Abnormally infrequent menstruation.
Variations of menstruation which may be indicative of disease.
Absence of menstruation.
A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.
A condition of competitive female athletes in which there are interrelated problems of EATING DISORDERS; AMENORRHEA; and OSTEOPOROSIS.
Individuals who have developed skills, physical stamina and strength or participants in SPORTS or other physical activities.
Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. The hormones are generally estrogen or progesterone or both.
Activities or games, usually involving physical effort or skill. Reasons for engagement in sports include pleasure, competition, and/or financial reward.
Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.
Fixed drug combinations administered orally for contraceptive purposes.
Acquiring information from a patient on past medical conditions and treatments.
Men and women working in the provision of health services, whether as individual practitioners or employees of health institutions and programs, whether or not professionally trained, and whether or not subject to public regulation. (From A Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, 1976)
An agency of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE concerned with the overall planning, promoting, and administering of programs pertaining to maintaining standards of quality of foods, drugs, therapeutic devices, etc.
The study of the origin, nature, properties, and actions of drugs and their effects on living organisms.
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.
The branch of pharmacology that deals directly with the effectiveness and safety of drugs in humans.
Attitudes of personnel toward their patients, other professionals, toward the medical care system, etc.
Systems developed for collecting reports from government agencies, manufacturers, hospitals, physicians, and other sources on adverse drug reactions.

Variation of luteinizing hormone and androgens in oligomenorrhoea and its implications for the study of polycystic ovary syndrome. (1/64)

We measured luteinizing hormone (LH) and androgen concentrations in patients at different phases of the oligomenorrhoeic cycle and compared the results with those of patients with normogonadotrophic amenorrhoea. Several blood samples separated by >/=7 days were obtained from each of 72 patients with oligomenorrhoea and 18 with normogonadotrophic amenorrhoea. The oligomenorrhoeic cycle was divided into five phases: the postmenstrual phase week 1 (day 1-7) and week 2 (day 8-14), the specific oligomenorrhoeic phase (SOP, day 15 after a menstruation to day 21 before the next menstruation), the possibly peri-ovulatory phase (days 21-11 before menstruation) and the premenstrual phase (days 10-1 before menstruation). Samples obtained in the possibly peri-ovulatory phase were excluded. Within individuals LH concentrations were significantly higher during the SOP than during all other phases of the oligomenorrhoeic cycle (paired t-test, P = 0.0001-0.03). In contrast to the other phases of the oligomenorrhoeic cycle, no significant differences in gonadotrophins, androgen or oestradiol concentrations were found between the SOP and normogonadotrophic amenorrhoea. In oligomenorrhoea timing of blood sampling influences the measurement of LH and androgen concentrations, and the accurate interpretation of these measurements requires that the dates of menstruation both before and after the sample is taken should be known. In patients with oligomenorrhoea blood samples should be obtained during the SOP, when the endocrinology is comparable with that of normogonadotrophic amenorrhoea.  (+info)

Thirty-seven candidate genes for polycystic ovary syndrome: strongest evidence for linkage is with follistatin. (2/64)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder of women, characterized by hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation. It is a leading cause of female infertility and is associated with polycystic ovaries, hirsutism, obesity, and insulin resistance. We tested a carefully chosen collection of 37 candidate genes for linkage and association with PCOS or hyperandrogenemia in data from 150 families. The strongest evidence for linkage was with the follistatin gene, for which affected sisters showed increased identity by descent (72%; chi(2) = 12.97; nominal P = 3.2 x 10(-4)). After correction for multiple testing (33 tests), the follistatin findings were still highly significant (P(c) = 0.01). Although the linkage results for CYP11A were also nominally significant (P = 0.02), they were no longer significant after correction. In 11 candidate gene regions, at least one allele showed nominally significant evidence for population association with PCOS in the transmission/disequilibrium test (chi(2) >/= 3.84; nominal P < 0.05). The strongest effect in the transmission/disequilibrium test was observed in the INSR region (D19S884; allele 5; chi(2) = 8.53) but was not significant after correction. Our study shows how a systematic screen of candidate genes can provide strong evidence for genetic linkage in complex diseases and can identify those genes that should have high (or low) priority for further study.  (+info)

Endocrine features of polycystic ovary syndrome in a random population sample of 14-16 year old adolescents. (3/64)

Hospital based studies have shown that oligomenorrhoeic adolescents have high luteinizing hormone (LH) and androgen concentrations, endocrine signs of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The prevalence of these abnormalities in an unselected population of adolescents is not known. We determined LH, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), androstenedione, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), oestradiol and prolactin concentrations in unselected population samples of adolescents with oligomenorrhoea, secondary amenorrhoea and regular menstrual cycles. A total of 2248 white, west European adolescents, aged 15.3 +/- 0.6 (mean +/- SD) years, participated. Blood was taken from 107 adolescents with regular menstrual cycles, 52 with oligomenorrhoea and four with secondary amenorrhoea. Oligomenorrhoeic adolescents had higher mean LH, androstenedione, testosterone, DHEAS and oestradiol concentrations compared with girls with regular menstrual cycles; 57% of the oligomenorrhoeic girls had LH or androgen concentrations above the 95th centile of adolescents with regular menstrual cycles. None of the 52 oligomenorrhoeic girls and only one of four girls with secondary amenorrhoea had a hypogonadotrophic endocrine pattern. The present study and available literature support the view that oligomenorrhoea in adolescents is not a stage in the physiological maturation of the hypothalamic pituitary-ovarian axis but an early sign of PCOS associated with subfertility. Physicians should consider endocrine evaluation before reassuring oligomenorrhoeic girls or prescribing oral contraceptives to these girls.  (+info)

Effects of the insulin sensitizing drug metformin on ovarian function, follicular growth and ovulation rate in obese women with oligomenorrhoea. (4/64)

Hyperinsulinaemic insulin resistance is commonly associated with hyperandrogenaemia, and menstrual dysfunction. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the insulin sensitizing drug, metformin, on ovarian function, follicular growth, and ovulation rate in obese women with oligomenorrhoea. Twenty obese subjects with oligomenorrhoea [polycystic ovarian syndrome; (PCOS)] were observed longitudinally for 3 weeks prior to and for 8 weeks during treatment with metformin (850 mg twice per day). Fifteen patients completed the study. The frequency of ovulation was significantly higher during treatment than before treatment (P = 0.003). A significant decline in both testosterone and luteinizing hormone concentrations was recorded within 1 week of commencing treatment. Patients with elevated pretreatment testosterone concentrations showed the most marked increase in ovulation rate (P < 0.005), and significant reductions in circulating testosterone from 1.02 to 0.54 ng/ml (P < 0.005) after only 1 week of treatment. However, the sub-group with raised fasting insulin showed less marked changes, and the sub-group with normal testosterone concentrations showed no effect of treatment. Metformin had a rapid effect upon the abnormal ovarian function in hyperandrogenic women with PCOS, correcting the disordered ovarian steroid metabolism and ovulation rate; however, there appeared to be no effect in cases where the circulating androgen concentration was normal.  (+info)

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome gain regular menstrual cycles when ageing. (5/64)

The aim of this study was to investigate if previously oligo- or amenorrhoeic polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients gain regular menstrual cycles when ageing. Women registered as having PCOS, based on the combination of oligo- or amenorrhoea and an increased LH concentration, were invited by letter to participate in a questionnaire by telephone. In this questionnaire we asked for the prevalent menstrual cycle pattern, which we scored in regular cycles (persistently shorter than 6 weeks) or irregular cycles (longer than 6 weeks). We interviewed 346 patients of 30 years and older, and excluded 141 from analysis mainly because of the use of oral contraceptives. The remaining 205 patients showed a highly significant linear trend (P < 0.001) for a shorter menstrual cycle length with increasing age. Logistic regression analysis for body mass index, weight loss, hirsutism, previous treatment with clomiphene citrate or gonadotrophins, previous pregnancy, ethnic origin and smoking showed no influence on the effect of age on the regularity of the menstrual cycle. We conclude that the development of a new balance in the polycystic ovary, solely caused by follicle loss through the process of ovarian ageing, can explain the occurrence of regular cycles in older patients with PCOS.  (+info)

Clinical presentation of PCOS following development of an insulinoma: case report. (6/64)

A 24 year old woman presented with a prolonged clinical history of fasting and exertional hypoglycaemia, and was subsequently diagnosed with an insulinoma. Concurrent symptoms of oligomenorrhoea and hyperandrogenism of similar duration were noted. Biochemically, hyperinsulinaemia was observed in association with a raised serum luteinizing hormone (LH), raised testosterone and androstendione concentrations. Surgical removal of the insulinoma resulted in resolution of the clinical and biochemical features of the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) but minimal change was observed in the ovarian ultrasound appearances. This case demonstrates the role of insulin in mediating the hypersecretion of both LH and androgens in women with polycystic ovaries. We suggest that hyperinsulinaemia converted occult 'polycystic ovaries' to become clinically manifest as 'polycystic ovary syndrome'. This paradigm has clear implications for women with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus who presumably have systemic hyperinsulinaemia.  (+info)

Are synchronised swimmers at risk of amenorrhoea? (7/64)

OBJECTIVE: Synchronised swimming is a sport that shares certain characteristics with other aesthetically pleasing sports such as gymnastics and dance. The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain whether the highest ranked synchronised swimmers in the United Kingdom experience menstrual abnormalities, a common medical problem seen in these related activities. METHODS: Twenty three members of the Great Britain synchronised swimming squad completed a questionnaire on menstrual history. Body composition and VO(2)MAX were measured in the laboratory during regular physiological screening. RESULTS: Three of the 23 subjects were oligomenorrhoeic and none were amenorrhoeic. All were postmenarchal. Mean estimated body fat percentage was 23%, and mean VO(2)MAX was 47.2 ml/kg/min. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that synchronised swimmers in the United Kingdom are relatively protected from menstrual disturbances for reasons that cannot be explained in isolation.  (+info)

Studies on the metabolic clearance rate and production rate of human luteinizing hormone and on the initial half-time of its subunits in man. (8/64)

The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of human luteinizing hormone (hLH) has been determined in 10 normal men, 3 normal women, and in 12 women with ovulatory disorders resulting in oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. The MCR was determined by the constant infusion technique using either iodinated or unlabeled highly purified hLH, and these results were compared to MCR determined by using crude pituitary preparations containing both follicle-stimulating hormone and hLH. Both preparations produced essentially similar results for the MCR of hLH and virtually identical results were obtained when complete or incomplete immunoprecipitation of the infused material was achieved. The MCR/body surface area of hLH was significantly greater in normal men (25.6 plus or minus 3.6 ml/min-m-2) than in normal premenopausal (19.2 plus or minus 0.9 ml/min-m-2) or postmenopausal women (17.4 plus or minus 1.9 ml/min-m-2). No difference was noted in the MCR of hLH in women with oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. Production rates (PRs) were calculated by using a pituitary standard, the values being 85.1 plus or minus 21.5 IU/24 h in normal men, 39.9 plus or minus 12.6 IU/24 h in normal premenopausal women, and 294.6 plus or minus 61.9 IU/24 h in normal postmenopausal women. The initial half-times of disappearance of the alpha- and beta-subunits of hLH were measured in two normal men and found to be 15-18 min, respectively. The half-time of intact hLH was twice as great.  (+info)

Oligomenorrhea is a medical term used to describe infrequent menstrual periods, where the cycle length is more than 35 days but less than 68 days. It's considered a menstrual disorder and can affect people of reproductive age. The causes of oligomenorrhea are varied, including hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, excessive exercise, significant weight loss or gain, and stress. In some cases, it may not cause any other symptoms, but in others, it can be associated with infertility, hirsutism (excessive hair growth), acne, or obesity. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle modifications, hormonal medications, or surgery in rare cases.

Menstruation disturbances, also known as menstrual disorders, refer to any irregularities or abnormalities in a woman's menstrual cycle. These disturbances can manifest in various ways, including:

1. Amenorrhea: The absence of menstrual periods for three consecutive cycles or more in women of reproductive age.
2. Oligomenorrhea: Infrequent or light menstrual periods that occur at intervals greater than 35 days.
3. Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation, often accompanied by cramping, pelvic pain, and other symptoms that can interfere with daily activities.
4. Menorrhagia: Heavy or prolonged menstrual periods that last longer than seven days or result in excessive blood loss, leading to anemia or other health complications.
5. Polymenorrhea: Abnormally frequent menstrual periods that occur at intervals of 21 days or less.
6. Metrorrhagia: Irregular and unpredictable vaginal bleeding between expected menstrual periods, which can be caused by various factors such as hormonal imbalances, infections, or structural abnormalities.

Menstruation disturbances can have significant impacts on a woman's quality of life, fertility, and overall health. They may result from various underlying conditions, including hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, or sexually transmitted infections. Proper diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause are essential for managing menstruation disturbances effectively.

Amenorrhea is a medical condition characterized by the absence or cessation of menstrual periods in women of reproductive age. It can be categorized as primary amenorrhea, when a woman who has not yet had her first period at the expected age (usually around 16 years old), or secondary amenorrhea, when a woman who has previously had regular periods stops getting them for six months or more.

There are various causes of amenorrhea, including hormonal imbalances, pregnancy, breastfeeding, menopause, extreme weight loss or gain, eating disorders, intense exercise, stress, chronic illness, tumors, and certain medications or medical treatments. In some cases, amenorrhea may indicate an underlying medical condition that requires further evaluation and treatment.

Amenorrhea can have significant impacts on a woman's health and quality of life, including infertility, bone loss, and emotional distress. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider if you experience amenorrhea or missed periods to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Hirsutism is a medical condition characterized by excessive hair growth in women in areas where hair growth is typically androgen-dependent, such as the face, chest, lower abdomen, and inner thighs. This hair growth is often thick, dark, and coarse, resembling male-pattern hair growth. Hirsutism can be caused by various factors, including hormonal imbalances, certain medications, and genetic conditions. It's essential to consult a healthcare professional if you experience excessive or unwanted hair growth to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Polycyctic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine-metabolic disorder characterized by the presence of hyperandrogenism (excess male hormones), ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries. The Rotterdam criteria are commonly used for diagnosis, which require at least two of the following three features:

1. Oligo- or anovulation (irregular menstrual cycles)
2. Clinical and/or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism (e.g., hirsutism, acne, or high levels of androgens in the blood)
3. Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound examination (presence of 12 or more follicles measuring 2-9 mm in diameter, or increased ovarian volume >10 mL)

The exact cause of PCOS remains unclear, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Insulin resistance and obesity are common findings in women with PCOS, which can contribute to the development of metabolic complications such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease.

Management of PCOS typically involves a multidisciplinary approach that includes lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, weight loss), medications to regulate menstrual cycles and reduce hyperandrogenism (e.g., oral contraceptives, metformin, anti-androgens), and fertility treatments if desired. Regular monitoring of metabolic parameters and long-term follow-up are essential for optimal management and prevention of complications.

The Female Athlete Triad Syndrome is a medical condition that affects physically active females, particularly athletes. It is characterized by the interrelatedness of three components: energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density.

1. Energy availability refers to the amount of energy remaining for bodily functions, growth, and repair after exercise and dietary energy intake have been considered. Inadequate energy availability can lead to a range of issues, including menstrual dysfunction and decreased bone mineral density.
2. Menstrual function is often disrupted in this syndrome, with athletes experiencing amenorrhea (the absence of menstruation) or oligomenorrhea (infrequent or light menstruation). This disruption can be caused by low energy availability and is associated with a range of health issues, including decreased bone mineral density.
3. Bone mineral density refers to the amount of mineral content in bones. In the Female Athlete Triad Syndrome, low energy availability and menstrual dysfunction can lead to decreased bone mineral density, which increases the risk of stress fractures and other injuries.

The Female Athlete Triad Syndrome is a serious medical condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Athletes who are experiencing any of the symptoms associated with this syndrome should seek medical attention from a healthcare provider who is knowledgeable about the condition. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying causes of the syndrome, such as improving energy availability and restoring menstrual function, as well as addressing any related health issues, such as stress fractures or nutritional deficiencies.

An "athlete" is defined in the medical field as an individual who actively participates in sports, physical training, or other forms of exercise that require a significant amount of physical exertion and stamina. Athletes are often divided into different categories based on the specific type of sport or activity they engage in, such as:

1. Professional athletes: These are individuals who compete in organized sports at the highest level and earn a living from their athletic pursuits. Examples include professional football players, basketball players, golfers, tennis players, and soccer players.
2. Collegiate athletes: These are students who participate in intercollegiate sports at the university or college level. They may receive scholarships or other forms of financial aid to support their athletic and academic pursuits.
3. Amateur athletes: These are individuals who engage in sports or physical activity for recreation, fitness, or personal enjoyment rather than as a profession. Examples include weekend warriors, joggers, swimmers, and hikers.
4. Elite athletes: These are individuals who have achieved a high level of skill and performance in their chosen sport or activity. They may compete at the national or international level and represent their country in competitions.
5. Para-athletes: These are athletes with disabilities who compete in sports specifically adapted for their abilities. Examples include wheelchair basketball, blind soccer, and deaf swimming.

Regardless of the category, athletes are prone to various medical conditions related to their physical exertion, including musculoskeletal injuries, cardiovascular issues, respiratory problems, and nutritional deficiencies. Therefore, it is essential for athletes to receive regular medical check-ups, maintain a healthy lifestyle, and follow proper training and nutrition guidelines to prevent injuries and optimize their performance.

Oral contraceptives, also known as "birth control pills," are medications taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. They contain synthetic hormones that mimic the effects of natural hormones estrogen and progesterone in a woman's body, thereby preventing ovulation, fertilization, or implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus.

There are two main types of oral contraceptives: combined pills, which contain both estrogen and progestin, and mini-pills, which contain only progestin. Combined pills work by preventing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant. Mini-pills work mainly by thickening cervical mucus and changing the lining of the uterus.

Oral contraceptives are highly effective when used correctly, but they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It is important to use them consistently and as directed by a healthcare provider. Side effects may include nausea, breast tenderness, headaches, mood changes, and irregular menstrual bleeding. In rare cases, oral contraceptives may increase the risk of serious health problems such as blood clots, stroke, or liver tumors. However, for most women, the benefits of using oral contraceptives outweigh the risks.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sports" is not a medical term. It refers to physical activities that are governed by a set of rules and often engaged in competitively. However, there are fields such as Sports Medicine and Exercise Science that deal with various aspects of physical activity, fitness, and sports-related injuries or conditions. If you have any questions related to these areas, I'd be happy to try to help!

Oral contraceptives, also known as "birth control pills," are synthetic hormonal medications that are taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. They typically contain a combination of synthetic versions of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which work together to inhibit ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thicken cervical mucus (making it harder for sperm to reach the egg), and thin the lining of the uterus (making it less likely that a fertilized egg will implant).

There are several different types of oral contraceptives, including combination pills, progestin-only pills, and extended-cycle pills. Combination pills contain both estrogen and progestin, while progestin-only pills contain only progestin. Extended-cycle pills are a type of combination pill that are taken for 12 weeks followed by one week of placebo pills, which can help reduce the frequency of menstrual periods.

It's important to note that oral contraceptives do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so it's still important to use barrier methods like condoms if you are at risk for STIs. Additionally, oral contraceptives can have side effects and may not be suitable for everyone, so it's important to talk to your healthcare provider about the potential risks and benefits before starting to take them.

Oral combined contraceptives, also known as "the pill," are a type of hormonal birth control that contain a combination of synthetic estrogen and progestin. These hormones work together to prevent ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thicken cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thin the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Combined oral contraceptives come in various brands and forms, such as monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic pills. Monophasic pills contain the same amount of hormones in each active pill, while biphasic and triphasic pills have varying amounts of hormones in different phases of the cycle.

It is important to note that oral combined contraceptives do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and should be used in conjunction with condoms for safer sex practices. Additionally, there are potential risks and side effects associated with oral combined contraceptives, including an increased risk of blood clots, stroke, and heart attack, especially in women who smoke or have certain medical conditions. It is essential to consult a healthcare provider before starting any hormonal birth control method to determine if it is safe and appropriate for individual use.

Medical history taking is the process of obtaining and documenting a patient's health information through a series of questions and observations. It is a critical component of the medical assessment and helps healthcare providers understand the patient's current health status, past medical conditions, medications, allergies, lifestyle habits, and family medical history.

The information gathered during medical history taking is used to make informed decisions about diagnosis, treatment, and management plans for the patient's care. The process typically includes asking open-ended questions, actively listening to the patient's responses, clarifying any uncertainties, and documenting the findings in a clear and concise manner.

Medical history taking can be conducted in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, or virtual consultations, and may be performed by physicians, nurses, or other healthcare professionals. It is essential to ensure that medical history taking is conducted in a private and confidential setting to protect the patient's privacy and maintain trust in the provider-patient relationship.

"Health personnel" is a broad term that refers to individuals who are involved in maintaining, promoting, and restoring the health of populations or individuals. This can include a wide range of professionals such as:

1. Healthcare providers: These are medical doctors, nurses, midwives, dentists, pharmacists, allied health professionals (like physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, dietitians, etc.), and other healthcare workers who provide direct patient care.

2. Public health professionals: These are individuals who work in public health agencies, non-governmental organizations, or academia to promote health, prevent diseases, and protect populations from health hazards. They include epidemiologists, biostatisticians, health educators, environmental health specialists, and health services researchers.

3. Health managers and administrators: These are professionals who oversee the operations, finances, and strategic planning of healthcare organizations, such as hospitals, clinics, or public health departments. They may include hospital CEOs, medical directors, practice managers, and healthcare consultants.

4. Health support staff: This group includes various personnel who provide essential services to healthcare organizations, such as medical records technicians, billing specialists, receptionists, and maintenance workers.

5. Health researchers and academics: These are professionals involved in conducting research, teaching, and disseminating knowledge related to health sciences, medicine, public health, or healthcare management in universities, research institutions, or think tanks.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines "health worker" as "a person who contributes to the promotion, protection, or improvement of health through prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, palliation, health promotion, and health education." This definition encompasses a wide range of professionals working in various capacities to improve health outcomes.

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a federal government agency responsible for protecting public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our country's food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation. The FDA also provides guidance on the proper use of these products, and enforces laws and regulations related to them. It is part of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drugs, their actions, and their uses. It involves understanding how drugs interact with biological systems to produce desired effects, as well as any adverse or unwanted effects. This includes studying the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs (often referred to as ADME), the receptors and biochemical pathways that drugs affect, and the therapeutic benefits and risks of drug use. Pharmacologists may also be involved in the development and testing of new medications.

Drug-related side effects and adverse reactions refer to any unintended or harmful outcome that occurs during the use of a medication. These reactions can be mild or severe and may include predictable, known responses (side effects) as well as unexpected, idiosyncratic reactions (adverse effects). Side effects are typically related to the pharmacologic properties of the drug and occur at therapeutic doses, while adverse reactions may result from allergic or hypersensitivity reactions, overdoses, or interactions with other medications or substances.

Side effects are often dose-dependent and can be managed by adjusting the dose, frequency, or route of administration. Adverse reactions, on the other hand, may require discontinuation of the medication or treatment with antidotes or supportive care. It is important for healthcare providers to monitor patients closely for any signs of drug-related side effects and adverse reactions and to take appropriate action when necessary.

Clinical pharmacology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms. It involves understanding how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body, as well as their therapeutic effects, side effects, and toxicity. Clinical pharmacology also encompasses the design and conduct of clinical trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new drugs in human subjects. The ultimate goal of clinical pharmacology is to optimize drug therapy for individual patients by considering factors such as age, sex, genetics, lifestyle, and comorbidities. In summary, clinical pharmacology is the application of pharmacological principles to the practice of medicine for the benefit of patients.

The "attitude of health personnel" refers to the overall disposition, behavior, and approach that healthcare professionals exhibit towards their patients or clients. This encompasses various aspects such as:

1. Interpersonal skills: The ability to communicate effectively, listen actively, and build rapport with patients.
2. Professionalism: Adherence to ethical principles, confidentiality, and maintaining a non-judgmental attitude.
3. Compassion and empathy: Showing genuine concern for the patient's well-being and understanding their feelings and experiences.
4. Cultural sensitivity: Respecting and acknowledging the cultural backgrounds, beliefs, and values of patients.
5. Competence: Demonstrating knowledge, skills, and expertise in providing healthcare services.
6. Collaboration: Working together with other healthcare professionals to ensure comprehensive care for the patient.
7. Patient-centeredness: Focusing on the individual needs, preferences, and goals of the patient in the decision-making process.
8. Commitment to continuous learning and improvement: Staying updated with the latest developments in the field and seeking opportunities to enhance one's skills and knowledge.

A positive attitude of health personnel contributes significantly to patient satisfaction, adherence to treatment plans, and overall healthcare outcomes.

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) Reporting Systems are spontaneous reporting systems used for monitoring the safety of authorized medicines in clinical practice. These systems collect and manage reports of suspected adverse drug reactions from healthcare professionals, patients, and pharmaceutical companies. The primary objective of ADR reporting systems is to identify new risks or previously unrecognized risks associated with the use of a medication, monitor the frequency and severity of known adverse effects, and contribute to post-marketing surveillance and pharmacovigilance activities.

Healthcare professionals, including physicians, pharmacists, and nurses, are encouraged to voluntarily report any suspected adverse drug reactions they encounter during their practice. In some countries, patients can also directly report any suspected adverse reactions they experience after taking a medication. Pharmaceutical companies are obligated to submit reports of adverse events identified through their own pharmacovigilance activities or from post-marketing surveillance studies.

The data collected through ADR reporting systems are analyzed to identify signals, which are defined as new, changing, or unknown safety concerns related to a medicine or vaccine. Signals are further investigated and evaluated for causality and clinical significance. If a signal is confirmed, regulatory actions may be taken, such as updating the product label, issuing safety communications, or restricting the use of the medication.

Examples of ADR reporting systems include the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) EudraVigilance, and the World Health Organization's (WHO) Uppsala Monitoring Centre.

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Masculinization is preceded by anovulation, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea and defeminization. Additional signs include acne and ...
It is characterized by multiple cysts on the ovary, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, and increased androgens. Although the exact ... Patients with hyperthyroidism may also present with oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. Sex hormone binding globulin is increased in ...
The term for cycles with intervals exceeding 35 days is oligomenorrhea. Amenorrhea refers to more than three to six months ...
Menstruation disturbances experienced in women commonly manifests as amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea. In the latter case, ...
The symptoms of PCOS include excessive hair growth, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, and infertility. In men, cortisone reductase ...
For example, women with eating disorders tend to have oligomenorrhea and secondary amenorrhea. Starvation from anorexia nervosa ... Stress, physical exercise, and weight loss have been correlated with oligomenorrhea and secondary amenorrhea. Similarly ...
Young women may present with symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (oligomenorrhea, polycystic ovaries, hirsutism).[medical ...
... oligomenorrhea) or absent menstrual cycles (amenorrhea) following delivery. In addition to menstrual irregularities other signs ...
Oligomenorrhea is the medical term for infrequent, often light menstrual periods (intervals exceeding 35 days). Polymenorrhea ...
Due to hyperandrogenism, females may present with symptoms like hirsutism, oligomenorrhea, acne, infertility, and androgenetic ... which can lead to oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea and impairs sperm penetration. Abnormal endometrial development leads to ...
... also inhibits gonadotropin secretion and causes amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea in a high percentage of women. ...
In many circumstances, menstrual intervals are prolonged, reaching 35-180 days (oligomenorrhea) or even longer (amenorrhea). In ...
... oligomenorrhea, anovulation, nonpuerperal mastitis and galactorrhea); Treatment of uterine fibroids. Adjunctive therapy of ...
... can be contrasted with oligomenorrhea, in which menstrual cycles are greater than 35 or 37 days in length. The ...
... and oligomenorrhea. It is also used in in vitro fertilization to make the follicles mature before egg retrieval. Usually, ...
... and oligomenorrhea in adolescence". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 96 (8): E1262-7. doi:10.1210/jc.2011- ...
Among infertile women with amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea due to eating disorders, 58% had menstrual irregularities, according to ...
... is a cutaneous condition characterized by lateral hairiness, oligomenorrhea, and sometimes ...
... and oligomenorrhea. Estrogens can also be used to suppress lactation after child birth. Synthetic estrogens, such as 17α- ...
... and oligomenorrhea. This discovery was published in the journal Science in 1974. She also discovered that athletes were at ...
... such as hormonal disorders or conditions like oligomenorrhea (light menses). According to Riddle,[page needed] these herbs were ...
... is a collective term to refer to both oligomenorrhea (infrequent periods) and amenorrhea (absence of periods). It is a ...
... oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea), clitoral enlargement, breast atrophy, uterine atrophy, teratogenicity (in female ...
... oligomenorrhea and infertility in women due to elevations in androgens. Studies have also shown that the resultant amenorrhea ...
... and this can be seen with additional symptoms such as oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, weight gain, and fertility issues. PCOS ...
A patient history and physical exam should include history of onset and pattern of oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, signs of PCOS ... The World Health Organization criteria for classification of anovulation include the determination of oligomenorrhea (menstrual ...
Common signs and symptoms of PCOS include the following: Menstrual disorders: PCOS mostly produces oligomenorrhea (fewer than ...
... may refer to: Irregular menstruation Oligomenorrhea Metrorrhagia Breakthrough bleeding, usually referring to ...
Oligomenorrhea can be a result of prolactinomas (adenomas of the anterior pituitary). It may be caused by thyrotoxicosis, ... Oligomenorrhea is infrequent (or, in occasional usage, very light) menstruation. More strictly, it is menstrual periods ... People with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are also likely to have oligomenorrhea. PCOS is a condition in which excessive ... People with PCOS show menstrual irregularities that range from oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea, to very heavy, irregular periods ...
Caption: Oligomenorrhea is the condition where the woman suffers from irregular periods. Gynecure Capsule is an herbal ...
"Oligomenorrhea" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Oligomenorrhea" by people in this website by year, and whether ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Oligomenorrhea" by people in Profiles. ... "Oligomenorrhea" was a major or minor topic of these publications. To see the data from this visualization as text, click here. ...
Oligomenorrhea. The term oligomenorrhea (from the Greek oligos, meaning few) refers to menstrual cycles longer than 36 days. By ... Bachmann GA, Kemmann E. Prevalence of oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea in a college population. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982 Sep 1. ... Findings from two studies suggest that in many athletes, the mechanism for oligomenorrhea may differ from that for amenorrhea. ... However, hyperandrogenism (increased testosterone secretion) seemed to be the major cause of oligomenorrhea. [60] ...
It is a biological process which involves the monthly shedding of the lining of uterus (endometrium). Oligomenorrhea is a ... Oligomenorrhea (Irregular Menstrual Periods). October 13, 2022. monishamantra Irregular periods are not good for the health of ... Oligomenorrhea occurs when the menstrual cycle is of more than 35 days, resulting in just 4 to 9 periods annually. This ... Oligomenorrhea is a menstrual disorder characterized by inconsistent or irregular blood flow during menstrual periods. The ...
... -anabolic steroids -endometrial scarring / Ashermans syndrome - ... Differential diagnosis of oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea -anabolic steroids -endometrial scarring / Ashermans syndrome - ...
Herbal Oligomenorrhea Supplements To Cure Painful Periods. Gynecure capsule is one of the best herbal oligomenorrhea ...
DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY EVALUATION FOR AMENORRHEA OR OLIGOMENORRHEA answers are found in the Guide to Diagnostic Tests powered by ... "AMENORRHEA or OLIGOMENORRHEA: DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY EVALUATION for AMENORRHEA or OLIGOMENORRHEA." Guide to Diagnostic Tests, ... AMENORRHEA OR OLIGOMENORRHEA: DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY EVALUATION FOR AMENORRHEA OR OLIGOMENORRHEA. Guide to Diagnostic Tests. ... AMENORRHEA or OLIGOMENORRHEA: DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY EVALUATION for AMENORRHEA or OLIGOMENORRHEA [Internet]. In: Guide to ...
OLIGOMENORRHEA. (pronounced olli-go-men-o-REE-a) Oligomenorrhea means having very light periods or periods that dont come very ... Usually, oligomenorrhea is nothing to worry about, but it can sometimes be a sign of another condition, like polycystic ovarian ... Very light periods, or periods that dont come very often - Oligomenorrhea. *Bleeding between periods or with sexual ...
To receive a medical diagnosis of irregular periods, or oligomenorrhea, periods have to be more than 35 days apart. or occur ... 2021). Oligomenorrhea.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560575. *. Thiyagarajan, D. K., et al. (2021). Physiology, ...
Girls with PP, a hallmark of adrenarche, showed PCOS-like disturbances such as oligomenorrhea, hirsutism and biochemical and ... These include amenorrhea (primary or secondary), oligomenorrhea and excessive uterine bleeding [17]. ... oligomenorrhea as an average cycle longer than 60 days (for first year post-menarche) or 45 days (for second and third years ...
Amenorrhea and Oligomenorrhea Women who are not pregnant and use Gemmily may experience amenorrhea. In the clinical trial with ... Some women may experience post-pill amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, especially when such a condition was preexistent. ...
Amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, and hyperandrogenic disorders. In: Hacker NF, Gambone JC, Hobel CJ, eds. Hacker & Moores ...
Oligomenorrhea. *Operations On Cul De Sac. *Oral Contraceptive Counseling. *Ovarian Cyst. *Ovarian Debulking Surgery ...
Amenorrhea and Oligomenorrhea Women who use CAMRESE may experience absence of scheduled (withdrawal) bleeding, even if they are ... After discontinuation of CAMRESE, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea may occur, especially if these conditions were pre-existent. ...
Oligomenorrhea * Ovarian Dysfunction * Ovarian Failure * Ovarian Stimulation * Ovulation Induction * Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ...
oligomenorrhea. oligomenorrhea, prolonged intervals between menstrual cycles. Menstruation is the normal cyclic bleeding from ...
Menstrual irregularities (oligomenorrhea or polymenorrhea). Note that a diagnosis of PCOS does not require multiple ovarian ...
oligomenorrhea (infrequent periods) in females. *infertility in both sexes. If youre concerned about certain side effects of ...
OLIGOMENORRHEA. A DOUBLE BLIND STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF PREDNISONE AND PACEBO. MACLEOD SC, MORSE WI, HIRSCH S, TOMPKINS MG, ...
Oligomenorrhea * Ovarian Dysfunction * Ovarian Endometriosis * Ovarian Failure * Ovulation Induction * Polycystic Ovary ...
Amenorrhea and Oligomenorrhea Associated with Hypogonadism: 1.5mg of estradiol or 1.66mg of estradiol benzoate intramuscularly ...
Monica Janee Elston,CRNP, specializes in Obstetrics And Gynecology and is on staff at MedStar Georgetown University Hospital. Click here for more information and to make an appointment.
Oligomenorrhea (irregular periods) and amenorrhea (no periods). It is imperative that women have a period at least every three ...
Oligomenorrhea or Amenorrhea.. ⏩ Galactorrhea may be present in the setting of high prolactin levels.. ⏩ Primary or secondary ... Irregular menstrual periods (oligomenorrhea) or no menstrual periods (amenorrhea). ⏩ Milky discharge from the breasts ( ...
FSH/LH: oligomenorrhea, decreased libido, infertility;. *TSH: hypothyroidism (weight gain, constipation, cold intolerance); ...
Approximately half of LNG-IUD users are likely to experience amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea by 2 years of use (139). These ...
Oligomenorrhea - Infrequent periods. Oligomenorrhea is when periods happen less than 8 times a year or cycles coming less ... Oligomenorrhea is when cycles last over 35 days on average. Oligomenorrhea, similar to other period anomalies, is due to ...
Hyperandrogenicity is an alternative mechanism underlying oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea in female athletes and may improve ...
Not eating enough calories can cause menstrual periods to become irregular (oligomenorrhea) or stop (amenorrhea). In young ...
  • Diagnosis involves confirmation of 4-6 months of amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea and two measurements of elevated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). (medscape.com)
  • [1] Women often present with amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, hirsutism with acne and male-pattern hair growth, weight gain, and difficulty with fertility. (va.gov)
  • A 32-year-old woman with a history of prolactin excess and pituitary lesion presented with oligomenorrhea, weight gain, facial fullness, and hirsutism. (thejns.org)
  • In a randomized trial of 36 adolescent girls who were not sexually active who had polycystic ovary syndrome - characterized by hirsutism and oligomenorrhea - a three-drug combination of low-dose spironolactone , pioglitazone , and metformin (SPIOMET) improved ovulation rates more effectively than did the standard oral contraceptive ethinylestradiol-levonorgestrel treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Thyrotoxicosis is associated mainly with hypomenorrhea and polymenorrhea, whereas hypothyroidism is associated mainly with oligomenorrhea. (nih.gov)
  • People with PCOS show menstrual irregularities that range from oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea, to very heavy, irregular periods. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oligomenorrhea is the condition where the woman suffers from irregular periods. (releasewire.com)
  • Oligomenorrhea is a menstrual disorder characterized by inconsistent or irregular blood flow during menstrual periods. (monishamantra.com)
  • Oligomenorrhea occurs when the menstrual cycle is of more than 35 days, resulting in just 4 to 9 periods annually. (monishamantra.com)
  • Gynecure capsule is one of the best herbal oligomenorrhea supplements to cure painful periods. (sooperarticles.com)
  • Not eating enough calories can cause menstrual periods to become irregular ( oligomenorrhea ) or stop ( amenorrhea ). (healthychildren.org)
  • Although menstrual disorders are most strongly associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa may also result in oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. (wikipedia.org)
  • We concluded that exposure to organic solvents is associated with a trend toward increased frequency of oligomenorrhea. (cdc.gov)
  • People with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are also likely to have oligomenorrhea. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oligomenorrhea is infrequent (or, in occasional usage, very light) menstruation. (wikipedia.org)
  • One such condition is Oligomenorrhea, which affects millions of women globally. (uphtr.com)
  • As a result, many women suffer from oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. (sharedjourney.com)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Oligomenorrhea" by people in this website by year, and whether "Oligomenorrhea" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Oligomenorrhea can be a result of prolactinomas (adenomas of the anterior pituitary). (wikipedia.org)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Oligomenorrhea" by people in Profiles. (wakehealth.edu)
  • oligomenorrhea This dictionary is citing Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. (wikipedia.org)
  • People with PCOS show menstrual irregularities that range from oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea, to very heavy, irregular periods. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although menstrual disorders are most strongly associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa may also result in oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. (wikipedia.org)
  • Amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, and hyperandrogenic disorders. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The physiological underpinnings of amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea (AO) among exercising women are complex and incompletely understood. (stmarys.ac.uk)
  • Stein and Leventhal were the first to recognize an association between the presence of polycystic ovaries and signs of hirsutism and amenorrhea (eg, oligomenorrhea, obesity ). (medscape.com)
  • Not eating enough calories can cause menstrual periods to become irregular ( oligomenorrhea ) or stop ( amenorrhea ). (healthychildren.org)
  • Ovulation disorders are estimated to account for one-third of infertility cases, and they often present with irregular periods (oligomenorrhea) or the absence of periods (amenorrhea). (health.mil)
  • A recent randomized controlled trial has shown estrogen replacement to improve verbal memory and executive control in athletes with menstrual dysfunction oligomenorrhea amenorrhea, Baskaran et al 2017. (jewishledger.com)
  • Finally, menstrual irregularities such as amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea are common experiences among women with PCOS [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Metabolic cardiovascular disease risk factors in women with self-reported symptoms of oligomenorrhea and/or hirsutism: Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study. (nature.com)
  • Other ovulation issues that seriously impact your fertility include: anovulation, oligomenorrhea and hirsutism. (sharedjourney.com)
  • Oligomenorrhea is infrequent (or, in occasional usage, very light) menstruation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In oligomenorrhea (infrequent menses) the interval is greater than 37 days but less than 90. (missmalini.com)
  • Main outcome measures were: prevalence of oligomenorrhea, polymenorrhea, menstrual cycle irregularity, abnormal bleeding length and dysmenorrhea. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The multivariate analysis suggests that the higher prevalence of oligomenorrhea and menstrual cycle irregularity among the girls who were older at menarche might be purely explained by their younger gynecological age. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • These features include oligomenorrhea or anovulation, clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries. (ukessays.com)
  • People with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are also likely to have oligomenorrhea. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bulimia nervosa typically presents with menstrual irregularities and oligomenorrhea. (medscape.com)