital.org)
  • People become infected when water containing Naegleria fowleri enters the nose and the ameba migrates to the brain along the olfactory nerve. (cdc.gov)
  • The olfactory nerves in your nose will enjoy the aroma of this special day. (holidayinsights.com)
  • Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. (lookformedical.com)
  • Nerves are bundles of axons that work together to transmit signals. (healthline.com)
  • So are nerves bundles of axons, and ganglia bundles of somas? (khanacademy.org)
  • Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. (lookformedical.com)
  • They may enter previously unrecognized pathways (e.g. olfactory nerve transport to the brain) and retention sites in cells (e.g. mitochondria). (cdc.gov)
  • There are several hundred peripheral nerves throughout your body. (healthline.com)
  • The fascicles of the olfactory nerve are not visible on a cadaver brain because they are severed upon removal. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lesions to the olfactory nerve can occur because of "blunt trauma", such as coup-contrecoup damage, meningitis, and tumors of the frontal lobe of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this atlas you can view MRI sections through a living human brain as well as corresponding sections stained for cell bodies or for nerve fibers. (martindalecenter.com)
  • As it passes over the specialized cells of the olfactory system, the brain recognizes and identifies smells. (healthline.com)
  • The nervous system consists of the brain, the spinal cord, and the nerves from these areas. (rochester.edu)
  • The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, 12 pairs of nerves that come from the brain and brain stem, and the nerves that come from the spinal cord. (rochester.edu)
  • Our results demonstrate that P. quenstedti retained a simple tube-like brain morphology with poorly differentiated regions and mediocre hearing and vision, but a well-developed olfactory sense. (frontiersin.org)
  • Your nervous system is composed of a network of nerves and nerve cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. (healthline.com)
  • A nerve is a bundle of fibers that receives and sends messages between the body and the brain. (healthline.com)
  • The cranial nerves originate in the brain and travel outward to your head, face, and neck. (healthline.com)
  • The patient will spend time smelling certain scents each day, retraining the nerves in the olfactory tissue to pass along the appropriate messages to the brain. (boystownhospital.org)
  • Studies suggest that mutations in genes associated with Kallmann syndrome disrupt the migration of olfactory nerve cells and GnRH-producing nerve cells in the developing brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS) In multiple sclerosis, patches of myelin (the substance that covers most nerve fibers) and underlying nerve fibers in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord are damaged or destroyed. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Brain infection is thought to occur by means of direct neuronal transmission of the virus from a peripheral site to the brain via the trigeminal or olfactory nerve and indirect immune-mediated processes inducing neuroinflammation. (medscape.com)
  • All but one of your spinal nerves transmits sensory information from this area back to the CNS. (healthline.com)
  • Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. (lookformedical.com)
  • Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (lookformedical.com)
  • A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. (lookformedical.com)
  • Spinal nerves are also part of your PNS. (healthline.com)
  • You have 31 pairs of spinal nerves. (healthline.com)
  • Spinal nerves have both sensory and motor function. (healthline.com)
  • Spinal nerves are also associated with dermatomes . (healthline.com)
  • The many sensory nerves that bring sensation from the skin and internal organs merge together to form the sensory branches of the cranial and spinal nerves. (healthline.com)
  • The motor portions of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves divide into smaller nerves that divide into even smaller nerves. (healthline.com)
  • Olfactory nerve, deep dissection, inferior view Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nervus olfactorius. (wikipedia.org)
  • Along with my colleagues Sarah Kemp and Melissa Crouch, I created an olfactory version of a standard research questionnaire used to measure the vividness of a person's mental imagery. (firstnerve.com)
  • Thus replicating the favourable condition in the olfactory nervous system would be invaluable for developing these successful therapies. (edu.au)
  • To model neural regeneratio n strategies in the olfactory nervous system we need to understand the normal olfactory system biology. (edu.au)
  • They also found that good olfactory imagers rate smells as more intense, familiar and edible than do poor olfactory imagers. (firstnerve.com)
  • Maybe I didn't read the dream smells post closely enough, but I didn't see a discussion of the percentage of olfactory dreams that definitely have no external stimulus. (firstnerve.com)
  • These specialized epithelial cells give rise to the olfactory vesicles containing kinocilia, which serve as sites of stimulus transduction. (medscape.com)
  • This was for two reasons: (1) mice have a thin olfactory nerve layer compared to rats and this will favor drug access to the glomerular layer, and (2) transgenic G-CaMP2 mice express the fluorescent calcium sensor protein G-CaMP2 in mitral cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • In Alzheimer's, it is the degeneration of the nerve cells that cause the problem because they lose their ability to connect with each other. (all.org)
  • However, when the cells that surround and support the olfactory nerves are infected with the COVID-19 virus, there can be an inflammatory reaction that damages the olfactory nerves themselves. (boystownhospital.org)
  • Arnold's nerve innervates the small parts of the external acoustic meatus and is the source of jugulotympanic paraganglioma from the non-chromaffin paraganglion cells , which are found along the nerve. (radiopaedia.org)
  • As stressful as this can be to experience, it can be a sign that your olfactory nerves are becoming functional again and you can start retraining them! (boystownhospital.org)
  • The facial nerve has both sensory and motor function. (healthline.com)
  • In neonates, this area is a dense neural sheet, but, in children and adults, the respiratory and olfactory tissues interdigitate. (medscape.com)